ECE 476 Power System Analysis

Lecture 1
Introduction

Alejandro D. Dominguez-Garcia
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
aledan@illinois.edu
 About Me

• Received Power Engineering Degree in 2001 form the

University of Oviedo (Spain)

• Worked one year as an Assistant Professor at the

University of Oviedo

• Received Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from MIT in 2007

• Worked on reliability of fault-tolerant systems for aerospace
applications
• Worked one year as a Postdoc at MIT
• Worked on GN&C system architecture for NASAʼs vision for
exploration
• Have been in Illinois since 2008, doing teaching and doing
research in the area of electric power systems reliability
 Power Systems

Fred C. Schweppe (1934-1988)

Professor of Electrical Engineering, MIT US Power grid

“I worked on aerospace problems for many years before converting to

power systems, and, in my opinion at least, power problems are
tougher in many respects.
...
The number of variables [in a power system] is huge, and many types
of uncertainties are present.
...
Few if any aerospace problems yield such a challenging set of
conditions.”
– Fred. C. Schweppe, 1970
 Simple Power System
Every power system has three major components:
• generation: source of power, ideally with a
specified voltage and frequency
• transmission system: transmits power; ideally
as a perfect conductor
• load: consumes power; ideally with a constant
resistive value
L
V(t)=Vsin(2πft) transmission R
generation load

Simple power system model

 Complicating Features

• No ideal voltage sources exist

• Loads are seldom constant

• Transmission system has resistance,

inductance, capacitance and flow limitations

• Simple system has no redundancy so power

system will not work if any component fails
 Power System Examples
• Electric utility: can range from quite small, such as
an island, to one covering half the continent
• there are four major interconnected ac power systems in
North American, each operating at 60 Hz ac; 50 Hz is
used in some other countries.
• Airplanes and Spaceships: reduction in weight is
primary consideration; frequency is 400 Hz.
• Ships and submarines
• Automobiles: dc with 12 V standard (42 V might be
introduced if more electric functionality becomes a
reality)
• Battery operated portable systems: remote
installations with telecommunication equipment
North America Interconnections
 Course Syllabus

• Introduction and review of phasors & three phase

• Transmission line modeling
• Per unit analysis and change of base
• Models for transformers, generators, and loads
• Power flow analysis and control
• Economic system operation/restructuring
• Short circuit analysis
• Transient stability
• System protection
 Power Notation

• Power: Instantaneous consumption of energy (or

the rate at which energy is consumed)
• Power Units
• Watts = voltage x current for dc (W)
• kW – 1 x 103 Watt
• MW – 1 x 106 Watt
• GW – 1 x 109 Watt
• Installed US generation capacity is about
900 GW (about 3 kW per person)
• Maximum load of Champaign/Urbana about 300
MW (0.033% of US generation capacity)
 Energy Notation
• Energy: Integration of power over time;
energy is what people really want from a
power system
• Energy Units
• Joule = 1 Watt-second (J)
• kWh – Kilowatthour (3.6 x 106 J)
• Btu – 1055 J; 1 MBtu=0.292 MWh
• U.S. electric energy consumption is about
3600 billion kWh (about 13,333 kWh per
person, which means on average we each
use 1.5 kW of power continuously)
 Electric Systems in Energy Context
• Class focuses on electric power systems, but we
first need to put the electric system in context of
the total energy delivery system
• Electricity is used primarily as a means for energy
transportation
• Use other sources of energy to create it, and it
is usually converted into another form of energy
when used
• About 40% of US energy is transported in electric
form
• Concerns about need to reduce CO2 emissions
and fossil fuel depletion are becoming main drivers
for change in world energy infrastructure
 US Sources of Energy

About 86% Fossil Fuels CO2 Emissions (millions of

Biomass, 2.4
Other, 0.8
metric tons, and per quad)
Hydro, 2.7
• Petroleum: 2598, 64.0
Nuclear, 8.1
• Natural Gas: 1198, 53.0
Petroleum,
40.6
• Coal: 2115, 92.3
Natural Gas,
22.6
1 Quad = 293 billion kWh
(actual)
1 Quad = 98 billion kWh
Coal, 22.9
(used, taking into account
efficiency)

Source: EIA Energy Outlook 2007, Table 1, 2005 Data

 US Electric Energy by Sources

Nuclear Renewable
19.4% 2.5%

Petroleum
2.0% Coal
Hydroeletric 49.0%
7.1%

Gas
20.0%

Source: EIA State Electricity Profiles, 2006

 Electric Energy by Sources, Calif.

Coal
Renewable 1.0%
11.3%

Nuclear
14.7%
Petroleum Gas
1.0% 49.8%

Hydroeletric
22.2%

Oregon is 71% Hydro, while Washington State is

76% Hydro

Source: EIA State Electricity Profiles, 2006

 Illinois Electric Energy by Sources

Renewable
0.4%

Coal
47.6%
Nuclear
48.9%
Hydroeletric
0.1%
Petroleum
Gas
0.1%
2.9%

Source: EIA State Electricity Profiles, 2006

 Global Warming and the Power Grid
What is Known: CO2 in Air is Rising

Value
was about
280 ppm
in 1800,
384 in 2007
Rate of
increase
is about
3ppm
per year

Source: http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/co2/sio-mlo.htm
 As is Worldwide Temperature

Baseline is 1961 to 1990 mean

Source: http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/cru/info/warming/
 Change in U.S Annual Average
Temperature

Source: http://www.sws.uiuc.edu/atmos/statecli/Climate_change/ustren-temp.gif
 But Average Temperatures are Not
Increasing Everywhere Equally

Source : http://www.sws.uiuc.edu/atmos/statecli/Climate_change/iltren-temp.jpg
 World Population Trends

Country 2005 2015 2025 %

Japan 127.5 124.7 117.8 -7.6
Germany 82.4 81.9 80.6 -2.1
Russia 142.8 136.0 128.1 -10.3
USA 295.7 322.6 349.7 18.2
China 1306 1393 1453 11.2
India 1094 1274 1449 32.4
World 6449 7226 7959 23.4
Source: www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/summaries.html; values in
millions; percent change from 2005 to 2025
Eventual Atmospheric CO2 Stabilization
20
Level Depends Upon CO2 Emissions

•Regardless of what we do
in the short-term the CO2
levels in the atmosphere will
continue to increase.
•The eventual stabilization
levels depend upon how
quickly CO2 emissions are
curtailed.
•Emissions from electricity
production are currently
about 40% of the total
 Energy Economics
• Electric generating technologies involve a tradeoff
between fixed costs (costs to build them) and
operating costs

• Nuclear and solar high fixed costs, but low operating

costs
• Natural gas/oil have low fixed costs but high operating
costs (dependent upon fuel prices)
• Coal, wind, hydro are in between

• Also the units capacity factor is important to

determining ultimate cost of electricity

• Potential carbon “tax” major uncertainty

 Ball park Energy Costs

• Nuclear: $15/MWh
• Coal: $22/MWh
• Wind: $50/MWh
• Hydro: varies but usually water constrained
• Solar: $150 to 200/MWh
• Natural Gas: 8 to 10 times fuel cost in $/MBtu

Note: to get price in cents/kWh take price in $/MWh and divide by 10.
Natural Gas Prices 1990’s to 2008
 Brief History of Electric Power

• Early 1880ʼs – Edison introduced Pearl Street

dc system in Manhattan supplying 59
customers
• 1884 – Sprague produces practical dc motor
• 1885 – invention of transformer
• Mid 1880ʼs – Westinghouse/Tesla introduce
rival ac system
• Late 1880ʼs – Tesla invents ac induction
motor
• 1893 – First 3 phase transmission line
operating at 2.3 kV
 History, cont’d

• 1896 – ac lines deliver electricity from hydro

generation at Niagara Falls to Buffalo, 20 miles
away

• Early 1900ʼs – Private utilities supply all customers

in area (city); recognized as a natural monopoly;
states step in to begin regulation

• By 1920ʼs – Large interstate holding companies

control most electricity systems
 History, cont’d

• 1935 – Congress passes Public Utility Holding

Company Act to establish national regulation,
breaking up large interstate utilities (repealed
2005)

• 1935/6 – Rural Electrification Act brought electricity

to rural areas

• 1930ʼs – Electric utilities established as vertical

monopolies
 Vertical Monopolies

Within a particular geographic market, the

electric utility had an exclusive franchise
In return for this exclusive
Generation
franchise, the utility had the
obligation to serve all
Transmission
existing and future customers
at rates determined jointly
Distribution by utility and regulators

Customer Service It was a “cost plus” business

 Vertical Monopolies
• Within its service territory each utility was the only
game in town

• Neighboring utilities functioned more as

colleagues than competitors

• Utilities gradually interconnected their systems so

by 1970 transmission lines crisscrossed North
America, with voltages up to 765 kV

• Economies of scale keep resulted in decreasing

rates, so most every one was happy
Current Midwest Electric Grid
 History, cont’d (1970’s)
• 1970ʼs brought inflation, increased fossil-fuel prices,
calls for conservation and growing environmental
concerns

• Increasing rates replaced decreasing ones

• As a result, U.S. Congress passed Public Utilities

Regulator Policies Act (PURPA) in 1978, which
mandated utilities must purchase power from
independent generators located in their service
territory (modified 2005)

• PURPA introduced some competition

 History, cont’d – 1990’s & 2000’s
• Major opening of industry to competition occurred
as a result of National Energy Policy Act of 1992
• This act mandated that utilities provide
“nondiscriminatory” access to the high voltage
transmission
• Goal was to set up true competition in generation
• Result over the last few years has been a dramatic
restructuring of electric utility industry (for better or
worse!)
• Energy Bill 2005 repealed PUHCA; modified
PURPA
 Utility Restructuring

• Driven by significant regional variations in

electric rates

• Goal of competition is to reduce rates through

the introduction of competition

• Eventual goal is to allow consumers to choose

their electricity supplier
State Variation in Electric Rates
The Goal: Customer Choice
The Result for California in 2000/1

OFF

OFF
 The California-Enron Effect
WA
MT ND VT ME
OR MN
NH
ID SD WI NY MA
WY MI RI

IA PA CT
NV NE NJ
IN OH DE
UT IL W MD
DC
CO VA VA
CA KS MO KY
AZ TN NC
OK
NM AR SC
MS AL GA
TX
LA
AK
FL
HI

electricity delayed suspended

no activity
restructuring restructuring restructuring
Source : http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/chg_str/regmap.html
August 14th, 2003 Blackout
Impacts of the blackout (just in NYC)
•Economic losses estimated in $1
billion.
•Thousands of people trapped in the
tunnels of the subway system.
•Large portion of Manhattan without
water as most high-rises need
pumps.
•All three metropolitans airports
were forced to close.
•Major disruptions in hospitals
operation.
 2007 Illinois Electricity Crisis
• Two main electric utilities in Illinois are ComEd and
Ameren

• Restructuring law had frozen electricity prices for

ten years, with rate decreases for many

• Prices rose on January 1, 2007 as price freeze

ended; price increases were especially high for
electric heating customers who had previously
enjoyed rates as low as 2.5 cents/kWh

• Current average residential rate (in cents/kWh) is

10.4 in IL, 8.74 IN, 11.1 WI, 7.94 MO, 9.96 IA,
19.56 CT, 6.09 ID, 14.03 in CA, 10.76 US average