AP Chemistry - Energy

5.1 The Nature of Energy

I. Vocabulary
A. Energy: the capacity to do work or to transfer heat
B. Kinetic energy: energy of motion
C. Potential energy: virtue of an object’s position to other objects
D. Force: any kind of push or pull exerted on an object
II. Unit
A. Joule: 1 kgm2/s2
B. 1 Calorie = 4.184 J
C. Calorie: the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water from 14.5 C to 15.5 C
III. System and Surroundings
A. System: the portion singled out for study
B. Surrounding: everything else
C. Types of systems:
1. Isolated: no matter or energy cross system boundaries
2. Closed: energy can be exchanged but matter cannot
3. Open: free exchange across system boundaries
IV. Transferring Energy: Work and Heat
A. Work: energy used to cause an object with mass to move
B. Heat: the energy used to cause the temperature of an object to increase

5.2 The First Law of Thermodynamics

I. Energy is conserved
II. Internal Energy
A. The sum of all the kinetic and potential energies of all its components
B. We measure the change
1. delta E = Efinal – Einitial
C. State functions: are independent of how changes occurs
1. Only dependent on initial and final conditions
ex) volume, temperature, pressure
D. We can write: delta E = Ep – Er
III. Relating Delta E to Heat and Work
A. Delta E = q + w
B. q and w are not state functions
C. If heat is released by the system, then q is negative (cold sys)
D. If heat is absorbed by the system, then q is positive (hot sys)
E. If work is done on the system, then w is positive
F. If work is done by the system, then w is negative
IV. Endothermic and Exothermic Processes
A. Endothermic: heat flows out of the system (rxn releases energy)
A + B  C + heat
B. Exothermic: heat flows into the system (rxn absorbs energy)
A + heat  B + C
V. Zero Law of Thermodynamics
A. Heat energy spontaneously flows from higher temperature to lower until equilibrium is reached
B. At equilibrium, heat still flows

5.3 Enthalpy
I. Pressure-volume work
A. When the pressure is constant, p-v work is given by: w = -p delta v
B. When volume expands, delta v is positive and work is negative  energy leaves system, work is done
by system
C. When a gas is compressed, delta v is negative and work is positive  energy enters system, work
done on system
D. delta E = qp – pdelta v
II. Enthalpy
A. Heat of reaction (qp): heat released or absorbed during chemical reaction
B. State function
C. The change in enthalpy equals the heat gained or lost at constant pressure
D. Positive = endothermic
 E. Negative = exothermic

5.4 Enthalpies of Reaction

I. Delta H = H products – H reactants
II. Thermochemical equations
A. Include the value of heat involved when a reaction occurs
B. Enthalpy is an extensive property: magnitude of delta H is directly proportional to amt of reactants
consumed
C. The enthalpy change for a reaction is equal in magnitude, but opposite in sign, to delta H for the
reverse reaction
D. The enthalpy change for a reaction depends on the state of the reactants and products

5.5 Calorimetry
I. Heat capacity and specific heat
A. Heat Capacity: C
1. The amt of heat required to raise its temperature by 1 K
2. The greater the heat capacity, the greater the heat required to produce a given increase in
temperature
3. Molar heat capacity: heat capacity of one mole of substance
B. Specific heat: s
1. Quantity of heat transferred/(grams substance x temperature change)
2. q = ms delta T
II. Constant-Pressure Calorimetry
A. “coffee-cup” calorimeter
B. No boundary btwn the system and surroundings
C. Heat produced by reaction is entirely absorbed by the solution (does not escape the calorimeter)
D. Heat of soln is equal to magnitude and opposite in sign than heat of reaction
III. Bomb Calorimetry (Constant – Volume)
A. Designed to withstand high pressures; rigid walls
B. Reaction will do no work
C. w = -p delta v  work gas does
D. At constant volume, work = 0

5.6 Hess’s Law

I. Hess’s Law
A. If a reaction is carried out in a series of steps, delta H for the overall reaction will equal the sum of the
enthalpy changes for the indv steps
B. Since H is a state fcn, delta H is the same no matter the path
II. Rules for manipulating
A. If a rxn is reversed, the sign of DH is also reversed
B. If coefficients in a balanced rxn are multiplied by an integer, the value of DH is also multiplied by same
integer  same for division
C. Formulas cancelled from both sides must be substances in identical physical states
Note: Identify one compound in target

5.7 Enthalpies of Formation

I. Enthalpy of Formation
A. Enthalpy change associated with the formation of a compound (DHf)
II. Standard heat of reaction
A. Measured at chosen standard conditions of temperature and pressure
B. Usually 25 C and 1 atm
III. Std enthalpy of formation
A. Equal to standard heat of reaction for the formation of one mole of a compound from its elements with
all substance (P & R) in their standard states
B. Unit: kJ/mol
C. Std DHf for any element in its std state is zero