PHYSICS GRADE 12

SMA KESATUAN BANGSA

PHYSICS
Chapter 3

Thermal Properties of
Material
Learning Objectives:
• explain using a simple kinetic model for matter:
> the structure of solids, liquids and gases
> why melting and boiling take place without a change in temperature
> why the specific latent heat of vaporisation is higher than specific latent heat of fusion for the
same substance
> why a cooling effect accompanies evaporation
• define and use the concept of specific heat capacity, and identify the main principles of its
determination by electrical methods
• define and use the concept of specific latent heat, and identify the main principles of its
determination by electrical methods
• understand that internal energy is determined by the state of the system and that it can be
expressed as the sum of a random distribution of kinetic and potential energies associated with the
molecules of a system
• relate a rise in temperature of a body to an increase in its internal energy
• recall and use the first law of thermodynamics ΔU = q + w expressed in terms of the increase in
internal energy, the heating of the system (energy transferred to the system by heating) and the
work done on the system
SUMMARY
1. Kinetic Model of Matter • Melting & boiling occurs without change in
temp.:
- Temp. is a measure of random K.E. of the
particles
- At phase transition all energy used to break
bonds
- No change in K.E. occurs so temp. does NOT
change
• Cooling effect of evaporation:
- Particles which escape are those with
2. Melting, Boiling and Evaporating higher velocity so average KE of remaining
substance decreases
- Temp. = average KE ∴ overall temperature
decreases

3. Specific Heat Capacity and

Latent Heat
• Specific heat capacity: energy required
per unit mass of the substance to raise the
temperature by 1 Kelvin
Gold will already be past its m.p. so no need

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• Specific latent heat of sim: energy required
per unit mass of a substance to change from solid to
liquid phase without any change in temperature
• Specific latent heat of vaporization: energy
required per unit mass of a substance to change
from liquid to gas phase without any change in
temperature
• Specific latent heat of vaporization always greater
than
that of fusion for a given substance because:
- During vaporization, greater increase in volume
than
in fusion; thus more work done against atmosphere
- In vaporization, particles need to be separated
further
apart than in fusion so more work is done against
forces of attraction when vaporizing
Solution:
As mass is not provided, we will consider a mixture
of100g with the mass of gold 95g and silver 5g.
Firstly, calculate the energy required for silver to be
at the m.p. of gold
= Δ
0.005 × 235 × (1340 − (273 + 27))=1222 J
As silver is being heated past its m.p., it will also
melt
and change state ∴ energy required to change it
from solid to liquid is required i.e. latent heat of
fusion
= ×
105 × 103 × 0.005 = 525 J
The quantity of energy gold should initially have
must provide above calculated therefore
of Gold = 1222 + 525
rises. As the system is not providing heat,
to calculate heat of fusion, now using Δ
0.095 × 129 × Δ = 1747
Δ = 142.6
Initial temp. will obviously be above m.p. so
adding to the final temp. of gold
i.e. the m.p. Initial Temp. of Gold = 1340 +
142.6 = 1483 K
5.4 Internal Energy
• Internal energy: sum of random
distribution of kinetic and potential energies
of molecules in a system
Internal Energy = Total P.E. + Total
K.E.
• A rise in temperature of a body is an
increase in its internal energy
5.5 First Law of
Thermodynamics
• First law of thermodynamics: the
increase in internal energy of a system is
equal to the sum of heat supplied
to the system and the work done on the
system
Δ = +
o Δ : increase in internal energy of the
system
o : heat supplied to the system
o : work done on the system
Example Question:
Solution:
Part (i):
The gas is being compressed so work is being
done on the system ( = +) and when a
gas is compressed, its temperature
ii. there is a change in the internal energy as
water changes to steam The Ek of atoms is
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the gas itself is heating, ( = −). Overall, increase
in work done is balanced by the gas heating so net
remains 0 and internal energy unchanged ( = 0)
Part (ii):
The solid is being heated so ( = +). As the solid is
not expanding, ( = 0) and therefore there is an
increase in internal energy ( = +)
Part (iii):
The melting of ice requires heat energy provided so
( = +). No work is done on or by the system so
( = 0). Hence, there is a net increase so ( = +)
{S02-P04} Question 2:
Some water in a saucepan is boiling.
a) Explain why:
i. external work is done by the boiling water
Volume increases due to evaporation (turns into a
gas) hence work is done on pushing back the
atmosphere.
constant as there is no temp. change but Ep
changes because separation of atoms
increases so internal energy increases
because
Δ = +
b) By reference to the first law and your
answer in (a), show that thermal energy must
be supplied to the water during the boiling
process
Δ = +
Changing from a liquid to a gas, there is an
increase in internal energy. Work is done by
the liquid so is negative. For Δ to be
positive, must increase.

A. Solids, Liquids, and Gases, and Thermal (heat) Energy

Bell work!
1. Two states of matter are described as follows.

In state 1, the molecules are very far apart. They move about very quickly at
random in straight lines until they hit something.

In state 2, the molecules are quite closely packed together. They move about at
random. They do not have fixed positions.

What is state 1 and what is state 2?

Solids, Liquids, Gases

Complete the table below!
Solid Liquid Gas
Arrangement of
particles

Movement of
particles

Diagram

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Thermal (heat) Energy
Specific heat capacity

Specific heat of a substance is defined as the amount (quantity) of heat energy

required to raise the temperature of unit mass of that substance by one degree.
Symbol of specific heat is the letter "c".

From the definition of specific heat, we can write the heat needed to increase the
temperature of m grams of a substance by T.

Q = mcΔt=mcΔθ
Thermal (heat) capacity

Specific heat of a substance is defined as the amount (quantity) of heat energy

required to raise the temperature of the whole body by one degree

Q = CΔt=CΔθ

1. (a) State what is meant by the specific heat capacity of a substance.

........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
(b) A student carries out an experiment to find the specific heat capacity of
aluminium. He uses an electric heater and a thermometer, inserted into separate
holes in an aluminium block. The following data are obtained.

mass of aluminium block = 2.0 kg

power of heating element = 420 W
time of heating = 95s
initial temperature of block = 19.5 °C
final temperature of block = 40.5 °C

Calculate the value of the specific heat capacity of aluminium given by this
experiment.

specific heat capacity = ............................................. (Ans:950J /(kg°C))

33
Metal Authenticity Test
In this experiment you will learn how to check the authenticity of metal by
measuring specific heat capacity of metal.

Introduction
Specific heat is defined as the amount of energy necessary to produce a
temperature change of 1°C per gram of substance. The specific heats of different
substances vary, and therefore this quantity may be useful in identifying an
unknown. The measurement of heat changes is called calorimetry. In this lab,
calorimetry will be used to determine the specific heat of an unknown metal.

A calorimeter is insulated so as to minimize any loss of energy to the

surroundings. Therefore, when a heated piece of metal is placed into the calorimeter,
all of the energy should be accounted for. In other words, the energy released from
the metal should be gained by the water, with no loss to the surroundings. This is
based on the Law of Conservation of Energy, which states that energy is neither
created nor destroyed. We will assume no heat loss to the calorimeter.

Energy released by metal = Energy gained by water

There are five measurements that must be made to determine the specific heat of the
unknown metal:
1. Determine the mass of the piece of metal.
2. Heat the metal piece to a known temperature and measure this temperature
precisely. This is the initial temperature of the metal (around 70 0C-800C).
3. Determine the mass of the water in a calorimeter.
4. Measure the temperature of the water in the calorimeter. This is the initial
temperature of the water.
5. Place the metal piece into the water of the calorimeter and measure the highest
temperature reached by the water. This is the final temperature of both the metal
and the water.

Data
Mass of metal = __________________
Mass of water = __________________
Initial temperature of metal = __________________
Initial temperature of water = __________________
Final temperature = __________________

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 Analyze of Data
Spesific heat capacity

Percentage authenticity:

Conclusion:

__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

Latent heat

Phase Change
Matter on earth is normally found in three states: solid, liquid and gas. Transition
between these states is called phase change.

Spesific Latent heat of fusion (Lf) is the amount (quantity) of heat energy required to
convert unit mass of solid to liquid without any change in temperature. The unit of
Spesific Latent heat of fusion (Lf) is J/kg.

Q = mLf

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 Spesific Latent heat of vaporisation (Lv) is the amount (quantity) of heat energy
required to convert unit mass of liquid to vapor without any change in temperature.
The unit of Spesific Latent heat of vaporisation (Lv) is J/kg.

Q = mLv

1. a. State what is meant by the specific latent heat of fusion (melting) of a substance.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................

b. Ice cubes of total mass 70 g, and at 0 °C, are put into a drink of lemonade of mass
300 g. All the ice melts as 23 500 J of thermal energy transfers from the
lemonade to the ice. The final temperature of the drink is 0 °C.

(i) Calculate the specific latent heat of fusion for ice.

36
 specific latent heat of fusion = ...........................(Ans: 340J/kg OR 336J/g)

(ii) The thermal energy that causes the ice to melt is transferred from the
lemonade as it cools. The loss of this thermal energy causes the temperature of
the 300 g of the lemonade to fall by 19 °C. Calculate the specific heat capacity of
the lemonade.

specific heat capacity = ................................ (Ans: 4.1J/(g°C) OR 4100J/(kg°C)

Question:

1. In a heat calculation problem, if the problem asks about melting/freezing you would
multiply the mass times _______________________.
a. heat of fusion
b. heat of vaporization
c. or specific heat

2. In a heat calculation problem, if the problem asks about a change in temperature, you
would multiply the mass times ___________________ times the change in
temperature.
a. Heat of fusion
b. Heat of vaporization
c. Specific heat

3. In a heat calculation problem, if the problem asks about vaporizing/condensing of

steam, you would multiply the mass times __________________.
a. Heat of fusion
b. Heat of vaporization
c. Specific heat

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 Substance Hf(J/g) HV(J/g) Cp(J/g°C)

Copper 205 4,726 0.387

Ethyl alcohol 109 879 2.45

Gold 64.5 1,578 0.129

Lead 24.7 858 0.128

Silver 88 2,300 0.233

Water (g) 334 2,260 2.06

Water (l) 334 2,260 4.18

Water (s) 334 2,260 2.02

Use the table to answer the following.

4. 1 kcal = _________ cal = _________Cal = __________ joules

5. How many joules must be added to 10.0 g of water to raise its temperature from 10 oC
to 15oC?

6. How many joules are needed to heat 20.0 g of Au from 10 oC to 50oC?

7. A 5.0 g piece of metal is heated to 100oC, then placed in a beaker containing 20.0 g of
water at 10oC. The temperature of the water rises to 15oC. Assuming that heat
lost by the metal = heat gained by the water. Calculate the specific heat of the
metal.

8. How many joules are released as 5.00 g of Pb cool from 75oC to 25oC?

38
 9. How many joules are needed to completely melt 25 g of ice at 0 oC?

10. How many joules are released as 10.0 g of steam at 110oC cools to produce water at
25oC?

B. Internal Energy
In GCSE, you probably did an experiment where you took some ice, heated it
steadily with an electric heater and measured the temperature as time passed. You should
have got these results:

Even though you heated constantly, the temperature only rose sometimes. So where
was the heat going when the temperature wasn't rising?
Answer: it was being used to change the state of the water.

Remember in the energy topic we said that the energy of an atom was made up of two
components - Ek (kinetic energy) and Ep (potential energy). Well:

The Ek component relates to the temperature of the substance

The Ep component relates to the state of the substance.

So during times of increase of temperature (e.g. a, c and e from the graph) the heat
energy supplied is going into the Ek component of the internal energy.

And during changes of state (e.g. b and d) it's going to Ep. Because Ek isn't
changing during these times, the temperature remains the same.

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Internal Energy of gases
Kinetic energy can be in different forms. A diatomic gas molecule can have three
types of kinetic energy:
 Translational kinetic energy: Energy due to the motion of molecule as a whole.
This is the kinetic energy we are already familiar with. Formula is:
, where m0 is the total mass of molecule.
 Rotational kinetic energy: Energy of molecule due to the rotation about the center
of mass.
 Vibrational kinetic energy: Kinetic energy of oscillations about the center of mass.

Total internal energy of a diatomic gas can be written as:

Experiments show that some diatomic molecules do not vibrate at room

temperature. Oscillations start at high temperatures. For such molecules, only transla
tional and rotational energies contribute to total energy of a molecule at low
temperatures.
Monatomic gases consist of single-atom molecules. If we take a single atom as a
point mass, rotational KE of a molecule is zero; a point can not rotate around itself.
Vibrational KE of a molecule is also zero because there is no intra-molecular bond to
vibrate. The only contribution to the total kinetic energy of a molecule is from
translational KE.
Therefore total internal energy of a monoatomic gas sample can be written as:

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C. Laws of Thermodymanics

System and Surroundings

A system is a definite group of objects or substances that we choose. What is in the
system and what is out of it must be well specified. Everything out of the system
boundary is the surroundings of our system.

Closed system means there is no matter transfer between the system and its surroundings.
For an isolated system neither matter nor energy is transferred between the system and
surroundings. An open system allows both matter and energy transfers.

State of system
Three variables: pressure, volume and temperature are enough to describe the exact
condition of a gas sample. Specified values of P, V and T is called the state of a gas.

State variables are the variables which always have the same value when the system is in
a given state. Pressure, volume and temperature are state variables for a gas. Internal
energy is also a state variable as we shall see in this chapter.
Equilibrium state for a gas means temperature (hence the pressure and density) of the
gas sample have the same value throughout all the volume. When a gas sample is in
equilibrium, microscopic parameters - such as speed of a certain molecule- will change in
time. But macroscopic parameters involving average effects of many molecules - such as
pressure, temperature and volume - stay constant in time.

41
1st Law of Thermodynamics
Two ways of transferring energy to or from a system are heat and work. Using
conservation of energy, we can write,

Written in symbols:

Or

All terms in the expression can be positive or negative. Consider the gas sample above as
our system:
 ΔU is positive if internal energy increases. (Temperature increases).
 ΔU is negative if internal energy decreases. (Temperature decreases).
 Q is positive, if heat is added to system.
 Q is negative, if heat flows out of the system.
 W by gas is positive, if work is done by the gas, lifting the piston.
 W by gas is negative, if work is done on the gas, decreasing the volume.

42
Extra note: find work based on the graph and carnot engine.

43
Typical Exam Question:

A. Multiple Choice
1. Phase changes occur
A) as the temperature decreases.
B) as the temperature increases.
C) as the temperature remains the same.
D) all of the above

2. The heat required to change a substance from the solid to the liquid state is referred to
as the
A) heat of fusion.
B) heat of vaporization.
C) heat of melting.
D) heat of freezing.

3. The heat required to change a substance from the liquid to the vapor state is referred
to as the
A) heat of fusion.
B) heat of vaporization.
C) heat of evaporation.
D) heat of condensation.

4. When a solid melts

A) the temperature of the substance increases.
B) the temperature of the substance decreases.
C) heat energy leaves the substance.
D) heat energy enters the substance.

5. How much heat is needed to raise the temperature of 100 g of lead (c = 0.11 kcal/kg∙
C°) by 15C°?
A) 16.5 cal
B) 165 cal
C) 1500 cal
D) 15 kcal

6. A 4.0-kg aluminum block is originally at 10°C. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the

block, what is its final temperature?
A) 24°C
B) 34°C
C) 44°C
D) 54°C

7. Equal masses of water at 20°C and 80°C are mixed. What is the final temperature of
the mixture?
A) 40°C
B) 50°C
C) 60°C
D) 70°C

44
8. A person tries to heat up her bath water by adding 5.0 L of water at 80°C to 60 L of
water at 30°C. What is the final temperature of the water?
A) 34°C
B) 36°C
C) 38°C
D) 40°C
9. A person tries to heat up her bath water by adding 5.0 L of water at 80°C to 60 L of
water at 30°C. What is the final temperature of the water?
A) 34°C
B) 36°C
C) 38°C
D) 40°C

10. A 0.600-kg piece of metal is heated to 100°C and placed in an aluminum can of mass
0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at 17.3°C. The final equilibrium
temperature of the mixture is 20.2°C, what is the specific heat of the metal?
A) 140 J/kg∙C°
B) 270 J/kg∙C°
C) 450 J/kg∙C°
D) 900 J/kg∙C°

11. When the first law of thermodynamics, Q = ΔU + W, is applied to an ideal gas that is
taken through an isothermal process,
A) ΔU = 0
B) W = 0
C) Q = 0
D) none of the above

12. During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is removed from an ideal gas. What is the
change in internal energy?
A) zero
B) 2.5 J
C) 5.0 J
D) 10 J

13. During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is removed from an ideal gas. What is the
work done in the process?
A) zero
B) 5.0 J
C) -5.0 J
D) none of the above

14. An ideal gas is compressed isothermally from 30 L to 20 L. During this process, 6.0 J
of energy is expended by the external mechanism that compressed the gas. What is
the change of internal energy for this gas?
A) 6.0 J
B) zero
C) -6.0 J
D) none of the above

45
15. When the first law of thermodynamics, Q = ΔU + W, is applied to an ideal gas that is
taken through an isochoric process,
A) ΔU = 0.
B) W = 0.
C) Q = 0.
D) none of the above

16. In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a system decreases by 50 J. What is the
work done?
A) zero
B) 50 J
C) -50 J
D) none of the above

17. In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a system decreases by 50 J. What is the
heat exchange?
A) zero
B) 50 J
C) -50 J
D) none of the above

18. A gas is taken through the cycle illustrated here. During one cycle, how much work is
done by an engine operating on this cycle?

A) PV
B) 2PV
C) 3PV
D) 4PV

B. ESSAY
1. (a) The first law of thermodynamics can be represented by the expression ΔU = q
+ w. State what is meant by the symbols in the expression.

+ΔU............................................................................................................................
+q................................................................................................................................
+w...............................................................................................................................

(b) A fixed mass of an ideal gas undergoes a cycle ABCA of changes, as shown in
Fig. 2.1.

46
(i) During the change from A to B, the energy supplied to the gas by heating is
442 J. Use the first law of thermodynamics to show that the internal energy of the
gas increases by 265 J.

(ii) During the change from B to C, the internal energy of the gas decreases by 313
J. By considering molecular energy, state and explain qualitatively the change, if
any, in the temperature of the gas.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................

(iii) For the change from C to A, use the data in (b)(i) and (b)(ii) to calculate the
change in internal energy

change in internal energy = ........................................................J

47
 (iv) The temperature of the gas at point A is 227 °C. Calculate the number of
molecules in the fixed mass of the gas.

number = ...........................................................[2]
2. A constant mass of an ideal gas has a volume of 3.49 × 103 cm3 at a temperature
of 21.0 °C. When the gas is heated, 565 J of thermal energy causes it to expand to
a volume of 3.87 × 103 cm3 at 53.0 °C. This is illustrated in Fig. 2.1.

(a) Show that the initial and final pressures of the gas are equal.
(b) The pressure of the gas is 4.20 × 105 Pa. For this heating of the gas,
(i) calculate the work done by the gas

work done = ..................................................... J

(ii) use the first law of thermodynamics and your answer in (i) to determine the
change in internal energy of the gas.

change in internal energy = ..................................................... J

48
 (c) Explain why the change in kinetic energy of the molecules of this ideal gas is
equal to the change in internal energy.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

C. UN and SBMPTN type Question

UN 2017/2018

49
 UN 2016/2017

(2) UN Fisika 2009 P04 No. 18

Mesin Carnot bekerja pada suhu tinggi 600 K, untuk menghasilkan kerja mekanik. Jika mesin
menyerap kalor 600 J dengan suhu rendah 400 K, maka usaha yang dihasilkan adalah....
A. 120 J
B. 124 J
C. 135 J
D. 148 J
E. 200 J

(3) UN Fisika 2009 P45 No. 15

Perhatikan grafik P – V mesin Carnot di samping!

50
Jika kalor yang diserap (Q1) =10.000 joule maka besar usaha yang dilakukan mesin Carnot
adalah ...
A. 1.500 J
B. 4.000 J
C. 5.000 J
D. 6.000 J
E. 8.000 J

6. Pemanas A dapat menaikkan suhu 200 gram air sebesar 200C dalam waktu 105 detik.
Pemanas B yang berdaya 200 watt digunakan untuk memanaskan 200 gram air sebesar 20 0C
dalam waktu 140 detik. Jika pemanas B memiliki efisiensi 75% dari efisiensi pemanas A dan
kalor jenis air 4,2 J.g–1K–1 , daya pemanas A adalah ….
(A) 300 watt
(B) 280 watt
(C) 250 watt
(D) 220 watt
(E) 200 watt

7. Suatu bejana kokoh yang berisi gas ideal dikocok berulang-ulang. Manakah pernyataan
yang benartentang keadaan gas tersebut setelah dikocok?
(A) Temperatur gas bertambah meskipun energi dalamnya tetap.
(B) Temperatur gas bertambah tanpa gas melakukan usaha.
(C) Energi dalam gas berkurang karena sebagian berubah menjadi kalor.
(D) Gas melakukan usaha sebesar penambahan energi dalamnya.
(E) Temperatur gas bertambah sebanding dengan penambahan kelajuan molekul gas.

SBMPTN 2018

6. Sejumlah kalor diserap oleh es dengan massa 2 kg dan suhu -10°C. Jika kalor jenis es 2000
J/ kg°C dan massa air yang terbentuk 0,6 kg serta kalor lebur es 340 kJ/kg setelah terjadi
kesetim-bangan termal, maka kalor yang diserap adalah ....
(A) 516 kJ
(B) 476 kJ
(C) 244 kJ
(D) 204 kJ
(E) 40 kJ
7. Sebuah mesin kalor riil menyerap kalor 1250 joule dari reservoir yang temperaturnya T1 =
327°C dalam satu siklusnya. Dalam setiap siklus-nya, kalor sebesar 700 joule dilepaskan ke
reser-voir dengan temperatur T2 = 27°C. Nilai efisiensi mesin tersebut dibandingkan dengan
nilai efisiensi mesin Carnot yang bekerja pada reservoir yang sama adalah ....
(A) 0,22
(B) 0,44
(C) 0,53
(D) 0,63
(E) 0,88
SBMPTN 2017

51
ENRICHMENT

Heat Transfer and Expansion

1. Pemuaian
 Pemuaian Panjang Keterangan:
= panjang awal (m)
= pertambahan Panjang (m)
= panjang akhir (m)
= koefisien muai panjang (/°C)
2
 Pemuaian Bidang = Luas mula-mula (m )
= pertambahan Luas (m2)
= Luas setelah memuai (m2)
 = koefisien muai luas (/°C)
3
= Volume mula-mula (m )
 Pemuaian Volume = pertambahan Volume (m3)
= Volume setelah memuai (m3)
= koefisien muai volume (/°C)

Contoh Soal:

1. UN 2013 B. 4,50 cm 3 E. 112,5 cm 3

Pelat logam pada suhu 0 °C berukuran C. 11,25 cm 3
seperti pada gambar! Jawaban: C
Pembahasan:

(Muai panjang logam α = 17 × 10−6 °C−1 ).

Jika pelat dipanaskan sehingga suhunya
naik sebesar 40°C, maka luas logam
3. UN Fisika 2014
menjadi….
Sebatang baja bersuhu 45° C dipanaskan
A. 500,34 cm2 D. 506,80 cm2
2 sampai suhu 85° C sehingga panjangnya
B. 500,68 cm E. 534,50 cm2
2 menjadi 50,02 cm. Jika koefisien muai
C. 503,40 cm
panjang baja 1,0 × 10−5 ° C−1 , maka
Jawaban: B
panjang batang baja mula-mula adalah....
Pembahasan:
A. 50 cm D. 45 cm
;
; B. 48 cm E. 40 cm
=.... C. 46 cm
Muai luas: Jawaban: A
Pembahasan:
Data soal:

2. UN 2014
Gelas kaca yang berisi penuh dengan air
bersuhu 25 oC dipanaskan hingga
o
suhunya naik menjadi 100 C. Jika Pemuaian panjang, menentukan panjang
-5 o -
koefisien muai linear gelas 2 x 10 C awal:
1
dan koefisien muai volume air ( ) adalah
2,1 x 10-4 oC-1 maka volume air yang
tumpah adalah ….
A. 1,125 cm 3 D. 15,75 cm 3

52
2. Perpindahan kalor
a. Konduksi
 Perpindahan kalor secara konduksi
adalah perpindahan kalo dimana zat
perantaranya tidak ikut berpindah.
 Konduksi terjadi pada zat padat
 Besar kalor yang merambat persatuan
waktu
b. Konveksi
 Perpindahan kalor secara konveksi
adalah perpindahan kalor dimana zat
perantaranya ikut berpindah akibat
adanya perbedaan massa jenis atau
kerapatan zat.
 Perpindahan kalor secara konveksi
terjadi pada fluida (zat cair dan gas)

 Bila dua batang yang berbeda

jenisnya disambung, aliran kalor tiap c. Radiasi
waktunya akan sama. Besar kalor yang mengalir tiap satuan
waktu sebesar.

Keterangan :
= kalor yang merambat tiap detik (J/s)
= konduktivitas termal (W/m.K)
= koefisien konveksi (J/s.m2.K)
= luas permukaan (m2)
Jika maka: = perubahan suhu (°C)
= panjang penghantar (m)
= emisivitas : e = 1; penyerap sempurna
0<e<1
e = 0; penyerap paling jelek
 = konstanta boltzman (5,67x10-8 W/m2K4)

Contoh Soal:

1. UN Fisika 2009 2. UN Fisika 2011

Dua batang logam P dan Q disambungkan Batang logam yang sama ukurannya,
pada salah satu ujungnya dan pada ujung- tetapi terbuat dari logam yang berbeda
ujung yang lain diberi suhu yang berbeda digabung seperti pada gambar di bawah
(lihat gambar).
ini. Jika konduktivitas termal logam I = 4
kali konduktifitas logam II, maka suhu
pada sambungan kedua logam tersebut
Bila panjang dan luas penampang kedua adalah....
logam sama tapi konduktivitas logam P A. 45 °C D. 30 °C
dua kali konduktivitas logam Q, maka B. 40 °C E. 25 °C
suhu tepat pada sambungan di B C. 35 °C
adalah....
A. 20 °C D. 50 °C
B. 30 °C E. 60 °C
C. 40 °C
Jawaban: C Jawaban: B
Pembahasan: Pembahasan:
Diketahui: Diketahui:

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UN 2017/2018

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