Electronic Instrumentation and Measurements, 3/e David A.

Bell

Chapter 11 Problems
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11-2.1 VR2 = (VEE – VBE1) × R2/(R1 + R2)
= (15 V – 0.7 V) × 5.6 kΩ/(10 kΩ + 5.6 kΩ)
= 5.13 V
VR4 = VR2 – VBE2 = 5.13 V – 0.7 V = 4.43 V
IE = VR4/R4 = 4.43 V/2.2 kΩ = 2 mA
IC2 = IC3 = IE/2 = 1 mA
VC2 = VC3 = VCC – (IC2 R3) = 15 V – (1 mA × 15 kΩ) = 0 V
VB1 = VB2 = 0 V
VE1 = VE2 = –0.7 V
VB2 = VB3 = VEE + VR2 = –15 V + 5.13 V ≈ – 9.9 V
VE2 = VE3 = VB2 – 0.7 V = –9.9 V – 0.7 V ≈ – 10.6 V
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11-3.1 VVertical = ±10 V × 0.4 cm/V = ±4 cm
VHorizontal = ±20 V × 0.25 cm/V = ±5 cm
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11-4.1 Trigger voltage ≈ (VCC – 1 V) R6/R5
= (12 V – 1 V) × 4.7 kΩ/12 kΩ
= 4.31 V
VB1 = VCC R1/(R1 + R2)
= 12 V × 4.7 kΩ/(4.7 kΩ + 8.2 kΩ) = 4.37 V
IC1 = (VB1 – VBE)/R3 = (4.37 V – 0.7 V)/3.3 kΩ = 1.11 mA
P-to-p output, ∆V = 2 × 4.31 V = 8.62 V
T = ∆V1 × C1/IC1 = 8.62 V × 0.5 µF/1.11 mA = 3.88 ms
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11-7.1 Waveform A, V = 2.25 div × 500 mV/div
≈ 1.13 V peak
T = 4.4 div × 0.1 ms/div = 0.44 ms
f = 1/0.44 ms = 2.27 kHz
Waveform B, V = 1 div × 500 mV/div = 0.5 V peak
T = (8.8 div × 0.1 ms/div)/(6 cycles) = 147 µs
f = 1/147 µs = 6.8 kHz
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11-8.1 Input = 2 div × 0.1 V/div = 0.2 V
Output ≈ 2.4 div × 0.1 V/div = 0.24 V
T = 8 div × 20 µs/div = 160 µs
f = 1/160 µs = 6.25 kHz
td ≈ 1 div × 20 µs/div = 20 µs
tr ≈ 0.7 div × 20 µs/div = 14 µs
tf ≈ 0.9 div × 20 µs/div = 18 µs
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11-9.1 C2 = Ci + CC = 80 pF + 40 pF = 120 pF
C1 = C2 Ri/R1 = 120 pF × 1 MΩ/9 MΩ = 13.3 pF
CT = 1/[(1/13.3 pF) + (1/120 pF)] = 12 pF

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Electronic Instrumentation and Measurements, 3/e David A. Bell

f = 1/(2 π CT RS) = 1/(2 π × 12 pF × 1 kΩ) = 13.3 MHz

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11-10.1 Vertical deflection,
Sensitivity = 20 mA/5 div = 4 mA/div
Select 1 V/div, R1 = (1 V/div)/(4 mA/div) = 250 Ω
Horizontal deflection,
Select 0.1 V/div to give approximately 8 divisions
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11-12.1 For one cycle over four divisions,
T = 4 × 7 ns = 28 ns
tro = 0.35/(35.7 MHz) = 10 ns
f = 1/T = 1/28 ns = 35.7 MHz
trd = √[(25 ns)2 + (10 ns)2] ≈ 27 ns
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11-1 VR2 = (VEE – VBE) × R2/(R1 + R2)
= (10 V – 0.7 V) × 33 kΩ/(18 kΩ + 33 kΩ)
= 6.02 V
VR4 = VR2 – VBE = 6.02 V – 0.7 V = 5.32 V
IE = VR4/R4 = 5.32 V/1.9 kΩ = 2.8 mA
IC2 = IC3 = IE/2 = 1.4 mA
VC2 = VC3 = VCC – (IC2 R3)
= 10 V – (1.4 mA × 6.8 kΩ) = 0.48 V
VC1 = VC4 = 10 V
VB1 = VB2 = 0 V
VB2 = VB3 = VEE + VR2 = –10 V + 6.02 V = –3.98 V
VE2 = VE3 = VB2 – 0.7 V = –3.98 V – 0.7 V = –4.68 V
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11-2 T1 = T2 = 1/f = 1/(2 kHz) = 500 µs
For four points in the cycle, ∆t = 500 µs/4 = 125 µs
Point 1, t1 = 0 µs:
Vertical deflection = (0 V × 0.6 cm/V) = 0
Horizontal deflection = (–10 V × 0.5 cm/V) = –5 cm
Point 2, t2 = 125 µs:
Vertical deflection = (5 V × 0.6 cm/V) = +3 cm
Horizontal deflection = (–5 V × 0.5 cm/V) = –2.5 cm
Point 3, t3 = 250 µs:
Vertical deflection = +(0 V × 0.6 cm/V) = 0 cm
Horizontal deflection = (0 V × 0.5 cm/V) = 0 cm
Point 4, t4 = 375 µs:
Vertical deflection = (–5 V × 0.6 cm/V) = –3 cm
Horizontal deflection = (5 V × 0.5 cm/V) = +2.5 cm
Point 5, t5 = 500 µs:
Vertical deflection = (0 V × 0.6 cm/V) = 0 cm
Horizontal deflection = (10 V × 0.5 cm/V) = +5 cm
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11-3
Point 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

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Electronic Instrumentation and Measurements, 3/e David A. Bell

Vert. (V) 0 +5 0 –5 0 +5 0 –5 0
Vert. (cm) 0 +3 0 –3 0 +3 0 –3 0
Horiz. (V) –10 –7.5 –5 –2.5 0 +2.5 +5 +7.5 +10
Horiz. (cm) –5 –3.75 –2.5 –1.25 0 +1.25 +2.5 +3.75 +5
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11-4 I5 = (VCC – 1 V)/R5 = 9 V/15 kΩ = 600 µA
At TP, VR2 = I5 R8 = VR5/2 = 4.5 V
UTP, LTP = ±4.5 V
I1 = (VB1 – VBE)/R3 = (5 V – 0.7 V)/3.9 kΩ = 1.11 mA
Vo = V1 = UTP, LTP = ±4.5 V = 9 VP-P
T = ∆Vo × C1/I1 = 9 V × 0.2 µF/1.1 mA = 1.64 ms
f = 1/T = 611 Hz
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11-5 For 2 T, double C1 to 0.4 µF
For ±0.1 T, make R3 adjustable by ±10% to adjust I1
by ±10%
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11-6 I1 = (VB1 – VBE)/R3 = (4.6 V – 0.7 V)/3.9 kΩ = 1 mA
T = 1/2 kHz = 500 µs
∆Vo = ±3 V = 6 V
C1 = T × I1/∆Vo = 500 µs × 1 mA/6 V = 0.083 µF
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11-7 Waveform A: VPP = 4.6 div × 50 mV = 230 mV
VP = 115 mV
T = 0.2 ms × 8.8/(2 cycles) = 880 µs
f = 1/T = 1/880 µs = 1.14 kHz
Waveform B: VPP = 2 div × 50 mV = 100 mV
VP = 50 mV
T = 0.2 ms × 8.8/(6 cycles) = 293 µs
f = 1/T = 1/293 µs = 3.4 kHz
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11-8 Waveform A: VPP = 4 div × 20 mV = 80 mV
VP = 40 mV
T = 50 ms × 8 div = 400 ms
f = 1/T = 2.5 Hz
Waveform B: VPP = 40 mV
VP = 40 mV, f = 2.5 Hz
Phase dif., t = 1.4 div × 50 ms = 70 ms
8 div = 360° = 45°/div
phase difference = 1.4 div × 45°/div = 63°
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11-9 Divisions for 25° dif = 25°/(45°/div) = 0.56 div
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11-10 Waveform A: VP = 3 div × 5 V = 15 V
T = 10 ms × 6 div = 60 ms
f = 1/T = 1/60 ms = 16.7 Hz
Waveform B: VP = 1.2 div × 5 V = 6 V
T = 10 ms × 6 div = 60 ms

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Electronic Instrumentation and Measurements, 3/e David A. Bell

f = 16.7 Hz
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11-11 T = 5 div = 360° Degrees/div = 360°/5 = 72°
Phase difference = 1.6 div × 72° = 115.2°
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11-12 V/div = 2 V t/div = 50 µs
Upper wave, VP = 2 div × 2 V/div = 4 V
T = 8 div × 50 µs = 400 µs
f = 1/T = 1/400 µs = 2.5 kHz
td = 0, tr = 0, tf = 0,
Lower wave, VP = 2.5 div × 2 V/div = 5 V
T = 400 µs, f = 2.5 kHz
td = 1 div × 50 µs = 50 µs
tr = 0.7 div × 50 µs = 35 µs
tf = 1 div × 50 µs = 50 µs
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11-13 τ = CC R1 = 0.1 µF × 1 MΩ = 0.1 s
PW(max) = (CC R1)/10 = 0.1 s/10 = 10 ms
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11-14 tr = 2.2 Ci RS = 2.2 × 30 pF × 600 Ω = 39.6 ns
PW(min) = 10 tr = 10 × 39.6 ns ≈ 0.4 ms
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11-15 V/div = 1 V, t/div = 20 µs
VPP = 4 V, T = 5.6 div × 20 µs = 112 µs
f = 1/T = 8.93 kHz
tr = 0.5 div × 20 µs = 10 µs
tf ≈ 0.7 div × 20 µs = 14 µs
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11-16 (a) tri = 15 ns, tro = 39.6 ns
trd = √(tri2 + tro2) = √[(15 ns)2 + (39.6 ns)2] = 42 ns
(b) trd = √[(120 ns)2 + (39.6 ns)2] = 126.4 ns
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11-17 XCC at 100 Hz = 1/(2 π f C)
= 1/(2 π × 120 Hz × 80 pF) = 16.6 MΩ
XCC >> Ri and RS, and XCi >> Ri
at 100 Hz, Vi = VS Ri/(Ri + RS)
= 500 mV × 1 MΩ/(1 MΩ + 1 kΩ) = 499.5 mV
When Vi = VS – 3 dB, XC = RS = 600 Ω
f2 = 1/(2 π f CT RS) = 1/(2 π × 120 pF × 1 kΩ) = 1.3 MHz
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11-18 C2 = Ci + CC = 25 pF + 90 pF = 115 pF
C1 = C2 Ri/R1 = 115 pF × 1 MΩ/9 MΩ = 12.8 pF
CT = 1/[(1/C1) + (1/C2)]
= 1/[(1/12.8 pF) + (1/115 pF)] = 11.5 pF
f = 1/(2 π f CT RS) = 1/(2 π × 11.5 pF × 300 Ω) = 46.1 MHz
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11-19 Vertical deflection:
Sensitivity = 10 mA/5 = 2 mA/div

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Electronic Instrumentation and Measurements, 3/e David A. Bell

R1 = (1 V/div)/(2 mA/div) = 500 Ω

Horizontal deflection: Select 0.1 V/div for ≈ 8 div
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11-20 See Fig. 15-10 in the text book
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11-21 Minimum T/div = 25 ns/5 = 5 ns/div
For one cycle over 4 div, T = 4 × 5 ns = 20 ns
fH = 1/T = 1/20 ns = 50 MHz
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11-22 tro = 0.35/fH = 0.35/30 MHz ≈ 12 ns
trd = √(tri2 + tro2) or, trd2 = (tri2 + tro2)
Giving, tri = √(trd2 – tro2) = √[(25 ns)2 – (12 ns)2] = 22 ns
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11-23 T = 1/33 MHz = 30 ns
For 1 cycle over 4 div, T/div = 30 ns/4 = 7.5 ns/div
tro = 0.35/fH = 0.35/33 MHz ≈ 11 ns
trd = √(tri2 + tro2) = √[(25 ns)2 – (11 ns)2] = 27.3 ns
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© Oxford University Press 2013. All rights reserved.

Chapter 12 Problems
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12-1.1 tx = 5% of 1/fH = 0.05 × 1/1 kHz = 50 µs
td = (T/2) – (tx/2) = 1/(2 × 1 kHz) – 25 µs = 475 µs
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12-3.1 Using the Nyquist rate,
Sampling frequency ≈ 2 fs = 400 MHz
f2 = 100 kHz
Samples per display cycle = T2/(2 ts) = 2 fs/f2
= 2 × 200 MHz/100 kHz = 4000
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12-4.1 Samples/cycle = (sample rate) × TS = (sample rate)/fs
= (100 MS/s)/1 MHz = 100
Samples during tr = (sample rate) × tr
= (100 MS/s) × 100 ns = 10
Samples during tf = (sample rate) × tf
= (100 MS/s) × 250 ns = 25
Samples during t(spike) = (sample rate) × t(spike)
= (100 MS/s) × 150 ns = 15
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12-5.1 Number of samples,
N = sample rate × TS
= (100 MS/s)/fs = (100 MS/s)/3 MHz = 33
Samples during pulse, NP = sample rate × t
= (100 MS/s) × 15 µs = 1500
Glitch time, tg = 1/(sample rate) = 1/(100 MS/s) = 10 ns
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12-1 td + (5/2)% td = Tmax/2,