PUNELAS AIRISH MERICEL D(RESHA)

1. PCI is an initialism formed from Peripheral Component Interconnect part of the PCI Local Bus standard
and often shortened to PCI) is a computer bus for attaching hardware devices in a computer.

2. An uninterruptible power supply, also uninterruptible power source, UPS or battery/flywheel

backup, is an electrical apparatus that provides emergency power to a load when the input power source,
typically the utility mains, fails. A UPS differs from an auxiliary or emergency power system or standby
generator in that it will provide instantaneous or near-instantaneous protection from input power interruptions
by means of one or more attached batteries and associated electronic circuitry for low power users, and or by
means of diesel generators and flywheels for high power users. The on-battery runtime of most uninterruptible
power sources is relatively short—5–15 minutes being typical for smaller units—but sufficient to allow time to
bring an auxiliary power source on line, or to properly shut down the protected equipment.

3. A light-emitting diode (LED) (pronounced, L-E-D) is a semiconductor light source. LEDs are used as indicator
lamps in many devices, and are increasingly used for lighting.

4. Random-access memory (RAM) is a form of computer data storage. Today, it takes the form ofintegrated
circuits that allow stored data to be accessed in any order (that is, at random). "Random" refers to the idea
that any piece of data can be returned in a constant time, regardless of its physical location and whether it is
related to the previous piece of data.[1]
The word "RAM" is often associated with volatile types of memory (such as DRAM memory modules), where
the information is lost after the power is switched off. Many other types of memory are RAM as well, including
most types of ROM and a type of flash memory called NOR-Flash.

5. Universal Serial Bus (USB) is a specification[1] to establish communication between devices and a host
controller (usually a personal computer)
USB can connect computer peripherals such as mice, keyboards, digital cameras, printers, personal media
players, flash drives, Network Adapters, and external hard drives. For many of those devices, USB has become
the standard connection method. Unlike older connection standards such as RS-232 or Parallel port, USB
connectors also supply electric power, so many devices connected by USB do not need a power source of their
own.

6. Serial ATA (SATA or Serial Advanced Technology Attachment) is a computer bus interface for
connecting host bus adapters to mass storage devices such as hard disk drives and optical drives. Serial ATA
was designed to replace the older ATA (AT Attachment) standard (also known as EIDE), offering several
advantages over the older parallel ATA (PATA) interface: reduced cable-bulk and cost (7 conductors versus 40),
native hot swapping, faster data transfer through higher signalling rates, and more efficient transfer through
an (optional) I/O queuing protocol.
SATA host-adapters and devices communicate via a high-speed serial cable over two pairs of conductors. In
contrast, parallel ATA (the redesignation for the legacy ATA specifications) used a 16-bit wide data bus with
many additional support and control signals, all operating at much lower frequency. To ensure backward
compatibility with legacy ATA software and applications, SATA uses the same basic ATA and ATAPI command-
set as legacy ATA devices.

7. IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics) is a standard electronic interface used between a computer motherboard's
data paths or bus and the computer's disk storage devices. The Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE) interface
was originally developed as an interface for hard cards. A hard card is a small drive mounted on a
controllerboard which plugs directly into the personal computer’s expansion slot.IDE has been expanded to
include5.25-inch and 3.5-inch fixed disk systems. IDE drives connect to the motherboard of the host computer
with a 40-pin connector.IDE drives have much of the controller and interface circuitry on the drive logic
card. Recently computer manufacturers introduced motherboards with IDE controllers and interfaces

8. Read-only memory (ROM) is a class of storage media used in computers and other electronic devices. Data
stored in ROM cannot be modified, or can be modified only slowly or with difficulty, so it is mainly used to
distribute firmware (software that is very closely tied to specific hardware, and unlikely to need frequent
updates).

9. Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics (EIDE)The EIDE interface was developed to overcome many of the
limitations of the IDE interface. As we saw in chapter 7, EIDE provides the capability for addressing fixed
 disks with over 540 MB of storage capacity. EIDE also provides faster data transfers and the ability to use a
CD-ROM drive in an EIDE system

10. Parallel ATA (PATA), originally ATA, is an interface standard for the connection ofstorage devices such
as hard disks, solid-state drives, floppy drives, and CD-ROMdrives in computers. The standard is maintained by
X3/INCITS committee.[1] It uses the underlying AT Attachment (ATA) and AT Attachment Packet
Interface(ATAPI) standards.

11. The Accelerated Graphics Port (often shortened to AGP) is a high-speed point-to-point channel for
attaching a video card to a computer's motherboard, primarily to assist in the acceleration of 3D computer
graphics. Since 2004, AGP has been progressively phased out in favor of PCI Express. As of mid-2009, PCIe
cards dominate the market, but new AGP cards and motherboards are still available for purchase,
though OEM driver support is minimal

12. Synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM) is dynamic random access memory (DRAM) that
is synchronized with thesystem bus. Classic DRAM has an asynchronous interface, which means that it
responds as quickly as possible to changes in control inputs. SDRAM has a synchronous interface, meaning
that it waits for a clock signal before responding to control inputs and is therefore synchronized with the
computer's system bus. The clock is used to drive an internal finite state machine that pipelines incoming
instructions. This allows the chip to have a more complex pattern of operation than an asynchronous DRAM,
enabling higher speeds.

13. Double data rate synchronous dynamic random access memory (DDR SDRAM) is a class of
memory integrated circuits used in computers. Compared to single data rate (SDR) SDRAM, the DDR SDRAM
interface makes higher transfer rates possible by more strict control of the timing of the electrical data and
clock signals. Implementations often have to use schemes such as phase-locked loops and self-calibration to
reach the required timing accuracy.

14. ATAPI, also known as Advanced Technology Attachment with Packet Interface, is the standard type of
connection that keeps everything in your computer connected to each other. This article will go over all of the
different functions of ATA and ATAPI, how it works, devices that use ATAPI, upgraded versions of ATAPI, and
competing technologies. What Is ATAPI

ATAPI is a newer version of the old ATA (Advanced Technology Attachment) connection. Where as ATA was
exclusively designed for connecting hard drives to the motherboard, ATAPI is made to connect all portable
devices to your motherboard including RAM, hard drives, CD-ROMs, DVD drives, and other devices. ATA and
ATAPI were invented by Western Digital and the standard is maintained by X3/INCITS Committee. Western
Digital was also the first to create Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE), which was the forerunner of ATA. In 2003,
ATA was further upgraded to Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (SATA) and has since been dubbed
Parallel ATA. IDE is the main connection in your computer where as ATAPI provides the commands that allow
IDE to work with newer devices. ATAPI is included in the wide array of connections and technology known as
EIDE (Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics).

15. Advanced Technology Attachment (ATA), also known as IDE, Parallel ATA, PATA and ATAPI (Advanced
Technology Attachment Packet Interface), is a standard interface maintained by X3/ INCITS committee
T13. It is used to connect components such as CD/DVD drives (and writers) and hard disk drives (HDDs) to a
motherboard inside a computer to interact with the other components and operating system. Serial ATA,
or SATA is now also very common for storage devices connecting to motherboards.
SATA (Serial Advanced Technology Attachment) is similar to ATA but it has a few major differences. For one,
ATA required long cables with many pins to transfer information. SATA, on the other hand, brings this
requirement down to seven pins and uses less cable. SATA also brought about the use of “hot swapping” and
“hot plugging” which basically just means that you can unplug the device while the computer is still in
operation. The “serial” part of SATA means that information is sent over the wires one bit at a time where as
the previous PATA version (Parallel Advanced Technology Attachment) transferred information two bits at a
time. While PATA may seem better, it requires more cables and equipment. Eventually, other technologies
made SATA a better choice than PATA. ESATA (External Serial Advanced Technology Attachment) is the same
thing as SATA but made for external use.
 DIAGRAM
7. IDE

1. PCI 8. ROM
2. 9.

UPS

10.
AGP( AGP slot (Purple color) and two
3. LED 5v PCI slots (PC bracket to left)

11. SDRAM

4. RAM

12. DDR
5. USB SDRAM

6. SATA
13. ATAPI

14. ATA