Marconi Academy

MDRS155E – Operation

Module 1 - Introduction
Microwave Radio Technology

STM-1 STM-1
♦ Free-space propagation of
electromagnetic waves
♦ Line of sight connection
♦ Frequency range
• 3 to 38 GHz
♦ Short-haul and long-haul
systems
STM-1 STM-1

2 Mbit/s 2 Mbit/s
34 Mbit/s 34 Mbit/s STM-1/4
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Microwave Radio Technology

Wave-
guide Outdoor
Long-haul system Short-haul system Unit
♦ Range ♦ Range
• 15 to 40 km • up to approx. 20 km
(w/o diversity) ♦ Frequency range
• 40 - >80 km • 15 to 38 GHz
(with diversity) ♦ Transmission capacity
♦ Frequency range • 2 to 622 Mbit/s Coaxial
• 3 to 13 GHz cable
♦ Transmission capacity
• 2 to 622 Mbit/s

Indoor Unit
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Microwave Radio Technology - System Designations
Long-haul systems
♦ MDRS 155/7500 - 64 QAM
• SDH microwave radio - 7R design
♦ MDRS 155/6800 - 64 MLQAM E
♦ MDRS 155/13000 - 128 MLQAM E
• SDH microwave radio - ETSI design
• Short name: MDRS 155 E
♦ MDRS 2-34/7400 - 16 QAM
♦ MDRS 2x34/7400 - 64 QAM
• PDH microwave radio - 7R design
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Short-haul systems
♦ MDRS 155/18700 - 16 QAM N
• SDH microwave radio - "NKRS"
• Short name: MDRS 155 N
♦ MDRS 155/23000 - 16 MLQAM C
• SDH microwave radio - "Compact"
• Short name: MDRS 155 C
♦ MDRS 155/26000 - 128 MLQAM S
• SDH microwave radio
• Short name: MDRS 155 S
Marconi Academy
Classical Design
Waveguide RF Waveguide
f [GHz]

Circulator, Filter Circulator, Filter

(CBN) (CBN)
RF = Radio frequency
e.g. 7.5 GHz, 18.7 GHz
TX RX
Transmitter Receiver
IF = Intermediate frequency
e.g. 140 MHz
Modulator Demodulator
16 - 128 QAM 16 - 128 QAM
BB = Baseband
e.g. 155 Mbit/s
Channel Channel

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Classical Design
MD TX CBN CBN RX DM
f1 f2 f3

Tx side Rx side
f3
Channel 3 MD TX RX DM Channel 1

Channel 2 MD TX f2 Channel 2
RX DM
Channel 1 MD TX f1 Channel 3
RX DM

f1 f2 f3
Channel 3 DM RX TX MD Channel 1
Tx side
Rx side
Band filter Circulator Absorber
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Microwave Radio Technology - Frequency Patterns
f1a
f1b
f1 f1’
f1a f1b
f1a f1b

MD TX TX MD
CBN CBN
DM RX RX DM
f1b f1a

Duplex spacing
Channel Channel
width spacing

f1 f2 f3 f4 f1` f2` f3` f4`

f1a f2a f3a f4a f1b f2b f3b f4b

Lower band Upper band

Allocated frequency range

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Frequency Patterns - Transmission via 2 Polarizations
Orthomode
transducer (OMT) V: vertical
1st polarization 90°
f1a
MD TX f1
CBN
H
DM RX horizontal
f1b
ACDP: Adjacent Channel Dual Polarisation
2nd polarization H
f1 f3 f5
horizontal
f1a f1a f3a f5a
f2 f4 f6
MD TX f1 V
f2a f4a f6a
CBN vertical
DM RX
CCDP: Co- Channel Dual Polarisation
f1b H
f1 f2 f3 f4
horizontal
f1a f2a f3a f4a
f1 f2 f3 f4
V
H V f1a f2a f3a f4a
vertical

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Bandwidth/Channel Width
Channel/bandwidths 16 QAM The higher the modulation stage
♦ Transmission ♦ the smaller the channel/
• SDH bandwidth (advantage)
• 155 Mbit/s ♦ the more sensitive to
♦ 16 QAM interference (disadvantage)
• < 45 MHz
• MDRS 155/...- 16 MLQAM
♦ 64 QAM 64 QAM
• < 30 MHz 1024QAM
• MDRS 155/...- 64 MLQAM 512QAM
♦ 128 QAM 256QAM
• < 26 MHz
• MDRS 155/...- 128 MLQAM 128QAM

Sensitivity
128 QAM 64QAM
Channel width 16QAM

f1 f2 f3 f4 4PSK
f1a f2a f3a f4a
Channel width

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 Frequency Patterns - Channel Spacings
ITU-R F.382 6 Ch. 29 MHz 3824.5 - 4182.5 MHz 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
ITU-R F.382 6 Ch. 29 MHz 3413.0 - 3771.0 MHz
ITU-R F.497 8 Ch. 28 MHz 3422.5 - 3884.5 MHz
ITU-R F.635 7 Ch. 40 MHz 3620 - 4180 MHz 4 (3.6/3.8/3.9 GHz)
ITU-R F.635* 7 Ch. 40 MHz 3610 - 4170 MHz
ITU-R F.635 4 Ch. 80 MHz 3630 - 4190 MHz
ITU-R F.1099 7 Ch. 40 MHz 4430 - 4970 MHz
ITU-R F.1099 4 Ch. 80 MHz 4450 - 4990 MHz 5 (4.7 GHz)
ITU-R F.383 8 Ch. 29.65 MHz 5945.20 - 6404.79 MHz
ITU-R F.497 8 Ch. 28 MHz 5689 - 6151 MHz 6L (6.2 GHz)

ITU-R F.384 8 Ch. 40 MHz 6460 - 7080 MHz 6U (6.8 GHz)

ITU-R F.385 5 Ch. 28 MHz 7442 - 7708 MHz
ITU-R F.385* 5 Ch. 28 MHz 7428 - 7722 MHz
ITU-R F.385 5 Ch. 28 MHz 7121 - 7429 MHz 7 (7.5 GHz)
ITU-R F.385 5 Ch. 28 MHz 7457 - 7737 MHz
ITU-R F.385 8 Ch. 28 MHz 7442 - 7883 MHz
ITU-R F.386 8 Ch. 29.65 MHz 7747.70 - 8266.57 MHz
ITU-R F.386 3 Ch. 28 MHz 8293 - 8468 MHz Channel 8 (8 GHz)
spacing
ITU-R F.387 12 Ch. 40 MHz 10715 - 11685 MHz
ITU-R F.387 12 Ch. 40 MHz 10695 - 11665 MHz 11 (11 GHz)
ITU-R F.387 12 Ch. 40 MHz 10735 - 11665 MHz f3 f4
f3a f4a
ITU-R F.387 8 Ch. 28 MHz 12765 - 13227 MHz 13 (13 GHz)

"Free" frequency patterns in Germany

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 Exploitation of Frequency Patterns

40 MHz frequency pattern

(e.g. 6.8 GHz)

f1 f2 f3 f4 64 QAM 28 MHz frequency pattern

f1 f2 f3 f4 (e.g. 7.5 GHz or 13 GHz)
Channel spacing f1 f3 f5 64 QAM
Channel width 40 MHz
30 MHz
f2 f4 f6
f1 f2 f3 f4 128 QAM

f1 f2 f3 f4 30 MHz Channel width

Channel spacing 28 MHz

f1 f2 f3 f4 f5 f6 128 QAM

f1 f2 f3 f4 f5 f6

26 MHz Channel width

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 Additional Attenuation
100

Rain
150mm/h
10
Rain
25mm/h
dB/km

1
Rain
16mm/h

Attenuation due to precipitation ...

0.1
♦ depends on the intensity
♦ depends on the radio hop length
♦ depends on the frequency

0.01
mm/h (millimeters per hour) 1 2 5 10 20 50 100
f/GHz
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 Additional Attenuation - Multipath Propagation
Half-power e.g. 50 km approx. .... m
beamwidth, e.g. ...°

218 m

Case 1 + =

Case 2 + =

λ = wavelength Case 3 + =
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 Microwave Radio Technology - Space Diversity

∆ ∆

MD TX CBN CBN TX MD
STM-1 Main Main STM-1
RX RX
DM + + DM
RX RX
CBN CBN Length
Div Div compensation

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 Maximum Radio Hop Lengths
Antennae-
MDRS 155/3900-64 MLQAM Diameter
With Space Diversity 1.2 m
MDRS 155/4700-64 MLQAM 2m
With Space Diversity 3m

MDRS 155/6200-64 MLQAM

With Space Diversity

MDRS 155/6800-64 MLQAM

With Space Diversity

MDRS 155/7500-64 MLQAM

With Space Diversity

MDRS 155/8000-64 MLQAM

With Space Diversity

MDRS 155/13000-64 MLQAM

With Space Diversity

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Hop Length / km

Space Diversity
Climate: Central Europe; BER=2x10E-5; Feeder: 2x30m; w/o Interference; Pout: 0.001%; rain is not considered

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 Microwave Radio Technology - Frequency Diversity

f
f1 f3

f3a
MD TX

MD TX
f1a f1 f3 f1’ f3’
Channel 1 RPS f3b CBN f1a f3a f1b f3b
DM RX

DM RX
f1b
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 Microwave Radio Technology - Fresnel Zone
λ
Distance d 1st Fresnel zone:d +1⋅
b Radius b 2

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 Microwave Radio Technology - System Designation

3+1
N M
Betriebskanal (BK) Ersatzkanal (EK)
Operation Channel (OP) Protection Channel (PR)

STM-1 MD TX
OP1
DM RX H
STM-1 MD TX horizontal OP1 PR OP2 OP3
OP2 C
DM RX
RPS MD TX
B
STM-1 OP3 N V
DM RX vertical
MD TX
PR
DM RX

MD TX
PR C
DM RX H
B horizontal
STM-1 MD TX OP1 OP2
OP1 N
DM RX
RPS MD TX V PR OP3
STM-1 OP2 C
DM RX vertical
B
STM-1 MD TX
OP3
DM RX N

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 System Designation - 3+1 Configuration Example
OP1 OP1
STM-1 MD TX RX DM STM-1
OP2
STM-1 MD TX RX DM OP2 STM-1
OP3
STM-1 MD TX RX DM OP3 STM-1

PR1
Occas. MD TX RX DM PR1 Occas.
C C
traffic (OT) traffic (OT)
B B
N N OP1
OP1 TX MD STM-1
STM-1 DM RX
OP2 DM TX MD OP2
STM-1 RX STM-1

OP3 DM TX MD OP3
STM-1 RX STM-1

Occas. PR1 DM PR1

traffic (OT) RX TX MD Occas.
traffic (OT)

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 1+0 Equipment Protection - "1+1 HSB" Configuration

f1 f1`
f1a f1b

Station A Station B
PR f1a f1a PR
MD TX RX DM

MD TX RX DM
Ch. 1 OP f1a C C 10dB f1a OP Ch. 1
(STM-1) RPS B B RPS
f1b PR (STM-1)
PR f1b N N
DM RX TX MD

DM RX TX MD
f1b OP
OP f1b 10dB

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 1+0 Equipment Protection - Space Diversity
f1 f1`
f1a f1b

Station A Station B
PR f1a f1a PR
MD TX CBN RX DM

MD TX C RX DM
Ch. 1 OP f1a B f1a OP
C Ch. 1
(STM-1) RPS N RPS
B f1b PR (STM-1)
PR f1b
N TX MD
DM RX

DM RX CBN TX MD
f1b OP
OP f1b

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 Block Diagram - 2+0 Configuration with XPIC
horizontal f1a f1b horizontal
H
MD TX f1 TX MD
Ch. 1 140 OP1 140 Ch. 1
(STM-1) MHz
CBN CBN MHz (STM-1)
OP2
DM RX f1 f RX DM
f1b
V f1a

PW PW

f1a f1b
2 Waveguide
MD TX TX MD
pro Station
Ch. 2 140 140 Ch. 2
(STM-1) MHz CBN CBN MHz (STM-1)
DM RX RX DM
vertical f1b f1a vertical

H V H V Clock synchronization
Data compensation
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 Terms of Microwave Radio Technology - XPIC Principle

H H + x•V
H
MD TX CBN H CBN RX ATDE +
-x•H
x•V
PW PW -x•V
x•H
MD TX CBN CBN RX ATDE +
V V
V V + x•H

XPD
H H

f f
V V
ATDE XPIC
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 Terms of Microwave Radio Technology - Identifiers

f1b 0010

0001
f1a f1a
f1a
0011
f1b f1b

f1a

f1b 0100

Interferences
♦ Reason: Interferences on the same channel
Radio hop identifier
♦ prevents the transmission of a co-channel interferer
(e.g due to overlengths)

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 Terms of Microwave Radio Technology - System Overview

CBN CBN
TX waveguide waveguide RX

Output Input
power power

System
attenuation
Max. power
(e.g. 71.7 dB)
e.g. +31 dBm
[1.25 W] Antenna Antenna CBN
CBN Free space attenuation e.g. 143.9 dB gain waveguide
waveguide gain
(Distance d = 50 km) e.g. e.g.
e.g. e.g. System
(Frequency: f = 7.5 GHz) 41.4 dB 5.3 dB
5.3 dB 41.4 dB
gain

Fading
margin
min. power
a = 92.4 + 20 ⋅ log(d[km] ⋅ f[GHz]) e.g. -73 dBm
0
[50 pW]

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 Bit Error Ratio (BER)
1E-4
BER
Radio hop
interference
1E-5

1E-6

1E-7

BER measuring
1E-8
unit

Measured errors [bits] 1E-9

BER =
 bits 
Data rate   ⋅Time [s] 1E-10
 s  1E-11

100 bits 1E-12

Example : BER = =1.072⋅10−8 -75 -70 -65 PRX
Mbits
155.52 ⋅1min [dBm]
s at A

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 Transmission Performance
Transmission performance of radio hops

Availability Performance

Unavailable time Available time

BER > 1E-3 (t > 10 s) 0 < BER < 1E-3
> 30% errored blocks
< 30% errored blocks
(t > 10 s)

Failures Errored seconds Degraded Error-free seconds

Radio hop caused by ES minutes DM EFS
various factors 0 < BER < 1E-3 1E-6 < BER < 1E-3 BER = 0
< 30% errored
0% errored blocks
blocks

Severely errored
seconds SES
BER > 1E-3
ITU-T G821 (t < 10s)
ITU-T G826 > 30% errored
blocks (t<10s)

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 Transmission Performance

BER 1E-1 (0.1)

BER 1E-2 (0.01)
BER 1E-3 (0.001)
BER 1E-4 (0.0001)
BER 1E-5 (0.00001)
BER 1E-6 (0.000001)
BER 1E-7
BER 1E-8
BER 1E-9
BER 1E-10
BER 1E-11

t [s]

• ES - (Errored Seconds)
• SES - (Severely Errored Seconds)
• UT - (Unavailable Time)
(SDH: UAS - Unavailable Seconds)
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 Terms of Microwave Radio Technology - Interfaces
T´ - Input Baseband D´ PW
T´ Z´ A´ B´
Z´ - Output Modulator (ZF)
A´ - Output Transmitter MD TX
B´ - Output RF Filter (TX)
Tx side
C´ - Output Circulator (TX)
D´ - Input OMT (TX) C´

D - Output OMT (RX) PW D

B A Z T
C - Input Circulator (RX)
B - Input RF Filter (RX)
RX DM
A - Input Receiver
Z - Input Demodulator (ZF)
T - Output Baseband
C
Rx side
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 Baseband Code
CMI code
♦ CMI - Coded Mark Inversion
♦ Free from DC due to alternating polarity
♦ Used for bit rates > 140Mbit/s
• Binary value: log. 0
− first clock half always negative
− second edge always positive
− always positive rising edge
• Binary value: log. 1
− entire clock period alternating with
positive and negative potential
HDB-3 code
♦ Modified AMI code
♦ Transmission code for 2, 8 and 34 Mbit/s
• Additional bit V prevents sequences of
more than three log. 0s.
• Additional bit has same polarity as last
data bit.
• If no or an even number of log. 1s
follows two violation bits, an AMI
additional pulse is inserted three bits
before the next violation bit.

Clock
Clock
Data 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Data 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
HDB3
CMI
1 1 0 0 0 V 1 1 A 0 0 V A 0 0 V

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