Computer Hardware

1
Chapter
13
Computer Hardware
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
2
Learning Objectives
Identifythe major types and uses of

microcomputer, midrange, and mainframe
computer systems.
Outline the major technologies and uses of

computer peripherals for input, output, and
storage.
3
Learning Objectives (continued)
Identifythe components and functions of a

computer system.
Identify the computer system and peripherals

you would acquire or recommend for a
business of your choice.
4
Section I
Computer Systems: End User and Enterprise

Computing
5
Types of Computer Systems
All computers are systems of input,

processing, output, storage, and control
components.
Three basic categories

Mainframe
Midrange computers
Microcomputers
6
Types of Computer Systems (continued)
Mainframe
Enterprisesystems
Superservers
Transaction processors
Supercomputers
7
Midrange
Network servers
Minicomputers
Web servers
Multi-user systems
8
Microcomputers
Personalcomputers
Network computers
Technical workstations
PDAs
Information appliances
9
Microcomputer Systems
The most important category of computers

Desktop
Laptop
Workstation computers
Network servers
10
Microcomputer Systems (continued)
Selection criteria
Solid performance at a reasonable price
Operating system ready
Connectivity
11
Network computers
Designed primarily for use with the Internet
and corporate intranets
For specialized or limited computing
applications
Lower cost of purchase, upgrades,
maintenance, and support
12
Network computers (continued)

Other benefits
Ease of software distribution and licensing
Computing platform standardization
Reduced end user requirements
Improved manageability
13
Information appliances
PDAs
Set-top boxes and video-game consoles
Wireless PDAs
Cellular and PCS phones

14
Computer terminals
Dumb terminals
Intelligent terminals
Network terminals
Transaction terminals
15
Midrange Computer Systems
Multi-user systems that can manage networks

of PCs and terminals
Less costly to buy, operate, and maintain than
mainframes
Popular as network servers
Minicomputers
16
Mainframe Computer Systems
Large, fast, powerful
Handle high transaction processing volumes or

complex computational problems
Superservers for large client/server networks

and high-volume Internet websites
Popular for data mining and warehousing

17
Mainframe Computer Systems (continued)
Supercomputers
Extremely powerful systems specifically

designed for scientific, engineering, and
business applications requiring extremely
high speeds for massive numeric
computations
Use parallel processing architectures
Process at speeds measured in gigaflops and

teraflops
18
The Computer System Concept
Computers are organized according to the

following system functions:
Input
Keyboards
Touch screens
Pens
Electronic mice
Optical scanners
Convert data into electronic form
19
The Computer System Concept (continued)
Processing
Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Two subunits
Arithmetic-Logic Unit (ALU)
Control Unit
20
Output
Video display units

Printers
Audio response units
Convert electronic information into

human-intelligible form
21
Storage
Storedata and software instructions

May also include cache memory
Primary storage unit (hard drive)
Secondary storage
Magnetic disks
Optical disk drives
22
Control
The registers and other circuits of the

control unit interpret software instructions
and transmit directions to the other
components of the computer system
23
Computer processing speeds

Milliseconds (thousandths of a second)
Microseconds (millionths of a second)
Nanoseconds (billionths of a second)
Picoseconds (trillionths of a second)
24
Clock speeds
Megahertz (MHz)
Millions of cycles per second
Gigahertz (GHz)
Billions of cycles per second
25
Section II
Computer Peripherals: Input, Output, and

Storage Technologies
26
Peripherals
Generic name given to all input, output, and

secondary storage devices
Depend on direct connections or
telecommunications links to the CPU
All peripherals are online devices
27
Input Technologies
Natural user interface

Enter data and commands directly into a
computer
Electronic mice and touch pads
Optical scanning, handwriting recognition,

voice recognition
28
Pointing Devices
Used for entering data and text

Work with your operating system’s graphical
user interface (GUI)
29
Pointing Devices (continued)
Electronic mouse
Trackball
Pointingstick
Touch pad
Touch screen
30
Pen-Based Computing
Used in many hand-held computers and PDAs

Digitizer pen
Graphics tablet
31
Speech Recognition Systems
Digitize,analyze, and classify your speech and

its sound patterns
Allow operators to perform data entry without
using their hands to key in data or instructions
Speaker-independent
Voice-messaging computers
32
Optical Scanning
Read text or graphics and convert them into

digital input
Employ photoelectric devices to scan the
characters being read
33
Optical Scanning (continued)
Opticalcharacter recognition (OCR)

Reads OCR characters & codes
Merchandise tags
Product labels
Sort mail, score tests
Hand-held optical scanning wands
Reads bar coding
Universal Product Code (UPC)
34
Other Input Technologies
Magnetic stripe technology

Credit cards
Smart cards
Embedded microprocessor chip
Debit, credit, and other cards
35
Other Input Technologies (continued)
Digital cameras
Still cameras
Digital camcorders
36
Other Input Technologies (continued)
Magnetic ink character recognition (MICR)

technology
Used by banks to sort and post checks and
deposit slips
14 characters of a standardized design
Reader-sorters
37
Output Technologies
Video
Print
Storage
38
Video Output
Video monitors
Cathode ray tube (CRT)
Liquid crystal displays (LCDs)
39
Printed Output
Inkjet
Spray ink onto the page one line at a time
Laser
Use an electrostatic process similar to a

copier
40
Storage Trade-Offs
41
Storage Trade-Offs (continued)
Computer storage fundamentals

Information is stored through the presence
or absence of electronic or magnetic signals
Binary representation
1 = ON
0 = OFF
42
Computer storage fundamentals (continued)

Bit
The
smallest element of data
May have a value of either one or zero
Byte
Basic grouping of bits
Typically, a byte consists of 8 bits and

represents one character of data
43

Storage capacities
Kilobytes (KB)
1,000 bytes
Megabytes (MB)
1 million bytes
44

Gigabytes (GB)
1 billion bytes
Terabytes (TB)
1 trillion bytes
Petabyte (PB)
1 quadrillion bytes
45
Direct and sequential access

Terms direct access and random access describe
the same concept
An element of data or instructions can be directly
stored and retrieved by selecting and using any of
the locations on the storage media
Each storage position
Has a unique address
Can be individually accessed in approximately

the same time
46
Direct and sequential access (continued)

Sequential access
Does not have unique storage addresses
Serial process
Data are recorded one after another in a

predetermined sequence.
Locating an individual item requires
searching all of the data until the desired
item is located
47
48
Semiconductor Memory
Primary storage of your computer

Advantages
Small size
Great speed
Shock and temperature resistant
Disadvantage
Volatility
49
Semiconductor Memory (continued)
Two basic types of semiconductor memory
RAM – random access memory

Volatile memory
Read/write memory
“working” memory
50
ROM – read only memory

Nonvolatile
Used for permanent storage
Can be read but not erased or overwritten
51
Variations of ROM
PROM
Programmable read only memory

EPROM
Erasable programmable read only

memory
52
Magnetic Disk Storage
Most common form of secondary storage

Data is recorded on tracks in the form of tiny
magnetized spots
Thousands of bytes recorded on each track
53
Magnetic Disk Storage (continued)
Types of Magnetic Disks

Floppy disks
Zip disks
Hard disk drives
54
Magnetic Disk Storage (continued)
Redundant arrays of independent disks

(RAID)
Provides large capacities with high access speeds
Data are accessed in parallel over multiple paths
from many disks
Fault tolerant
Storage area networks (SANs)
Fiber channel LANs that connect many RAID

units
55
Magnetic Tape Storage
Used as secondary storage

Also used in robotic automated drive
assemblies
Lower-cost storage
Archival storage
56
Optical Disk Storage
CD-ROM
CD-R
CD-RW
DVD
DVD-ROM
DVD-RAM
57
Optical Disk Storage (continued)
Business applications
Image processing
Provide access to reference materials in a

convenient, compact form
videos
58
Discussion Questions
Do you agree with the statement: “The

network is the computer”?
What trends are occurring in the development

and use of the major types of computer
systems?
59
Discussion Questions (continued)
Do you think that network computers (NCs)

will replace personal computers (PCs) in
business applications?
Are networks of PCs and servers making

mainframe computers obsolete?
60
What trends are occurring in the development

and use of peripheral devices? Why are those
trends occurring?
When would you recommend the use of each
of the following:
Network computers
NetPCs
Network terminals
Information appliances in business applications
61
What processor, memory, magnetic disk

storage, and video display capabilities would
you require for a personal computer that you
would use for business purposes?
What other peripheral devices and capabilities

would you want to have for your business PC?
62
Real World Case 1 – City of Richmond & Tim Beaty Builders
The Business Value of PDAs
What are the business benefits of PDAs for

business applications?
What are the limitations of PDAs for business

use?
63
Real World Case 1 (continued)
The City of Richmond now wants to use tablet

PCs for some applications. What are the
advantages of tablet PCs over PDAs and
laptop PCs for business applications?
64
Will the convergence of PDAs, sub-notebook

PCs, and cell phones produce an information
appliance that will make all of those categories
obsolete?
65
Real World Case 2 – United Technologies & Eastman Kodak
The Business Case for Consolidating

Computer Operations and Systems
What are some of the business benefits that

United Technologies will gain from the
consolidation of its computer systems, data
centers, software, and help centers?
What limitations might there be?

66
What are the business benefits of

standardizing on selected models from one
manufacturer of desktop and laptop PCs as
UTC did with Dell and Kodak did with IBM?
What limitations might there be?
67
What are the business benefits of UTC’s policy

of “locking down” its new Dell PCs so
employees can’t download other software from
the Internet?
Do you agree with this policy?
68
Should a conglomerate like UTC with many

diverse companies standardize its PC
hardware and software and lock out
downloads of other software?
69
Real World Case 3 – Boscov’s, Winnebago, & WPS Health
Moving to Linux on the Mainframe
How can a mainframe run the equivalent of

hundreds of Linux server applications at the
same time?
70
Why can the total cost of ownership of

running Linux applications on the mainframe
be less than on Intel-based servers?
What other IT and business benefits may be

achieved?
71
What challenges or limitations can arise in

moving business applications from servers to
Linux on a mainframe?
72
Real World Case 4 – La-Z-Boy & Corporate Express
The Business Benefits of Server Consolidation
What are the business and technical benefits of

using multiple servers to run business
applications for a company?
73
What are the business and technical challenges

facing companies who depend on many
distributed server systems?
74

server consolidation initiatives?
What are the limitations of such a strategy?
75
Real World Case 5 – Los Alamos National Laboratory
The ROI of Blade Servers

using blade servers versus rack-mounted or
traditional servers?
76
What limitations or challenges might there be

in the use of blade servers?
77
When should a company consider using blade

servers?

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1

Identifythe major types and uses of

Outline the major technologies and uses of

Learning Objectives (continued)

Identifythe components and functions of a

Identify the computer system and peripherals

Computer Systems: End User and Enterprise

Types of Computer Systems

All computers are systems of input,

Three basic categories

Types of Computer Systems (continued)

Types of Computer Systems (continued)

Types of Computer Systems (continued)

The most important category of computers

Microcomputer Systems (continued)

Operating system ready

Microcomputer Systems (continued)

Microcomputer Systems (continued)

Network computers (continued)

Ease of software distribution and licensing

Computing platform standardization

Reduced end user requirements

Microcomputer Systems (continued)

Set-top boxes and video-game consoles

Cellular and PCS phones

Microcomputer Systems (continued)

Midrange Computer Systems

Multi-user systems that can manage networks

Popular as network servers

Mainframe Computer Systems

Large, fast, powerful

Handle high transaction processing volumes or

Superservers for large client/server networks

Popular for data mining and warehousing

Mainframe Computer Systems (continued)

Extremely powerful systems specifically

Process at speeds measured in gigaflops and

The Computer System Concept

Computers are organized according to the

Convert data into electronic form

The Computer System Concept (continued)

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Arithmetic-Logic Unit (ALU)

The Computer System Concept (continued)

Video display units

Audio response units

Convert electronic information into

The Computer System Concept (continued)

Storedata and software instructions

Primary storage unit (hard drive)

Optical disk drives

The Computer System Concept (continued)

The registers and other circuits of the

The Computer System Concept (continued)

Computer processing speeds

Microseconds (millionths of a second)

Nanoseconds (billionths of a second)

Picoseconds (trillionths of a second)

The Computer System Concept (continued)

Millions of cycles per second

Billions of cycles per second

Computer Peripherals: Input, Output, and

Identifythe major types and uses of

Outline the major technologies and uses of

Identifythe components and functions of a

Identify the computer system and peripherals

Computer Systems: End User and Enterprise

All computers are systems of input,

Three basic categories

The most important category of computers

Operating system ready

Network computers (continued)

Ease of software distribution and licensing

Computing platform standardization

Reduced end user requirements

Set-top boxes and video-game consoles

Cellular and PCS phones

Multi-user systems that can manage networks

Popular as network servers

Large, fast, powerful

Handle high transaction processing volumes or

Superservers for large client/server networks

Popular for data mining and warehousing

Extremely powerful systems specifically

Process at speeds measured in gigaflops and

Computers are organized according to the

Convert data into electronic form

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Arithmetic-Logic Unit (ALU)

Video display units

Audio response units

Convert electronic information into

Storedata and software instructions

Primary storage unit (hard drive)

Optical disk drives

The registers and other circuits of the

Computer processing speeds

Microseconds (millionths of a second)

Nanoseconds (billionths of a second)

Picoseconds (trillionths of a second)

Millions of cycles per second

Billions of cycles per second

Computer Peripherals: Input, Output, and

Generic name given to all input, output, and

Natural user interface

Optical scanning, handwriting recognition,

Used for entering data and text

Used in many hand-held computers and PDAs

Digitize,analyze, and classify your speech and

Read text or graphics and convert them into

Opticalcharacter recognition (OCR)

Sort mail, score tests

Hand-held optical scanning wands

Reads bar coding

Universal Product Code (UPC)

Magnetic stripe technology

Debit, credit, and other cards

Magnetic ink character recognition (MICR)

Liquid crystal displays (LCDs)

Spray ink onto the page one line at a time

Use an electrostatic process similar to a

Computer storage fundamentals

Computer storage fundamentals (continued)

Basic grouping of bits

Typically, a byte consists of 8 bits and

Computer storage fundamentals (continued)

Computer storage fundamentals (continued)

Direct and sequential access

Has a unique address

Can be individually accessed in approximately

Direct and sequential access (continued)

Does not have unique storage addresses

Data are recorded one after another in a

Primary storage of your computer

Shock and temperature resistant

Two basic types of semiconductor memory

RAM – random access memory

ROM – read only memory

Used for permanent storage

Can be read but not erased or overwritten

Programmable read only memory

Erasable programmable read only