Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Volume 10, Issue 03, March 2019, pp. 1447–1460, Article ID: IJCIET_10_03_141
Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=10&IType=3
ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316
Erlina*
Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
Ayu Fauziah
Universitas Trisakti, Jakarta, Indonesia
ABSTRACT
The research aimed to evaluate the influence of independence and competence of
an auditor on fraud detection capability with audit quality as the intervening variable.
Based on the result of the research, it shows that independence of an auditor has no
effect on audit quality, while auditor competencies positively affect audit quality.
Meanwhile, audit quality has a positive effect on the fraud detection. The auditor
independence has a positive effect, whereas auditor competencies have no effect on
the fraud detection. Meanwhile, Auditor independence and auditor competence have
no indirect effects on the fraud detection through audit quality.
Key words: Independence, competence, fraud detection, audit quality.
Cite this Article: Haryono Umar, Erlina, Ayu Fauziah and Rahima Br. Purba, Audit
Quality Determinants and the Relation of Fraud Detection, International Journal of
Civil Engineering and Technology 10(3), 2019, pp. 1447–1460.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=10&IType=3
1. INTRODUCTION
Since fraud increasingly and continuously prevails in various ways to grow, auditors’ efforts
to detect it must also be continually improved. The cases of accounting scandals in recent
years provide further evidence of audit failures which impose serious consequences. Since the
beginning of the second quarter of 2017, the issue of accounting fraud at British Telecom had
emerged. The British giant company experienced accounting fraud at one of its business lines
in Italy. As other scandals of accounting fraud do, the scandal at British Telecom has an
impact on its public accountant, Price Waterhouse Coopers (PwC) as the world's leading
public accounting firm and includes the bigfour since this firm has failed to detect the
accounting fraud. Instead, the fraud was initially detected by a whistleblower, followed up
with a forensic accounting by KPMG. The mode of accounting fraud which occurred in the
British Telecom was committed through markuping the company's earnings through the
extension of fake contracts and invoices; and also creating fake transactions with vendors.
Another example comes from Indonesia which occurred at PT Kimia Farma Tbk (PT KF).
Kimia Farma is a public, state-owned enterprise, the shares of which have been available on
the stock exchange. In regard with indications of the Ministry of SOEs and auditors of
Bapepam (Bapepam, 2002), it was found that there were financial misrepresentation in its
financial reports which resulted in overstatement of net income for the year ended 31
December 2001 as much as Rp.32.7 billion. In fact, it represented 2.3% of sales and 24.7% of
net income. The misstatement was performed through over-serving sales and inventory in 3
business units. It was done by means of inflating the price of inventory which had been
authorized by the Production Director to determine the value of inventory at distribution units
of PT KF as of December 31, 2001. In addition, PT KF's management recorded double on
sales in 2 business units. It was carried out on units which were not sampled by external
auditors. In regard to the external auditors who audited PT KF's financial statements as of
December 31, 2001, Bapepam concluded that they had properly carried out audit sampling
procedures as set out in the Public Accountants Professional Standard. In addition, no
intentional element was found to help PT KF's management inflate their profits. Bapepam
said that the audit process had not succeeded to detect the profit bubbles which management
of PT KF created. To this finding, Bapepam gave PT KF administrative sanctions which
accounted for Rp.500 million, Rp.1 billion to the former board of directors of PT KF and
Rp.100 million to external auditors (Bapepam, 2002 and Koroy, 2008).
From the above cases, it is obvious that the role of the auditor is critical in detecting fraud.
The independence and competence of an auditor are essential prerequisite in detecting fraud
because it determines either success or failure an auditor will achieve. The following are
previous studies related to the elements of the independence and competence of an auditor in
fraud detection in determining the audit quality. The study results of Pratomo and Putra
(2017) found that an auditor’s independence, competence, and experience influence the
detection of fraud. Meanwhile, professional skepticism will affect an auditor in detecting an
occurrence of fraud. On the other hand, the research results of Maryulianti (2015) revealed
that audit quality has a significant effect on fraud detection. In addition, Putra (2016) in his
study found that the independence, management commitment and competence of an auditor
have a positive and significant effect on prevention and detection of fraudulence. The study
conducted by Dwirendra (2015) suggested that the influence of independence, competence
and accountability is positive on audit quality. Wibowo (2015) in his study found that
competence and independence of an auditor positively affect audit quality, while regarding
the audit time limit, it shows that time limit has a negative effect on audit quality. The results
of Satoso's study (2014) on customs audit showed that work experience, independence and
competence of an auditor have a positive effect on the audit quality, while objectivity does not
affect the quality of audits. Based on the background above, this research will further
investigate the effect of independence and competence of an auditor on fraud detection with
audit quality as intervening variables. In regard to the background above, several problems are
formulated in this study as follows:
How is the effect of an auditor’s independence on audit quality?
How is the effect of an auditor's competence on audit quality?
How does the quality of audit affect the fraud detection?
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Independence of internal auditor
Can internal auditors have entire independence? Maybe not, or it is even unnecessary. But,
with regard to the scope of internal audit, an internal auditor must be provided adequate
independence to achieve objectivity both in reality and in perception. Mautz and Sharaf in
their famous work in Sawyer’s (2006) explained the philosophy of auditing as providing
several indicators of professional independence. The indicator is certainly intended for public
accountants, but the same concept can be applied to internal auditors who are willing to be
objective. The indicators are elaborated as follows:
Being independent in the audit program, i.e. free of managerial intervention in the audit
program, free of all interventions on audit procedures and from all requirements for audit
assignments other than those which are necessarily required in an audit process.
Independence in verification, i.e. free to access all records, conduct asset assessment, and
examine employees that are relevant to the audit being carried out, obtain active cooperation
from management employees during audit verification. They are free from any managerial
effort which put constraint on examined activities or constrict the acquisition of evidence, free
from personal interests that hinder verification.
Independence in reporting: free from feeling obliged to modify the impact or significance of
reported facts, free from pressure to report significant matters in audit reports, avoid using
misleading words either intentionally or unintentionally in reporting facts, opinions, and
recommendations in auditor's interpretation, free from any effort to negate the auditor's
consideration of facts or opinions in the internal audit report.
Elements of report quality. The report of audit results must be timely, complete, accurate,
objective, convincing, clear, and as concise as possible.
Issuance and distribution of reports of audit results. The report of audit results is submitted to
the representative institution, the entity being examined, the party which has the authority to
regulate the entity being examined, the party responsible for following up the results of the
audit, and other parties who are authorized to receive the audit results according to the
applicable laws and regulations.
Independence of
Auditor (X1)
Fraud
Audit Quality (Y) Detection (Z)
Competence of
Auditor (X2)
3. METHODS
The study used variables of the independence and competence of an internal auditor on fraud
detection with the audit quality as intervening variables. The research employed survey
method using an associative descriptive analysis approach, in which the author described and
analyzed the actual conditions in the research location systematically. In the present study,
whether it is success or failure an audit attains is greatly determined by the inter-related
variables; therefore, those variables must be taken into consideration. The following passage
describes these variables.
1. Independent variables
a) Auditor’s independence
The Institute of Internal Auditor (2012) defined the term ‘independence’ as a condition free
from situations that can threaten the ability of internal auditors to be able to carry out their
responsibilities impartially. This can be achieved through multiple reporting relationships to
these parties. Threats to independence must be managed from the level of the individual
internal auditor, assignment, functional, and organization. Mautz and Sharaf in Sawyer's
(2006), providing several professional independence indicators are: Independence in audit
programs, Independence in verification, Independence in reporting
b) Auditor competence
Auditor competence including aspects of knowledge, skills/ attitudes, and mental capacity to
carry out tasks of the auditor's functional position with good outputs.
2. Dependent variable
Dependent variables are those which are influenced or which are the impact of the existence
of independent variables (Sugiyono, 1999). According to Priantara (2013), the occurrence of
fraud can be detected by the following indications, i.e. anomalies of documentation of
transaction evidence and accounting, poor internal control structures, anomalies of analytical
procedures, extravagant lifestyles, uncommon behavior, appeal and complaints.
3. Intervening variables
Intervening variables are those which theoretically influence the relationship between the
independent and dependent variables, but it cannot be observed and measured
(Sugiyono,1999). The present study considered audit quality intervening variables. The aspect
of audit quality is developed since the initial stage of audit implementation to reporting and
recommendations. SPKN appendix V and VI of 2007 sets forth the standards for
implementation and reporting of audit activities. Watkins (2004) defined that audit quality is
how appropriate the audit is performed according to audit standards.
According to Sugiyono (2008), a population is an area of generalization consisting of
objects or subjects which have certain qualities and characteristics set by researchers to be
studied and then drawn conclusions from. In this study, the population was internal auditors
of SOEs who were the members of the SPI Communication Forum (FKSPI) and those
attended the meeting with the Internal Auditor Education Foundation (YPIA). In this study,
the research sample was selected from YPIA and FKSPI. The number of sample from
population was determined using convience sampling method, i.e. the sample members was
selected or taken based on the easiness to obtain the required data (Hamid, 2007). In present
study, the primary data were gathered from respondents’s answers to the questionnaires which
had been distributed by the authors. Based on the data source, the authors used a survey
method in data collection. The type of questionnaire of the study was closed questionnaire, by
which the respondents were asked to make choices between a series of alternatives provided
by the researchers (Sekaran, 2006).
Path analysis, descriptive statistics, instrument quality, classic assumption test, multiple
regression analysis and hypothesis testing were used as the test methods in present study. For
data analysis, SPSS software was employed. Ghozali (2013) suggested that path analysis is an
extension of multiple linear regression analysis which is used to test the effect of intervening
variables. Direct influence covers some aspects, such as the effect of independent variables
directly on a dependent variable while the indirect effect is to determine the effect of
independent variables on the dependent variable through other variables.
based on the results of normality test, it shows that the points spread around and following the
diagonal line. Thus, the regression model has met the normality test.
4.1.3. Hypothesis Test Results
In this study, path analysis used individual and simultaneous tests which were divided into
two sub-structures, namely sub-structure 1 and sub-structure 2. The equation of structural
analysis path is as follows:
4.1.3.1. Sub-structure 1 evaluation
Sub-structure 1 was analyzed using path analysis, with structural equations of audit quality =
a + b1independence + b2competence + e. SPSS software was used to analyze the sub-structure 1
consisting of variables of independence, competence, and audit quality. The results of the path
analysis of sub-structure 1 are presented in the following Table 2.
R
Adjusted R Std. error of the
Model R Squ Durbin Watson
square estimate
are
1 .722a .521 .512 .289 2.195
a. Predictors (constant): auditor’s competence and independence
b. Dependent variable: audit quality
The extent to which the auditor’s competencies and independence influence audit quality
can be determined by observing the value of adjusted R2, which indicates 0.512 = 51.2%.
Meanwhile, the influence of other factors which affect the audit quality outside of this study
accounts for 100% - 51.2% = 49.8 %.
Based on the above Table 4, it is found the results of hypothesis evaluation are as follows:
it is seen that value of the independence variable indicates β = 0.085 and significance value of
0.361 which is greater than 0.05. Therefore, hypothesis 1 is rejected, meaning that the
auditor’s independence does not positively affect audit quality. However, this result differs
from the initial hypothesis which stated the other way around. In fact, internal audits are not
independent so they are not influential because they are under the directors even though there
is an audit committee. This research is not supported by the research results of Dwirendra
(2015); Wibowo (2015) who stated that independence positively affect audit quality.
Meanwhile, the aspect of auditor’s competence variable indicates β = 0.651 and the value
of significance shows 0.000, obviously less than 0.05. Therefore, hypothesis 2 is accepted,
meaning that auditor competence positively affect audit quality. Auditors' expertise can make
them more aware or sensible to any indication of fraudulent actions; in addition, highly
educated auditors will have a broader view on wide ranges of issues. Auditors will
increasingly have a lot of knowledge about the fields they are engaged in, so they can cope
with more various issues. Besides, being rich in knowledge, auditors will find it easier to keep
up with increasing complexity of changes. Complex audit analysis requires experienced
auditor with a broad spectrum of expertise in terms of: (1) detecting errors, (2) understanding
errors accurately, and (3) finding the cause of errors. The results show that the more
experienced auditors are, the more aware they are to errors. The more aware they are to
unusual mistakes, the more they understand the matters related to the errors they find out.
This statement is supported by the results of the research of Dwirendra (2015); Satoso (2014)
which stated that auditor’s competence has a positive effect on audit quality.
4.1.3.2. Sub-structure 2 evaluation
Table 5. Anova of sub-structure 2
Model Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Sig.
1 Regression 6.741 3 2.247 8.957 .000a
Residual 26.341 105 .251
Total 33.081 108
a. Predictors : audit quality, independence and competence of auditor
b. Dependent variable: fraud detection
Based on the results of the above tests, it is found that the significance value of 0.000 is
less than 0.05. It means that the variables of auditor’s independence, audit quality, auditor’s
competence simultaneously influence fraud detection.
aspect of auditor’s competence does not have an indirect effect on fraud detection, i.e. the
path from competence to audit quality and then to fraud detection. Competence has a direct
effect on audit quality through fraud detection. The expertise an auditor possesses cannot
make him/ her more sensible to fraud. Neither does the auditor have sufficient intellectual
knowledge capacity to be in line with the frame of thought and knowledge he/she possesses.
At least, the knowledge must be able to support added value for business and audit functions,
keep up with the development of the business world and the contextual supervision over time.
Thus, competence does not directly affect audit quality through detection of fraud. The
magnitude of the direct effect is 0.111 while that of the indirect one is 0.651 x 0.450 =
0.29295. Because the magnitude of the direct effect is less than the indirect one (0.527>
0.29295), it can be concluded that the direct influence is the actual effect. The entire results of
data processing can be concluded as presented in the following table.
REFERENCES
[1] Asmara, R. Y. 2016. Effect and Motivation of the Quality of Audit: survey on the external
auditor register accounting firm in Jakarta Indonesia. European Journal of Auditing and
Financial Research. 4(1). 67-78.
[2] Biksa, I.A. dan Wiratmaja, I.D.N. 2016. Pengaruh Pengalaman, Independensi, Skeptisme
professional auditor pada Pendeteksian Kecurangan.
[4] Ghozali, I. 2013. Aplikasi Analisis Multivariete dengan Program IBM SPSS 23.
Semarang. Undip Publishers.
[5] Halim, A. Sutrisno T, dan Rosidi M Achsin, 2014. Effect of Competence and Auditor
independence on Audit Quality with Audit Time Budget and Professional Commitment as
a Moderation Variable. International Journal of Business and Management Invention.
[6] Koroy, T.R, 2008. Pendeteksian Kecurangan (fraud) Laporan Keuangan oleh Auditor
Eksternal. STIE Nasional Banjarmasin, Indonesia.
[9] Marluyianti, H. 2015. Determinasi kualitas audit dan pengaruhnya terhadap fraud
detection pada laporan keuangan kementerian dan Lembaga. Efektif jurnal Bisnis dan
Ekonomi.
[10] Monika, Mia 2016. Pengaruh kualiatas audit internal dan asimetri informasi terhadap
pendeteksian kecurangan (fraud).
[11] Nofiyanti, Asti 2015. Pengaruh Kompetensi, Independensi, dan Pengalaman terhadap
Kualitas Audit Internal pada Inspektorat Jenderal Kementerian Pendidikan dan
Kebudayaan
[12] Octavia, Evi 2015. The Effect of Competence and Independence of Auditor on the Audit
Quality, Research Journal of Finance and Accounting, ISSN 2222.
[13] Priantara, D. 2013. Fraud Auditing & Investigation. Penerbit Mitra Wacana Media.
[14] Qi, Baolei, Bin Li dan Gaoliang Tian, 2015. What do we know about the variance of audit
quality? An empirical study from the perspective of individual auditor. The Journal of
applied Business Research. 31(1). 45-56.
[16] Sugiyono, 2012. Metode Penelitian Bisnis (Pendekatan Kuantitatif, Kualitatif dan R and
D) Bandung Alfabeta.
[17] Umar, H and Br. Purba, R. (2018), Management Determinants Among The Relation Of
Corruption, Accountability, And Performance. International Journal of Civil Engineering
and Technology. 9(9). 768–773.
[18] Umar, H. 2016. Corruption The Devil. Universitas Trisakti Publishers, Jakarta.
[19] Wiguna, Floreta, 2015. The influence of professional skepticism and auditor independence
on fraud detection: e-proceeding of management vol 2.