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BACTERIA ‐ Generality
Dr. LY Sowath
Institut Pasteur du Cambodge (IPC)
Lecture on Infectious Agents
University of Health Sciences
2020
Dr. LY Sowath Email: lsowath@pasteur‐kh.org
• 2002: Finished medical study (24th promotion, UHS, Cambodia)
• 2005: Master degree in tropical medicine and international health
• 2011: PhD (Microbiology & Infectious Diseases)
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Objectives of the Session
• Define bacteria and classification
• Understand nomenclature system
• Understand bacterial pathogenesis
• Understand diagnostic methods
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Types of Microorganisms
PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES
= in Greek, prenucleus ‐ uni or multi cellular
as genetic material has no envelope ‐ with nucleus enveloped by nuclear
membrane
Protists (protozoa, algae)
Bacteria (singular: bacterium)
Fungi (singular: fungus)
Parasites
Archaea
Plants
Animals
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Types of Microorganisms (2)
In 1978, Carl Woese: microorganisms in 3 domains
EUKARYA
Archaea
Bacteria
(singular: bacterium)
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Bacteria
E. coli
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Prokaryote vs Eukaryote
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Prokaryote Cell
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Eukaryote Cell
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Bacterial Growth
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Requirement for Bacterial Growth
Physical requirements Chemical requirements
• Temperature • Carbon
• pH (acid / alkaline) • Nitrogen, sulfur, and
• Osmotic pressure phosphorus
• Trace elements
• Oxygen / no oxygen
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Binary Fission in Bacteria
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Bacterial Growth
Sterile
Bacteria colony
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Scientific Nomenclature
• Established in 1735 by Carolus Lennaeus
• Scientific names in Latin language
• Underline or italic
Genus + specific epithet
(plr. genera) (species)
Always capitalized not capitalized
Can be abreviated not abreviated
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Clinically Important Bacteria
and 6 characteristics
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Morphology of Bacteria
Size, Shape, Arrangement
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Cocci
(a) Division in one plane produces
diplococci and streptococci
(b) Division in two planes produces tetrads
(c) Division in three planes produces sarcinae
(d) division in multiple planes produces
staphylococci
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Cocci (2)
Gram‐positive Gram‐negative
• Streptococcus pneumoniae • Neisseria gonorrhoeae
• Staphylococcus aureus
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Bacilli
(a) Single bacilli
(b) Diplobacilli
(c) Streptobacilli
(d) Coccobacilli
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Bacilli (2)
Gram‐positive Gram‐negative
• Bacillus anthracis • Bordetella pertussis
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Spiral
Bacteria
A doublestranded
helix formed
by Bacillus subtilis.
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Spiral Bacteria (2)
• Leptospira interrogans
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptospira_interrogans)
• Treponema pallidum
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treponema_pallidum)
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Relation Human (host)‐Bacteria
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Normal Microbiota (or flora)
• No harm to human
in their normal
habitat
• Beneficial to human
in some cases
• Intestinal tract
• Uro‐genital tract
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Beneficial Functions of Normal Flora
… among others …
• Outnumber the invading pathogens
(mouth & intestine)
• Produce antimicrobial substances
(intestine)
• Provide nutrients (Vit. K), digestion‐
absorption of nutrients (intestine)
• Act as stimulus of immune system in newborn
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Harmful Effects of Normal Flora
… among others …
• Displacement from normal habitat: skin
bacterium into the bloodstream endocarditis
• Diminished population of normal flora colitis
caused by overgrowth of harmful pathogens
• Conversion of some food substances into
carcinogenic derivative (bacteria of colon) e.g.
bladder carcinogen cyclohexamine
• Immunocompromised host Overgrowth of
normal flora become pathogenic
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Bacterial Pathogenesis
• Pathogenic microorganism: one that is
capable of causing disease
• Disease: symptomatic infection
• Asymptomatic infection (resolution,
presence of antibody)
• Latent state (dormant, reactivation may
happen giving recurrent symptoms)
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Bacterial Pathogenesis (2)
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Diagnostic of Bacterial
Infections
• Clinically: patient’s
symptoms, microbiologic
epidemiology
• Laboratory diagnostic:
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Staining for Direct Visualization
Gram staining
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Staining for Direct Visualization (2)
• Acid‐fast staining
– e.g. Ziehl‐Neelsen stain to
identify Mycobacterium
tuberculosis
• India ink preparation
• Potassium hydroxide
preparation
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Growing Bacteria
(Bacterial Culture)
• Specimen collection
(blood, swab, CSF, …)
• Oxygen requirements
• Media for culture
• Various techniques for
bacteria identification (not
detailed here)
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Growing Bacteria
(Bacterial Culture)
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Susceptibility Testing (Antibiogram)
Disk‐diffusion method
Sensitive?
Resistant?
to
antibiotics
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Susceptibility Testing (Antibiogram)
Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)
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Bacterial Vaccines
• Pneumonia (Streptococcus pneumoniae)
• Diphtheria (Corynebacteium diphtheriae)
• Meningitis (Neisseria menigitidis)
• Meningitis (Haemophilus influenzae type b)
• Pertussis (Bordetella pertussis)
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertussis)
• Tetanus (Clostridium tetani)
(http://www.doomandbloom.net/t
etanus‐in‐times‐of‐trouble/)
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Bacterial Vaccines (2)
• Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis)
(http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/ar
ticle/12/3/05‐1407‐f1.htm)
• Cholera (Vibrio cholerae)
(http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID
=40445&Cr=cholera&Cr1#.U4GnKPmSz4U)
• Plague (Yersinia pestis)
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubonic_plague)
• Typhoid fever (Samonella typhi)
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Objectives of the Session
• Define bacteria and classification
• Understand nomenclature system
• Understand bacterial pathogenesis
• Understand diagnostic methods
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References
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Thank You
for Your Attention!
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