An Assignment

On
Listen to the attached video and write what you understand
Course Title: English Language-11: Listening & Speaking

Course code: LL.B-1123

Submitted To
Kamrun Nahar Shila
Senior Lecturer Faculty
Department of Law
North Western University
Khulna

Submitted By
Mst: Shayla Akter
ID NO: 20201025106
1st Year 1st Semester
North Western University, Khulna
Spring 2020
Department of Law

North Western University

Date of submission: 23 August, 2020
Introduction: Global Warming is the Increase of average world temperatures as a result of
what is known as the greenhouse effect .Certain gases in the atmosphere act like glass in a
greenhouse, allowing sunlight through to heat the earth’s surface but trapping the heat as it
radiates back into space . As the greenhouse gases build up in the atmosphere the Earth gets
hotter. This process is leading to a rapid change in climate, also known as climate change.
Greenhouse gases have far ranging environmental and health effects. They cause climate
change by trapping heat, and they also contribute to respiratory disease from smog and air
pollution. Extreme weather, food supply disruptions, and increased wildfires are other effects
of climate change caused by greenhouse gases. This website provides a high-lvel overview of
some of the known causes, effects and indications of global climate change:- Evidence:- Brief
descriptions of some of the key scientific observations that our planet is undergoing atrupt
clime change. Effects:- A look some of the likely future effects of climate change, including
U.S. regional effects.

Background: Global Warming: The Earth is warming up, and humans are at least partially to
blame. The causes, effects, and complexities of global warming are important to understand
so that we can fight for the health of our planet .Global warming is the long-term warming of
the planet’s overall temperature. Though this warming trend has been going on for a long
time, its pace has been significantly increased in the last hundred years due to the burning of
fossil fuels. As the human population has increased, so has the volume of fossil fuels burned
gas, and burning them causes what is known as the “greenhouse effect” in Earth’s
atmosphere?

The greenhouse effect is when the Sun’s rays penetrate the atmosphere, but when that heat is
reflected off the surface cannot escape back into space. Gases produced by the burning of
fossil fuels prevent the heat from leaving the atmosphere. These greenhouse gasses are
carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, water vapor, methane, and nitrous oxide. The excess
heat in the atmosphere has caused the average global temperature to rise overtime;
atmosphere has caused the average global temperature to rise overtime, otherwise known as
global warming.

Weather Global Warming and Climate Change:- “climate change” “ global warming” are
often used interchangeably but have distinct meanings. Similarly, the terms “weather” and
“climate” are sometimes confused, thought they refer to events with broadly different spatial-
and timescales.
What is Global Warming:- Global warming is the long-term heating of Earth’s climate
system observed since the pre-industrial period (between 1850 and 1900 ) due to human
activities, primarily fossil fuel burning, which increases heat- trapping greenhouse gas levels
in Earth’s atmosphere. The term is frequently used interchangeably with term climate change,
though the latter refers to both human-and activities, primarily fossil fuel burning, which
increases heat- trapping greenhouse gas levels in Earth’s atmosphere. The term is frequently
used interchangeably with the term climate change, thought the latter refers to both human-
and naturally produced warming and the effects it has on our planet. It is most commonly
measured as the average increase in Earth’s global surface temperature. Since the pre-
industrial period, human activities are estimated to have increased Earth’s global average
temperature by about 1 degree Celsius (1.8 degrees Fahrenheit), a number that is currently
increasing by 0.2 degrees Celsius (0.36 degrees Fahrenheit) per decade. Most of the current
warming trend is extremely likely (greater than 95 percent probability) the result of human
activity since the 1950s and is proceeding at an unprecedented rate over decades to millennia.
What is Climate Change?:- Climate change is a long-term change in the average weather
patterns that have come to define Earth’s local, regional and global and range of observed
effects that are synonymous with the term. Changes observed in Earth’s climate since the
early 20th century are primarily driven by human activities, particularly fossil fuel burning,
which increases heat-trapping greenhouse gas levels in Earth’s atmosphere, raising Earth’s
average surface temperature. These human- produced temperature increases are commonly
referred to as global warming. Natural processes can also contribute to climing change ,
including internal variability and external forcing.

Effect of Global Warming :- Global warming is expected to have far-reaching, long-lasting

and , in many planet Earth. Global warming , the gradual of Earth’s surface, oceans and
atmosphere, is caused by human activity, primarily the burning of fossil fuels that pump
carbon dioxide (CO2), methane and other greenhouse gasses into the atmosphere. Despite
political controversy about climate change, a ,ajor report release Sept. 27, 2013, by the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) stated that scientists are more certain
than ever of the link between human activates and global warming. More than 197
international scientific organizations agree that global warming is real and been caused by
human action. Already, global warming is having a measurable effect on the planet. “We can
observe this happening in real time in many places. Ice is melting in both polar ice caps and
mountain glaciers. Lakes around the world, including Lake Superior, are warming rapidly—
in some cases faster than the surrounding environment. Animals are changing migration
patterns and plants are changing the dates of activity,” such as trees budding their leaves
earlier in the spring and dropping them later in the fall, josef Werme, a professor of geology
and environment science at the University of Pittsburgh, told Live Science.

Increase in average temperatures and temperature extremes:- One of the most immediate
and obvious effects of global warming is the increase in temperatures around the world.The
average global temperature has increased by about 1.4 degrees Fahrenheit (0.8 degrees
Celsius) over the past 100 years, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA).

Since record keeping began in 1895, the hottest year on record worldwide was 2016,
according to NOAA and NASA data. That year Earth’s surface temperature was 1.78 degrees
F (0.99 degrees C) warmer than the average across the entire 20th century. Before 2016 2015
was the before 2015? Tep, 2014. In fact, 16 of the 17 warmest years on record have happened
since 2001, according to NASA. For the contiguous United States and Alaska, 2016 was the
second- warmest year on record and the 20th consecutive year that the annual average surface
temperature exceeded the 122- year average since record keeping began, according tp
NOAA.

What is the Greenhouse Effect National Geographic? :-The greenhouse effect happens
when certain gases, which are known as greenhouse gases, accumulate in Earth’s atmosphere.
Greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide (CO2) , methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O),
ozone (O3), and fluorinated gases. Greenhouse gases allow the sun’s light to shine onto
Earth’s surface, and then the gases, such as ozone, trap the heat that reflects back from the
surface inside Earth’s atmosphere. The gases act like the glass walls of a greenhouse—thus
the name, greenhouse gas. According to scientists, the average temperature of Earth would
drop from 14degree C (57 degree F) to as low as -18 degree C (-0.4 degree F), without the
greenhouse effect. People add methane to the atmosphere through livestock farming ,
landfills, and fossil fuel production such as coal mining and natural gas proceeding. Nitrous
oxide comes from agriculture and fossil fuel burning. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydro
chlorofluorocarbons .They are produced during the manufacturing of refrigeration and
cooling products and through aerosols.
Causes of global warming: - Global warming is an aspect of climate change, referring to the
long-term rise of the planet’s temperatures .It is caused by increased concentrations of
greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, mainly from human activities such as burning fossil
fuels, deforestation and farming.

Burning fossil fuels: - When we fossil fuels like coal, oil and gas to create electricity or
power our cars, we release CO2 pollution the atmosphere. Australians are big producers of
CO2 pollution compared to the rest of the world. Our level of CO2 pollution per person is
nearly double the average of their developed nations and more than four times the world
average. Electricity generation is the main cause of carbon pollution in Australia as 73% of
our electricity comes from burning coal and 13% from burning gas .The remaining 14%
comes from renewable energy sources such as hydro, solar and wind. Which do not emit
carbon?

2. Deforestation & Tree- Clearing:- Plants and trees play an important role in regulating the
climate because they absorb carbon dioxide from the air and release oxygen back into it.
Forests and bush land act as carbon sinks and are a valuable means of keeping global
warming to 1.5 degree C.But human’s clear vast areas of vegetation around the world for
farming, urban and infrastructure development or to sell tree products such as timber and
palm oil. When vegetation is removed or burnt, the stored carbon is released back into the
atmosphere as CO2, contributing to global warming.

Up to one-fifth of global greenhouse gas pollution comes from deforestation and forest
degradation.

3. Agricultural & Farming: - animals, particularly livestock like sheep and cattle, produce
methane, a greenhouse gas. When livestock are amount of methane produced is a big
contributor to global warming.

Some fertilisers that farmers use also release nitrous oxide, which is another greenhouse gas.

Australian farming contributes 16% of our total greenhouse gas emissions.

Energy sector Produces the Most Greenhouse Gas Emission The:- Energy consumption is
by far the biggest source of human- caused greenhouse gas emission, responsible for a
whopping 73% worldwide. The energy sector includes transportation, electricity and heat,
buildings, man ufacturing and other fuel combustion. The other top sectors that produce
emissions are agriculture, such as livestock and crop cultivation (12%); land use, land-use
change and forestry , such as deforestation (6.5%); industrial processes of chemicals, cement
and more(5.6%); and waste, including landfills and waste water (3.2%). Within the energy
sectoe, generation of heat and electricity is responsible for most emissions (15 GtCO2e in
2016, or 15% of total emissions) and manufacturing and construction (6.1 GtCO2e, or 12%
of total emissions).

Conclusion:- Nevertheless, the conclusion is that natural systems around the world are being
affected by regional clime change , particularly temperature increases are very likely to be the
result of anthropogenic emission of greenhouse gases. A new development in the IPCC
Fourth Assessment was the introduction of a chapter dedicated to observed and measurable
impacts. The author team of this chapter examined more than 29 000 environmental data
series and found that 89 per cent of these exhibited trends consistent with warming. Most of
the available data are terrestrial, rather than oceanic, and are concentrated in Europe and
North America, leading to difficulties in drawing a global picture. Nevertheless, the
conclusion is that natural system around the world are being affected by regional climate
change, particularly temperature increases are very likely to be the result of anthropogenic
emissions of greenhouse gases. Most evident are reductions in snow, ice and frozen ground,
which, in turn, are leading to enlargement and increased numbers of glacial lakes, and
increased ground instability in permafrost and mountain regions. Although the greatest
reduction in ice extent has occurred in the Arctic, some of the most obvious has been in
tropical maintain environments such as on Mt Kilimanjaro (Figure 1).

There is extensive evidence that recent warming is extensive evidence that recent warming is
striungly affecting terrestrial biological system, including such changes as earlier timing of
spring events (e.g. leaf unfoloding , bird migration and egg laying; and shifts in ranges of
plant and anumal species).Other effects of regional climate change on natural and human
enviornments are emerging , although many are difficult to discern due to adaptation and
non-climatic trends such as land-use change .These include earlier spring planting of crops,
increase and warmer and drier conditions in the Sahel, leading to a reduced length of growing
season.