DC machine speed control

Dr. Chitra A., SELECT, VIT

University
 Topics

• Introduction
• Theory of Operation
• Field Excitation
• Separately Excited DC Motor
• Speed control

Dr. Chitra A., SELECT, VIT

University 2
Introduction

Dr. Chitra A., SELECT, VIT

University 3
Introduction

Dr. Chitra A., SELECT, VIT

University 4
Theory of operation

Dr. Chitra A., SELECT, VIT

University 5
Theory of operation

Dr. Chitra A., SELECT, VIT

University 6
Theory of operation

Dr. Chitra A., SELECT, VIT

University 7
Types of DC Machine

Dr. Chitra A., SELECT, VIT

University 8
Separately excited

Dr. Chitra A., SELECT, VIT

University 9
Shunt excited

Dr. Chitra A., SELECT, VIT

University 10
Series excited

Dr. Chitra A., SELECT, VIT

University 11
 Compound machine
 Compounded
 Combines best feature
of series and shunt
 Series – high starting Long-shunt
torque connection
 Shunt – no load
operation
 Cumulative
compounding
 shunt and series field
strengthens each other.
 Differential Short-shunt
compounding connection

 shunt and series field

opposes each other.
 PM DC

 Permanent Magnet
 Field provided by magnets
 Less heat
 No field winding resistive
losses
 Compact
 Armature similar to
separately excited
machine
 Disadvantages:
 Can’t increase flux
 Risk of demagnetisation
due to armature reaction

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Separately Excited DC Machine
Ra La Lf Rf

ia +
+ if +

vt ea Field vf
Armature
circuit
circuit
_ _ _

dia di f
va  Raia  La  ea v f  Rf i f  Lf
dt dt
Te  Kia  K bia Electromagnetic torque

ea  K  K b Armature back e.m.f.

Separately Excited DC Motor
 Motor is connected to a
load.
 Therefore,
d
Te  J  B  TL
dt
where
TL= load torque
J = load inertia (kg/m2)
B = viscous friction
coefficient
(Nm/rad/s)
15
 Solve for the motor speed
ea  K  K b Armature back e.m.f.

Va  Ra I a  K v I f
Va  I a Ra Va  I a Ra
 
Kv I f  Vf 
Kv  
 Rf 
 
 Control of the motor speed

• Control armature
voltage, Va
– Voltage control
Va  I a Ra
• Control the field

current, If
 Vf 
– Current control
Kv  
• Control the armature R 
current, Ia  f 
 SPEED CONTROL METHODS FOR SEPERATELY
EXCITED DC MOTOR

Va Ra
  T
K e K e 2

Three possible methods for speed control:

Armature voltage Va

Armature resistance Ra

Field flux  (by changing field resistance Rf)

 Armature voltage control
Va Ra
  T
K e K e 2


Va
K

Va↓

Requires variable
DC supply

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 Armature resistance control
Va Ra
  T
K e K e 2


Va Ra
Losses in external resistor
K K 2  Rarely used.

Ra ↑

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 Flux ( ) control

Va Ra
   T
K e K e 2

↓
Va
K Not possible for PM motor
Ra
slope  Normally employed for
K 2 speed above base speed

T
21
 Speed Control Strategy for Separately
Excited DC Motor

 Base speed base = Speed at rated Va, If and Ia

  = 0 to base  speed control by Va
  > base  speed control by flux weakening ()
T

Va control base  control

22
 Characteristics of Separately-Excited Motors

Use armature
voltage control

Use field-current
control

Rated
speed
Equivalent circuit of a DC Series Motor
E g  K v I a
Va  ( Ra  R f ) I a  Eg
Va  ( Ra  R f ) I a  K v I f
Td  Kt I a I f
Td  B  TL
Va  ( Ra  R f ) I a

Kv I f
 a a f a g

V  ( R 
Controlling the Motor Speed
a a R f ) I a  K v  I
Td  Kt I a I f
• Control armature
voltage, Va Td  B  TL
– Voltage control
Va  ( Ra  R f ) I a
• Control the field 
current, If Kv I f
– Current control
• Control the
armature current, Ia
Characteristics of DC Series motors