SURFACE DRAINAGE AND DRAINAGE
ARRANGEMENTS EVOLUTION IN ROMANIA
Rareş HĂLBAC-COTOARĂ
Abstract: The paper present the history of
surface drainage and drainage works on Romania
territory, presenting evolution stages of these until 2004.
Conclusions will post some recommendations referring to
I. INTRODUCTION AND GENERAL PROBLEMS
The geographical placement of our country, the
climate and relief conditions contribute at Romania’s
territory obedience to nature hazarded behavior
deployed in time. Acad. M. Botzan mentioned the
existence of three types of hazards: geomorphologic,
hydrologic and climatic. These 3 types of hazards can
have individual manifestations but also over positioned
manifestations so the generated effects can be very
various in a wide domain, from minor damages to
disasters [23].
All this 3 types of hazards involve directly
problems connected with humidity excess.
Geomorphologic hazard can produce on terrain with
slopes local inundations, with torrential character.
Hydrological hazard has impact thru flow regime
variation and can produce on plain terrains flooding and
soil humidity excess. Climatic hazard, which has the
most variability in time, can produce thru the not
uniform repartition of temperatures and precipitations
humidity excess in soil respectively inundations [4, 8,
10, 21, 23].
In the last decades were done numerous
researches which emphasize that to each type of hazard
belong about 5 millions hectares but are areas which
action 2 or 3 types of hazards. Humidity excess is that
stage of soil humidity which overcomes soil field
capacity and tries to reach or reach almost the saturation
capacity. Fields with humidity excess are widely spread
in our country in numerous regions: Banat area, Danube
plain, Romanian plain, Transylvania hills and Moldova
hills [4, 8, 10, 21, 23].
Being given this context, the land reclamation
and improvement works, thru surface drainage and
drainage arrangements for humidity excess elimination,
have the role to control and attenuate the effects
produced by these hazards.
Land Reclamation and Improvement Departament, raresh_81@yahoo.com
problem of humidity excess elimination and the
perspectives of these types of hydroameliorative works.
Keywords: evolution, surface drainage, drainage,
perspectives, hydroameliorative works
According with ASAS researches, in Romania are 8.62
million hectares agricultural fields affected by humidity
excess from which 4.2 million hectares are affected by
temporary humidity excess from precipitations, 1.97
million hectares with permanent humidity excess caused
by water table and 2.45 million hectares with humidity
excess caused by inundations or infiltrations from water
courses [9, 26].
From these 8.62 million hectares, 52.55%
requests direct measures of drainage. Last dates (at level
of 2004, according to A.N.I.F.) indicate that are 8.8
million hectares which necessities ameliorative works
for hydric regime correction [13].
Drainage and surface drainage works belong to
land reclamation and improvement works. A system of
land reclamation and improvements is defined as it
follows: a distinguished hydraulic network of pipes,
channels, structures and pumps which can be used for
excess water evacuation from a field surface and to
transport the water to one or more specific points and
which include the field, buildings, equipment, afferent
road access and infrastructure, necessary to exploit,
maintain and repair the system. Surface drainage and
drainage arrangement is defined as a network at high
scale of structures, pumps, channels and pipes, which
can be used for water transport from one or more
surface drainage and drainage systems to a natural water
course and which include buildings, equipment, afferent
road access and infrastructure, necessary to exploit,
maintain and repair the arrangements.
According to Law 138/2004 with modifications
from 1.09.2004 and 25.07.2005, land reclamation and
improvement works had the following objectives [6]:
a) protection assurance of any field type and of
any construction category against floods, land
slides and erosions, lakes protection against
mudding and water courses regularization;
 b) assurance of an optimum soil humidity level
which to allow or to stimulate plants grow,
including grapes plantations, agricultural and
forestry lands;
c) Assurance of arid, salty and sandy soil
amelioration and protection against pollution.
2. SURFACE DRAINAGE AND DRAINAGE
ARRANGEMENTS EVOLUTION IN ROMANIA
Surfaces with different types of drainage
arrangement in Romania have a long history.
Roman agriculture is the one which, in order to
eliminate humidity excess, propose a series of works.
Latin agronomist’s recommendations for surface
drainage-drainage works realization began with II
century b.Ch.
M. Porcius Cato (The Censor 224 – 149 b. Ch.)
in his paper “De re rustica” propose that during the
rainy autumns to be opened the channels for water
evacuation from the fields with grains. He offered a
solution of underground drainage, with trapezoidal
ditches filled with rocks or with wood [23].
In the first half of the I st century, L. Junius
Moderatus Columella bring numerous appreciations
regarding hays irrigation and humidity excess
elimination from agricultural fields. In order to prevent
water excess in autumn sowing he proposes the early
opening of ditches for water evacuation, ditches directed
to the collector channels [23].
On the fields where wasn’t a permanent
humidity excess, drainage was made similarly with Cato
proposal, thru deep channels filled up with rocks or
wood in different quantities and percentages. These
solutions kept their viability in time, ditches from
autumn period, for sow works, being represented in
Transylvanian agriculture [23].
Traces of drainage and surface drainage works
can be found in diverse areas of ancient Dacia being
noticed from the Ist b.Ch. dams of defence against water
overflow these having therewith the roles and of
defence against the enemies, on the some valleys [20,
24].
To Sarmizegetusa Regia, the houses had
equipments of drinkable water catchment’s and
transport and of draining the water from precipitations.
For the evacuation of the water from precipitations
(which seemed that were rich in antiquity) and in order
to avoided their penetration in buildings, were dug
channels of drainages (surface drainage), most many
like small ditches. In the sacred zone were channels
from elements cut in stone of limestone [14, 15].
The occupation of Dacia by Roman Empire
brought into these territories the technology of the great
Empire. Besides the supply of the towns with water, the
necessities enforced by hygienic standards put the
problem of elimination the watery surplus from the
human activities and the abundant rains.
In this purpose, the towns were fitted with a
good drainage network channels. These channels
correspond to the nowadays surface drainage channels,
but in a primary form.
From II – III centuries stand as witness
channels with double function surface drainage –
irrigation from Haţeg area. In the XIII century were
executed surface drainage works in the swamp areas
from Bârsei country [20, 24].
Great hydrotechnical works began in the XVIII
century in Banat, the promoters being the Austrians [5,
24].
The historian Francesco Griselini indicate in
the XVIII century that the western part of Romania,
between rivers Aranca, Bega, Timiş and Bârzava was an
area with swamps with create unwholesome conditions
of populating the region, stopping the social and
economical development. All these conditions imposed
measures and water regularization works and surface
drainage arrangements [16].
In 1728, under the supervising of Florimund de
Mercy, military governor of Banat area, began
regularization works of River Bega and surface
drainages of swamps around Timişoara. Between 1728
and 1756 is regularized river Bega. 1840 – 1899 is the
period when function hydraulic association of land
owners named Association for Timiş and Beghei Valley
Regularizations [16].
Catastrophic floods between 1910 and 1912
emphasize the necessity of execution some important
works. Till 1944, hydroameliorative situation wasn’t
improved only in a small part, result of some local
arrangements.
Dammed works included a surface of about
622.000 hectares, being correlated with defence against
flooding of populated areas. A part of this surface was
arranged also with surface drainage and drainage works
(about 360.000 hectares).
After 1950, due to water pass restrictions
across frontiers appear as necessary completions and
modernizations works at surface drainage and drainage
arrangements which were closed to the state border [18].
From 1948, majority works were dimensioned
again and consolidated in order to increase the security
in defence, after that passing to the realization of large
surface drainage systems for the internal water excess Committee which elaborated “National Program
elimination. Regarding Elimination of Water Excess from
Starting with 1970 was adopted a program of Agricultural Fields and Struggle against the
complex arrangement for Banat area being realized the Inundations” [12].
most important surface drainage systems: Vinga – Biled The dynamics of surfaces arranged with works
– Beregsău (25.530 hectares), Checea – Jimbolia – of surface drainage until 1970 is presented in table 1
Aranca (over 55.000 hectares), Timişul Mort (about [18]:
20.000 hectares) [12, 17].
After the inundations from 1970, which had a
destructive effect, was constituted al national level a
Year Surface Table 1 Dynamics of surfaces arranged with works of
1944 358.000 hectares surface drainage until 1970
1950 368.000 hectares
1960 505.700 hectares Table 2 presents the situation of works for
1970 1.100.000 hectares humidity excess elimination and protection against
floods in 1975 [5, 18]:

Studied territory
Works role Total Romania (Romanian Plain, West Rest of the country
Plain, Inferior Siret Plan)
Existing % from Existing % din Existing % din
surface necessary surface necessary surface necessary
Arrangements against
erosion of
hydrographical basins 920*103 13 550*103 17 370*103 9
(ha)
Dammed surfaces (ha) 1520*103 51 1360*103 65 160*103 17
Accumulations for
flood attenuation (ha) 1470*103 15 830*103 12 640*103 22
Water courses
regularization(km) 2690*103 27 1290*103 20 1400*103 31
Surface drainage
works (ha) 2200*103 26 2000*103 40 200*103 5
Salty fields
amelioration (ha) 10*103 4 10*103 5 - -
Table 2 Situation of works for humidity excess elimination and protection against floods in 1975

Approximate surfaces from Romania (1974)

occupied by different fields with humidity excess at
surface, because of water table or flooding [19]

Field category Occupied surface

hectares % from surface
Fields with surface temporary humidity excess caused by precipitations:
- With humidity excessive extended 500000 2,1
- With excessive humidity of middle duration (from 1300000 5,5
which very clay soils 100000 hectares)
- With excessive humidity of short duration (from 800000 3,4
which very clay soils 350000 hectares)
- With excessive humidity of different duration 1600000 6,7
4200000 17,7
 Fields with humidity from water table:
- With strong excessive humidity (very clay fields 800000 3,4
100000 hectares)
- With weak moderated humidity ( from which
amfileic soils 40000 hectares) 920000 3,8
- With moderate strong humidity, with strong salinity
and alkaline 250000 1,1
1970000 8,3
Fields with excessive humidity caused by floods or infiltrations 2450000 10,3
8620000 36,3
Table 3 Surfaces from Romania, 1974, occupied by different fields with humidity excess at surface,
because of water table or flooding

According to Haret and collaborators, On heavy permeable soils, humidity excess

agricultural fields from Romania, in 1975, were divided
in 4 large groups [19]:
- Group 1: fields with temporary humidity excess,
with stagnant character caused by precipitations.
These fields occupied a total surface of 4.200.000
hectares.
- Group 2: fields with periodic humidity excess (with
temporary character and only partial permanent),
caused in principal by water table rising. They lay
on a surface of about 3.370.000 hectares.
- Group 3: fields with humidity excess
for extended period because of water table
predominance. The total surface of these fields is
550.000 hectares and they requests surface drainage
and underground drainage.
- Group 4: salty fields with humidity excess of
extended period, in special because of water table
strongly mineralized and find at a depth of 1 to 3
meters.
caused by water table is frequently associated with
temporary stagnant humidity excess from precipitations.
Haret and collaborators reach at conclusion that in 1975,
in Romania, from a total of 14.900.000 hectares which
represents agricultural surface, 8.620.000 hectares were
affected by humidity excess. From these, 7.000.000
hectares requests surface drainage and 3.200.000
hectares underground drainage.
In 1980, surface drainage and drainage works
occupied a surface of about 2.500.000 hectares and 5
years later reach at a surface of 3.000.000 hectares.
In 1987, for Timiş County, were done
proposals for land reclamation and improvement works
for period 1988 – 1990 and, at that time, the period of 5
years, 1991 – 1995. These proposals were based on
arrangement potential, the program for period 1982 –
1987 and works necessary for period 1991 – 1995. The
proposals were realized on 3 categories: irrigations,
surface drainage – drainage and soil erosion control.

Arrangement type Arrangement Preliminary Rest to be

potential arrangements at arranged
31.12.1987
Irrigations 100000 9557 90443
Surface drainage in low plain areas 443476 426918 16558
Completions in existing surface drainage systems – 341754 244875 96879
stage II
Surface drainage in upper river basins 27345 - 27345
Drainage – stage I 18742 6964 11778
Works of humidity excess elimination and agro-pedo- 102000 - 102000
ameliorative measures
Works for soil erosion control 105000 32232 72788
Table 4 the stage of realization for land reclamation and improvement arrangements at 31.12.1987 in Timiş
County [17]

Relief Timiş Caraş-Severin Arad Bihor Satu Mare county Total on

area county (ha) county (ha) county(ha county (ha) (ha) areas (ha)
 )
Plain 364000 57000 283000 207000 178000 1089000
Hills 80000 39000 39000 69000 27000 254000
Total 444000 96000 322000 276000 205000 1343000
Table 5 Soil situation from West Romania on which crop suffers directly because of humidity excess [17]

Relief Timiş Caraş-Severin Arad Bihor Satu Mare Toral on areas

zones county (ha) county (ha) county(ha county (ha) county (ha) (ha)
)
Plains 560000 25000 420000 380000 670000 2080000
Hills 110000 21000 73000 94000 39000 336000
Total 670000 46000 493000 474000 709000 2416000
Table 6 Soil situation from West Romania on which crops suffers indirectly damages because of humidity
excess [17]

For surface drainage were preview new
arrangements of about 9.043 hectares between 1988 and
1990 and 10.685 hectares for period 1991 – 1995 in
Timiş County. Also, were proposed for period 1991 –
1995 works for water excess elimination and agro-pedo-
ameliorative measures on vertisoils from Timiş County
on a surface of about 29.000 hectares [17].
Regarding the surface drainage works, were
taken in consideration completion works for existing
systems, which, from operational point of view, didn’t
resolve water evacuation from agricultural fields in a
proper mode. The surfaces proposed for completion
represented 18.724 hectares for period 1988 – 1990 and
56.791 hectares between 1991 and 1995.
Till 1990, after some important investments of
about 10 billion U.S. dollars, were realized land
reclamation and improvement arrangements composed
in principal by [9, 26]:
- 2.2 million hectares for soil erosion control;
- 3.2 million hectares with surface drainage –
drainage works for water excess struggle from
agricultural fields from which 157.000 arranged
with closed drainage. Before the surface drainage –
drainage works execution a part of this fields were
protected against floods by dammed arrangements
being realized 1.181 km of levees at Danube and
1.183 km of levees on interior rivers. Also for
defence against flooding and for water courses
regularization were executed 115 dams and polders,
and in the hills area about 1.100 lakes.
- 3.1 million hectares with irrigation arrangements.
In 1991, in Timiş County were in function the
following capacities: 473.998 hectares with surface-
drainage arrangements in large systems, 16.379 hectares
with irrigation systems respectively 39.916 hectares
with soil erosion control arrangements. In 2000,
periodical humidity excess affected about 3.9 million
hectares from which a large part was in the perimeters
with drainage works (3.2 million hectares) but didn’t
function with efficiency.
Researches realized in this domain had as
results maps with humidity excess at national and
county level.

Year Surfaces arranged [thousands hectares] with works of:

Dammed Irrigations Surface drainage Soil erosion control
1944 622,0 18,0 358,0 -
1950 642,0 42,5 368,1 2,0
1955 668,8 93,1 404,4 9,4
1960 827,1 199,6 505,7 100,0
1965 856,7 229,9 587,0 197,5
1970 1331,9 731,3 1111,4 435,3
1975 1455,2 1474,2 1965,5 983,1
1980 1545,0 2301,0 2462,5 1609,7
1985 - 2965,3 2948,8 2095,5
1990 - 3168,7 3168,7 2222,3
 1991 - 3125,8 3194,1 2282,4
1992 - 3197,2 3182,1 2264,4
1993 - 3202,3 3188,5 2253,4
1994 - 3202,8 3191,7 2267,9
1995 - 3205,2 3196,2 2267,8
1996 - 3211,1 3199,5 2279,1
1997 - 3190,6 3198,8 2276,2
1998 - 3184,0 3198,8 2276,5
1999 - 3179,8 3201,5 2276,9
Table 7 Dynamics of surfaces with land reclamation and improvement arrangements between 1944 and
1999 [8, 10]

The next table presents the surfaces with

agricultural fields affected by restrictive factors of
productive capacity at 31 December 2000.

Surface affected (thousands hectares)

Factor name
total arable
Drought 7100 -
From which irrigation arrangements 3211 -
Periodic humidity excess in soils 3781 -
From which with surface drainage and drainage arrangements 3196 -
Soil erosion because of water 6300 2100
From which with soil erosion control arrangements 2274 -
Table 8 surfaces with agricultural fields affected by restrictive factors of productive capacity at 31
December 2000 [8, 10].

In 2004, the surface arranged with surface 12 of the branches of National Administration
drainage works under A.N.I.F. authority includes Land Reclamation and Improvement dispose of surface
3.085.245 hectares. From these, 1.463.927 hectares drainage and drainage arrangements.
were arranged for water evacuation thru pumping and The next table presents a situation with the
the difference of about 1.6 million hectares for main constructions in surface drainage arrangements in
gravitational evacuation. The number of surface 2004 and after will be presented a map representing the
drainage-arrangement was 443. areas with surface drainage and drainage arrangements
at national level in the same year.
Evacuation channels from which: 56.565 km
- collectors and principals 25.695 km
- secondary 27.662 km
Evacuation pumping stations 756 pieces
- electric power 713 pieces
- thermo power 43 pieces
Bridges and small bridges 33.477 pieces
Dams 976 pieces
Collecting and absorbing drains 39.645 pieces
Table 9. Main constructions in surface drainage arrangements in 2004 [13]
 Figure 1 Map with surface drainage and drainage arrangements [13]
3. DRAINAGE PERSPECTIVE IN ROMANIA
The floods from 2005 emphasize the necessity
of review the problems existing in surface drainage and
drainage systems in Romania.
Being design according to a specific surface
drainage flow computed in 1960 – 1970, and as a result
of global changes from climatic point of view which
bring large quantities of precipitations, these systems
are no more able to evacuate the excess of water. The
afferent pumping stations of these systems must be
adapted to these new conditions in order to permit the
evacuation of water for precipitations and flooding.
Are imposed new measures of rehabilitation
and modernization for these pumping stations, to
increase the installed flow by adapting the existing
pumps. Another solution, already applied, is to install
new submersible pumps which will function in parallel
with the existing ones. The solution is very expensive
and not all the time has the necessary efficiency. An
ingenious solution preview constructive changes at
engines and pumps thru their capsulation in order to be
able to function in flooded conditions [26].
Given being the important percent of humidity
excess fields in agricultural frame and because of the
large number of social and economical objectives find it
out in these areas, the problem of surface drainage and
drainage works in a very important one.
The zoning of humidity excess affected fields
is a first step necessary during the process of knowledge
at a detailed level of natural and anthropical conditions
regarding the appearance and development of this
phenomenon. Also, will be established measures
and amelioration plans of these areas at system and
hydrographical basins level considering the
interdependency between the works which are forming
complex land reclamation and improvement systems.
Studies obtained thru researching the characteristics of
humidity excess affected zones will allow developing
subsequently a strategy of development for drainage
works and also the opportunity to apply this strategy.
The strategy in surface drainage and drainage
domain will have to take in consideration the following
aspects [8, 10]:
- ecological aspect for new arrangements but also for
the existing ones taking the necessary measures to
ecologies them;
- new evaluation of existing arrangements in order to
establish opportunities for bringing new
technologies but also considering the connection
drainage – irrigation in condition of rising irrigation
efficiency;
- analyses from economical point of view of salty
areas, with land slides respectively sandy for
establishing the opportunity of applying land
reclamation and improvement works;
- Establishing the opportunity of previewing,
financing and implementing monitoring works for
land reclamation and improvement systems;
- Will be granted a special attention to the existing
arrangements for their exploitation thru an
regulations periodically adapted to requests,
realizing reparations and maintenance works
according to actual standards and also organizing
an efficient supervising and protection system for
existing works;
- Surface drainage and drainage works will be
correlated with rural development plans by
reconsidering the organization of agricultural field;
- Works designed with more than 8 - 10 years ago
and this not realized will have to be adapted at
actual situation before will start their execution;
- Efficiency must be the factor which govern all the
activities from surface drainage and drainage works
domain;
- Experimental fields will have to be reintroduce or,
after case, rehabilitated in order to give more
accuracy to the researches from this domain;
- Legislation from this domain will have to be
restructured from economic and financial point of
view in order to allow surface drainage and
drainage works financing from many sources as
possible and in an efficient mode.

Year 2005 Year 2006 Year 2007 Year 2008 Total

Surface drainage 113514 110319 170000 150000 513833
Soil erosion control 19291 30000 70000 65000 144291
Flooding defence 8545 15000 45000 40000 108545
Table 10 the costs evaluation of administration, maintenance, repairing and exploiting in land reclamation
and improvement arrangements 2005 – 2008 (thousands RON) [13]

In order to realize this strategy, will be specialized institutions, directly involved in the surface
elaborated ample studies which must be realized by drainage and drainage works.

4. BIBLIOGRAPHY:
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