Sample Soil Report

A
REPORT ON
SUBSOIL INVESTIGATION WORK
PROJECT :
NEW HAJ TOWER COMPLEX
LOCATION :
REVISED CHANGED SITE ON
PLOT NO. IIA/26, OF RAJARHAT NEW TOWN, KOLKATA
Project Implementation Authority :
HOOGHLY RIVER BRIDGE COMMISSIONERS
PREPARED BY :
PEC ENGINEERS & ASSOCIATES,

2/39, NETAJI NAGAR, KOLKATA–700 092
ON BEHALF OF :
GHERZI EASTERN LIMITED,
16, MAHANIRBAN ROAD, KOLKATA–700 029
PEC ENGINEERS & ASSOCIATES
A
REPORT ON
SOIL INVESTIGATION WORK
FOR THE PROPOSED NEW HAJ TOWER COMPLEX AT
REVISED CHANGED SITE ON PLOT NO. IIA/26 OF RAJARHAT NEW TOWN, KOLKATA
CONTENTS SHEET NO.
A. TEXT :
1. INTRODUCTION 1
2. AIMS OF THE PRESENT INVESTIGATION 1
3. GENERAL GEOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE AREA 1
4. PROGRAMME AND METHOD OF INVESTIGATION 2–4
5. GENERAL SUB-SOIL STRATIFICATION AND PROPERTIES 4 – 11
6. DISCUSSION ON SUITABLE FOUNDATIONS FOR THE
PROPOSED PROJECT 12 – 25
7. RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUDING REMARKS 29 - 27
B. ANNEXURE :
8. LOCATIONS OF BORE-HOLES A-1
9. BORE LOG DATA SHEET A-2 to A-5
10. SUB-SOIL PROFILE WITH ‘N’ VALUE Vs. DEPTH PLOT A-6
11. SUMMARY OF TEST RESULTS A-7 to A-11
12 GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION CURVES A-12 to A-20
13 VOID RATIO (e) Vs. LOG ‘P’ CURVES A-21 to A-23
14 MORE CIRCLE DIAGRAMS A-24 to A-27
15 GRAPHS FOR DIRECT SHEAR TEST A-28 to A-33

A. TEXT
PEC ENGINEERS & ASSOCIATES
1 INTRODUCTION :
The New Haj Tower Complex is proposed to be constructed at revised changed site on Plot
No. IIA/26, Rajarhat New Town, Kolkata. In this connection, Gherzi Eastern Limited
assigned the soil investigation work to PEC Engineers & Associates of 2/39, Netaji Nagar,
Kolkata-700 092 vide Work Order No. K/WO/SNM/MDA/340/540 dated 26/11/2012.
Accordingly, the field work was started on 26/11/2012 and was completed on 05/12/2012.
Subsequently, the soil samples collected in the bore-holes were subjected to visual
identification/examination and/or were tested in the laboratory to determine various
relevant properties and parameters based on which as well as experienced engineering
judgement, this final report has been prepared .
2 AIMS OF THE PRESENT INVESTIGATION :

The present investigation is aimed at assessing the sub-soil stratifications and their
characteristics with the help of bore-hole studies including in-situ tests and laboratory
investigation. Finally, with the application of the findings of the investigation, suitable
foundation systems for the proposed structures are to be recommended.
3 GENERAL GEOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE AREA :

The area of the present investigation belongs to the well known Bengal Basin, which is the
southward extension of Indo-Gangetic Flood Plains. It consists of typical alluvial deposits
comprising layers of sand, silt and clay and is believed to have been formed by Ganga-
Brahmaputra River System. These deposits often have thickness of more than 100 m over
the bed rock. The sub-soil of the upper strata, which is of immediate importance to civil
engineers is of recent origin. Often, scattered concentrations of decomposed/semi-
decomposed vegetation and/or organic matters are also observed up to about 15 m depth.
However, the alluvial deposits of the Bengal Basin may be broadly divided into two types :
(i) Silty clays/clayey silts with or without sand admixture covering most of the area. These
were formed by back-swamp of flooded water of rivers.
(ii) River Channel Deposits comprising silty sands/sands of fine to medium grade occurring
in stretches. These were formed by meandering of rivers in the past.
PEC ENGINEERS & ASSOCIATES 2
4 PROGRAMME AND METHOD OF INVESTIGATION :

The programme of the present investigation work as drawn by the client consists of:
i) Field Investigation and ii) Laboratory Investigation with Report on the entire work.
4.1 FIELD INVESTIGATION :

In field investigation, a total of 4 (four) nos. of bore-holes were sunk. Borehole-wise
maximum depths of investigation below the Existing Ground Level (E.G.L.) are as follows:
Maximum Depth of
Bore-hole Date of Date of
Investigation
No. Commencement Completion
Below E. G. L.
1 26/11/2012 29/11/2012 40.60 M
2 29/11/2012 01/12/2012 40.45 M
3 02/12/2012 03/12/2012 40.60 M
4 04/12/2012 05/12/2012 40.45 M
Location Plan of bore-holes is shown in sheet no. A-1. Field Bore Logs are shown in sheets
A-2 and A-5. The following were the different parts of the field investigation:
4.1.1 Sinking of Bore-holes :

Bore-holes were advanced by Auger and Rotary Wash Method. 150 mm dia. bore- holes
were initially (up to a depth of 3.0 m below E.G.L.) made by operating hand auger. After
the auger was withdrawn, the bore-holes (150 mm dia.) were taken down by wash boring
technique using a manually operated winch. In this technique, the hole was advanced by a
chopping bit. The bit which was hollow, was screwed to a series of hollow drill rods
supported on a tripod by a rope passing over pulley. A stream of water under pressure was
forced through the rod(s) and the bit into the hole. Upon entering the bore-hole at its
bottom end, the stream of water under pressure loosened the soil around and forced it up
along the annular surface between the rod and the side of the hole. The soil suspension
from the bore-hole was discharged into a tub. The particles in suspension settled down in
the tub and the clear water overflew into a sump. The water washed into the sump was
reused for circulation. Casing pipe for an initial length of 4.0 m and subsequently bentonite
slurry were used to prevent the collapse of bore holes.
As the bore-holes progressed Standard Penetration Tests were conducted and Disturbed &
Undisturbed samples were taken at suitable intervals.
4.1.2 Standard Penetration Tests :

Standard Penetration Tests were conducted within the bore-holes at suitable intervals and
in accordance with the specifications laid down in IS:2131-1981. The number of blows
required for middle 30 cm penetration of Split-spoon Sampler out of a total penetration of
60 cm driven by a 63.5 kg hammer falling freely from a height of 75 cm was recorded as

‘N’ value. In sandy soil, this field ‘N’ value is corrected for overburden and dilatancy
(wherever applicable) to get the corrected ‘N’ value. This is a very useful test which gives
an idea about the consistency/compactness as well as the strength of the in-situ soil.
4.1.3 Disturbed Samples :

After each standard penetration test, sufficient quantity of disturbed sample was collected
from the split-spoon sampler. Samples from the augered material were also taken
sometimes for visual identification. These samples were very carefully preserved in double
polythene packets to avoid loss of moisture as far as practicable. These were then properly
marked & labeled and kept ready to be sent to laboratory for identification and testing.
4.1.4 Undisturbed Samples :

Undisturbed samples were collected generally from cohesive or predominantly cohesive
soil deposits in accordance with the specifications laid down in IS : 1892-1979 and IS :
2132-1986. A two-tier 100 mm I.D. open tube sampling assembly having area ratio of
around 15% was used to collect the samples. The sampling assembly was driven to the
required depth manually with the help of jarring link. Samples collected in the lower tube
were retained, properly sealed at both ends by wax, marked & labeled and kept ready to
be sent to the laboratory for testing.
4.1.5 Standing Water Level :

Standing Water Levels in the bore- holes were measured 24 hours after completion of
boring in the respective bore hole and are shown in the bore logs. The average level was
found to be approximately at 4.25 m depth below average E.G.L. of the boring locations.
However, for calculation of load bearing capacities of soil, water level should not be
considered below E.G.L. for the worst case.
4.2 LABORATORY INVESTIGATION :

In order to have a comprehensive picture of the sub-soil characteristics which will help in
selecting a suitable foundation system for the proposed structure, the following laboratory
tests have been conducted on disturbed and undisturbed soil samples. The test
programme was so prepared as to incorporate appropriate and suitable engineering
judgement and requirement. All the tests have been carried out as per IS specifications.
i) Determination of Natural Moisture Content.
ii) Sieve and Hydrometer analysis to determine grain size distribution.
iii) Determination of Liquid Limit and Plastic limit.

iv) Determination of Unit Weight.
v) Determination of Specific Gravity.
vi) Unconfined Compression, Triaxial Compression and Direct Shear Tests to determine
shear strength parameters.
vii) One-dimensional Consolidation Test to determine compressibility characteristics.
5 GENERAL SUB-SOIL STRATIFICATION AND PROPERTIES :

As revealed by the field and laboratory investigations, the sub-soil at the site up to the
maximum depth of investigation below Existing Ground Level (i.e., 40.6 m) may be broadly
divided in the following strata of which the most common features of present interest are
given below.
5.1 STRATUM - I :
Borehole-wise approximate existence and thickness of the stratum are given below :
Average
B. H. No. Exists from Exists up to Thickness
Thickness
1 0.0 m below E.G.L. 1.10 m below E.G.L. 1.10 m
1.35 m
It consists of brownish grey / grey silty clay with rusty brown spots. It seems to be a filled-
up deposit and does not bear much significance in the present context since, any
foundation shall be seated beyond this layer. However, for calculation of overburden
pressure, its bulk unit weight may be considered as 1.90 t/m3.
5.2 STRATUM - II :
It is found in all the boreholes. Borehole-wise approximate existence and thickness of the
stratum are given below :
Average
Thickness
5.15 m
It consists of brownish grey/ greyish brown / grey silty clay / clayey silt, occasionally with
traces of decomposed vegetation. The deposit is basically cohesive in nature having
medium consistency in general. Plasticity of soil varies from moderate to high. As per I.S.
Classification, it may be denoted as CH-CI. The relevant engineering properties of soil as
obtained from selective tests are given below:
Value
Properties / Parameters
Range Average
Field ‘N’ Value 3 to 6 4.6 ≅ 5
Corrected ‘N’ Value N. A. N. A.
Bulk Unit Weight (t/m3) 1.88 to 2.00 1.94
Natural Moisture Content (%) 24 to 33 28
Dry Unit Weight (t/m3) 1.41 to 1.60 1.52
Liquid Limit (%) 52 to 71 61
Plastic Limit (%) 22 to 24 23
Plasticity Index (%) 28 to 49 38
Cohesion from UU Test (t/m2) 5.2 to 6.3 5.7
Angle of internal friction from UU Test 0 to 90 30
Cohesion from UC Test (t/m2) 3.5 to 5.0 4.2
Specific Gravity 2.65 to 2.66 2.65
Initial Void Ratio 0.618 to 0.840 0.718
0.25 - 0.50 0.0285 to 0.0513 0.0374
Co-efficient of Pressure 0.50 - 1.00 0.0281 to 0.0424 0.0343
Volume Decrease, mv Range 1.00 - 2.00 0.0154 to 0.0245 0.0190
(cm2/kg) (kg/cm2) 2.00 – 4.00 0.0089 to 0.0142 0.0112
4.00 – 8.00 0.0047 to 0.0091 0.0083
Gravel (%) 0 0
Sand (%) 1 to 4 2
Grain Size
Silt (%) 50 to 69 58
Clay (%) 28 to 49 40
5.3 STRATUM - III :

It is found only in borehole 1. Borehole-wise approximate existence and thickness of the
Average
Thickness
2 Not Found Not Found -
5.5 m*
It consists of grey silty clay/clayey silt with decomposed vegetation scatteredly present.
The deposit is basically cohesive in nature having high plasticity. Consistency of soil varies
from soft to medium. As per I.S. Classification, it may be denoted as CH-OH. The relevant
engineering properties of soil as obtained from selective tests are given below:
Value
Range Average
Field ‘N’ Value 3 to 5 4
Cohesion from UU Test (t/m2) 3.0 to 3.9 3.5
Angle of internal friction from UU Test 0 to 60 30
Specific Gravity 2.63* 2.63*
Initial Void Ratio 0.783* 0.783*
0.25 - 0.50 0.0468* 0.0468*
Co-efficient of Pressure 0.50 - 1.00 0.0411* 0.0411*
Volume Decrease, mv Range 1.00 - 2.00 0.0253* 0.0253*
(cm2/kg) (kg/cm2) 2.00 – 4.00 0.0157* 0.0157*
4.00 – 8.00 0.0098* 0.0098*
Gravel (%) 0 0
Sand (%) 2 to 3 3
Grain Size
Silt (%) 65 to 72 68
Clay (%) 26 to 32 29
*indicates solitary value
5.4 STRATUM - IV :
Average
Thickness
6.0 m*
It consists of bluish grey / mottled brown & bluish grey silty clay with calcareous nodules
and occasional lenses of sand. The deposit is basically cohesive in nature with high
plasticity. Consistency of soil is stiff. As per I.S. Classification, it may be denoted as CH.
The relevant engineering properties of soil as obtained from selective tests are given
below:
Value
Range Average
Bulk Unit Weight (t/m3) 2.02* 2.02*
Natural Moisture Content (%) 25* 25*
Dry Unit Weight (t/m3) 1.62* 1.62*
Liquid Limit (%) 69* 69*
Plastic Limit (%) 24* 24*
Plasticity Index (%) 45* 45*
Cohesion from UU Test (t/m2) 9.1* 9.1*
Angle of internal friction from UU Test 00 00
0.25 - 0.50 0.0242* 0.0242*
(cm2/kg) (kg/cm2) 2.00 – 4.00 0.0091* 0.0091*
4.00 – 8.00 0.0066* 0.0066*
Gravel (%) 3* 3*
Sand (%) 2* 2*
Grain Size
Silt (%) 54* 54*
Clay (%) 41* 41*
5.5 STRATUM - V :
Average
Thickness
1.5 m*
It consists of medium dense greyish brown medium dense clayey sand. The deposit is
basically C - φ in nature having both cohesion and angle of internal friction. As per I.S.
Classification, it may be denoted as SC. The relevant engineering properties of soil as
Value
Range Average
Field ‘N’ Value - -
Corrected ‘N’ Value - -
Bulk Unit Weight (t/m3) 1.94* 1.94*
Natural Moisture Content (%) 21* 21*
Dry Unit Weight (t/m3) 1.60* 1.60*
Cohesion from CU Test (t/m2) 4.0* 4.0*
Angle of internal friction from CU Test 240 * 240 *
Cohesion from UC Test (t/m2) - -
Specific Gravity - -
Initial Void Ratio - -
0.25 - 0.50 - -
Co-efficient of Pressure 0.50 - 1.00 - -
Volume Decrease, mv Range 1.00 - 2.00 - -
(cm2/kg) (kg/cm2) 2.00 – 4.00 - -
4.00 – 8.00 - -
Gravel (%) 0 0
Sand (%) 53 53
Grain Size
Silt (%) 21 21
Clay (%) 26 26
5.6 STRATUM - VA :
It is found in boreholes 2, 3 and 4. Borehole-wise approximate existence and thickness of
the stratum are given below :
Average
Thickness
13.83 m
It consists of grey sandy silt / silty fine sand, sometimes with admixture of clay. The
deposit is predominantly cohesion-less and non-plastic in nature. Cohesion value, if any,
may be neglected for all practical purposes and only φ value may be taken in design
calculations. Compactness of soil varies from loose to medium dense. As per I.S.
Classification, it may be denoted as ML-SM. The relevant engineering properties of soil as
Value
Range Average
Corrected ‘N’ Value 3 to 21 12
Cohesion from CU Test (t/m2) 2.0 to 2.7 2.4
Angle of internal friction from CU Test 220 to 260 240
Cohesion from CD Test (t/m2) 0.08 to 0.13 1.0
Angle of internal friction from CD Test 270 to 310 290
Initial Void Ratio 0.797 to 0.817 0.807
0.25 - 0.50 0.0481 to 0.0506 0.0494
Co-efficient of Pressure 0.50 - 1.00 0.0294 to 0.0360 0.0327
Volume Decrease, mv Range 1.00 - 2.00 0.0120 to 0.0257 0.0189
(cm2/kg) (kg/cm2) 2.00 – 4.00 0.0078 to 0.0122 0.0100
4.00 – 8.00 0.0055 to 0.0069 0.0062
Gravel (%) 0 0
Sand (%) 29 to 84 57
Grain Size
Silt (%) 16 to 56 31
Clay (%) 14 to 21 12
5.7 STRATUM - VI :
Average
Thickness
17.5 m
It consists of grey silty fine sand with mica in traces. The deposit is purely cohesion-less
and non-plastic in nature having medium dense to dense compactness. As per I.S.
Classification, it may be denoted as SM. The relevant engineering properties of soil as
Value
Range Average
Corrected ‘N’ Value 11 to 25 20
Angle of internal friction based on corrected ‘N’ 300 to 350 320
Liquid Limit (%) N. P. N. P.
Plastic Limit (%) N. P. N. P.
Plasticity Index (%) N. A. N. A.
Cohesion from DS Test (t/m2) 0 0
Angle of internal friction from DS Test 320 to 390 350
Gravel (%) 0 0
Sand (%) 71 to 94 82
Grain Size
Silt (%) 6 to 29 18
Clay (%) 0 0
5.8 STRATUM - VII :

Thickness Average
B. H. Continues to Exist up to Thickness
Exists from
No. at termination
depth
1 37.8 m below E.G.L. 40.60 m below E.G.L. 2.80 m 2.40 m
2 37.2 m below E.G.L. 40.45 m below E.G.L. 3.25 m (up to
3 39.0 m below E.G.L. 40.60 m below E.G.L. 1.60 m termination
4 38.5 m below E.G.L. 40.45 m below E.G.L. 1.95 m depth)
It consists of silty clay, occasionally with lenses of silt and decomposed vegetation. The
deposit is purely cohesive in nature having stiff consistency in general. Plasticity of soil is
high. As per I.S. Classification, it may be denoted as CH-OH. The relevant engineering
properties of soil as obtained from selective tests are given below:
Value
Range Average
Bulk Density (t/m3) 1.94 to 1.98 1.96
Dry Density (t/m3) 1.51 to 1.53 1.52
Cohesion from UU Test (t/m2) 6.7* 6.7*
Angle of internal friction from UU Test 00 00
Cohesion from UC Test (t/m2) 5.8* 5.8*
0.25 - 0.50 0.0296* 0.0296*
(cm2/kg) (kg/cm2) 2.00 – 4.00 0.0119* 0.0119*
4.00 – 8.00 0.0084* 0.0084*
Gravel (%) 0 0
Sand (%) 1 to 7 4
Grain Size
Silt (%) 48 to 62 55
Clay (%) 37 to 48 41
NOTE : i) N. A. indicates Not Applicable, ii) UU indicates Unconsolidated Undrained, iii) CU indicates
Consolidated Undrained, iv) DS indicates Direct Shear, v) CD indicates Consolidated Drained,
vi) N. P. indicates Non-Plastic,
vii) *value of any soil parameter indicates solitary value available of that parameter.
6 DISCUSSION ON SUITABLE FOUNDATIONS FOR THE

PROPOSED PROJECT :
6.1 SUITABLE FOUNDATION FOR THE 12-STOREY MAIN BUILDING:
Considering the sub-soil conditions vis-a-vis the expected column loads for the proposed
12-storey high main building, R.C.C. Bored Cast-in-Situ piles are considered to provide the
most suitable foundation system in the present case.
Pile Diameter :
600 mm, 750 mm, 800 mm & 1000 mm dia. piles are considered for calculation.
Generalized Sub-soil Profile :

As seen from the bore hole studies, there are major variations in soil stratification
particularly those identified between B.H. 1 and the rest. Moreover, strata thicknesses and
values of relevant engineering properties of soil between the bore holes also vary.
Therefore, it is of prime importance to choose the soil stratification and design parameters
of each stratum in such a way that the piles will be reasonably safe giving due
consideration to the constraints and limitations of the present investigation as well as the
worst conditions of the sub-soil as envisaged in it. Keeping this in mind, a generalized sub-
soil profile with soil properties is thought of, based on which calculation for pile capacity is
made and the same is shown in Fig. 1 in page no. 14.
Cut-off Level of Pile :

Cut-off Level of piles is considered at 1.5 m below E.G.L., which is more or less even at the
boring locations and elsewhere at the site.
Tip Level of Pile :

Examining the sub-soil stratifications and conditions as obtained from bore hole studies
and keeping in mind various other factors relating to design and cost, piles may be
considered to rest on stratum-VI which consists of silty fine sand/fine sand with medium
dense to dense compactness. Thus, Tip Level of piles is considered at 27.0 m below E.G.L.
Pile Shaft Length :

From the above considerations of cut-off level and tip level of pile, pile shaft length
becomes 27.0 m – 1.5 m = 25.5 m
E.G.L.
STRATUM-I
1.5 m Filled-up / Top Soil : Silty Clay CUT-OFF
γ = 1.85 t/m3 LEVL 1.5 m
STRATUM-II
Medium to Stiff Silty Clay, occasionally with lenses of
3.0 m silt and traces of decomposed vegetation
Cu = 4.0 t/m2, φu ≅ 00, γ = 1.90 t/m3, Avg. ‘N’ = 5
α = 1.0
STRATUM-III
Soft to Medium Silty Clay / Clayey Silt with decomposed
T
7.5 m vegetation scatteredly present
F
Cu = 3.0 t/m2, φu ≅ 00, γ = 1.85 t/m3, Avg. ‘N’ = 4
α = 1.0
A
STRATUM-IV
H
Stiff Silty Clay with calcareous nodules and occasional lenses
6.0 m of sand
S
25.5 m
Cu = 9.0 t/m2, φu = 00, γ = 2.0 t/m3, Avg. ‘N’ = 15
α = 0.48
E
STRATUM-VA
Medium Dense Sandy Silt / Silty Fine Sand with
L
admixture of clay
7.0 m
Cd ≅ Nil, φd = 300, γ = 1.85 t/m3,
I
Avg. ‘N’ = 16 (field) and 12 (corrected)
P
k = 1.0, δ = 270
STRATUM-VI
Medium Dense to Dense Silty Fine Sand
with mica in traces 2.0 m
γ = 1.87 t/m3 . PILE TIP
Overall, Avg. ‘N’ = 39 (field), 20 (corrected) LEVEL
12.5 m Consider for present calculation,
Avg. corrected ‘N’ = 17, Accordingly,
Take:
Cd = nil, φd = 320,
δ = 290, k = 1.0 10.5 m
Nq = 20
STRATUM-VII
Stiff Silty Clay, occasionally with lenses of silt and
decomposed vegetation.
Cu ≅ 6.3 t/m2, φu ≅ 00, γ = 1.95 t/m3, Avg. ‘N’ = 19
Fig. 1 : Generalised Sub-soil Profile for calculation of pile capacities

Methods for determination of Pile Capacities :

Vertical capacities of piles in compression are determined using the Static Capacity formula
given in IS:2911(Part-1/Sec. 2)–2010. Accordingly, Ultimate Skin Friction (Qfu) and End
Bearing (Qbu) are found out as,
Qfu = ∑ α.C.As + k.PD.tanδ.As
Qbu = Nc.Cp.Ap + PD.Nq.Ap (neglecting Nγ-term), where Nc is usually taken as 9.0
Factor of safety considered = 2.5
Safe Horizontal Capacity of pile is calculated following the method given in Annex C of the
above mentioned code.
It is to be noted here that the capacities thus calculated are only tentative and one must
get himself satisfied with the actual capacity at field with proper load test as per the latest
revision of IS:2911(Part IV).
Sample Calculations of Pile Capacities for 600 mm dia. R.C.C. Bored Cast-
in-Situ Pile x 25.5 shaft length:
Vertical Capacity in compression :

Referring to Fig. 1 in the previous page, embedment of pile shaft
(i) in strata-II = 3.0 m
(ii) in stratum-III = 7.5 m
(iii) in stratum-IV = 6.0 m
(iv) in stratum-VA = 7.0 m
(v) in stratum-VI = 2.0 m
Skin Friction in Stratum-II :

(Qfu)II = α.C.As = 1.0 x 4.0 x π x 0.60 x 3.0 = 22.6 ton
Skin Friction in Stratum-III :

(Qfu)III = α.C.As = 1.0 x 3.0 x π x 0.60 x 7.5 = 42.4 ton
Skin Friction in Stratum-IV :

(Qfu)IV = α.C.As = 0.48 x 9.0 x π x 0.60 x 6.0 = 48.9 ton
Skin Friction in Stratum-VA :

Critical Depth, Dc corresponding to φ = 300 is 15D = 15 x 0.6 = 9.0 m
Consider water level at G.L. for the worst case.
∴ Maximum effective overburden pressure calculated from C.O.L. and corresponding to Dc

= 9.0 m is (PDmax)VA = 3.0 x (1.90 – 1.0) + 6.0 x (1.85 – 1.0) = 7.80 t/m2
Therefore, (Qfu)VA = k.PD.tanδ.As = 1.0 x 7.80 x tan270 x π x 0.60 x 7.0 = 52.4 ton
Skin Friction in Stratum-VI :

Critical Depth, Dc corresponding to φ = 320 is 16D = 16 x 0.6 = 9.6 m
∴ Maximum effective overburden pressure calculated from C.O.L. and corresponding to Dc
= 9.6 m is (PDmax)VI = 3.0 x (1.90 – 1.0) + 6.6 x (1.85 – 1.0) = 8.31 t/m2
Therefore, (Qfu)VI = k.PD.tanδ.As = 1.0 x 8.31 x tan290 x π x 0.60 x 2.0 = 17.4 ton
Therefore, total Ultimate Skin Friction,

Qfu = 22.6 + 42.4 + 48.9 + 52.4 + 17.4 = 183.7 ton
End Bearing in Stratum-VI :

Referring to Fig. 1 in page 13, the weaker layer, stratum-VII lies 10.5 m below pile tip.
According to Tomlinson, the full value of end bearing in stratum-VI should be taken if the
weaker layer exists at least 10D = 10 x 0.6 = 6.0 m below pile tip.
Thus, unit end bearing capacity in stratum-VI = (PDmax)VI.Nq = 8.31 x 20 = 166.2 t/m2
Therefore, (Qbu)VI = 166.2 x Ap = 166.2 x (π/4) x (0.60)2 = 47.0 ton
Total Capacity :
Total ultimate capacity in Skin Friction and End Bearing,
Qu = 183.7 + 47.0 = 230.7 ton
Take Factor of Safety = 2.5
∴ Safe capacity in compression = 230.7/2.5 ≅ 92 ton
Horizontal Capacity :
Consider : i) Grade of concrete : M35
ii) Nature of soil offering resistance: Mainly medium silty clay / clayey
silt in strata-II and III
iii) Head Condition: Restrained

iv) Free length of pile over ground: Nil
E of pile concrete = 5000√fck = 5000 x √35 = 29580 MN/m2

I of pile cross section (only concrete) = (π/64) x (0.60)4 ≅ 6.362 x 10-3 m4.
Considering the clayey soil as normally consolidated,
Stiffness factor, T = (EI/ηh)1/5 = (29580 x 6.362 x 10-3/0.75)1/5 = 3.019 m

(in absence of ηh value in the code, the same has been taken from the book named
Theory and Practice of Foundation Design by N. N. Som & S. C. Das)
∴4T = 4 x 3.019 = 12.08 m < 25.5 m (shaft length)
Therefore, the pile will act as Long (Elastic) Pile.
e = L1 = 0. ∴ L1/T = 0. Correspondingly, Lf/T = 2.2.
∴Lf = Zf = 2.2 x 3.019 ≅ 6.642 m
Now, applying formula given in the code,
horizontal load causing a deflection of 5 mm is found out as
Q = 5 x (12 x 29580 x 103 x 6.362 x 10-3) / {(0 + 6.642)3 x 103} = 38.53 kN ≅ 3.93 ton
In the present case, reduction factor for moment, m = 0.83.
∴ Moment induced in pile, M = 0.83 x 3.93 x (0 + 6.642)/2 ≅ 10.8 Ton m
It is to be noted here that in finding out the horizontal capacity, no contribution of
reinforcing steel towards the Moment of Inertia of pile, I has been considered. This factor
will certainly influence deflection of pile under horizontal load.
Settlement of Pile Group consisting of 6 nos. 800 mm dia. Bored Piles :

Settlement is calculated by the method given in the book ‘Foundation Design and
Construction’ by M. J. Tomlinson (ELBS sixth edition, 1995 : page 291-292)
Let, arrangement of piles in the group be 2 rows of 3 piles each.
Considering pile spacing = 3D c/c, outer dimensions of pile group are
L= 2 x 3 x 0.8 + 0.8 = 5.6 m
B = 3 x 0.8 + 0.8 = 3.2 m
Embedment of pile shaft in stratum-VI = 2.0 m
By 4(vertical) : 1 (horizontal) load dispersion from top of stratum-VI, size of equivalent raft
is LR = 5.6 + {2 x 2 x 2.0/(3 x 4)} ≅ 6.3 m, BR = 3.2 + {2 x 2 x 2.0/(3 x 4)} ≅ 3.9 m
Total load of group, Q = 6 x 157 = 942 ton
Pressure below equivalent raft = 942/(6.3 x 3.9) = 38.34 t/m2
Extent of pressure bulb below equivalent raft = 2 x 3.9 = 7.8 m
Thickness of stratum-VI below raft = (2.0/3) + 10.5 = 11.17 m
∴ settlement will occur in stratum-VI only which will be immediate in nature.
Immediate settlement in stratum-VI

Consider corrected ‘N’ within the ‘stress-influence zone (Pressure Bulb)’ below raft = 20
Elastic modulus, E = 220 + 11N (after D’ Appolonia) = 220 + 11 x 20 = 440 kg/cm2
Influence factor, If = 1.40.
Fox’s correction factor for depth = 0.55

Poisson’s ratio of sandy soil = 0.3
Therefore, corrected immediate settlement of the group in stratum-VI,
(Si)VI = {p x B x (1 - µ2) x Ip/E} x correction factor
= {3.834 x 390 x (1 – 0.32) x 1.40/440} x 0.55 = 2.38 cm
Therefore, estimated settlement of the group, S = 2.38 cm ≅ 24 mm
Summary of Pile Capacities :

Vertical capacities in compression and horizontal capacities as calculated based on formula
given in IS:2911 (Part-1/Sec. 2)–2010 for R.C.C. Bored Cast-in-situ piles of various dia.
considered suitable in the present context are shown in Table-1 below.
Table-1: Summary of R.C.C. Bored Cast-in-situ Pile Foundation

Vertical Capacity
Horizontal Capacity
under compression
Pile Tip Level below EGL
Grade of Concrete = M35

Ultimate Skin Friction
Pile Shaft Length (m)
Ultimate End Bearing

Cut-off Level (C.O.L.)
Safe Capacity (ton)

Safe Moment
Overall Factor of
Dia. of Pile (mm)
below EGL in m
Horizontal induced in
Total Ultimate
Capacity )ton)
Load at pile due to

Type of Pile
C.O.L. for a the Safe

deflection Horizontal
Safety
of 5 mm Load
(ton)
(ton)
in m
(ton) (ton m)
Bored
600 1.5 27.0 25.5 Cast-in- 183.7 47.0 230.7 2.5 92 3.93 10.8
situ
Bored
750 1.5 27.0 25.5 Cast-in- 252.6 93.4 346.0 2.5 138 5.61 18.5
situ
Bored
800 1.5 27.0 25.5 Cast-in- 278.3 114.4 392.7 2.5 157 6.22 21.6
situ
Bored
1000 1.5 27.0 25.5 Cast-in- 392.7 228.9 621.6 2.5 249 13.33 55.3
situ
NOTE : Above pile capacities are tentative. These must be ratified at field by proper load
tests as per the latest revision of IS:2911(Part IV).
6.2 SHALLOW FOUNDATION :

For buildings and structures, if any, imposing much lighter loads on the sub-soil than the
main building, shallow foundation in the form of isolated and / or continuous strip footings
may be thought of as the effective foundation system. Footings are considered to be
placed on stratum-II at 1.50 m below E.G.L. and the calculations are based on the
generalized sub-soil profile as shown in Fig. 2 below.
E. G. L.
Stratum-I
Filled-up / Top Soil : Silty Clay.
1.5 m
FOUNDING LEVEL γ = 1.85 t/m3
Stratum-II
Medium to Stiff Silty Clay, occasionally with
lenses of silt and traces of decomposed
vegetation.
3.0 m
CU = 3.5 t/m2 , φU ≅ 00
γ = 1.88 t/m3
mV = 0.045 cm2/kg
E = 210 kg/cm2
µ = 0.50
Stratum-III
Soft to Medium Silty Clay / Clayey Silt with
decomposed scatteredly present.
C = 3.0 t/m2 , φU ≅ 00
7.5 m
γ = 1.85 t/m3

mV = 0.05 cm2/kg
E = 180 kg/cm2
µ = 0.5
Fig. 2: Generalized Sub-soil Profile and Properties for calculation of bearing

capacity and settlement of shallow foundation
Bearing Capacity :
Referring to IS : 6403-1981, ultimate net bearing capacity, qd (for φ = 0) of soil in stratum-
II is given by,
qd = C.NC.SC.dC.iC …………………… (i)
Where, C = Cohesion of soil in stratum-II,

NC = Bearing Capacity Factor and found out from table 1 of IS :6403-1981,
SC = Shape Factor and found out from table 2 of IS :6403-1981,
dC = Depth Factor and found out from Clause 5.1.2.2. of IS :6403-1981,
SC = Inclination Factor and found out from Cl. : 5.1.2.3 of IS :6403-1981
Now, for the present case, taking cohesion of soil in stratum II, C = 3.5 t/m2 and using the
above formula (i), ultimate and safe net bearing capacities for a few representative sizes of
square, rectangular and strip footings are calculated and shown in Table-2 in the next
page. Sample calculations are also given following the table, which will come handy for the
designer to calculate safe net bearing capacity for any other size of footing not given in the
said Table.
Settlement :
Referring to IS : 8009 (Part I) – 1976, settlement is first calculated for pressure p. This
settlement is then equated to the permissible settlement of 75 mm to find out p. Pressure
bulb is considered to extend up to 2 x width of foundation below bottom of footing.
Referring to Fig. 2 in page no. 18, it is seen that pressure bulbs for the sizes of footings
considered will either remain within stratum-II or will penetrate into stratum-III causing
settlements in those strata.
Deposits in strata-II & III being cohesive and plastic in nature, settlements in these strata
will be mainly due long-term consolidation of soil. However, there will also be some
immediate settlements on application of load which are to be considered as well.
Immediate settlements in strata-II & III are calculated by the formula,

Si = p x B x (1 - µ2) x Ip/E … … … (ii)
Where, p = Pressure from footing at founding level,
B = Width of footing,
µ = Poisson’s Ratio of soil,
Ip = Influence Factor,
E = Elastic Modulus of soil
Consolidation settlements in strata-II & III are calculated by the formula,

Sc = mv x ∆p x H … … … (iii)
Where , mv = Co-efficient of Volume Decrease of Soil,
∆p = Increase in load intensity at H/2 due to superimposed load,
H = Thickness of soil layer under compression.
Calculated values of settlements of footings corresponding to pressure equal to the

respective safe net bearing capacity and allowable net bearing pressures satisfying both
shear failure and permissible settlement criteria for a few representative sizes of square,
rectangular and strip footings are shown in Table-2 below. Sample calculations are also
given following the table, which will come handy for the designer to calculate settlement
for any other size of footing not given in the said Table.
TABLE-2 : Summary of Shallow Foundations
settlement considered
Ultimate Net Bearing
Depth of Foundation
Bearing Pressure to
pressure = SNBC
Bearing Capacity
Factor of Safety
(SNBC) in t / m2
(ANBP) in t / m2
Settlement for
founding level
Allowable Net
be applied at
permissible
Capacity
Safe Net
in t / m2
Footing
Footing
Type of
Size of
in mm
in mm
(m)
1.5 x 1.5 28.06 2.5 11.2 28 75 11.2

2.0 x 2.0 26.89 2.5 10.8 43 75 10.8
1.5 m
Square 2.5 x 2.5 below 26.19 2.5 10.5 58 75 10.5
EGL
3.0 x 3.0 25.73 2.5 10.3 74 75 10.3
3.5 x 3.5 25.39 2.5 10.2 89 75 8.6
1.5 x 2.0 24.83 2.5 9.9 30 75 9.9
2.0 x 2.5 1.5 m 24.00 2.5 9.6 43 75 9.6
Rectangular below
2.5 x 3.0 EGL 23.51 2.5 9.4 57 75 9.4
3.0 x 3.5 23.17 2.5 9.3 72 75 9.3
B = 1.5 21.59 2.5 8.6 49 75 8.6
B = 2.0 1.5 m 20.69 2.5 8.3 66 75 8.3
Continuous
below
Strip B = 2.5 EGL 20.15 2.5 8.1 83 75 7.3
B = 3.0 19.79 2.5 7.9 99 75 6.0
Sample Calculation of Safe Net Bearing Capacity :

Consider, i) Depth of foundation, Df = 1.5 m below E.G.L.
ii) Design value of cohesion in stratum-II, CU = 3.5 t/m2
iii) Design value of angle of internal friction in stratum-II, φU = Nil
1) Case I : Square Footing

Take, size = 2.0 m x 2.0 m
Nc = 5.14; Sc = 1.3
For φ = 00,
dc = 1 + [0.2Df x tan(450 +φ/2)]/B = 1 + (0.2 x 1.5 x tan450)/2.0 = 1.15
ic = 1.0 (for vertical loading)
Therefore, qd = 3.5 x 5.14 x 1.3 x 1.15 x 1.0 = 26.89 t/m2
Applying a factor of safety of 2.5,
Safe net bearing capacity, qa = 26.89/2.5 ≅ 10.8 t/m2
2) Case II : Rectangular Footing

SC = 1 + 0.2B/L = 1 + 0.2 x 2.0/2.5 = 1.16
As stated in the previous case,
Nc = 5.14; dc = 1.15 and ic = 1.0
Safe net bearing capacity, qa = 24.0/2.5 ≅ 9.6 t/m2
3) Case III : Strip Footing

Take, width = 2.0 m
Here, SC = 1.0 and all other parameters remain the same as before.
Safe net bearing capacity, qa = 20.69/2.5 = 8.3 t/m2
Sample Calculation for Settlement and Allowable Net Bearing Pressure :

Consider, i) Depth of foundation, Df = 1.5 m below E.G.L.
ii) Coefficients of Volume Decrease of Soil, mv is 0.045 cm2/kg in stratum-II
and 0.05 cm2/kg in stratum-III for appropriate pressure ranges.
iii) Elastic Modulus, E of soil is 210 kg/cm2 in stratum-II and 180 kg/cm2 in
stratum-III
iv) Extent of pressure bulb = 2B below foundation

v) Net pressure imposed at founding level = p kg / cm2
vi) Pressure distribution below footing as per 2 : 1 method
vii) Refer to Fig. 2 in page no. 18
1) Case I : Square Footing

Pressure bulb extends up to 2 x 2.0 = 4.0 m below founding level.
Immediate Settlement in strata-II & III

Let,
• Net pressure at founding level = p kg/cm2
• Poisson’s ratio of soil, µ = 0.5
• Influence Factor, Ip = 1.12
• Compressible thickness is 3.0 m in stratum-II and (4.0 – 3.0) = 1.0 m in stratum-III
• Weighted average of Elastic Modulus of soil in strata-II & III,
E = (210 x 3.0 + 180 x 1.0)/4.0 = 202.5 kg/cm2
• Fox’s correction factor for depth (considering flexible footing) = 0.78
∴ Corrected immediate settlement in strata-II & III,
(Si)II-III = {p x B x (1 - µ2) x Ip/E} x Fox’s correction factor
= {p x 200 x (1 – 0.52) x 1.12/202.5} x 0.78 = 0.647p cm
Consolidation Settlement in stratum-II

Compressible thickness in stratum-II, HII = 3.0 m = 300 cm
Considering 2 : 1 pressure distribution,
Increase in pressure at middle of compressible thickness HII
∆pII = p x 2.02 / (2.0 + 1.5)2 = 0.327p kg/cm2
Take, Fox’s correction factor for depth = 0.78
pore water pressure correction factor = 0.85
Therefore, corrected consolidation settlement in stratum-II,
(Sc)II = 0.045 x 0.327p x 300 x 0.78 x 0.85 = 2.927p cm
Consolidation Settlement in stratum-III

Compressible thickness in stratum-III, HIII = 4.0 – 3.0 = 1.0 m = 100 cm
Considering 2 : 1 pressure distribution,
Increase in pressure at middle of compressible thickness HIII,
∆pIII = p x 2.02 / (2.0 + 3.0 + 0.5)2 = 0.132p kg/cm2
Pore water pressure correction factor = 0.85
Therefore, corrected consolidation settlement in stratum-III,

(Sc)III = 0.05 x 0.132p x 100 x 0.78 x 0.85 = 0.438p cm
Total Settlement
Therefore, total settlement,
S = (Si)II-III + (Sc)II + (Sc)III = 0.647p + 2.927p + 0.438p = 4.012p cm
Settlement for a pressure equal to safe net bearing capacity, i.e., 10.8 t/m2
= 4.012 x 1.08 ≅ 4.3 cm = 43 mm
Allowable Net Bearing Pressure to be considered for design
It is seen from above that a pressure = safe net bearing capacity of soil = 10.8 t/m2
causes settlement of 43 mm which is within permissible limit of 75 mm.
Therefore, considering both bearing capacity and permissible settlement criteria,
Allowable Net Bearing Pressure that can be applied at the founding level
= 10.8 t/m2
2) Case II : Rectangular Footing


Let,
• Weighted average of Elastic Modulus of soil in strata-II & III, E = 202.5 kg/cm2
• Fox’s correction factor for depth (considering flexible footing) = 0.79
(Si)II-III = {p x B x (1 - µ2) x Ip/E} x Fox’s correction factor
= {p x 200 x (1 – 0.52) x 1.24/202.5} x 0.79 = 0.726p cm

Compressible thickness in stratum-II, HII = 300 cm
∆pII = p x 2.0 x 2.5 / {(2.0 + 1.5) x (2.5 + 1.5)} = 0.357p kg/cm2
(Sc)II = 0.045 x 0.357p x 300 x 0.79 x 0.85 = 3.236p cm

Compressible thickness in stratum-III, HIII = 100 cm
∆pIII = p x 2.0 x 2.5 / {(2.0 + 3.0 + 0.5) x (2.5 + 3.0 + 0.5)} = 0.152p kg/cm2
(Sc)III = 0.05 x 0.151p x 100 x 0.79 x 0.85 = 0.510p cm
Total Settlement
= 4.472 x 0.96 ≅ 4.3 cm = 43 mm

It is seen from above that a pressure = safe net bearing capacity of soil = 9.6 t/m2 causes
settlement of 43 mm which is within permissible limit of 75 mm.
= 9.6 t/m2
2) Case III : Strip Footing

Take, width = 2.0 m

Let,
• Weighted average of Elastic Modulus of soil in strata-II & III, E = 202.5 kg/cm2
• Considering the footing as rigid, rigidity correction factor = 0.8
(Si)II-III = {p x B x (1 - µ2) x Ip/E} x rigidity correction factor

= {p x 200 x (1 – 0.52) x 2.52/202.5} x 0.8 = 1.493p cm

Compressible thickness in stratum-II, HII = 300 cm
∆pII = p x 2.0 / (2.0 + 1.5) = 0.571p kg/cm2
Rigidity correction factor = 0.8
(Sc)II = 0.045 x 0.571p x 300 x 0.8 x 0.85 = 5.242p cm

Compressible thickness in stratum-III, HIII = 100 cm
∆pIII = p x 2.0 / (2.0 + 3.0 + 0.5) = 0.364p kg/cm2
Rigidity correction factor = 0.8
(Sc)III = 0.05 x 0.364p x 100 x 0.8 x 0.85 = 1.238p cm
Total Settlement
= 7.973 x 0.83 ≅ 6.6 cm = 66 mm

It is seen from above that a pressure = safe net bearing capacity of soil = 8.3 t/m2 causes
settlement of 66 mm which is within permissible limit of 75 mm.
= 8.3 t/m2
7 RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUDING REMARKS :

(i) For the main 12-storey building, R.C.C. Bored Cast-in-situ Piles have been discussed in
this report. Diameters of piles have been chosen considering appropriateness and
suitability from expected design loads as well as construction points of view. Cut-off level
of piles has been considered at 1.5 m below E.G.L. and the pile tips have been
considered to rest on medium dense to dense silty fine sand in stratum-VI at 27.0 m
below E.G.L. Safe vertical (in compression) and horizontal capacities of 600 mm, 750
mm, 800 mm and 000 mm nominal dia. piles are presented in Table-1 in page no. 17
following which are given the sample calculations as reference for any further
modifications of pile dia. and / or pile shaft length to arrive at suitable design capacities.
However, these capacities calculated are only tentative and may not tally with the actual
capacities at field because they are not only based on generalized subsoil conditions
determined from bore hole studies at only four points, some aspects of their
construction, such as quality of workmanship, methodology and equipment used in
construction and the level of supervision also greatly influence the performance of piles
at field. Hence, the theoretical capacities must be ratified by proper load tests as per the
latest revision of IS:2911(Part IV). Grade of concrete in pile has been considered as M35
for calculating horizontal capacity.
(ii) For lightly loaded structures, if any, shallow foundation may be provided and it is
considered to rest on stratum-II at 1.5 m below E.G.L. Table-2 in page no. 20 shows
calculated values of Allowable Net Bearing pressure satisfying both shear failure and
assumed permissible settlement of 75 mm for a few representative sizes of square,
rectangular and strip footings. Sample calculations are also presented following Table-2,
which the designer may refer to in order to calculate allowable net bearing pressure for
any other size of footing not given in Table-2 and also corresponding to any value of
settlement he may allow for the proposed structure(s). Preferably, tie beams may be
provided between footings and they should also be designed for, besides any other load,
probable differential settlements of those footings. Shallow foundations can, under no
circumstances, be placed on filling or loose soil deposits. In any case, if such deposits are
encountered at the proposed founding level of footings, i.e., 1.5 m below E.G.L., the
same shall be removed completely till the virgin soil is reached and the area up to the
founding level shall be back-filled by properly compacted sand. A suitable guard wall shall
be provided along the periphery of the sand-fill which will extend horizontally at least
0.5B beyond the sides of footing all around.
(iii) All works relating to construction of foundation shall be done as per specifications laid
down in relevant IS codes and / or in any other literature(s) published in standard and
accepted books/journal/manual under strict and thorough supervision of competent
technical personnel.
For PEC Engineers & Associates
(S. Nath)
BCE, MIGS, MIE, C. Eng. (I)
B. ANNEXURE
BORE LOG DATA SHEET : SHEET NO.
PEC ENGINEERS & LAND / MARINE A-2
ASSOCIATES
PROJECT : SUB-SOIL INVESTIGATION WORK FOR THE PROPOSED NEW HAJ TOWER COMPLEX AT B.H. NO.
REVISED CHANGED SITE ON PLOT NO. IIA / 26 OF RAJARHAT NEW TOWN, KOLKATA. 1
FIELD TEST NOS. SAMPLES NOS. TYPE OF BORING
PENETROMETER 22 1. UNDISTURBED (U) 5 BORING ROTARY
(SPT) AUGER SHELL
2. DISTURBED WASH
VANE SHEAR (V) - a) PENETROMETER (P) 22 DIA.
(MM)
150 150
b) OTHERS (D) 2 DEPTH
(M)
0.00 – 3.00 3.00 – 40.00
GROUND R.L. : 99.5 M (approx.)
COMMENCED ON : 26/11/2012
STANDING WATER
4.80 M below E.G.L.
(w.r.t. TBM-1 marked in the Survey
LEVEL Drawing)
COMPLETED ON : 29/11/2012
I.S. DEPTH (M) THICK- SAMPLES

‘N’
DESCRIPTION STRATUM CLASSI- NESS
FROM TO VALUE REF. NO. DEPTH (M)
FICATION (M)
Filled up/Top Soil : 0.00 D1 0.50
brownish grey silty clay with I 1.10 D2 1.00
rusty brown spots 1.10
Greyish brown/ brownish 1.10
II U1 1.50 – 1.95
grey medium to stiff silty clay CH - CI 3.40 4 P1 3.00 – 3.60
with lenses of silt 4.50
4.50 U2 4.50 – 4.95
Grey soft to medium silty 4 P2 6.00 – 6.60
clay / clayey silt with 3 P3 7.50 – 8.10
III CH - OH 7.50
decomposed vegetation U3 9.00 – 9.45
present scatteredly. 5 P4 10.50 – 11.10
12.00
12.00 7 P5 12.00 – 12.60
Bluish grey / mottled brown
& bluish grey stiff silty clay U4 13.50 – 13.95
IV CH 6.00 18 P6 15.00 – 15.60
with calcareous nodules and
occasional lenses of sand. 20 P7 16.50 – 17.10
18.00
Greyish brown medium 18.00
V SC 1.50
U5 18.00 – 18.45
dense clayey sand 19.50
19.50
23 P8 19.50 – 20.10
21 P9 21.00 – 21.60
29 P10 22.50 – 23.10
36 P11 24.00 – 24.60
34 P12 25.50 – 26.10
Grey medium dense to 38 P13 27.00 – 27.60
dense silty fine sand with VI SM 45 P14 28.50 – 29.10
mica in traces 18.30 54 P15 30.00 – 30.60
43 P16 31.50 – 32.10
52 P17 33.00 – 33.60
58 P18 34.50 – 35.10
54 P19 36.00 – 36.60
37.80
Grey stiff silty clay, 37.80 2.80 28 P20 37.50 – 38.10
occasionally with lenses of (Up to 18 P21 39.00 – 39.60
VII CH - OH End of 14 P22 40.00 – 40.60
silt and decomposed
vegetation B.H.)
BORE-HOLE TERMINATED AT 40.60 M DEPTH

PEC ENGINEERS & BORE LOG DATA SHEET :
LAND / MARINE
SHEET NO.
A-3
ASSOCIATES
(SPT) AUGER SHELL
2. DISTURBED WASH
(MM)
150 150
(M)
0.00 – 3.00 3.00 – 40.00
STANDING WATER
6.20 M below E.G.L.
LEVEL Drawing)

‘N’
FICATION (M)
brownish grey / grey silty clay I 1.50 3 P1 1.00 – 1.60
with rusty brown spots 1.50
Brownish grey / grey medium 1.50
U1 2.50 – 2.95
to stiff silty clay, occasionally 3 P2 4.00 – 4.60
with lenses of silt. 4 P3 5.50 – 6.10
II CH - CI 5.50
Traces of decomposed
vegetation found at 4.00 –
4.60 m depth 7.00
7.00
U2 7.00 – 7.45
7 P4 8.50 – 9.10
14 P5 10.00 – 10.60
17 P6 11.50 – 12.10
Grey loose to medium dense 20 P7 13.00 – 13.60
sandy silt / silty fine sand, 23 P8 14.50 – 15.10
VA ML - SM 18.00
sometimes with admixture of 4 P9 16.00 – 16.60
clay U3 17.50 – 17.95
9 P10 19.00 – 19.60
14 P11 20.50 – 21.10
U4 22.00 – 22.45
25.00 19 P12 23.50 – 24.10
25.00
24 P13 25.00 – 25.60
29 P14 26.50 – 27.10
26 P15 28.00 – 28.60
Grey medium dense to dense 32 P16 29.50 – 30.10
silty fine sand with mica in VI SM 12.20 39 P17 31.00 – 31.60
traces 46 P18 32.50 – 33.10
52 P19 34.00 – 34.60
56 P20 35.50 – 36.10
37.20
24 P21 37.00 – 37.60
37.20 3.25 15 P22 38.50 – 39.10
Grey stiff silty clay with (Up to U5 40.00 – 40.45
VII CH - OH End of
decomposed vegetation
B.H.)

PEC ENGINEERS & BORE LOG DATA SHEET :
LAND / MARINE
SHEET NO.
A-4
ASSOCIATES
(SPT) AUGER SHELL
2. DISTURBED WASH
(MM)
150 150
(M)
0.00 – 3.00 3.00 – 40.00
STANDING WATER
6.10 M below E.G.L.
LEVEL Drawing)

‘N’
FICATION (M)
I 1.30 D2 1.00
brownish grey silty clay 1.30
Brownish grey / grey medium 1.30 U1 2.00 – 2.45
to stiff silty clay, occasionally 4 P1 3.50 – 4.10
with lenses of silt. U2 5.00 – 5.45
II CH - CI 5.70 6 P2 6.50 – 7.10
Traces of decomposed
vegetation found at 3.50 –
4.10 m depth 7.00
7.00
U3 8.00 – 8.45
11 P3 9.50 – 10.10
Grey loose to medium dense 21 P4 11.00 – 11.60
sandy silt / silty fine sand, 26 P5 12.50 – 13.10
VA ML - SM 13.00
9 P6 14.00 – 14.60
sometimes with admixture of
clay 14 P7 15.50 – 16.10
U4 17.00 – 17.45
18 P8 18.50 – 19.10
20.00
20.00 16 P9 20.00 – 20.60
20 P10 21.50 – 22.10
22 P11 23.00 – 23.60
28 P12 24.50 – 25.10
34 P13 26.00 – 26.60
Grey medium dense to dense 30 P14 27.50 – 28.10
silty fine sand with mica in VI SM 19.00 36 P15 29.00 – 29.60
traces 38 P16 30.50 – 31.10
44 P17 32.00 – 32.60
52 P18 33.50 – 34.10
48 P19 35.00 – 35.60
50 P20 36.50 – 37.10
56 P21 38.00 – 38.60
39.00
39.00 1.60 14 P22 40.00 – 40.60
Grey stiff silty clay with (Up to
VII CH - OH End of
decomposed vegetation
B.H.)

BORE LOG DATA SHEET : SHEET NO.
PEC ENGINEERS & LAND / MARINE A-5
ASSOCIATES
(SPT) AUGER SHELL
2. DISTURBED WASH
(MM)
150 150
(M)
0.00 – 3.00 3.00 – 40.00
STANDING WATER
5.60 M below E.G.L.
LEVEL Drawing)

‘N’
FICATION (M)
brownish grey / grey silty I 1.50 D2 1.00
clay 1.50
1.50
Brownish grey / grey 5 P1 1.50 – 2.10
medium to stiff silty clay, U1 3.00 – 3.45
II CH - CI 6.00 6 P2 4.50 – 5.10
occasionally with lenses of
silt. U2 6.00 – 6.45
7.50
7.50 10 P3 7.50 – 8.10
22 P4 9.00 – 9.60
Grey medium dense sandy U3 10.50 – 10.95
silt / silty fine sand, 32 P5 12.00 – 12.60
VA ML - SM 10.50
12 P6 13.50 – 14.10
sometimes with admixture
of clay 15 P7 15.00 – 15.60
U4 16.50 – 16.95
18.00 (slipped)
18.00
24 P8 18.00 – 18.60
34 P9 19.50 – 20.10
37 P10 21.00 – 21.60
34 P11 22.50 – 23.10
42 P12 24.00 – 24.60
Grey medium dense to 38 P13 25.50 – 26.10
dense silty fine sand with VI SM 20.50 36 P14 27.00 – 27.60
32 P15 28.50 – 29.10
mica in traces
53 P16 30.00 – 30.60
56 P17 31.50 – 32.10
46 P18 33.00 – 33.60
42 P19 34.50 – 35.10
48 P20 36.00 – 36.60
38.50 52 P21 37.50 – 38.10
38.50 1.95
Grey stiff silty clay with U5 40.00 – 40.45
(Up to
lenses of silt and VII CH - OH End of
decomposed vegetation B.H.)

PEC ENGINEERS & ASSOCIATES SUMMARY OF TEST RESULTS
PROJECT : Soil Investigation work for the Proposed New Haj Tower Complex at revised changed Site on Plot No. IIA/26 of Rajarhat New Town,
Kolkata.
MECHANICAL ATTERBERG SHEAR ONE-DIMENSIONAL
BULK UNIT WEIGHT (T / m3)

DESCRIPTION OF SAMPLE
DRY UNIT WEIGHT (T / M3)

ANALYSIS LIMITS STRENGTH CONSOLIDATION
MOISTURE CONTENT (%)

DEPTH OF SAMPLE (M)
ANGLE OF INTERNAL
PRESSURE in Kg / Cm2
FRICTION (φ ) IN DEG.
VOLUME DECREASE
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
PLASTICITY INDEX
PLASTIC LIMIT (%)
SHRINKAGE LIMIT
LIQUID LIMIT (%)
COEFFICIENT OF
BORE-HOLE NO. /
CONSOLIDATION
VOID RATIN (e0)
TYPE OF TEST
COHESION (C)
OF SOIL (mV)
SAMPLE NO.
GRAVEL (%)
in Kg / Cm2
in Cm2 / Kg
CLAY (%)
SAND (%)
SILT (%)
0.25 – 0.50 0.0285
0.50 – 1.00 0.0307
1.50 –
1 / U1
1.95
Greyish brown stiff silty clay. 0 1 50 49 71 22 49 2.65 1.98 24 1.60 UU 0.63 0 0.618 1.00 – 2.00 0.0154
2.00 – 4.00 0.0093
4.00 – 8.00 0.0075
0.25 – 0.50 0.0468
0.50 – 1.00 0.0411
4.50 – Grey medium silty clay with lenses of
1 / U2 0 3 65 32 49 25 24 2.63 1.91 31 1.46 UU 0.39 0 0.783 1.00 – 2.00 0.0253
4.95 silt traces of decomposed vegetation. 2.00 – 4.00 0.0157
4.00 – 8.00 0.0098
9.00 –
1 / U3
9.45
Medium grey clayey silt. 0 2 72 26 46 23 23 1.86 32 1.41 UU 0.30 6
0.25 – 0.50 0.0242

0.50 – 1.00 0.0190
13.50 – Bluish grey stiff silty clay with
1 /U4 3 2 54 41 69 24 45 2.66 2.02 25 1.62 UU 0.91 0 0.562 1.00 – 2.00 0.0137
13.95 calcareous nodules.
2.00 – 4.00 0.0091
4.00 – 8.00 0.0066
18.00 – Greyish brown medium dense clayey
1 / U5 0 53 21 26 38 19 19 1.94 21 1.60 CU 0.40 24
18.45 sand.
21.00 – Grey medium dense silty fine sand
1 / P9 0 81 19 - NP NP - 1.83 26 1.45 DS 0 33
21.60 with mica in traces.
1 / 25.50 –
P12 26.10
- do - do - do - 0 85 15 - NP NP - 2.65
1 / 28.50 – Grey medium dense to dense silty fine 0 80 20 - NP NP - 1.91 25 1.53 DS 0 37
P14 29.10 sand with mica in traces.
SHEET NO. A-7

Kolkata.


DEPTH OF SAMPLE (M)
ANGLE OF INTERNAL
VOLUME DECREASE
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
PLASTICITY INDEX
PLASTIC LIMIT (%)
SHRINKAGE LIMIT
LIQUID LIMIT (%)
COEFFICIENT OF
BORE-HOLE NO. /
CONSOLIDATION
VOID RATIN (e0)
TYPE OF TEST
COHESION (C)
OF SOIL (mV)
SAMPLE NO.
GRAVEL (%)
in Kg / Cm2
in Cm2 / Kg
CLAY (%)
SAND (%)
SILT (%)
1 / 31.50 – Grey medium dense to dense silty fine
0 82 18 - NP NP - 1.87 23 1.52 DS 0 35
P16 32.10 sand with traces of mica.
1 / 36.00 – Grey medium dense to dense fine
0 91 9 - NP NP - 2.65
P19 36.60 sand with traces of mica.
1 / 39.00 – Grey stiff silty clay with lenses of silt
0 1 62 37 61 26 35 35
P21 39.60 and decomposed vegetation.
0.25 – 0.50 0.0350
0.50 – 1.00 0.0281
2.50 – Brownish grey stiff silty clay with
2 / U1 0 2 63 35 57 23 34 2.65 2.00 27 1.57 UU 0.57 0 0.656 1.00 – 2.00 0.0163
2.95 lenses of silt 2.00 – 4.00 0.0089
4.00 – 8.00 0.0074
0.25 – 0.50 0.0506
0.50 – 1.00 0.0294
7.00 – Grey medium dense sandy silt with
2 / U2 0 45 37 18 2.64 1.85 29 1.43 CD 0.10 31 0.817 1.00 – 2.00 0.0120
7.45 admixture of clay. 2.00 – 4.00 0.0078
4.00 – 8.00 0.0055
10.00 –
2 / P5
10.60
Grey medium dense silty fine sand 0 78 22 - NP NP - 1.84 25 1.47 DS 0 33
14.50 –
2 / P8
15.10
- do - do - do - 0 83 17 - NP NP -

2 / U3 0 34 47 19 42 22 20 1.88 30 1.45 CU 0.27 22
17.95 admixture of clay.
SHEET NO. A-8

Kolkata.


DEPTH OF SAMPLE (M)
ANGLE OF INTERNAL
VOLUME DECREASE
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
PLASTICITY INDEX
PLASTIC LIMIT (%)
SHRINKAGE LIMIT
LIQUID LIMIT (%)
COEFFICIENT OF
BORE-HOLE NO. /
CONSOLIDATION
VOID RATIN (e0)
TYPE OF TEST
COHESION (C)
OF SOIL (mV)
SAMPLE NO.
GRAVEL (%)
in Kg / Cm2
in Cm2 / Kg
CLAY (%)
SAND (%)
SILT (%)
2 / U4 0 44 42 14 2.63 1.90 28 1.48 CD 0.08 30
2 / 26.50 – Grey medium dense silty fine sand
0 71 29 - NP NP - 1.86 27 1.46 DS 0 32
P14 27.10 with mica in traces.
2 / 29.50 – Grey medium dense fine sand with
0 94 6 - NP NP -
P16 30.10 mica in traces.
0 78 22 - NP NP - 1.89 23 1.54 DS 0 38
40.00 – Grey stiff silty clay with decomposed
2 / U5 0 7 48 45 68 25 43 1.98 31 1.51 UU 0.67 0
40.45 vegetation.
2.00 – Brownish grey medium to stiff silty
3 / U1 0 4 53 43 UC 0.50
2.45 clay.
0.25 – 0.50 0.0347
0.50 – 1.00 0.0358
5.00 –
3 / U2
5.45
Grey medium silty clay. 55 24 31 2.66 1.95 28 1.52 UC 0.41 0.759 1.00 – 2.00 0.0196
2.00 – 4.00 0.0125
4.00 – 8.00 0.0090
8.00 – Grey loose to medium dense silty fine
3 / U3 0 53 26 21 1.82 32 1.38 CD 0.13 27
8.45 sand with admixture of clay.
12.50 –
3 / P5
13.10
Medium dense grey silty fine sand 0 84 16 - 1.87 24 1.51 DS 0 34
SHEET NO. A-9

Kolkata.


DEPTH OF SAMPLE (M)
ANGLE OF INTERNAL
VOLUME DECREASE
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
PLASTICITY INDEX
PLASTIC LIMIT (%)
SHRINKAGE LIMIT
LIQUID LIMIT (%)
COEFFICIENT OF
BORE-HOLE NO. /
CONSOLIDATION
VOID RATIN (e0)
TYPE OF TEST
COHESION (C)
OF SOIL (mV)
SAMPLE NO.
GRAVEL (%)
in Kg / Cm2
in Cm2 / Kg
CLAY (%)
SAND (%)
SILT (%)
0.25 – 0.50 0.0481
0.50 – 1.00 0.0360
3 / U4 0 29 56 15 2.65 1.85 26 1.47 CU 0.20 26 0.797 1.00 – 2.00 0.0257
2.00 – 4.00 0.0122
4.00 – 8.00 0.0069
3 / P9 0 76 24 - NP NP - 1.83 30 1.41 DS 0 34
3 / 26.00 –
P13 26.60
- do - do - do - 0 85 15 - NP NP - 2.64

0 81 19 - NP NP - 1.86 24 1.50 DS 0 36
3 / 38.00 –
P20 38.60
- do - do - do - 0 88 12 - NP NP -
3 / 40.00 – Grey stiff silty clay with decomposed

0 5 55 40 31
P21 40.60 vegetation
3.00 –
4 / U1
3.45
Grey stiff silty clay with lenses of silt 0 3 69 28 52 24 28 1.91 27 1.50 UU 0.52 9
0.25 – 0.50 0.0513

0.50 – 1.00 0.0424
6.00 – 0.0245
4 / U2
6.45
Grey medium silty clay 0 1 57 42 69 22 47 2.65 1.88 33 1.41 UC 0.35 0.840 1.00 – 2.00
2.00 – 4.00 0.0142
4.00 – 8.00 0.0091
SHEET NO. A-10

Kolkata.


DEPTH OF SAMPLE (M)
ANGLE OF INTERNAL
VOLUME DECREASE
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
PLASTICITY INDEX
PLASTIC LIMIT (%)
SHRINKAGE LIMIT
LIQUID LIMIT (%)
COEFFICIENT OF
BORE-HOLE NO. /
CONSOLIDATION
VOID RATIN (e0)
TYPE OF TEST
COHESION (C)
OF SOIL (mV)
SAMPLE NO.
GRAVEL (%)
in Kg / Cm2
in Cm2 / Kg
CLAY (%)
SAND (%)
SILT (%)
4 / U3 0 67 17 16 1.85 29 1.43 DS 0.15 26
10.95 with admixture of clay.
4 / P8 0 80 20 - NP NP -
4 / 27.00 –
P14 27.60
- do - do - do - 0 77 23 - NP NP - 1.87 26 1.48 DS 0 35

0 86 14 - NP NP - 2.64 1.90 23 1.54 DS 0 39
0.25 – 0.50 0.0296
0.50 – 1.00 0.0303
40.00 – Grey stiff silty clay with lenses of silt
4 / U5 57 22 35 2.64 1.94 27 1.53 UC 0.58 0.695 1.00 – 2.00 0.0175
40.45 and traces of decomposed vegetation
2.00 – 4.00 0.0119
4.00 – 8.00 0.0084
Note : UC indicates “Unconfined Compression”; UU indicates “Unconsolidated; Undrained”; CU indicates “Consolidated Undrained”;
CD indicates “Consolidated Drained”; DS indicates “Direct Shear”; NP indicates “Non-Plastic
RESULTS OF CHEMICAL TESTS ON SOIL AND WATER SAMPLES

DEPTH SAMPLE CHLORIDE (As
BORE HOLE NO. pH VALUE SULPHATE (As SO4) CARBONATE (As CO3)
(m) TYPE Cl)
B. H .1 3.0 Soil 7.02 0.57% 0.14% 1.68%
B. H. 3 14.0 Soil 6.75 0.39% 0.096% 0.43%
B. H .2 6.2 Water 7.24 125.73 mg/l 202.81 mg/l 252.05 mg/l
SHEET NO. A-11

B. H. 4 5.6 Water 7.21 140.22 mg/l 236.50 mg/l 209.11 mg/l

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A

PEC ENGINEERS & ASSOCIATES,

CONTENTS SHEET NO.

12 GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION CURVES A-12 to A-20

13 VOID RATIO (e) Vs. LOG ‘P’ CURVES A-21 to A-23

14 MORE CIRCLE DIAGRAMS A-24 to A-27

15 GRAPHS FOR DIRECT SHEAR TEST A-28 to A-33

2 AIMS OF THE PRESENT INVESTIGATION :

3 GENERAL GEOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE AREA :

4 PROGRAMME AND METHOD OF INVESTIGATION :

4.1 FIELD INVESTIGATION :

4.1.1 Sinking of Bore-holes :

4.1.2 Standard Penetration Tests :

60 cm driven by a 63.5 kg hammer falling freely from a height of 75 cm was recorded as

4.1.3 Disturbed Samples :

4.1.4 Undisturbed Samples :

4.1.5 Standing Water Level :

4.2 LABORATORY INVESTIGATION :

iii) Determination of Liquid Limit and Plastic limit.

5 GENERAL SUB-SOIL STRATIFICATION AND PROPERTIES :

5.3 STRATUM - III :

5.8 STRATUM - VII :

6 DISCUSSION ON SUITABLE FOUNDATIONS FOR THE

Generalized Sub-soil Profile :

Cut-off Level of Pile :

Tip Level of Pile :

Pile Shaft Length :

Fig. 1 : Generalised Sub-soil Profile for calculation of pile capacities

Methods for determination of Pile Capacities :

Vertical Capacity in compression :

Skin Friction in Stratum-II :

Skin Friction in Stratum-III :

Skin Friction in Stratum-IV :

Skin Friction in Stratum-VA :

Consider water level at G.L. for the worst case.

∴ Maximum effective overburden pressure calculated from C.O.L. and corresponding to Dc

Skin Friction in Stratum-VI :

Therefore, total Ultimate Skin Friction,

End Bearing in Stratum-VI :

iii) Head Condition: Restrained

E of pile concrete = 5000√fck = 5000 x √35 = 29580 MN/m2

Stiffness factor, T = (EI/ηh)1/5 = (29580 x 6.362 x 10-3/0.75)1/5 = 3.019 m

Settlement of Pile Group consisting of 6 nos. 800 mm dia. Bored Piles :

Immediate settlement in stratum-VI

Fox’s correction factor for depth = 0.55

Therefore, estimated settlement of the group, S = 2.38 cm ≅ 24 mm

Summary of Pile Capacities :

Table-1: Summary of R.C.C. Bored Cast-in-situ Pile Foundation

Grade of Concrete = M35

Ultimate End Bearing

Safe Capacity (ton)

Load at pile due to

C.O.L. for a the Safe

6.2 SHALLOW FOUNDATION :

Fig. 2: Generalized Sub-soil Profile and Properties for calculation of bearing

Where, C = Cohesion of soil in stratum-II,

Immediate settlements in strata-II & III are calculated by the formula,

Consolidation settlements in strata-II & III are calculated by the formula,

Calculated values of settlements of footings corresponding to pressure equal to the

TABLE-2 : Summary of Shallow Foundations

1.5 x 1.5 28.06 2.5 11.2 28 75 11.2

Sample Calculation of Safe Net Bearing Capacity :

1) Case I : Square Footing

2) Case II : Rectangular Footing