I • • •tEIHer "'TfVN : r, twlld ., .. , • Cir111M .,......,,. ., ..,_...

• •
... Jed_ dells - tM ............. of llOhd ObJocfl ,... te It- - .,._

n.. -"udv of '1....gt~ of """"""" oft., ref ON to -

- - .. "1'uehlnll --- _., .. ~. colurMS
--
""° ....., ••
of colculat"'!I ''- •"'-
Th• .,.,_ cmpley.d ••
prechct the ruporrH of o $tl"Uetur• W'ldcr 1oodtf'9 _.. rts tu1<ept1bd1ty •• ,.....,.... f•W. 'Mda
taMs Ulfo acco..11"1• tN proplrt'llC$ of rhc mt1fcr1ots such D.J ITt yield strct19fh "''""°''
Jtrcngth You"9 s Modu\us, and Potnon 1 raftO. 1n l!ldd1t10tt the fnllt~ c'«nwtrlt J MCKnaSC.Opt
propcrt•cs (gcomc'ric proputte:s) s..Kh as,, &c"9th. wtdth. thickness. bou~ cOt'llltra,'°''' DNt
ab"'41t chongu 1n 9cotMtry 11.tch a. hold ore cons!Cfi::red
rn other wordi St1"Wl9fh of ma.nr1ot 11 fhc pU91rty of the matet'1ol by virtue of wh1Qo tkt
motenol ain resist cxtuno.l Ieree applied to lt par unit of c.roS:S·S•CT•onal Ot'IC4. &reotcr th s
force ""''" w,,ith th• eKrur1al force ., ruotcd by li'l•I uoSJ-sut;onol ore.a of 11\e. rnatcr-ijll
9'"f:atu J 11s srrr.ngrh

2 · 'nurse ~~c ft'\Gtcr1of ore used 10 p,.oducc

11.chn-1col products 1n cng'nf.frlng tor There ·~hr-e:~ rypc.s CJ er1al$:
o Bon1c Ma1D't0f ;s ¥ fNJ' itm.ich ~ defor'.ma:tlon when cxtur.ot fora ts
ClJll)llcd lO It ond rtgpl/1.$1!1 orig ojj\l d1mws10FIS arf~w•l~ol of eJ<fernol force f.._ II
Ex°"'plec Srul cablU\:IWbbcr b...!i ~P""9 e>~
b A Plattfc Mororlot Is tho• matrnol whoc~ ..,dJ.1'9\)U "'""""""' defortn011on !IO ""19 as •h«
txTc.rMI tone cont,,•iues 10 oct on 1t ond Boes ,_T rcgom tis ori91"°1 dlml.rt.SJON e:Vt-1"1 c1 ,.,r
.. itndrawol of t>rtcr~ftlli for~ from " J:n orhtr .. ards dcforrt10t1on of plost.c mater.al ~
p.ermcniU'IT
EJC4tlll>le polysryrene Pl/C P.•lypro.etlt.nA'. Gfld polye1nylcnc
e A Fl1gid M.aTuHal 1.S ttMrr ~e:rtal which docs not l.lndergo OfJY de:for"maf1on undu Th• OCT .Of'I
o;:- CJCternal far-e; oppJ•ed 10,r 1ti1ha.tcver may be the rnognltude. of the forca

3 MfCHANICtll PBOPEmr#oF EN6INEEQING r.v,:o:BIAJ.S;

o ELASTICITY I• Is the ob<lify of o "'°nr<ol 10 r0901n lff original shape 6 domens1on otT<r
r•movol oi oppl1td force,. o,.g ~ed. l"\lbbcr ere
Steel -s mon cl~ic Iha!. Nbber
b PLASTICITY: The properry of o malorsol to be obit< of bendong (out of Jho~) (•""' n o
<crta•n hm1T) Uf"ldct' G srrt.S.S ord TO f r-d 1tl cnnlaJ StG'tC Whui tklS strc.sS diSOpPCGr$
c DUCTILITY: I• IS •h• property of a metal by voMue of wh1oh the <Mtal .,,If go on'"'"'"' '19
H~ lc119th under me octwA of 1.:ns1lc lood so long as Iha load art$ on !he muol
Copper Alt1mlnlu11t. Wrought iron 4.tC ore. duC'tll• malerlolc-. M1k:I s1&tl i.s also duct.le rrr:!o
b. • oat up•o me extent of dllC1 lrty of coppu alum""""' r.tc Wires are made of duc"le
11\0let' cJ:
O..c11lit"y IS • cncrolly rcd.Jced by heDTl"!J
' d HllRDNt:SS: tt 1$
Success
th• propcr1y of 0 material by vlr1u• of 111h1t/1 1'1t material ca....-..,
p<n•Trott0n. "rotchlng ...<I abr..slan
Glass, D•am01>d etc ore very hard materials Cos1 oroo ts o ••rvhard mttol
e. FllTIGUE. In 'l"l••crlal• .sd<n«, fatigue i! 1ht w•okenln9 or
a matulaJ caused by •CJ><allldl,
applied loods I: Is th• pragruslv._ and locahud ~tructural damage thot "'""' •hM •
moterlol Is subjt.cted to eycifc loading Th1> nominal mQJC•l!lllm stress values that '""'• Stlek
domog• may be much less than th• strcnglh of the material 'YJliccllY ~uou:d OS the ult1ma1<
reestle S'fr-us hmtt, or the.yre.ld S'trMJ Hmr1
A gooi:J ••ample of fa.11_gue failure i5 brcoklng a thin s+ee! l't>d ar "''"' wllh your hands ofu
bcm1ng rt back olld for1h so.ve!'GI times In the seme p1a<"f1'1othu example is a.n unbalar.C<d
pump trnpeUcr ruuh 1n_g 1n 111brahons tl,01 can c:nt1se.fGtjgut!.fa1lur~
e CREEP: Cro!!p (som•r1mcs coll•d cold flow) IS th• ftndchey of o solid material •o move 1lo1rlv
or deform pcrmancoitly ..,,&er the Influence of mtchanlcol rtrc5.5es It """ ••= OS a ruu1'
of li:mg-ttrm expasur" to high levels of rtrr.ss thot ere rtlll b•low the y1<ld str<J1g1n of the
mate.rial Crr.cp Is more <cvue In 111Qferlols •hat ar• subj•ot•d I• he<1t for long pcrlo!ls. and
_genuully ln¢r<.as<.S as til~ ne<1r 1hclr m•lh"!J point CO'Cep 01w")'S oncnosr.s wtth
te.mpEWGTUr~
.9· 81UTTLENEss: l:t is th• property of a m<ote.rlal by v1rtll,. of which the material will ..,.11y
beeek undtr tht a.<tion of compro.s~lvc lood cpplltd S\ldd<.n1y.
Gloss. Ceramics. C>IOlllo~ ar• brittlt materials. Cost iron 10 o bnttk metol
h. MALLEllBILITY: !t Is-the property of o 1t1•1ol by virtue cf 111hlch th• motal C<lfl be 1ncreQS1!a
In length a.nd br...d•o wiThO\lt fallW'i< under toe und<r th& ootlon of compresso~li loo.d
Leed is a very good 111alleobl,. m•r•I. Miid st .. I also has mallcabllny. !)uct1fe and malleable
metets ares\J1tab~e: for forgr119 operation_ -
Metals which or• highly duCTilo. ai'c also htgh1y 1t1ollcabl•. but the reverse moy not be rrue
SlnC:C-SQmcm.alleab'e. me.torsare~e.ok In tvt!IO,,~d h£DC:C Hobie 10 c:rQtj(
MACHIN118IIITY: It I' the pcop<.rJy al o metel by vlrtueof wtuch rhe mcfal ca.n be ..,..i,,
machined TO produce- smooJh .sorfae& flrtt5:h
Duct11• a.nd mollcabl• metals hove 9ood moch1nohJlty. Mcch1"'1bU1fy cf brittl• metal "boll
j. TOUGHNESS: Th• ob1l1ty of a metal to withstand imp..-t foru before fraonJre IS known as
1ougt>ntss. e.g. High aorbon steel

4 STRESS: .Str<SS' Is the rcs1Stohce offered by a mottrl41 body 10 deformation CCllSed •• rt

whe11 ft f> subjtt:f<.d to eJ<ternol load
U""'"'ol stress Is .. pressed by
F
u= ..!'
Wt-.ere f •5 +be force [NJ acting on an area II [m1) The °'""
can be the. undeformed area or flu,
-teformcd ....a dep•nding on whtth~ r.ngcn..,,.lng .streu er trlle stress is of intut.!1.

)> Comprusillc Stress (ar aomprusion) ts th• !TrUS ..-fate <Oll5ed by a.n cppl1cd loac tllat
acts to eeduca ;he. lr.ngth of 1hc motcrfal [compross1on member) along 1he o.><ls 01 '""
apphe.d load~ It .s '" 01her wor~ a .streu state 1ho1 coUSe5 a iquttt.~lng of tn1? n\Dfler1t1~ A
<:ase or comp;etS-ian l! the ~"1ax1al compr-es.s1~n 1~uced by the. adtOI'\ Of oppa.1T~
51"'plc.
SAN'OZP a(A.l'.IORA~ (!1013249400) l Sf(OULO NOT11£ COf'lID SY ,o\l\l'r' M&<N.S
 .SuccEss
pushing fMc.<s Compr-u11 ... c tTt ""'91~ le1 ~ '•'
1'1"211gth
1 •r.ncrctJirr. h'fhcr their Tc c
rfaw~u str\KtUl"U l000cd n ~llM'ftPro.tionore. iubJC.lf to 0Ud1t101~I fa1l1.Arr
'"°"
tl'\Odu such as buckling rliat ore dcpcMI""' on
Hie. member 1 gc.cJM•r't'

> Tc.ns1la Strus ls •"c__strus s1otc COl.lJCd by on

appl cd load fhGl ltnt\$ ra t.lof'?atc the marcrG
tllotlg 1 ~. e> • of ·~• applied load 1n 0111<0
lllfOro1 r~c strus caust.oby P"tl1ttg •ht: material
The f1t'E:ng1 h of str"UC1UAS of cqu11J CrG.!S a b c
sec:fl.ol'tQJ arC4 looat.:a 1n tCl\StOft t.S ltlJcpc.ndctn ------------
ot .sncipc of the. Cf'OSS 1utf0n MotuiaJs loaded A mt.tf&r•I berng ~ '"
1ri rcns~ ere JU.Supt1bk: ro nrd:f o)Coft'.t;M"&lllO'I b) tctdllln c.) •hmr
conccrttrat•Ol'\S such OI motcrlo! dafactJ or•L__::.::.:.__::..::.:_.:_..;,_ __ ...,c- __
cOn.i,t c"°"9u ..n gcornc,try lta•e:11v materials cxh1brtmg due-ti~ bd'lovlour (most mttols
fo,. e>compte) can tolcror1- 'om• d~f•ct• 'ilttllt• brittJc: mctcr1alt (such CJ ccrl!M\IC.S) UM\ t0t1
we.I! below tl'tc•r :.i r PMT«. mctu.a.1 STJ'tfl9'"
, Sh<m- STrUs d the. srress stoit. caused by Tht comb~ried ane.rgy of o pol~ of oppoSlf\CJ
force.I OCl•ng along pal"Oll•I hnU of OCflOn fhf'OU9" rhe rMTet'IOI "' OfhU wordS fhe c:SS
caused oy facu ot rhe tMttr oJ .slid1"9 rel.it1vt. to one onorhcr Arl e.Kamp1& is cur ting paper
Wltl\ SC1$.$ors0,. SlrUSU d\,IC TO rON•Gf'll:ll loadln]

5 STWN; A strain 11 Q norma.h11.d measure of dcfcrmation re-pt"e:5vtftng tht. d•splotCJTivrt

bc:r..-<I'porttelu n thee body re..la1rv11 too rcfl!.t'Cl\U ic"!l"h
Nominal stra_rn a of a motu.al hnc. tie.met!' or- fibre cwofly loodcd 1$ eXpr&SSCd as tM ~ •tt
1""9th DI. pw u• • of tne original 1""9fh L of the lin& cJCll'cnt or fibreJ Th• nof'mal stro.1n 1J

t 15..L ,L e g ,,
r----..-..-----,,_,,,,--':,;;,,pos1tivc it the rna1£naf fibres arc. Strercht:d cw1id negat1vt
th•y ore C0111pr .. •«I Thill .,._11ev e.

f = L £J Whore e 11 the normal .rtrGJn, !. LS the orlglnol leng•n of

11\C I bre af1d ( •S th<! f·nol i.n,th of the I 1b~

)- Wkc.n the. bodv ts u:ndu ten.Ill& for'-e.. the strmn produced IS coiled Tcnsil .. Srra1n
;. flhc~ p., ~ d .Ne. co""presft c. 10f"u the. STl"'G1n produc.e.d is coiled C:ompruJr1e:
Strain
,,. Whci the. Cody ~ uno1r rangCl'"tlOI force•&. s"uring force the .strmn pf"och.1c:cd 1s celled
St'ulor Strain.
, L.or9tud;,.a Stra.tn means S1roin p-oducul •ft o mctulcil body 1n 1he. long1Tud111al d1rcc11on
,. La:tcroJ Stro.1n '" o mcrtcnol body lS tl'tt. srrain se.T up'" 1nc body "' 1'ht lcrrua d.irutton
d"< 10 '°"II tu0uw forte qppl1ed 10th• boclv
,. Volumemc Srro1n I.I Jhc ratio of chartgc 1n «:ilumc. 1'0 the orig'"'°' votwme. of a morenQJ
body ald>J Cf~d tO fot'CU

SANOIP Cl(AM)J!A-+ (801JZ49400) I SJ<cUu> 111Cr'BECDl'ltU 'BY AW'f """'NS

 Success

9 L1rnt} gf- '5J9po~~·{J: Tt trr #L qncaftJJt "trrttr.J- Uf/.~.

wAt'c.h A.-l<rJ.qrrl 1~ dJnt.tllj pnopar. 10
fo fi.L .o I :i.~ f'l/Odu.\1'11Q ff
11) clll!l+,, biz::J..! g If ,~ +t_~if!!I.te4f ll4n£H6-
ma,hnlal. V"llCUllf$ lf/O
-r:
05~1ch th.t..
o-i~•11ol /JAri.re.. !< 1.11 "2e. 4·
wt .f.hkClwJ of 4J ~ c. 4111~ flu_ /jhcai n '
,;9?¢Jttnq1leti+ hl: 'I/ a. '1i'J~tariJ bod.t RoqJ.J btyrmd.. itl/s
~fie Rimi+-. i+- do~
o~f3mol J.imavl1rm .;whtn fAL ?oa.J. ;nr 11e:moitt
t~
'110/-1~
. 7h1~
-nt.cotJfll. t~ll!
ff°l'/'/71q'11t'11f-
cli.fa:ima. /.io11 i10 cal11J.. '('t'i/1Tf'lq1lt71f- nd-
ip YieiJ.. Poi1·.t; 1he. Afrrl'.IYk oJ w!iic~ de.~;rmo/;071 o/ a.. mo.la1 0 1

- ,..;...--- &xJ:y 8;iOW'3 f.111 fhouf fu1r/ht;i. lnmcol)€ 111 Rood..

i ~coJJ.td. y ; e lol pol'" I- of lk 1011rJ.
Tum oru.. .fwo yicirl po1-nf.4 g Ufre11.. ji<.M 1- k LOW1~ r:
'jit.f.tJ. fOi'l'lf ~.f~ J- UfPtVJ 'JlfAf fOt'Tlf i'b 8;up.fr;i tLc>'
a.I- lowFr. ~ieM. F''llf
I sucuto r.icrsi:- copzro av "'lllY ~s '
cn
v>U.il1111ah ~! VIM~• • 1t ;-. iht. m•armum ll4,...,... w~I i
fil ab +- CQ>1 w1 I h.,ftrnd. wd hou) fcJu11(. ( ·1' " .,,,. ·•
U Uf V'lt~c./ion of C'1101>"J-1Jc.d1011..J 01\la . · itG•lh
o fb)./.i',,8) Ir ca,~ ·I ,,,
~ V•)Wo~kr"Jl
""-'~v- Si
~
0
o
I
1- rll
1
1/11. ma-x1 murn Ill 1t&l'l ,Jjg"',J I
~r./. up i71 o. 7110/1vrio.J. 111 ac.fuoJ Fi~ :
Wo;ikin(t 1:.~n~ {"Ir 711.,..c.'1 .tM fn1.r11 (,ilJ•'mO.fc Ill~ .::1 ,
obfon'ltd bJ J., (fiilJ11~ tfiL IAiJ .~q/t. 11lnw h::J Q 11u1r.h1.11 , cal
fac.l·o~ of ll1dj Fcttlon of 1la{1IJtn t:itJch l)cltt(cd. f~o
+hJ. <.!PO'n ~m}I. l)/7W1.r ,~ hlYI fhon o~ wtlid lo f11opo;z ~1ol10J
f.imif V
vii)~ :f- f4t11: Tf i'IJ a. '111Jtr1btn hJ wAiGh ull;rr,/t
Jbt~ 1 ~ Ji 19 i JicL lri O ~ rk n +o ob kn
f J..i_ c,uo~.~rn~ r,frrl)V)
7fiL faclon. at
1Jajt!J (9aT1•~ Uei!j 8'l!J.l).111 a.cconcl110 to
rhL 1Jfl o~ va.J J whtffl'l.. ftuJ. OV{ IJ)Q;rt/aUe, 11ofu1U of
rria./tnio.1., rfTY10tt1d- of Jifo:r(?'11Q/i011 r.kL lo c.01111041011 and
Po./•&w. of flit 711a./t.111al
7F.J, /o.c ~on. of ~aft?J ifb gtun1 by '11._ :: ?(_1Y(_.,_7(5
U..hf<ri.J rz1 = Saft ~jf a.c.to<t o.9.lowi~ /on in a.ccuW.O.Cj 171

iocul. ck+111mnaJi1n1 i '2..~ "'Z1 ~ 5

1(2 = ~"-f(~j f~c/.on a#owh10- fon 11on-homj,t.nt1~
0~ I-Iv. 'T"la 1-e~;.J Q11 d.. dt/<( f;a 111 -ma. 1a"" ccJ.
iruo~r11.111r i 1.3~1Z2~~·G
12.3 = S'of~J.J fo..tJon. oltowJ>o- .fon.. 1U11Jice coTtJ."1011
i. 1 ~123~15