IMPORTANT POINTS FOR PHASOR OF

TRANSFORMER

Transformer when excited at no load, only takes
excitation current which leads the working Flux by
Hysteretic angle α.

Excitation current is made up of two components, one
in phase with the applied Voltage V is called Core Loss
component (Ic) and another in phase with the working
Flux Ø called Magnetizing Current (Im).

Electromotive Force (EMF) created by working Flux
Ø lags behind it by 90 degree.

When Transformer is connected with a Load, it takes
extra current I’ from the Source so that N1I’ = N2I2
where I’ is called load componete of Primary Current I
1.
IMPORTANT POINTS FOR PHASOR OF
TRANSFORMER

So under load condition, I 1 = Primary Current, is
phasor Sum of I’ and Excitation Current Ie.
NO LOAD PHASOR OF A TRANSFORMER
NO LOAD PHASOR OF A TRANSFORMER

Working Flux Ø taken as Reference

Flux Ø
NO LOAD PHASOR OF A TRANSFORMER

Excitation Current Ie leading Ø by α.

Ie

Ø
NO LOAD PHASOR OF A TRANSFORMER

Induced EMF E1 and E2 lagging Flux by 90 degree.

Ie

E1, E2 = V2
NO LOAD PHASOR OF A TRANSFORMER

V1’ = -E1

V1’ = -E1

Ie
Ic
α
Im
Ø

E1, E2 = V2
NO LOAD PHASOR OF A TRANSFORMER

Voltage drop r1Ie in Primary.

V1’ = -E1 r1Ie

Ie
Ic
α
Im

E1, E2 = V2
NO LOAD PHASOR OF A TRANSFORMER
Voltage drop IeX1 in Primary due to reactance.

jIeX1

V1’ = -E1 r1Ie

Ie
Ic
α
Im
Ø

E1, E2 = V2
NO LOAD PHASOR OF A TRANSFORMER
Sourec Voltage V1 = V1’+r1Ie +jIeX1, phasor sum.
jIeX1
V1
r1Ie

V1’ = -E1

Ie
Ic
α
Im
Ø

E1, E2 = V2
NO LOAD PHASOR OF A TRANSFORMER
No load Power Factor = CosƟ
jIeX1
V1
r1Ie

V1’ = -E1

Ɵ Ie
Ic
α
Im
Ø

E1, E2 = V2
PHASOR OF A TRANSFORMER FOR
INDUCTIVE LOAD
PHASOR OF A TRANSFORMER FOR
INDUCTIVE LOAD

As load is inductive, secondary current will lag
secondary load voltage V2 by some angle.

r1 = Primary winding Resistance

X1 = Primary winding leakage Reactance

r2 = Secondary winding Resistance

X2 = Secondary winding leakage Reactance

PHASOR OF A TRANSFORMER FOR
INDUCTIVE LOAD

Working Flux Ø is taken as referance.

Ø
PHASOR OF A TRANSFORMER FOR
INDUCTIVE LOAD

Ie
α
Ø
PHASOR OF A TRANSFORMER FOR
INDUCTIVE LOAD

Ie
α
Ø

E1,E2
PHASOR OF A TRANSFORMER FOR
INDUCTIVE LOAD

V1’=-E1

Ie
α
Ø

E1,E2
PHASOR OF A TRANSFORMER FOR
INDUCTIVE LOAD

V1’=-E1

Ie
α
Ø
V2

E1,E2
PHASOR OF A TRANSFORMER FOR
INDUCTIVE LOAD

Working Flux Ø is taken as referance.

V1’=-E1
I1’
Ie
α
Ø
Ɵ2

I2
V2

E1,E2
PHASOR OF A TRANSFORMER FOR
INDUCTIVE LOAD

Working Flux Ø is taken as referance.

V1’=-E1
I1’ I1
Ie
α
Ø
Ɵ2

I2
V2

E1,E2
PHASOR OF A TRANSFORMER FOR
INDUCTIVE LOAD

Working Flux Ø is taken as referance.

I1r1
V1’=-E1
I1’ I1
Ie
α
Ø
Ɵ2

I2
V2

E1,E2
PHASOR OF A TRANSFORMER FOR
INDUCTIVE LOAD

Working Flux Ø is taken as referance.
jI1X1

I1r1
V1’=-E1
I1’ I1
Ie
α
Ø
Ɵ2

I2
V2

E1,E2
PHASOR OF A TRANSFORMER FOR
INDUCTIVE LOAD

Working Flux Ø is taken as referance.
jI1X1
V1
I1r1
V1’=-E1
I1’ I1
Ie
α
Ø
Ɵ2

I2
V2

E1,E2
PHASOR OF A TRANSFORMER FOR
INDUCTIVE LOAD

Working Flux Ø is taken as referance.
jI1X1
V1
I1r1
V1’=-E1
I1’ I1
Ie
α
Ø
Ɵ2

I2
V2
I2r2 E1,E2
PHASOR OF A TRANSFORMER FOR
INDUCTIVE LOAD

E2 = V2+I2r2+jI2X2, phasor sum
jI1X1
V1
I1r1
V1’=-E1
I1’ I1
Ie
α
Ø
Ɵ2

I2
V2
I2r2 E1,E2

jI2X2
PHASOR OF A TRANSFORMER FOR
INDUCTIVE LOAD

Primary Power Factor= Cos Ɵ1, angle between V1 &
I1. jI1X1
V1
I1r1
V1’=-E1
I1’ I1
Ɵ1 Ie
α
Ø
Ɵ2

I2
V2
I2r2 E1,E2

jI2X2
PHASOR OF A TRANSFORMER FOR
CAPACITIVE LOAD

As load is capacitive, secondary current will lead
secondary load voltage V2 by some angle.
PHASOR OF A TRANSFORMER FOR
CAPACITIVE LOAD

Working Flux Ø is taken as reference.

Ø
PHASOR OF A TRANSFORMER FOR
CAPACITIVE LOAD

Ie
α
Ø
PHASOR OF A TRANSFORMER FOR
CAPACITIVE LOAD

Ie
α
Ø

E1,E2
PHASOR OF A TRANSFORMER FOR
CAPACITIVE LOAD

V1’= -
E1

Ie
α
Ø

V2

E1,E2
PHASOR OF A TRANSFORMER FOR
CAPACITIVE LOAD

V1’= -
E1

Ie
α
Ø
Ɵ2
V2 I2

E1,E2
PHASOR OF A TRANSFORMER FOR
CAPACITIVE LOAD

V1’= -
I1’ E1

Ie
α
Ø
Ɵ2
V2 I2

E1,E2
PHASOR OF A TRANSFORMER FOR
CAPACITIVE LOAD

V1’= - I1
E1 I1’

Ie
α
Ø
Ɵ2
V2 I2

E1,E2
PHASOR OF A TRANSFORMER FOR
CAPACITIVE LOAD

I1r1
V1’= -
E1 I1

I1’

Ie
α
Ø
Ɵ2
V2 I2

E1,E2
PHASOR OF A TRANSFORMER FOR
CAPACITIVE LOAD
jI1X
I1r1
V1’= -
E1 I1

I1’

Ie
α
Ø
Ɵ2
V2 I2

E1,E2
PHASOR OF A TRANSFORMER FOR
CAPACITIVE LOAD
jI1X
I1r1 V1=V1’+I1r1+jI1X1, phasor
V1
sum
V1’= -
E1 I1

I1’

Ie
α
Ø
Ɵ2
V2 I2

E1,E2
PHASOR OF A TRANSFORMER FOR
CAPACITIVE LOAD
jI1X
I1r1 V1=V1’+I1r1+jI1X1, phasor
V1
sum
V1’= -
E1 I1

I1’

Ie
α
Ø
Ɵ2
V2 I2

I2r2
E1,E2
PHASOR OF A TRANSFORMER FOR
CAPACITIVE LOAD
jI1X
I1r1 E2=V2+I2r2+jI2X2, phasor
V1
sum
V1’= -
E1 I1

I1’

Ie
α
Ø
Ɵ2
V2 I2

I2r2
jI2X2 E1,E2
PHASOR OF A TRANSFORMER FOR
CAPACITIVE LOAD
jI1X
I1r1 E2=V2+I2r2+jI2X2, phasor
V1
sum
V1’= -
E1 I1

I1’ Ɵ1

Ie
α
Ø
Ɵ2
V2 I2

I2r2
jI2X2 E1,E2
PHASOR OF A TRANSFORMER FOR
RESISTIVE LOAD
PHASOR OF A TRANSFORMER FOR
RESISTIVE LOAD

For Resistive Load, load current will be in phase
with the load Voltage V2.
PHASOR OF A TRANSFORMER FOR
RESISTIVE LOAD

Working Flux Ø is taken as reference.

Ø
PHASOR OF A TRANSFORMER FOR
RESISTIVE LOAD

Ie
α
Ø
PHASOR OF A TRANSFORMER FOR
RESISTIVE LOAD

Ie
α
Ø

E1,E2
PHASOR OF A TRANSFORMER FOR
RESISTIVE LOAD

V1’= -E1

Ie
α
Ø

E1,E2
PHASOR OF A TRANSFORMER FOR
RESISTIVE LOAD

V1’= -E1

Ie
α
Ø

V2

E1,E2
PHASOR OF A TRANSFORMER FOR
RESISTIVE LOAD

V1’= -E1

Ie
α
Ø
I2

V2

E1,E2
PHASOR OF A TRANSFORMER FOR
RESISTIVE LOAD

V1’= -E1
I1’
Ie
α
Ø
I2

V2

E1,E2
PHASOR OF A TRANSFORMER FOR
RESISTIVE LOAD

V1’= -E1
I1
I1’
Ie
α
Ø
I2

V2

E1,E2
PHASOR OF A TRANSFORMER FOR
RESISTIVE LOAD

I1r1

V1’= -E1
I1
I1’
Ie
α
Ø
I2

V2

E1,E2
PHASOR OF A TRANSFORMER FOR
RESISTIVE LOAD
jI1X1

I1r1

V1’= -E1
I1
I1’
Ie
α
Ø
I2

V2

E1,E2
PHASOR OF A TRANSFORMER FOR
RESISTIVE LOAD
jI1X1
V1 V1=V1’+I1r1+jI1X1, phasor
I1r1
sum
V1’= -E1
I1
I1’
Ie
α
Ø
I2

V2

E1,E2
PHASOR OF A TRANSFORMER FOR
RESISTIVE LOAD
jI1X1
V1 I1r1

V1’= -E1
I1
I1’
Ie
α
Ø
I2

V2

I2r2
E1,E2
PHASOR OF A TRANSFORMER FOR
RESISTIVE LOAD
jI1X1
V1 I1r1 E2=V2+I2r2+jI2X2, phasor sum

V1’= -E1
I1
I1’
Ie
α
Ø
I2

V2

I2r2
E1,E2
jI2X2
COMMENTS? / QUESTIONS???