What are the symptoms of heart diseases?

The symptoms of heart disease depend on which condition is affecting an individual.

Common symptoms : chest pain, breathlessness, and heart palpitations 心率不正(abnormal pulse
rate)

Chest pain occurs when a part of the heart does not receive enough oxygen.

Heart diseases
HEART ATTACK
- pain that travels through the body, for example from the chest to the arms, neck, back, abdomen,
or jaw
-lightheadedness and dizzy sensations
-profuse sweating
-nausea 觉得恶心 and vomiting

HEART FAILURE (occur when the heart become too weak to circulate blood )
-sweating
-high levels of fatigue(普通的累 X1000000000000)
-fast heartbeat and breathing
-breathlessness
-chest pain
-a blue tint to the skin
-clubbed fingernails

#In severe cases, symptoms can occur from birth. However, these symptoms might not develop
until a person is older than 13 years.

What are the causes of heart diseases?

Heart disease is caused by damage to all or part of the heart, damage to the coronary arteries, or a
poor supply of nutrients and oxygen to the organ.

Heart disease occurs when plaque develops in the arteries and blood vessels that lead to the heart.
This blocks important nutrients and oxygen from reaching your heart.

Plaque is a waxy substance made up of cholesterol, fatty molecules, and minerals. Plaque
accumulates over time when the inner lining of an artery is damaged by high blood pressure,
cigarette smoking, or elevated cholesterol or triglycerides(product of fatty acid)

GENETIC
- hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (a condition in which a portion of the heart becomes thickened
without an obvious cause.)
- alongside congenital heart defects, can occur before a person is born.

HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE AND CHOLESTROL

-may lead to higher risk of heart disease
-Higher blood pressure and cholesterol induce extra stress on the heart
-Heart needs to pump harder for blood to reach all parts of body

SMOKING
-tar, nicotine will lead to hardening of the artery
-smoking also increases the formation of plaque in blood vessels
- chemicals in cigarette smoke cause the blood to thicken and form clots inside veins and arteries.

OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITY

- can change your cholesterol levels, lower good high-density lipoproteins (HDL) cholesterol.
HDL cholesterol is important for removing bad cholesterol and working to reduce the risk for
heart disease.
- can cause your blood pressure to rise , Obese individuals require more blood to supply oxygen
and nutrients to their bodies which causes an increase in blood pressure. Your body will also
require more pressure to move this blood around. High blood pressure is also a common cause of
heart attack, which are sadly more common for obese individuals.

A HISTORY OF PREECLAMPSIA DURING PREGNACY

# Preeclampsia is a condition during pregnancy where there is a sudden rise in blood pressure and
swelling, mostly in the face, hands, and feet.
- causes rise of blood pressure that will increase the risk of heart disease

STAYING IN A SATINORY POSITION FOR EXTENDED PERIOD OF TIME, SUCH AS

SITTING AT WORK
- did not carry out exercise
-if your heart unable to work efficiently because you always stay in a stationary position , the
risk of getting heart diseases will increase.

AGE
- unavoidable
- For example, once a woman reaches 55 years of age, heart disease becomes more likely to
happen.

GENDER
-Some risk factors may affect heart disease risk differently in women than in men.
-For example, estrogen provides women some protection against heart disease, but diabetes raises
the risk of heart disease more in women than in men.

FAMILY HISTORY
-because those who share a home probably also share a lifestyle

A DIET OF JUNK FOOD

- Most clinicians recognise that junk food consumption is associated with premature heart
disease. -The general consensus is that this relationship can be explained by the saturated fats in
these foods increasing obesity, diabetes and hyperlipidaemia risk and the high salt content raising
blood pressure.
DIABETES
-high blood glucose from diabetes can damage your blood vessels and the nerves that control
your heart and blood vessels
-The longer you have diabetes, the higher the chances that you will develop heart disease
-People with diabetes tend to develop heart disease at a younger age than people without diabetes

What are the ways to prevent heart disease?

Prevention is better than cure. We should try our best to prevent any heart diseases.

Some types of heart disease, such as those that are present from birth, cannot be prevented.

Other types, however, can be prevented by taking the following measures:

CONTROL OUR OWN BLOOD PRESSURE

- High blood pressure is a major risk factor for heart disease. It is important to get your blood
pressure checked regularly - at least once a year for most adults, and more often if you have high
blood pressure. Take steps, including lifestyle changes, to prevent or control high blood pressure.

KEEP OUR OWN CHLOESTEROL AND TRIGLYCERIDE LEVEL UNDER CONTROL

- High levels of cholesterol can clog your arteries and raise your risk of coronary artery disease
and heart attack. Lifestyle changes and medicines (if needed) can lower your cholesterol.
Triglycerides are another type of fat in the blood. High levels of triglycerides may also raise the
risk of coronary artery disease, especially in women.

EAT A BALANCED DIET

-Stick to low-fat, high-fiber foods and be sure to consume five portions of fresh fruit and
vegetables each day.
-Increase your intake of whole grains and reduce the amount of salt and sugar in the diet. Make
sure the fats in the diet are mostly unsaturated.

EXERCISE REGULARLY
-This will strengthen the heart and circulatory system, reduce cholesterol, and maintain blood
pressure.

MAINTAIN A HEALTHY BODY WEIGHT FOR OUR HEIGHT

-always calculate our BMI
-The formula for BMI is weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared. If height has
been measured in centimeters, divide by 100 to convert this to meters.

QUIT SMOKING OR NEVER SMOKE

-Smoking is a major risk factor for heart and cardiovascular conditions

REDUCE THE INTAKE OF ALCOHOL

-Do not drink more than 14 units per week.
-Drinking too much alcohol can raise your blood pressure.
-It also adds extra calories, which may cause weight gain. Both of those raise your risk of heart
disease.

MANAGE STRESS
-stress can raise your blood pressure.
-Extreme stress can be a "trigger" for a heart attack
-Also, some common ways of coping with stress, such as overeating, heavy drinking, and
smoking, are bad for your heart. Some ways to help manage your stress include exercise,
listening to music, focusing on something calm or peaceful, and meditating.

MANAGE DIABETES
- Having diabetes doubles your risk of diabetic heart disease
-because high blood sugar from diabetes can damage your blood vessels and the nerves that
control your heart and blood vessels.
-So, it is important to get tested for diabetes, and if you have it, to keep it under control.

MAKE SURE TO HAVE ENOUGH SLEEP

-if we do not get enough sleep, will raise your risk of high blood pressure, obesity, and diabetes
- those three things are the causes of heart diseases
-we need 7 to 9 hours of sleep per night.
-make sure to have good sleep habits

What are the ways to cure heart disease?

There are two main lines to cure heart disease. Initially , a person can attempt to treat the heart
condition using medications. If these do not have the desired effect, surgical options are available
to help correct the issue.

MEDICATION
A very wide range of medication is available for the majority of heart conditions. Many are
prescribed to prevent blood clots, but some serve other purposes.

MAIN MEDICATION THAT ARE IN USE:

-statins, for lowering cholesterol
- warfarin, for preventing blood clots and act as blood thinners
- beta-blockers, for treating heart attack, heart failure, and high blood pressure
- angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, for heart failure and high blood pressure

The doctor will work with you to find a medication that is safe and effective. They will also use
medications to treat underlying conditions that can affect the heart, such as diabetes before they
become problematic.
SURGERY
Heart surgery is an intensive option from which it can take a long time to recover.
However, they can be effective in treating blockages and heart problems for which medications
may not be effective, especially in the advanced stages of heart disease.

MOST COMMON SURGERY:

ANGIOPLASTY
- in which a balloon catheter is inserted to widen narrowed blood vessels that might be restricting
blood flow to the heart
- opens blocked arteries and restores normal blood flow to your heart muscle

CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS SURGERY

- which allows blood flow to reach a blocked part of the heart in people with blocked arteries
- redirects blood around a section of a blocked or partially blocked artery in your heart to improve
blood flow to your heart muscle
- The procedure involves taking a healthy blood vessel from your leg, arm or chest and
connecting it beyond the blocked arteries in your heart

PACEMAKERS
- electronic machines that regulate a heartbeat for people with arrhythmia(a problem with the rate
or rhythm of the heartbeat)
- placed in the chest or abdomen to help control abnormal heart rhythms
- This device uses electrical pulses to prompt the heart to beat at a normal rate
#arrhythmia: condition that beat too fast call tachycardia; condition that beat too slow call
bradycardia

HEART VALVE REPAIR OR REPLACEMENT SURGERY

-surgery to repair or replace faulty heart valves
- open-heart surgery is used to repair or replace heart valves
- a large incision is made in the chest and the heart stopped for a time so that the surgeon can
repair or replace the valve
- less invasive techniques have been developed to replace or repair heart valves.