Assignment-1

Computer Networks

Date:

08/09/10

Submitted to:
Submitted by:

Amandeep Ma’m Manish

Kr. Singh

10907108
 D3912 A17

Part A

Q1. For n devices in a network, what is the number of cable links required for a
mesh, ring bus and star topology? What are various factors that determine
which topology is used?

Ans:

In local area networks where bus topology is used, each machine is

connected to a single cable. Each computer or server is connected to the
single bus cable through some kind of connector. A terminator is required
at each end of the bus cable to prevent the signal from bouncing back and
forth on the bus cable. A signal from the source travels in both directions
to all machines connected on the bus cable until it finds the MAC address
or IP address on the network that is the intended recipient. If the machine
address does not match the intended address for the data, the machine
ignores the data.

In local area networks with a star topology, each network host is connected
to a central hub. In contrast to the bus topology, the star topology connects
each node to the hub with a point-to-point connection. All traffic that
transverses the network passes through the central hub. The hub acts as a
signal booster or repeater.

In local area networks where the ring topology is used, each computer is
connected to the network in a closed loop or ring. Each machine or
computer has a unique address that is used for identification purposes. The
signal passes through each machine or computer connected to the ring in
one direction. Ring topologies typically utilize a token passing scheme,
used to control access to the network. By utilizing this scheme, only one
machine can transmit on the network at a time.

The number of connections in a full mesh = n(n - 1) / 2.

The physical fully connected mesh topology is generally too costly and
 complex for practical networks, although the topology is used when there
are only a small number of nodes to be interconnected.

Q2. Can direct, peer to peer communication take place in a layered

environment( i.e. can any layer communicate directly to its counterpart in
another machine without going through layers)? Augment your answer
with examples of layers which can have direct peer to peer communication
and which cannot.

Ans:

Yes, direct peer to peer communication take place in a layered

environment ( i.e. can any layer communicate directly to its counterpart in
another machine without going through layers).

The web similarly was seen as a many-to-many publishing medium, even

though it follows a semi-hierarchical client-server model. However, it is
still and will remain a essentially participative medium allowing anyone to
publish his own webpages. Because of its incomplete P2P nature, it is in
the process of becoming a true P2P publishing medium in the form of the
Writeable Web projects, that allow anyone to publish from his own or any
other computer, in the form of blogging etc… Other P2P media are instant
messaging, chat, IP telephony systems, etc.. For the internet and the web,
P2P was not yet explicitly theorized (though the idea of a network of
networks was), they are weak P2P system in that they only recognize
'strong' members, DNS-addressed computers in the internet, servers in the
case of the web. In the systems developed afterwards, P2P was explicitly
theorized: they are 'strong' P2P systems, in which all members, also the
weak members (without fixed DNS address for the internet, blogs with
permalinks in case of the web) can participate.

P2P systems are predicated on redundancy, several resources are always

available to conduct any process. It's fool proof, unlike the vulnerability of
centralized systems (P2P systems are extraordinarily robust). One cannot,
in terms of resources, compare any centralized system, to the extraordinary
combination of millions of peripheral systems with the billions and
trillions of unused memory, computing cycles, etc…

On Application layer, Transport layer can have direct peer to peer

 communication.

Q3 If one of the station is unplugged how does it effects the network in

1. Ring topology
2. Bus topology

Ans:

Ring Topology:

In the ring topology each computer is connected directly to two other computers
(one in the up-stream, and another in the down-stream) in the network

The main advantages of Ring Topology include high bandwidth capacity, fault
location identification, and ability to cover relatively larger distances.

The main disadvantage is that a single cable fault may bring down the network.

Bus Topology:

In this topology all the computers are attached to a single continuous cable. The
cable is typically a co-axial one, and terminated at both the ends. The cable
termination at the ends ensures that the signals are not reflected after reaching the
end of the cable. The computers are attached to the cable using wire taps. Using
Bus Topology, the information signals are available at every individual
workstation. However, the individual work stations discard information that is not
meant for them.

Bus topology network is simple to install, inexpensive, and easy to maintain.

However, there are several disadvantages of using this topology:

1. Any cut in the cable will result in severe communication disruption, and need to
be fixed on priority.

2. It is difficult to affect server, and workstation moves.

Part B

Q1 You have two computers connected by an Ethernet Hub at home. Is this a

 LAN, a MAN, or a WAN ? Explain your reason.

Ans:

A computer network, often simply referred to as a network, is a group of

computers and devices interconnected by communications channels that
facilitate communications among users and allows users to share
resources.
A local area network (LAN) is a network that connects computers and
devices in a limited geographical area such as home, school, computer
laboratory, office building, or closely positioned group of buildings. Each
computer or device on the network is a node. Current wired LANs are
most likely to be based on Ethernet technology, although new standards
like ITU-T G.hn also provide a way to create a wired LAN using existing
home wires (coaxial cables, phone lines and power lines).

A home area network (HAN) is a residential LAN which is used for

communication between digital devices typically deployed in the home,
usually a small number of personal computers and accessories, such as
printers and mobile computing devices.

A wide area network (WAN) is a computer network that covers a large

geographic area such as a city, country, or spans even intercontinental
distances, using a communications channel that combines many types of
media such as telephone lines, cables, and air waves. A WAN often uses
transmission facilities provided by common carriers, such as telephone
companies.

What is difference between network layer delivery and transport layer

Q2 delivery?

Ans:

In computer networking, The Network Layer is responsible for routing

packets delivery including routing through intermediate routers, whereas
 the Data Link Layer is responsible for Media Access Control, Flow
Control and Error Checking.

The Network Layer provides the functional and procedural means of

transferring variable length data sequences from a source to a destination
host via one or more networks while maintaining the quality of service
functions.

The Transport Layer provides end-to-end communication services for

applications within a layered architecture of network components and
protocols. The transport layer provides convenient services such as
connection-oriented data stream support, reliability, flow control, and
multiplexing.
The Transport Layer is responsible for delivering data to the appropriate
application process on the host computers. This involves statistical
multiplexing of data from different application processes, i.e. forming data
packets, and adding source and destination port numbers in the header of
each Transport Layer data packet. Together with the source and destination
IP address, the port numbers constitutes a network socket, i.e. an
identification address of the process-to-process communication. In the OSI
model, this function is supported by the Session Layer.

Network layer  logical communication between hosts.

Transport layer logical communication between processes.

eg:-
we have 2 house and one house have 12 room. kids in the houses send
letter together.

Network layer only send letter between the houses .

Transport layerit make sure that the letter be sent to right the room in the
house.

Q3 We send a voice signal from a microphone to a recoder. Is this broad band

transmission or baseband transmission?
Ans:

We send a voice signal from a Microphone In its simplest form, the main speaker
mounting board in a cabinet, whose primary purpose is to separate the front and
rear sound waves, from here it becomes a very complex subject.

A circuit technique dating from the early '50s using a diode as a clamp to prevent
deep transistor saturation by providing a path for excessive base drive current.
Recently used by National Semiconductor in a popular audio power amplifier IC to
aid in fast recovery from peak overloads. Hit the link for details.

The name for the process required for old analog tapes where they must be put into
an oven and "baked" to remove moisture and prevent the oxide from shedding onto
the tape heads.

The IEC standard on microphones explains a balanced interface by saying that

"The purpose of a balanced interface is to transfer a desired signal as a differential
voltage on two signal lines.

Voice frequency is the range of frequencies carrier in the public telephone network
without special line conditioning, from about 300 Hz. Sometimes called Audio
Frequencies (AF), but actually smaller bandwidth.

The term broadband refers to a telecommunications signal of greater bandwidth, in

some sense, than another standard or usual signal (and the broader the band, the
greater the capacity for traffic).

A baseband modulation is a code chosen for use within a communications system

for baseband transmission purposes. Line coding is often used for digital data
transport.