Chemistry, The Central Science, 11th edition

Theodore L. Brown; H. Eugene LeMay, Jr.;

and Bruce E. Bursten Chemistry

Chapter 1 In this science we

study matter and the
Introduction: changes it
undergoes.
Matter and Measurement

John D. Bookstaver
Matter Matter
St. Charles Community College And And
Measurement Measurement
Cottleville, MO ©2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc. ©2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Scientific Method Matter

We define matter as anything that has mass

The scientific method is simply a systematic
and takes up space.
approach to solving problems.

Matter Matter
And And
Measurement Measurement
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States of Matter Matter

• Atoms are the building blocks of matter.

• Each element is made of the same kind of atom.
• A compound is made of two or more different kinds of
Matter
And
elements. Matter
And
Measurement Measurement
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 Pure Substances Compounds
• Elements and compounds are both pure Compounds can be broken down into more
substances. elemental particles.
– An element is the simplest substance and cannot
be broken down. Elements are listed on the
Periodic Table using one or two-letter symbols.
• Examples: H, N, Cl

– A compound is made up of more than one type of

element and can be broken down into its elements
by chemical means.
• Examples: H2O, NH3, C6H12O6
Matter Matter
And And
Measurement Measurement
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Two Types of Mixtures Classification of Matter

• Mixtures have variable composition.
– A homogeneous mixture is a solution and is
uniform throughout.
• Example: vinegar

– A heterogeneous mixture is, to the naked eye,

clearly not uniform.
• Example: salad dressing

Matter Matter
And And
Measurement Measurement
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Example: Matter Properties and Changes of Matter

• Classify each of the following as an element,

compound, or mixture. For a mixture, state Physical & chemical properties
whether it is hetero- or homogeneous.

A. Pure water B. Gatorade Intensive & extensive properties

Physical & chemical changes

C. Raisin Bran D. 24-karat gold

Matter Matter
And And
Measurement Measurement
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 Types of Properties Example: Properties
• Physical Properties… • Identify the following as physical or
– Can be observed without changing a chemical properties.
substance into another substance.
• Boiling point, density, mass, volume, etc. A. Wood burns.
• Chemical Properties…
– Can only be observed when a substance is B. Stainless steel is shiny.
changed into another substance.
• Flammability, corrosiveness, reactivity with
acid, etc. C. Ice melts.
Matter Matter
And And
Measurement Measurement
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Types of Properties Types of Changes

• Intensive Properties… • Physical Changes
– Are independent of the amount of the – These are changes in matter that do not
substance that is present. change the composition of a substance.
• Density, boiling point, color, etc. • Changes of state, temperature, volume, etc.
• Extensive Properties… • Chemical Changes
– Depend upon the amount of the substance – Chemical changes result in new substances.
present. • Combustion, oxidation, decomposition, etc.
• Mass, volume, energy, etc.

Matter Matter
And And
Measurement Measurement
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Example: Types of Changes Chemical Reactions

• Identify the following as physical or
chemical processes.

A. Corrosion of aluminum metal

B. A nail becomes magnetized

C. A cake is baked In the course of a chemical reaction, the

reacting substances are converted to new
Matter Matter
And substances. And
Measurement Measurement
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 Separation of Mixtures Distillation
Distillation uses differences in the boiling
points of substances to separate a
Distillation homogeneous mixture into its components.

Filtration

Chromatography

Matter Matter
And And
Measurement Measurement
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Filtration Chromatography
This technique separates substances on the
In filtration solid basis of differences in solubility in a solvent.
substances are
separated from liquids
and solutions.

Matter Matter
And And
Measurement Measurement
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Measurement SI Units
A measurement is a quantitative
observation that consists of 2 parts:

a value & a unit

Examples: 125 lb
27.347 g
• Système International d’Unités
6.02 x 1023 molecules
• A different base unit is used for each quantity.
Matter Matter
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Measurement Measurement
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 Metric System Prefix Relationships you MUST know…
Prefixes convert the base units into units that
are appropriate for the item being measured. 1000 m___ = 1 ___

1000 ___ = 1 k___

100 c___ = 1 ___

10 m___ = 1 c___
Matter Matter
And And
Measurement Measurement
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Derived Units Volume

• Derived units are a combination of base
units.
• The most commonly
Measurement Formula SI Units
Area length x width m2 used metric units for
volume are the liter (L)
Volume length x width x height m3
and the milliliter (mL).
Velocity distance/time m/s – A liter is a cube 1 dm
Acceleration velocity/time m/s2 long on each side.
– A milliliter is a cube 1 cm
Density mass/volume kg/m3 long on each side.

Note: Many other derived units exist Matter Matter

And And
Measurement Measurement
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Temperature Temperature
By definition temperature is a measure of the • In scientific measurements, the Celsius and
average kinetic energy of the particles in a sample. Kelvin scales are most often used.

• The Celsius scale is based on the properties of

water.

• The Kelvin is the SI unit of temperature and is

based on the properties of gases.

• The Fahrenheit scale is not used in scientific

measurements.
Matter TF = 1.8(TC) + 32 TK= TC + 273 Matter
And And
Measurement Measurement
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Example: Temperature Conv. Density
• If a meteorologist predicts that the Density is a physical property of a
temperature for the day will reach 31°C, what substance. It is the ratio of an object’s
is the predicted temperature in K and in °F?
mass to its volume. Given by the
formula:
m
d=
V
Density units: g/cm3, kg/m3, etc.
Matter Matter
And And
Measurement Measurement
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Accuracy versus Precision Uncertainty in Measurements

Different measuring devices have different
• Accuracy refers to the proximity of uses and different degrees of accuracy.
a measurement to the true value
of a quantity.
• Precision refers to the proximity of
several measurements to each
other.

Matter Matter
And And
Measurement Measurement
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Significant Figures Significant Figures

1. All nonzero digits are significant.
• The term significant figures refers to 2. Zeroes between two significant figures
digits that were measured. are themselves significant.
3. Zeroes at the beginning of a number
• When rounding calculated numbers, we
are never significant.
pay attention to significant figures so we
do not overstate the accuracy of our 4. Zeroes at the end of a number are
answers. significant if a decimal point is written
in the number.
Matter Matter
And And
Measurement All EXACT numbers have infinite sig. figs.
Measurement
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Rule for Counting Significant Figures Rules for Significant Figures in
Mathematical Operations
Value No. of Significant Digits
1.23
When multiplication or division is
0.0012 performed, answers are rounded to the
number of digits that corresponds to the least
4400.
number of significant figures in any of the
4400 numbers used in the calculation.
6 × 1012 6.38 × 2.0 =
60.0 12.76 → 13 (2 sig figs)
0.00000001200 Matter Matter
And And
Measurement Measurement
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Rules for Significant Figures in

Examples Mathematical Operations
a) 7.2 × 3.216

When addition or subtraction is

b) 7.532 × 0.2500
performed, answers are rounded to the
least significant decimal place.
c) (6.022 × 1023) ÷ 3.15
6.8 + 11.934 =
d) 2.8944 ÷ 0.3216 22.4896 → 22.5 (3 sig figs)
Matter Matter
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Measurement Measurement
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Examples Dimensional Analysis

a) 7.2 + 3.216
• We use dimensional analysis
to convert one quantity to
b) 7.532 + 0.2578 another.
• Most commonly dimensional
analysis utilizes conversion
c) 6.022 − 3.022 factors (e.g., 1 in. = 2.54 cm)
1 in. 2.54 cm
d) 3.175 − 0.01 or
2.54 cm 1 in.
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Measurement Measurement
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 English to metric conversions Metric to metric conversions
Nano_____ 10−9 or 1/1,000,000,000
Micro_____ 10−6 or 1/1,000,000
Measurement English to Metric Metric to English
Length 1 in. = 2.54 cm 1 m = 39.37 in. Milli_____ 10−3 or 1/1,000
1 yd = 0.9144 m 1 km = 0.6215 mile Centi_____ 10−2 or 1/100
1 mile = 1.609 km Deci_____ 10−1 or 1/10
Mass 1 lb = 453.6 g 1 kg = 2.205 lb _____ (Base: meter, second, liter, gram,etc.)
1 oz = 28.35 g
Deka_____ 101 or 10
Volume 1 gal = 3.785 L 1 L = 1.057 qt
1 pt = 946.4 mL Hecto_____ 102 or 100
1 oz (fluid) = 29.6 mL Kilo_____ 103 or 1,000
Mega_____ 106 or 1,000,000
It is also useful to know that 1 m = 100 cm = 1000 mm,
Matter Giga_____ 109 or 1,000,000,000 Matter
1 cm = 10 mm, and 1 L = 1000 mL = 1000 cm3 And And
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Measurement 45
Measurement

Dimensional Analysis Example: Dimensional Analysis

Use the form of the conversion factor • Convert 123 g to kilograms.

that puts the sought-for unit in the
numerator.

desired unit
Given unit × = desired unit
given unit

Conversion factor Matter Matter

And And
Measurement Measurement
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Example: Dimensional Analysis

• Convert 8.00 m to inches.

Matter
And
Measurement
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