SEMINAR

ON

ABDELLAH’S
THEORY

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED

BY:
SR. TESSY SEBASTIAN MR. VIJAY DEWANGAN
PRINCIPAL, 1ST M.Sc.NURSING
SRMMCON, SAWANGI SRMMCON, SAWANGI

ABDELLAH`S THEORY

SUBJECT : - ADVANCE NURSING PRACTICE

TOPIC : - ABDELLAHS THEORY

NAME OF STUDENT : - MR. VIJAY DEWANGAN

YEAR : - 1st M. Sc. NURSING YEAR

VENUE : 1st YEAR M. Sc. NURSING CLASSROOM

TIME :

A.V. AIDS : - CHART, BLACKBOARD, TRANSPARENCIES

EVALUATOR : - SR. TESSY SEBASTIAN, PRINCIPAL, SRMMCON

GENERAL OBJECTIVES:-

At the end of the seminar the group will be able to understand Abdellah`s theory
and able to apply it in nursing practice.

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:- At the end of seminar group will be able to –

1) Know the history of Abdellah’s Theory

2) Discuss the evolution and typology of theory
3) Acquire nursing skills according to Abdellah`s theory
4) Explain the paradigm of Abdellah`s theory
5) Describe the characteristics of the Abdellah`s theory
6) Plan out Abdellah`s nursing process.
7) Application Of Abdellah’s Theory In Nursing Process

OUTLINE:-

1) Introduction of theorist and theory

2) Evolution & Typology of theory
3) Nursing skills
4) Paradigm of Abdellah`s theory
5) Characteristics of Abdellah`s theory
6) Abdellah`s nursing process
7) Application of Abdellah’s Theory
8) Conclusion
 9) Bibliography

HISTORY:-

- Fay Gleen Abdellah`s born in Newyork city in 1919

- In 1942 Magna Cum Laude graduate of Fitkin Memeorial hospital school of nursing, she
received her BS, MA and EdD from teachers college of Columbia university.
- She completed her doctoral work in 1955.
- She was former Chief nurses officer for US public health services in 1970, dept. of health &
services , Washington, D.C.
- Dr. Abdellah`s worked as a deputy general surgeon in 1982.
- She was advisor on matters related to nursing long term care policy, mental retardation the
developmentally disabled home health services, ageing, hospice & aids, because her efforts
were directed toward improvement of the quality of health care for all Americans, she
supervised the activities in both health & non health agencies.
- She has been a leader in nursing research & has over 100 publications related nursing care ,
education for advanced practice in nursing & nursing research.

DEFINITION:-

- Nursing is based on an art & science that mould the attitudes, intelligent competencies &
technical skills of the individual nurse into the desire and ability to help people, sick & well,
cope with their health needs.

EVOLUTION OF THEORY:-
- Abdellah realized that for nursing to gain full professional status and autonomy, a strong
knowledge base was imperative . Nursing also needed to move away a philosophy of
comprehensive patient centered care. Abdellah and her colleagues conceptualized 21 nursing
 problems to teach and evaluate students. The typology of 21 nursing problems first appeared
in the 1960 edition of patient centered approach to nursing and had far reaching impact on
the professional & development of nursing theories.
- The patient or family presents with nursing problems that the nurse help them address
through her professional function. The nurse address 21 problems categories-

1) Hygiene & physical comfort

2) Activity & rest
3) Safety
4) Body mechanics
5) Oxygenation
6) Nutrition
7) Elimination
8) Fluid & Electrolytes
9) Responses to diseases
10) Regulatory mechanisms
11) Sensory function
12) Feeling & reactions
13) Emotions & illness interrelationship
14) Communication
15) Interpersonal relationship
16) Spiritualities
17) Therapeutic environment
18) Awareness of self
19) Limitation acceptance
20) Resource to resolve problems &
21) Role of social problem in illness
 21
Nursing Problems
 Abdellah was influenced by the desire to promote client centered comprehensive nursing
care and describe nursing as “ Service to individual & families and therefore the society”
Nursing is based on art & science that mould attitude, intellectual competencies and technical
skills of the individuals nurse into the desire and ability to help people, sick or well, cope with
their health needs.

Abdellah`s theory was derived from the following premise of comprehensive services,
nursing includes the following:-

1) Recognizing the nursing problems of the patients.

2) Providing continuous care of the individuals for total needs
3) Providing continuous care to relief pain & discomfort & provide immediate security
for the in difficult.
4) Adjusting the total nursing care plan to meet the patients (clients) individual needs .
5) Helping the individual to become more self directive in attaining or maintaining a
health status of mind and body.
6) Instructing nursing personnel and family to help the individual do for himself that
which he can within his limitations.
7) Helping the individual to his limitations & material problems.
8) Working with allied health professionals in planning for optimum health on local,
state, national, international level.
9) Carrying out continuous evaluation & research to improve nursing techniques and to
develop new techniques to meet the health need of peoples.

ABDELLAH`S THEORY AND THE FOUR MAJOR CONCEPTS OF

PARADIGM:
Abdellah does not clearly specified each of the four major concepts: Human being
( person), Health, Environment/ Society and Nursing.

1) HUMAN BEING:
- She describes people as having physical, emotional & sociological needs
- These needs may be overt, consisting largely physical needs, or covered such as emotional &
social needs.
- The typology & nursing problem is said to evolve from the recognition of a need for patient
centered approach to nursing.
- The patient is described as the only justification for the existence of nursing.
- People are helped by the identification of problems.

2) HEALTH

- As Abdellah’s discuss in patient centered `` approach to nursing in a state mutually

exclusive of illness.

- achieving of health in purpose of nursing services.

- Abdellah dose not give a definition of health , she speak `` total health need `` and a
healthy state a mind and body in her description of nursing as a comprehensive nursing service.

3) ENVIRONMENTAL

- The environment is the least discuss concept in her model.

- Nursing problem 17 from the typology is ``to create `` and/ or maintain therapeutic

environment and she also state that if the nurse reaction to the patient is hostel or negative

the atmosphere. In the room may be hostile or negative.

- This suggested that patient interest and respond to their environment.

- Society is included in the premises of comprehensive nursing care , i. e. planning for
optimum health on local , state, national and international.

4) NURSING

- Nursing is helping professional.

- Nursing care doing something or for the person or providing information to the person
 with goal Meeting needs increase self help ability .

- Nursing is broadly group into the 21 problem areas to guide care and promote the use of
nursing judgment.
- Abdellah considered nursing to be a comprehensive service that is based on art and
science and aim to help people sick or well, cope with these health need .

CONCEPTS USED BY ABDELLAH

Abdellah are not writing specific as to a theoretical statement.

1] NURSING

Abdellah define nursing as service to individuals. Nursing is based on art and science
Which mould the attitude, intellectual competences and technical skill?

Of the individual nurse in to the desire and ability to help people sick or well cope with their
health need.

Abdellah was clearly promoting the image of the nurse who was not only kind and caring but
also intelligent, competent and technically well prepared to provide service to the patient.

2] HEALTH

Abdellah never defined health her concept of health may be define as the dynamic
pattern of functioning , whereby there is continued interaction with internal and external factor,
that result in the optimal use of necessary resource that serve to minimize vulnerabilities .

3] NURSING PROBLEMS

The nursing problems presented by patient are faced by the patient or

family which the nurse can assist him or them to meet through the performance of her
professional function. The problem can be either OVERT or COVERT nursing problems.

OVERT :- Overt nursing problem is an apparent condition faced by the patient or family
which the nurse can assist him or them to meet through performance of her professional
functions.
COVERT :- The covert nursing problem is concealed or hidden condition faced by the patient
or family which the nurse can assist him or them to meet through the performance of her
professional functions.

( Covert problem can be emotional , sociology and interpersonal nature )

Abdellah spoke of the patient centered approaches she wrote nurses identify and solving specific
problem. This identification and classification of problem was called the typology of 21 nursing
problem as listed below:

1] To maintain good hygiene and physical comfort.

2] To promote optimal activity, exercise, rest and sleep.

3] To promote safety through prevention of accident, injury or other trauma through the

prevention of the spread of the infection.

4] To maintain good body mechanics and prevent and correct deformities.

5] To facilitate the maintenance of supply of oxygen to all body.

6] To facilitate the maintenance of elimination.

7] To facilitate the maintenance of nutrition to all body cells.

8] To facilitate the maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance.

9] To recognize the physiological responses of the body of disease condition – pathological

Physiological and compensatory.

10] To facilitate the maintenance of regulatory mechanism and function.

11] To facilitate the maintenance of sensory function.

12] To identify and accept +.ve and –ve expression and feeling.

13] To identify and accept interrelatedness of emotion and organ illness.

14] To facilitate the maintenance of effective verbal and non verbal communication.

15] To promote the development of productive interpersonal relationship.

16] To facilitate progress towards achievement of personal spiritual goals.

17] To create and / or maintain a therapeutic environment.

18] To facilitate awareness of safe as an individual with varying physical, emotional and

developmental needs.

19] To accept the optimum possible goal in the light of limitation, physical and Emotion.

20] To use community resource.

21] To understand the role of social problem as influencing factor in the case of illness.

Abdellah Typology Was Divided In To Three Areas:

A] The physical, sociological emotional need of the patient.

B] The type of interpersonal relationship between the nurse and patients.

C] The common elements of patient care.

4. PROBLEM SOLVING :-

The problem solving process involve identifying the Problem pertaining formulating hypothesis,
testing Hypothesis through the collection of data , and hypothesis Where necessary on the basis
of conclusion obtained From the data.

CHARACTERISTICS OF A THEORY
A] Abdellah`s theory has interrelated concepts of health, nursing problem and

Problem solving as she attempts to create a different way of viewing nursing

Phenomena.
B] She use the problem solving approach with key nursing problem related to

the health need of the people.

C] Theory is appearing to be limited.

D] Theory dose not provided the framework on human and society in general.

E] Abdellah problem solving approach can be easily used by practitioners to guide various

activities within their nursing practice.

F] Abdellah`s theory consistent with other validated theories, such as those of Maslow’s and

Henderson.

ABDELLAH`S NURSING PROCESS

ASSESSMENT PHASE

 Nursing problem provide guidance for the collection of data.

 A principle underlying the problem solving approach is that for each
identifying Problem, patient data are collected.
 The overt or covert nature of the problem necessitate a direct or indirect
approach respectively.

NURSING DIAGNOSIS

 The result of data collection would determine the client`s specific overt or
Covert problem.
 These specific problem would be grouped under one or more of the border
nursing problems.
 This steps is is consistent with that involve in nursing diagnosis.

PLANNING PHASE

 The statement of nursing problems mostly resembles goal statement. There

for once the problem has been diagnose the goal have been establish.
  Given that these problems are called nursing problems, then it become
 Reasonable to include that these goal are basically nursing goal.

IMPLEMENTATION

 Using the goal as the framework, a plan develop and appropriate nursing
Intervention are determined.

EVALUTION

 According to American nurses association standard of nursing practice

the plan is evaluated in terms of the client progress or lack of progress
toward the achievement of the stated goal.
 This would be extremely difficult if not impossible to do for Abdellah`s nursing
Problem approach since it has been determined that the goal are nursing goal
not the client goal.
 Thus, the most appropriate evolution would be the nurse progress or lack of
Progress toward the achievement of the state goals.

APPLICATION OF ABDELLAH’S THEORY IN NURSING PROCESS

The use of Abdellah`s 21 nursing problem is an examples might be beneficial
consider the case of Ron, who experience severe crushing chest pain following board meeting at
his place of business. In addition to the pain, he experienced shortness of the, tachycardia and
profused diaphoresis. Upon admission to the hospital, assessment indicated that Ron might have
sustained some cardiac damage investigation into his history reveals that he had been having
episode of chest pain for the past 2 months. With this as the data based, the specific problem of
pain , Impaired cardiac functioning, work related stress, and failure of seek medical assistance
can be identified. These specific problems can be related to the selected nursing problem defined
by Abdellah`s and nursing problem can related to the stage of Ron’s illness.
Stage Selected Classification Selected Criterion
Of Abdellah`s And Nursing Measures
Illness Nursing Approaches Approaches
problems
Basic care To maintain Overt problem of 1. Administer Amount of pain
good hygiene pain direct and oxygen
and physical indirect methods. 2. Elevate head
comfort. 3. Reposition
client
4. Administer
prescribe
analgesic
5. Remain with
client
Sustenal care To facilitate Overt problem of 1.Promote rest Vital signs
needs maintenance of a impaired cardiac 2. Place in sitting
supply of oxygen functioning position
to all body cells direct method 3. Promote deep
breathing and
coughing
4.Implement
exercise
programme as
tolerated
Remedical care To identify and Covert problem 1.Investigation Knowledge of
need accept the of effect of work the nature of his relationship
interrelatedness related stress on job and activities between stress
of emotional or cardiac involved and his illness
organic illness functioning in 2. Explore his
direct methods related goal
3. Explore the
kinds of stress
associated with
his job
Restorative care To use Overt problem of 1.Teach early Knowledge of
needs community failure to seek warning signs appropriate use
resource as an medical and symptoms of of certain
 old in resolving assistance when cardiac distress. community
problem arising needed direct 2. Teach course resource
from illness methods of action should
specific
symptoms occur

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Basavanthappa B.T, Nursing Theory, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publisher

(P) LTD. 1st Edition, Pp 52-60.

2. Jolie George B., Nursing Theory The Base for Professional Nursing

Practice, 4th Edition Pearson Education, Pp 143-157.

3. www.google.com