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Joe Perdue
Tourism & Convention Department, Harrah College of Hotel Administration,
University of Nevada, Las Vegas, USA
Jack D. Ninemeier
School of Hospitality Business, Michigan State University, USA
Robert H. Woods
Hotel Management Department, Harrah College of Hotel Administration,
University of Nevada, Las Vegas, USA
Table IV
Example of survey construction ± training method: case study (life-like scenarios)
Training objectives
Extent that
Extent that trainees retain
To acquire To change To improve To improve inter- trainees accept knowledge by this
knowledge attitudes problem solving personal skills method method
1234567 1234567 1234567 1234567 1234567 1234567
Note: Includes only 1 of 16 training methods
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Joe Perdue, Jack D. Ninemeier Table V
and Robert H. Woods Effectiveness of training methods by training objectives
Training methods for specific
objectives: preferences of Training objectives
managers in private clubs
Interpersonal
International Journal of
Contemporary Hospitality Knowledge Changing Problem skill Participant Knowledge
Management Training method acquisition attitudes solving development acceptance retention
14/3 [2002] 114±119
Case study 5.17 4.89 5.81 5.19 5.30 5.54
Videotape 5.03 4.30 4.06 3.86 5.07 4.29
Lecture 4.57 4.23 4.00 3.68 4.21 4.00
One-to-one 6.07 5.88 5.81 5.64 5.83 5.92
Role play 4.79 5.15 5.14 5.53 4.88 5.23
Games 4.41 4.63 4.86 4.82 4.96 4.76
Computer simulations 4.93 3.41 4.46 3.13 4.28 4.33
Paper and pencil
programmed instruction 4.25 3.14 3.96 2.80 3.62 3.70
Audiotapes 4.01 3.51 3.43 2.99 3.66 3.59
Self-assessment 3.84 4.15 3.73 3.78 3.90 4.12
Movies/films 4.62 4.40 4.00 3.86 4.91 4.26
Multi-media 4.61 4.16 4.00 3.82 4.52 4.22
Audio conferencing 3.68 3.28 3.52 3.36 3.41 3.42
Computer conferencing 4.07 3.47 3.92 3.38 3.83 3.85
Video conferencing 4.27 4.05 4.01 3.86 4.17 4.13
Sensitivity training 5.01 5.71 5.33 5.84 5.00 5.43
Notes: Scores refer to perceived usefulness on a 1-7 scale (7 = best method, 1 = worst method), the higher the
score the more useful the method is perceived to attain the training objectives
Table VI
Ranking of effectiveness of training methods for each objective
Training objectives
Interpersonal
Knowledge Changing Problem skill Participant Knowledge
Training method acquisition attitudes solving development acceptance retention
Case study 2 4 1 4 2 2
Video tape 3 7 7 6 3 7
Lecture 9 8 9 11 10 12
One-to-one 1 1 1 2 1 1
Role play 6 3 4 3 7 4
Games 10 5 5 5 5 5
Computer simulations 5 14 6 14 9 6
Paper and pencil
programmed instruction 12 16 12 16 15 14
Audiotapes 14 12 15 15 14 15
Self-assessment 15 10 14 10 12 11
Movies/films 7 6 9 6 6 8
Multi-media 8 9 9 9 8 9
Audio conferencing 16 15 15 13 16 16
Computer conferencing 13 13 13 12 13 13
Video conferencing 11 11 8 6 11 10
Sensitivity training 4 2 3 1 4 3
Each training method received the lowest the effectiveness of certain training methods.
rankings for at least one of the different For instance, as seen in Tables VI and VIII,
training objectives. the respondents rated one-to-one training as
an extremely useful method to attain all of
the types of training objectives analyzed.
Discussion Also obvious from this research is that
One important finding of this research is the private club managers do not perceive some
reliance that private club managers place on methods to be useful for attaining any
[ 117 ]
Joe Perdue, Jack D. Ninemeier Table VII
and Robert H. Woods Ranking of training method choices for different training objectives for two studies
Training methods for specific
objectives: preferences of Top three training methods
managers in private clubs
Training objective Carroll et al. study Present study
International Journal of
Contemporary Hospitality Knowledge acquisition Programmed instruction One-to-one
Management Case study Case study
14/3 [2002] 114±119
One-to-one Videotape
Changing attitudes Sensitivity training One-to-one
Role play Sensitivity training
One-to-one Role play
Problem solving Case study One-to-one
Games Case study
Role play Sensitivity training
Interpersonal skill development Sensitivity training Sensitivity training
Role play One-to-one
One-to-one Role play
Participant acceptance One-to-one One-to-one
Case study Case study
Games Videotapes
Knowledge retention Programmed instruction One-to-one
Case study Case study
Sensitivity training Sensitivity training
Table VIII
Most useful training methods
Training objectives
Interpersonal
Knowledge Changing Problem skill Participant Knowledge
Training method acquisition attitudes solving development acceptance retention
One-to-one 1 1 1 2 1 1
Case study 2 4 1 4 2 2
Sensitivity training 4 2 3 1 4 3
Role play 6 3 4 3 7 4
Videotapes 3 7 7 6 3 7
training objective. However, this finding this method was rated highly for four of
does not mean the methods are not widely six training objectives we could find no
used in other industries. In fact, they are previous research in which this training
included on this list because they may be method is mentioned.
useful in other businesses. . While paper-pencil instruction rated low
There are other findings that are of for each training objective, it is frequently
interest. For example, the two highest ranked used in clubs (for manuals, handbooks,
methods to attain each of the objectives orientation materials, etc.).
involve significant trainee participation/ . About 85 percent of club managers do not
interaction (one-to-one, sensitivity training have difficulty finding training resources;
and case study). Also, the only instance in 80 percent of club managers would do
which one-to-one instruction was not judged more group training if materials were
the highest ranked method involves available; are club-specific resources
changing attitudes (which is the purpose of needed?
sensitivity training ± the first choice of
survey respondents).
The study also raises interesting questions Conclusion
including:
. Were methods judged better because of the The results of this study indicate that club
high rate of trainee acceptance and managers believe that some methods are
knowledge retention? better for training for specific objectives than
. Do a significant number of club managers others. In addition, it highlights the fact that
actually use sensitivity training? While club managers perceive some training
[ 118 ]
methods that are widely used as relatively
Joe Perdue, Jack D. Ninemeier
and Robert H. Woods
References
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might be a good choice if that objective Cascio, W.F. (1989), Managing Human Resources,
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hand, managers should know that their peers CMAA (2001), ``Overview of club managers
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Until now there has been no good guide Industry, Educational Institute of the
AH&MA, East Lansing, MI, p. 227.
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Johanson, M. and Woods, R.H. (1999), ``Participant
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programs. Perdue, L.J. and Woods, R.H. (2000), ``The
Future researchers on this subject may effectiveness of alternative training methods
want to consider assessing the viability of the in college and university foodservice'', The
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and University Food Service, Vol. 22 No. 1,
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pp. 64-70.
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