Chi Square

Inferential Statistics

Inferential statistics is used to make inferences about the characteristics of

the population based on the characteristics of the sample.

The Chi-Square Test

It is a non-parametric test used to determine the differences in two

categorical variables. Using SPSS, the procedure is as follows:

Analyze
Descriptives
Crosstabs
Highlight the variables and move to Row and Column
Statistics
√ Chi-Square
OK

Consider the research question below then study how chi-square test is
applied.

1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1 gender,
1.2 highest educational attainment, and
1.3 socio-economic status?
2. Is there a significant difference between the respondents’ gender and
highest educational attainment?
3. Is there a significant difference between the respondents’ gender and
socio-economic status?
4. Is there a significant difference between the highest educational
attainment and socio-economic status of the respondents?

Consider the data listed on the next page.

Gender Code HEA Code SES Code
Male 1 Elementary 1 Above 3
Male 1 College 3 Average 2
Female 2 College 3 Below 1
Male 1 Masters 4 Below 1
Male 1 Masters 4 Below 1
Female 2 College 3 Above 3
Female 2 Elementary 1 Average 2
Male 1 Elementary 1 Average 2
Male 1 Secondary 2 Above 3
Female 2 College 3 Below 1
Female 2 Masters 4 Above 3
Female 2 Doctorate 5 Below 1
Female 2 Doctorate 5 Below 1
Male 1 Elementary 1 Above 3
Female 2 Secondary 2 Average 2
Male 1 College 3 Average 2
Male 1 College 3 Below 1
Female 2 Secondary 2 Above 3
Female 2 Secondary 2 Above 3
Male 1 College 3 Below 1

On the next page is the SPSS output.

Work Sheet

Gender * Highest Educational Attainment

Observed Frequencies

Gender Elem Second College Masters Doctorate Total

Male 3 1 4 2 0 10
 Female 1 3 3 1 2 10
4 4 7 3 2 20

Computation of the Expected Frequencies

Male vs Elementary Female Vs Elementary

C1=RT x CT/GT C1=RT x CT/GT
C1=10x4/20=2 C1=10x4/20=2
Male vs Second Female vs Second
C2=RT x CT/GT C2=RT x CT/GT
C2=10x4/20=2 C2=10x4/20=2
Male vs College Female vs College
C3=RT x CT/GT C3=RT x CT/GT
C3=7x10/20=3.5 C3=7x10/20=3.5

Male vs Masters Female vs Masters

C4=RT x CT/GT C4=RT x CT/GT
C4=3x10/20=1.5 C4=3x10/20=1.5

Male vs Doctorate Female vs Doctorate

C5=RT x CT/GT C5=RT x CT/GT
C5=2x10/20=1 C4=3x10/20=1.5

Continuation of the Worksheet:

Status O E O-E (O - E) sqd. (O – E) sqd /

2/E
Male E 3 2 1 1 .5
Male S 1 2 -1 1 .5
Male C 4 3.5 .5 0.25 .071
Male M 2 1.5 .5 0.25 0.17
Male D 0 1 -1 1 1
Female E 1 2 1 1 0.5
Female S 3 2 -1 1 0.5
Female C 3 3.5 .5 0.25 .071
Female M 1 1.5 .5 0.25 .17
Female D 2 1 -1 1 1

Final Answer: /____4.462___/

Chronbach 10 people 20 questions

CHI Square