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2.
(a)
Dr Geoffrey Neuss, InThinking
©
http://www.thinkib.net/chemistry 1
(b)
Concentrated
sulfuric
acid
3.
Although
both
carbonyl
groups
absorb
infrared
radiation
in
approximately
the
same
region
of
the
spectrum
the
precise
frequency
is
determined
by
the
other
groups
attached
to
the
C=O
group.
4. (a)
(b) Hydroxyl (accept alcohol or phenol), amide, carboxyl (accept carboxylic acid).
(c)
It
can
be
taken
orally
(penicillin
G
needed
to
be
injected)
/
is
not
broken
down
easily
in
the
stomach.
It
is
more
resistant
to
the
penicillinase
enzyme.
(d)
It
interferes
with
the
enzymes
that
bacteria
need
to
make
normal
cell
walls.
The
cell
walls
are
weakened
and
as
the
cell
grows
osmotic
pressure
causes
the
weakened
cell
wall
to
disintegrate
and
the
bacterium
dies.
(e)
The
Mycobacterium
tuberculosis
bacterium
has
developed
resistance
against
normal
penicillins
and
a
cocktail
of
several
different
antibiotics
is
needed.
Dr Geoffrey Neuss, InThinking
©
http://www.thinkib.net/chemistry 2
5.
(a)
Fleming
was
working
as
a
bacteriologist
on
cultures
of
Staphylococcus
aureus
in
London
(actually
St
Mary’s
Hospital,
Paddington).
He
noticed
that
mould
on
an
open
petri
dish
was
inhibiting
the
growth
of
the
bacterium.
He
isolated
a
compound
which
he
called
penicillin
which
inhibited
the
growth
but
found
it
difficult
to
purify
and
stabilise.
He
published
in
1929.
Florey
and
Chain
worked
initially
in
Cambridge
then
in
the
USA.
They
overcame
the
problems
with
isolating
and
purifying
penicillin
and
grew
it
in
bulk
using
corn-‐steep
liquor.
They
first
tested
it
upon
a
policeman
dying
of
blood
poisoning
(septicaemia).
(b)
There
are
many
other
scientific
discoveries
where
there
is
dispute
about
who
made
the
discovery,
e.g.
the
planet
Neptune,
the
light
bulb
and
oxygen
gas.
Many
factors
can
contribute
to
the
dispute.
Observation
versus
theoretical
deduction,
nationalism
and
the
triumph
of
publicity
and
tenacity
to
name
but
a
few.
In
the
case
of
penicillin
it
has
been
attributed
to
the
presence
of
the
newspaper
mogul,
Lord
Beaverbrook,
who
was
also
on
the
governing
body
of
St
Mary’s
Hospital,
using
his
skill
as
a
publicist
and
the
prominence
of
the
British
Empire
at
the
time.
6.
It
allows
the
bacteria
to
develop
resistance
and
hence
the
penicillins
become
much
less
effective.
Dr Geoffrey Neuss, InThinking
©
http://www.thinkib.net/chemistry 3