QUESTIONED DOCUMENT

EXAMINATIONS

Edited by: Jaypie Cacho Verdadero

From: Darlito Bernard G. Delizo

The basic element of FORGERY and COUNTERFEITING is the intent to defraud or deceive. Hence, ALL forgers and falsifiers are
deceivers.

THEIR FATHER IS SATAN, who is also called the DECEIVER FROM THE VERY BEGINNING.

This pertains to any article, containing any marks, symbols or signs.

A. Book

B. Notebook

C. Newspaper

D. Document////

This latin word means lesson or example.

A. Documentum//////

B. Docere ( french word”to teach”

C. Desire

D. Document

An original piece of written or printed matter conveying authoritative information or evidence

Legally,a written instrument which establish a right or extinguishes an obligation is called-

A. Legal Document

B. Document/////

C. Official Document

D. Legal Tender

LEGAL ASPECT OF DOCUMENTS

Legal Bases of Documents:

a right is established or an obligation is extinguished

some disposition or agreement is proved, evidenced or set forth.

any physical embodiment of information or ideas; e.g. a letter, a contract, a receipt, a book of account, a blue print, or an X-ray
plate (Black’s Law Dictionary - Best Evidence rule

2. A document signed and notarized by a non-lawyer government employee is –

Private document
Commercial document

Official document

Public document/////////////

KINDS OF DOCUMENTS:

PUBLIC DOCUMENT – form part the public records; birth certificates, marriage contracts, etc.

OFFICIAL DOCUMENT – in connection with public officers’ official function; suspension letter, barangay clearance, etc.

PRIVATE DOCUMENT – executed by a private individual; testament, etc.

4. COMMERCIAL DOCUMENT – in accordance with the mercantile law; receipts, etc

5. ELECTRONIC DOCUMENT - electronic media content (other than computer programs or system) that are intended to be used in
either an electronic form or as printed output.

3. Which of the following refers to any material which is under scrutiny?

A. Document

B. Questioned Document//

C. Disputed Document

D. Forged Document

DOCUMENTS CAN BE QUESTIONED ON:

-Authorship

-Addressee

-Date of writing-

-Writing Material use

-Writing instrument used

-Content or conveyed information

DISPUTED DOCUMENT - suggesting that there is an argument or controversy over the document, and strictly speaking this is true
meaning.

One  in which the facts appearing therein MAY not be true, and are contested either in whole or part with respect to its
authenticity,  identity, or origin.

A. Standards////////

B. Specimens

C. Model

D. Documentary evidence
5. Any document completely written and signed by one person is known as -

A. Authentic document

B. Holographic document//////

C. Original document

D. Notarial document

6. What law establishes the legality of electronic documents and is also called the E-Commerce Act of 2000?

A. RA 8972

B. RA 8484 (access device law)

C. RA 8792////

D. RA 8448

7. What is the most commonly encountered classification of Questioned Documents?

A. With questioned typewriting

B. With questioned signatures////

C. Those containing fraudulent alterations

D. Questioned or disputed holographic wills

CLASSES OF QUESTIONED DOCUMENTS

1. with questioned signatures

2. those containing fraudulent alterations

3. questioned or disputed holographic wills

- Notarial - signed before a notary public

4. with questioned typewriting

5. with issues of their age or date

6. with issues of the materials used

7. those that identify some persons through handwriting.

- anonymous and disputed letters, and

- superscriptions, registrations and miscellaneous writings.

8. It is the step in questioned document examination where similarities or dissimilarities in properties or characteristics are
determined by its likelihood of occurrence.

A. Analysis

B. Recognition
 C. Evaluation////////

D. Comparison

DOCUMENT AND QD EXAMINATION

RATIONALE – SCIENTIFIC COMPARISON

A. Analysis (Recognition) - properties or characteristics, observed or measured.

B. Comparison  -  Properties or characteristics  of  the  unknown are now  compared  with  the familiar or recorded properties of
known items.

C. Evaluation- Similarities or dissimilarities in properties or characteristics are determined by its likelihood of occurrence.

D. Verification - be examined by others

9. What is the type of conclusion where the findings show that the questioned and known writings were prepared by the same
writer because of agreement in individualizing characteristics?

A. Negative

B. Positive

C. Identification

D. B and/or C////

E. No conclusion

10. What is the art of determining one’s personal traits and characteristics based on his or her handwriting?

A. Handwriting analysis

B. Handwriting identification(establishing authorship)

C. Graphology////////

D. Graphoanalysis(based on two fundamental)

E. Graphometry( measurement frequency)

Related Fields

Historical Dating — the verification of age and value of a document or object

Fraud Investigation — focuses on the money trail and criminal intent

Paper and Ink Specialists — date, type, source, and/or catalogue various types of paper, watermarks, ink, printing/copy/fax
machines, computer cartridges

Forgery Specialists — analyze altered, obliterated, changed, or doctored documents and photos

Typewriting Analysts — determine origin, make, and models

Computer Crime Investigators — investigate cybercrime

11. What is the instrument with low and high power objectives which is used to detect retouching, patching and unnatural pen-lift
in signature analysis?
 A. Forensic comparison microscope

B. Stereoscopic microscope///

C. Magnifying lens

D. Horseshoe lenses

12. The instrument which is used to determine the presence of erasures, matching of serrations and some other types of
alterations.

A. Ultra-violet lamp

B. Oblique light

C. Infrared

D. Transmitted light////

Transmitted Light Examination.

TRANSMITTED LIGHT EXAMINATION –source of illumination behind and the light passing through the paper. Done to:

1. determine  the presence of erasures,

matching of  serrations and

2. some other types of alterations.

13. Which of the following can be used to decipher faded writings?

A. Ultra-violet lamp

B. Oblique light/////

C. Infrared

D. Transmitted light

C. OBLIQUE LIGHT EXAMINATION – controlled illumination grazing the surface of the document from one side at a very low angle.
Decipherment/determination

1. faded handwriting,

2. outlines in traced forgery, and

3. detection of embossed impressions

PHOTOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION – uses photographs to capture images of specimen: decipherment further is possible through the
enlarged image

14. The device that can detect indention/ indented writings can records transparencies of any indentations.

A. Ultra-violet lamp

B. Video-Spectral Comparator

C. Electrostatic Detection Apparatus//////////////

 D. Infrared Lamp

ESDA ( ELECTROSTATIC DETECTION APPARATUS)

VIDEO SPECTRAL COMPARATOR

- Used in the examination of masked or obliterated text, watermarks, visible fluorescence, paper fluorescence and oblique
illumination of indented writing and embossing.

Ultra-Violet Examination– ultra violet rays react on some substances so that visible light is reflected, a phenomenon known as
FLOURESCENCE.

15. The process of detecting disputed document usually involves the use of –

Illumination

Infrared(for charred document)

UV light///

Bluetooth

16. What is the most useful and effective protective covering of a disputed documents?

Hard folder

Hard plastic folder

Sealed envelope

Transparent plastic envelope///

17. The reason why disputed documents or any other important papers should be kept in a protective envelope unfolded is to avoid
from being –

Copied

Stolen

Destroyed///

Questioned

CARE, PRESERVATION AND HANDLING OF QUESTIONED DOCUMENTS.

The improper or careless handling of a disputed document can lead to serious curtailment of certain technical examinations.

18. Document previously examined by any competent agencies of the government could be re- examined.

Yes

No

Yes, when there is a court order///

No, even if there is a court order

BASIC REQUIREMENTS IN QUESTIONED DOCUMENT EXAMINATION

 1. Document examination shall be based on written request from any investigating agency of the government, court order and/
or private requesting party, provided that the letter has been approved by the director, PNPCL.

2. Document previously examined by any competent agencies of the government shall not be re- examined except there is a
court order.

3. If the case is under going trial in court, disputed documents shall be examined only upon order of the court having
jurisdiction of the case.

19. A person who is a specialist in examining documents and other related matters to determine the source is called

-Forensic Expert

Document Examiner///

Questioned Document Examiner

Criminalistics Expert

20. What qualifies a document examiner as an expert witness in a court?

The expertise of the document examiner

The education and training of the document examiner

The techniques applied by the examiner during the questioned document examination

The ruling of the said court///

21. Who is the Father of Questioned Documents?

Edmond Locard

Samuel Clemens

Henry Mill

Albert Osborne//////

22. What is the primary basis of examination used in Questioned Documents?

A. All of these

B. Characteristics that vary least

C. Characteristics that vary most

D. Class and individual characteristics//

23. Authors of questioned handwriting can be detected based on -

A. Writing implements

B. Writing materials

C. Contained information

D. Personal peculiarities
AUTHORSHIp

1. Peculiarities of the author in writing

Style

Grammar

Spelling

Indentation

Punctuation

2. Habitual writing materials and writing instruments used by the author

AGE OR DATE OF WRITING

1. Manufacturing year of writing material and writing instrument by examining the substance and/or properties

2. Natural changes or aging of the writing material and writing instrument

3. Language (alphabet) contemporary

4. School or copybook form year of existence

WRITING MATERIAL

Physical Characteristics

1. Size

Substance

Width

Length

2. Surface textures

3. Opacity

4. Color

 Chemical Characteristics or components

1.Materials used in manufacturing

2.Manufacturing process

24. The adding of letters, paragraphs and/or adding of the whole page is called –

Augmentation

Inclusion

Intercalation//

Addition
CONTENT/INFORMATIOn

Look for possible indications of forgery (falsification or counterfeiting)

*Insertions or intercalations

*Obliterations

*Erasures

*Fake reproduction

ALTERATION

- Are the change in the writing made by the party thereto, or by some person entitled there under after the instrument has
been executed.

- Such changes is made without the consent of other party interested and give the instrument a different effect from that
where it originally possessed.

KINDS OF ALTERATION

1. ERASURE

- Removal of writing, typewriting or printing from a document.

Mechanical or Abrasive erasure

- The writing is effaced by rubbing with a rubber erasure or scratching out with a knife or other sharp instrument.

- Is usually made w/ a knife, rubber erasure or fine memory paper that will injure the paper. When the paper surface is
damaged the paper become porous and the ink will penetrate the fiber

b. Chemical Erasure

-The writing is effaced by the use of liquid ink eradicator.

- Chemical eradicator are made in solution which bleach the color out of ink, making the writing appear invisible.

b. Chemical Erasure

- Frequently the eradicator can be detected by the peculiar odor removing in the paper or with litmus paper which reveal
evidence of tampering.

- A chemical alteration may sometimes be detected by the appearance of a pale yellow stains or a slight discoloration around the
suspected alteration/changes

2. ADDITION

- Any matter made a part of the document after its original preparation. When there is sufficient space between the word or at
the end of a sentence to permit the insertion or addition of a single letter or word or a punctuation mark, such alteration may change
the impart of the entire document of its monetary value

3. SUBTRACTION/ CANCELLATION

- Any matter out, strike out or scratched out after its original preparation.
 - An alteration by cancellation is occasionally found in a document of importance such as will, deed or contract where
the writer intends to eliminate a word, name or sentence without the necessity of rewriting the entire matter. The
writer draws lines vertical or horizontal lines through the writing having the effect of cancellation.

4. INTERLINEATION or INSERTION

-The term “insertion” and “interlination” include the addition of writing and other material between lines or paging or the
addition of whole pages to a document.

- The writing between the lines of an instrument for the purpose of adding apart to it or correcting what has been written

HANDWRITING IDENTIFICATION AND EXAMINATION

25. It is also known as visible speech.

A. Handwriting///////////////

B. Signature

C. Audio

D. Voice

DEVELOPMENT OF HANDWRITING OF AN INDIVIDUAL

a.Children follow school copy or model.

b.After acquiring some degree of skill, they no longer follow the school model.

c.As speed increases, conscious design and regularity begin to break down.

d.Trial and error - modifications  are  made, simplification  and  elaboration's, addition  and  omissions occur.

26. What term is used for any repeated element of detail which may serve to individualize writing?

A. Changes

B. Style

C. Habits///

D. Peculiarities

Writing Habits

Definition: acquired characteristics in writing through repetition have become fixed and spontaneous.

Significance: Writing is the most personal and individuals thing that a man does that leaves a record which can be seen and studies
(individuality)

27. Specimen of handwriting secured by dictating the text of a questioned document or other writing materials to a subject is -

specimen handwriting

collected standard

requested standard////

forced signature
TWO KINDS OF STANDARD DOCUMENTS (Handwritings)

1. Procured or Collected – Those which are obtain from files of document executed in the persons day to day business, official, social
or personal activities.

2. Requested/Dictated – Those which are given or made upon the request of an investigator for purpose of making comparative
examination with the request writing.

Basic points that should be considered in obtaining standard

a. Collected Standard.

1) Amount of writing standard.

2) Similarity of the subject Matter.

3) Relative dates of the standards with the questioned matter.

4) Kinds of writing instrument and paper used.

28. If a ball-point pen is used to write a document that is being questioned, dictated standards to be obtained must be taken in
which of the following manner?

The whole dictated writing must be done also in ball-point pen////

Two sets of 10 sufficient standards must be taken. One set using ball-point pen and the other set using fountain pen.

One half of the dictated writing should be done using a ball-point pen and the other half in fountain pen.

Two sets of 10 sufficient standards must be taken. One set in ball-point pen and the other is pencil.

29. Contemporary handwriting standard means that the age of the standards should be within –

5 years prior to the date of the QD///

8 years prior to the date of the QD

10 years prior to the date of the QD

12 years prior to the date of the QD

SPECIMEN TO BE SUBMITTED

HANDWRITING IDENTIFICATION

a. Original documents

b. Contemporaneous date of the standard documents, maximum of five (5) years before and after the execution of the
questioned document.

- or nearest possible date

30. In identification of handwritings, how many pages handwriting standards are needed for comparison?

3 or more

4 or more
5 or more//

6 or more

SPECIMEN TO BE SUBMITTED

HANDWRITING IDENTIFICATION

c. At least five (5) pages of standard handwritings.

d. Similar writing style cursive to cursive, script to script and printed to printed.

e. Similar language/ dialect.

f. Similar writing instrument used if possible.

31. What type of writers deliberately misspells words and commits errors?

A. Handicapped writers

B. Educated person

C. Illiterate persons

D. Apprehensive writers///

2. Requested Standard

1.Dictate to the writer never allows a suspect to see the questioned document.

2.Text must be carefully selected - do not dictate the questioned document exactly all its content.

3.Dictation must be at least 3.

4.Writing instrument and paper should be similar.

5.Dictation must be interrupted as interval so that the suspect will feel relax and write his own natural writing.

6.Normal writing condition should be arranged so that the writer fells to write the dictation.

32. In handwriting examination, collecting standards should observe -A. 10 pages

B. At least 8 signatures

C. Twice as much the requested

D. Sufficiency of amount///

CHARACTERISTICS

– a distinctive feature or peculiarity in writing

33. What are the gross features of handwriting called?

A. Writing habits

B. Class characteristics ////

C. Individual characteristics
D. Questioned documents

GENERAL(CLASS) CHARACTERISTICS

– basic writing system or modifications of the system  of writing  found  among so large a group of writers that  have  only slight
identification value.

INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS

- result of the writer's

>muscular control,

>coordination,

>age,

>health,

>Nervous temperament, 

>frequency of writing,

>personality and character.

34. What is the basis for a positive comparison and handwriting analysis?

A. Class characteristics

B. Uniqueness of characteristics////

C. Normal handwriting

D. One unique characteristics

Rare Characteristics

COMMON CHARACTERISTICS:

1. Ordinary copy-book form

2. Usual systematic slant

3. Ordinary scale of proportion or ratio

4. Conventional spacing

35. The writing in which the attempt is made to discard one’s own writing and assume the exact writing personality of another
person is called -

A. Disguised handwriting (concealing ones identity)

B. Model handwriting

C. Counterfeited handwriting

D. Forged or simulated writings ///

36. The most common method which a forger will use to disguise his handwriting is to –
Change the direction of the slant////

Write very rapidly

Write very slowly

Write larger than usual

37. Any specimen of writing executed normally without any attempt to control or alter its identifying habits and its usual quality or
execution.

A. Natural writing///

B. Natural variation

C. Manuscript writing(Script or semi-script taught in elementary)

D. Gestalt(looks at handwriting as a whole picture)

38. Spurious writing is an example of -

A. Disguised handwriting//

B. Simulated writing

C. Traced writing

D. Copied handwriting

GENERAL CLASSES OF QUESTIONED WRITING

Forged or simulated writings in which the attempt is made to discard one’s own writing and assume the exact writing personality of
another person.

It is either by tracing or copying other’s writing

39. The writing in which the letters are connected by ligatures is called -

A. Scripted

B. Print script

C. Block

D. Cursive//

40. It is the evidence of a writer’s proficiency.

A. Ability

B. Skill///

C. Movement

D. Quality

Skill level

The way a writing looks.

Important characteristic of identification or non-identification.

High skill level VS Low skill level

High Skill Level

Low Skill Level

41. What is the primary cause on natural variation in writing?

A. Serious illnesses

B. Position of letter

C. Lack of machine-like precision movement//

D. Intoxication

ILLNESSES AFFECTING HANDWRITING

Agraphia – inability to write in orderly fashion but can still manipulate writing materials

Aphasia – impairment of the power to use & understand words in communicating

Dyslexia – disability to read and mis-spell words

Paragraphia – inability to write correct words but ability to copy is retained

Alzheimer’s disease – due to old age, above 60 years, senility causes regression

Parkinson’s disease – due to old age also but tremor is present

ALS (Amyotropic Lateral Sclerosis) – LOU GEHRIG DISEASE, weakening of muscles

Arthritis – affects the CNS

Cerebral palsy – abnormal alteration of movement due to defect, injury or disease of the nerve tissues in the cranial cavity

42. The standard of handwriting instruction taught in particular school is called -

A. Copybook form//

B. Standard writing

C. School system

D. All of these

43. It is the relation of parts of the whole of writing or line of individual letters in words to the baseline.

A. Ratio

B. Baseline

C. Alignment//

D. Motor coordination

44. What is the amount of space between letters?

 A. Word space

B. Letter space///

C. Margins

D. Slant

STROKE CHARACTERISTICS

STROKE –

>series of lines or curves written in a single letter;

>one of the lines of an alphabet or series of lines or curves within a single letter;

>the path traced by the pen on the paper

45. The gap occurring on a continuous stroke due to speed of writing or sometimes regarded as special form of pen lift?

A. Pen lift

B. Pen break

C. Hiatus//

D. Stroke gap

46. In handwriting examination, what is that act of intermittently forcing the pen against the paper surface with increased
pressure?

 A. Pen pressure (Average pressure

 B. Pen position ( Pen to the paper

C. Pen emphasis///

 D. Pen lift (Gap – pen withdrawal

47. When a stroke goes back another stroke, it is called -Retouching

Retracing //

All of these

Patching

Superimposition

Obtaining Handwriting Samples

The subject should not be shown the questioned document

The subject is not told how to spell words or use punctuation

The subject should use materials similar to those of the document

The dictated text should match some parts of the document

The subject should be asked to sign the text

Always have a witness

SIGNATURE - the name of a person written by him/her in a document as a sign of acknowledgement; Or a name or a mark that a
person puts at the end of a document to attest that he is its author or that he ratifies its contents.

TYPES OF SIGNATURES

>FORMAL (a.k.a. CONVENTIONAL or COPYBOOK FORM): name completely written – important documents

>INFORMAL (CURSORY): incomplete name routine documents and personal correspondence

1. Semi-Personalized – name is visible

2. Personalized – name is illegible

>CARELESS SCRIBBLE: mail courier, receipts, etc.

FORGERY OF SIGNATURES

A. SIMULATED OR FREEHAND IMITATION FORGERY (FREEHAND SIGNATURES)

1.BEFORE THE FORGER)

a. DIRECT TECHNIQUE

b. INDIRECT

2.SIMULATED FREE HAND FORGERY (TECHNIQUE)

B.TRACED FORGERY (TRACED SIGNATURE)

1. DIRECT TRACING - made by transmitted light.

2. INDIRECT TRACING – by carbon or indention.

a. CARBON PROCESS

b. INDENTATION PROCESS

c. TRANSMITTED LIGHT PROCESS

SPURIOUS SIGNATURE (SIMPLE FORGERY)

STAMPED FACSIMILE OF A GENUINE OR MODEL

COMPUTER SCANNING

48. What is the standard needed with studying signatures of near-illiterate persons?

a.Collected standards

b.Requested standards if the person is still alive///

c.Receipt signatures
d.Collected and requested standards

WHAT TO LOOK FOR?

Handwriting Examination: Review

Writing Materials

Writing Materials

PAPER EXAMINATION

>Physical (visual examination)

>Non-destructive physical tests (folding test, etc.)

>Destructive physical test (absorption rate test)

>Chemical test (burning, etc)

Differences in Paper for Characterizing Samples

Raw material

Weight

Density

Thickness

Color

Watermarks—a design incorporated during the manufacturing process by reducing the number of fibers in a certain patterned area

Age

Fluorescence

49. The word pen came from the Latin word “penna” which means –

Writing instrument

Pencil

Feather///

Ink

Quill

Writing Implements/Instruments

50. The ancient writing implement that is made of a large feather.

a.Reed pen

b.Feathery pen

c.Quill pen//
d.B and C

Writing Implements/Instruments

Writing Implements/Instruments

Writing Implements/Instruments

Writing Implements/Instruments

Writing Implements/Instruments

51. What is the test that separates the components of an ink?

a. TLC/// (Thin Layer Chromatography)

b.Chemical test

c.Solubility test

d.Ink separator test

INK EXAMINATION

1.Physical (visual examination)

2.Solubility test

3.Separation of properties (TLC)

Ink

Chromatography is a method of physically separating the components of inks

Types

HPLC—high-performance liquid chromatography

TLC—thin-layer chromatography

Paper Chromatography — used to separate water based inks

Paper Chromatography of Ink

Two samples of black ink from two different manufacturers have been characterized using paper chromatography.

Retention Factor (Rf)

A number that represents how far a compound travels in a particular solvent

It is determined by measuring the distance the compound traveled and dividing it by the distance the solvent traveled.

THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHIC

THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHIC

THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHIC

Pencils
Lead

Hardness Scale—a traditional measure of the hardness of the "leads" (actually made of graphite) in pencils. The hardness scale, from
softer to harder, takes the form ..., 3B, 2B, B, HB, F, H, 2H, 3H, 4H, ..., with the standard "number 2" pencil being of hardness 2H.

52. He laid out the landmarks in typewriting identification?

A. Hans Gross

B. Allan Pinkerton

 C. Hagan (William E. Hagan in 1894, made the first comment on typewriting examination

 D. Ames (identity of writing by different operators as well as that done on different machines can be done with
considerable degree 

E. Albert Osborne//

53. In typewriting identification, this term is used to include letters, symbols, numerals, or points of punctuation.

Character///

Characteristics

Letters and symbols

Identifying fonts

WHAT TO LOOK IN TYPEWRITING

>CLASS CHARACTERISTICS – design of characters

>INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS – defects on the characters

54. In typewriting examination which of the following first to be conducted?

Collecting of typewriting standards

Locate the type writer used

Examination of the questioned specimen///////

Examination of the exemplar

Typewriters and Printing Devices

The two requests most often made of the examiner:

whether the make and model of the typewriter and printing devices used to prepare the questioned document can be identified.

whether a particular suspect typewriter or printing device can be identified as having prepared the questioned document.

In order to do this, the individual type character’s style, shape, and size are compared to a complete reference collection of past and
present typefaces.

PRINCIPLES IN TYPEWRITING

>NO TWO TYPEWRITERS HAVING SIMILAR DEFECTS & DENTS

>PECULIAR STYLE OF TYPIST CAN BE DETECTED

Typewriting Standard

1. Use of about the same size as the questions materials, type out a full word copy of the message in question, typographical errors,
using as nearly as possible the same degree of touch as that used in typing the questioned materials.

2.Make certain that each specimen contain the make, model and serial number of the typewriter from which it was produced as well
as the date and initials of the offices.

3.Typewriter specimen should be taken from suspect typewriter (s). It is usually not necessary to forward the typewriter to the
laboratory it complete known exemplars are obtained.

55. What is the type of typewriter defects that goes to the left and right direction?

All of these

Horizontal defects///

Twisted defects

Vertical defects

56. A typewriter defect manifested by double impressed character is referred to as –

Double image

Shadow

Rebound//

Off-it’s feet (printing heavier on one side or corner than over the remainder of its outline

57. The type writing defect in which a character leans forward or backward

. A. Oblique defect

B. Oblique mal-alignment//

C. Horizontal mal-alignment

D. Vertical defect

COMPARISON OF TYPEWRITING

COMPARISON OF TYPEWRITING

Largest Typewriter

CURRENCY COUNTERFEITING

58. In the examination of counterfeit bills, the first consideration is the –

Watermark

Serial Number
Color

Paper///

Portrait

59. The narrow security thread vertically located like “stitches” at the face of the note with clear text of the numerical value in
repeated sequence and changes in color from magenta to green or green to magenta depending on the angle of view.

Embedded security thread

Iridescent band

Windowed security thread///

Concealed value

Metallic thread

60. It is the making of an impression of a coin or metal blank by pressure.

Casting

Stamping///

Molding

Reaming

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