4-Electrical Machines-II

Semester-V
Electrical
Machines-II
EEE_Semester-V_Ch04.indd 1 4/19/2014 3:23:11 PM

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EEE_Sem-VI_Chennai_FM.indd iv 12/7/2012 6:40:43 PM

B.E./B.Tech. DEGREE EXAMINATION,
NOV/DEC 2013
Fifth Semester
Electrical and Electronics Engineering
ELECTRICAL MACHINES-II
Time: Three hours Maximum: 100 marks
Answer ALL questions
PART A (10 × 2 = 20 marks)
1. What is meant by armature reaction in Alternator?
2. Define the term voltage regulation of Alternator.
3. What is meant by hunting of a synchronous motor?
4. What are the uses of damper winding in synchronous motor?
5. Why are the slots on the cage rotor of induction motor usually skewed?
6. Define slip of an induction motor.
7. What are the different methods of starting 3-phase induction motor?
8. What is meant by slip power recovery scheme?
9. What are inherent characteristics of plain 1-phase induction motor?
10. State the double revolving field theory.
PART B (5 × 16 = 80 marksS)
11. (a) (i) Derive an expression for the emf induced in an Alternator. (8)
(ii) A 3-phase 16 pole alternator has star connected winding with
144 slots and 10 conductors per slot. The flux per pole is 0.04
wb and is distributed sinusoidally. The speed is 375 rpm. Find
the frequency, phase emf, and line emf. The coil span is 120°
electrical. (8)

4.4 B.E./B.Tech. Question Papers
Or
(b) List the methods used to pre determine the voltage regulation of
synchronous machine and explain the MMF method. (16)
12. (a) The synchronous reactance per phase of a 3-phase, star connected
6600 V synchronous motor is 20Ω. For a certain load the input
is 900 kW at normal voltage and the induced line emf is 8500 V.
Determine the line current and power factor. (16)
Or
(b) (i) Explain V curves and inverted V curves of a synchronous motor.
(8)
(ii) Draw and explain the equivalent circuit and phasor diagram of a
cylindrical rotor synchronous motor operating at different power
factors. (8)
13. (a) Draw the circle diagram of a 15 hp, 230 V, 50 Hz, 3-phase slip-ring
induction motor with a star connected stator and rotor. The winding
ratio is unity. The stator resistance is 0.42Ω/phase and the rotor
resistance is 0.3Ω/phase. The following are the test readings,
No load test: 230 V, 9A, p.f. = 0.2143
Blocked rotor test: 115 V, 45 A p.f. = 0.454
Find
(i) Starting torque
(ii) maximum torque
(iii) maximum power factor
(iv) slip for maximum torque
(v) maximum power output. (16)
Or
(b) (i) Describe the construction and principle of operation of a 3-phase
induction with neat sketch. (10)
(ii) Derive the condition for maximum torque in 3-phase induction
motor. (6)
14. (a) With neat diagrams, explain working of any two types of starter used
for 3-phase squirrel cage induction motor. (16)

Electrical Machines-II (Nov/Dec 2013) 4.5
Or
(b) (i) Explain the speed control of 3-phase wound rotor induction
motor by rotor resistance method. (8)
(ii) Explain in details the slip recovery scheme. (8)
15. (a) Explain with suitable diagram the working principle of split-phase
and capacitor start induction motor. (8+8)
Or
(b) Discuss briefly the operation and characteristics of
(i) Repulsion motor. (8)
(ii) AC series motor. (8)

Solutions
Electrical Machines II
Nov/Dec 2013
PART A
1. Due to connection of load to alternator, current flows through the armature winding, which establishes
its own flux. In the air gap there are two fluxes—one due to the current through the field winding
known as main flux and the other due to the current through the armature known as armature flux. The
effect of armature flux on main flux is known as armature reaction.
2. It is defined as increase in terminal voltage, when full load is thrown off, assuming field current and
the speed remains the same.
E0  V
%R   100
V
where,
E0 – No load terminal voltage

V – full load rated terminal voltage
3. When a synchronous motor is used for driving a fluctuations load, the rotor starts oscillating about its
new position equilibrium corresponding to the new load called hunting (or) phase winding
4. Damper windings are used in motors to provide better starting characteristics. At low speed, the high
reactance of low-resistance windings forces the current to flow through the high resistive winding,
which produces a high torque.
5. (i) To make the motor run quitely by reducing the magnetic form
(ii) To reduce the locking tendency of the rotor.
6. The slip of an induction motor is defined as the ratio of difference between synchronous speed (Ns) and
rotor speed (N) to synchronous speed
N  Nr
S s  100
Ns
7. 1. DOL starter
2. Primary resistance starter
3. Auto transformer starter
4. Star-Delta starter
5. Rotor resistance starter
8. This system is mainly used for speed control of slip ring induction motor. The speed of slip ring
induction motor can be controlled either by varying the stator voltage or by controlling the power flow
in the rotor circuit.
9. A plain 1-phase Induction motor does not have any starting torque but, if the rotor is initially given a
starting torque, the motor can pick up its speed in a direction at which the initial torque is given and
deliver the required output.
10. Any alternating Quantity can be resolved into two Quantities which rotate in opposite directions and
have half of magnitude. The alternating flux ( m φ ) produced in the 1φ . induction motor can be
 
represented by two revolving fluxes, each of equal to half the value of  m  the alternating flux and
 2 
each rotating synchronously. Thus the alternating flux can be looked upon as composed of two
revolving fluxes, each of half the values and revolving synchronously in opposite direction
PART B
11 (a) (i) Refer Q. no. 11 (a) (i) Nov/Dec 2011
11 (a) (ii)
11 (b) Methods used to predetermine th voltage regulation in synchronous machine are

1. Syndhronous impedance/EMF method
2. MMF/Ampere turn method
3. Potier or Zero power factor method
MMF/ Ampere turns method:
Ampere-turn Method
This method is the converse of the emf method. In the synchronous impedance method, the effect of
armature reaction is replaced by a fictitious reactance. In this method, the effect of armature leakage
reactance is replaced by an equivalent armature reaction mmf, which may be combined with the armature
reaction mmf (Far). In this method, the effect of winding impedance and armature reaction is equivalent to
ampere-turns, and hence this is called the mmf method. The required data for calculation of regulation are
obtained from the open- and short-circuit test of the alternator. Figure 6.17 shows the vector diagram from
which voltage regulation by the mmf method is obtained.
In Figure 6.17,
V t is the terminal voltage per phase (reference phasor).

I a is the load current per phase lagging V t by an angle β.
V 1 is the sum of V t and I a Ra added vectorially.
I f 1 is the field current required to generate the rated voltage V 1 (taken from OCC test, Figure 6.18)
leading V 1 by a 90° angle.
Figure 6.17 Vector Diagram

I f 2 is the field current required to get the rated armature current in the alternator winding on short circuit
(taken from SC test, Figure 6.18) marked in phase opposition to I a
I f is the vectorial addition of current I f 1 and I f 2 .
E f is the emf induced for a field current of I f marked 90° lagging the current I f
The field current I f 2 not only balances the impedance drop but also overcomes armature reaction. The
regulation is given by reaction on full-load. The effective armature resistance is very small. XL is also very
small for low voltage on short circuit. Hence, impedance drop can be neglected. This leads to power factor
on short circuit in zero lagging. Hence, fixed ampere-turns are entirely used to overcome the armature
reaction. I f 2 solely gives the demagnetizing ampere-turns at full-load.
E f  Vt
Percentage regulation   100
Vt
Figure 6.18 Ampere-turn Method
Ampere-turn Method with Ra Neglected

Figure 6.19 shows the phasor diagram at lagging power factor (cosβ) when Ra is neglected.
From Figure 6.19, we have
I f 2  I f 2 (180   )
I f 1  I f 190
and
I f  I f1  I f 2 (6.16)
Also from Figure 6.19, we have
I2 = I2 + I2 + 2If1If2 cos(90° - β)
i.e., I2 = I2 + I2 + 2If1If2 sin β (6.17)
12 (b) (i) Refer Q. no. 12(a) from Nov/Dec 2011
12 (b) (ii) Refer Q. no. 12 (a) (i) from Nov/Dec 2010
13 (b) (i) Refer Q. no. 13 (a) (i) from Nov/Dec 2011

13 (b) (ii) Refer Q. no. 12 (b) (i) From April/May 2011
14 (a) Refer Q. no. 14 (a) (i) from April/May 2011
14 (b) (i) Refer Q. no. 14 (b) from April/May 2011
14 (b) (ii) Refer Q. no. 14 (b) from Nov/Dec 2011
15 (a) Refer Q. no. 15 (a) (i) from Nov/Dec 2011
15 (b) (ii) AC series motor: Refer Q. no. 15 (b) From Nov/Dec 2011
MAY/JUNE 2013
Fifth Semester
Time : Three hours Maximum : 100 marks
Answer ALL questions.
PART A (10 × 2 = 20 marks)
1. What are the types of synchronous machines with respect to its rotor
construction?
2. State the conductions to be satisfied for parallel operation of alternators.
3. What are V curves?
4. What are the starting methods of synchronous motor?
5. Define slip of three phase induction motor.
6. State the condition of maximum torque developed in three phase

induction motor.
7. What are the different methods of speed control employed in three phase
cage induction motor?
8. What it is objectionable to start large three phase induction motor by

switching it directly on the line?
9. Draw the torque slip characteristics of single phase induction motor.
10. What will be the direction of rotation of a shaded pole single phase
induction motor?
PART B (5 × 16 = 80 marks)
11. (a) (i) Describe the POTIER method of determining the regulation of
an alternator. (8)

Electrical Machines-II (May/June 2013) 4.7
(ii) A 3.3 kV alternator gave the following results:

Field current (A): 16 25 37.5 50 70
OC voltage (kV): 1.55 2.45 3.3 3.75 4.15
A field current of 18 A is found to cause the full load current to
flow through the winding during short circuit test. Predetermine
the full load voltage regulation at (1) 0.8 pf lag and (2) 0.8 pf
lead by MMF method. (8)
(Or)
(b) (i) Describe the slip test for finding Xd and Xa. (8)
(ii) Two similar, 3 phase alternators work in parallel and deliver a
total real power of 1800 kW at 11 kV and at 0.85 pf lagging to
the load. Each alternator initially supplied half the load power.
The excitation of the first alternator is then increased such that
its line current becomes 60 A lagging. Find the line current
delivered by the second alternator. (8)
12. (a) Draw and explain the current loci of synchronous motor for (i)
constant power input and (ii) constant power input and (ii) constant
excitation. Also obtain the minimum and maximum excitation for
given mechanical power. (16)
(Or)
(b) (i) Derive the expression for power developed in a synchronous motor.
Also find the condition for maximum power developed. (8)
(ii) A 6 pole, 3 phase, star connected synchronous motor has
synchronous impedance of (0.5 + j8.0) Ω per phase. When
operating on 2.2 kV, 50 Hz bus bars, its field current is such that
the induced emf is 1.8 kV. Calculate the maximum torque that
can be developed at this excitation condition. (8)
13. (a) (i) Derive the torque-slip characteristics of 3 phase induction motor
and explain. (8)
(ii) The real power input to a 415 V, 50 Hz, 6 pole, 3-phase induction
motor running at 970 rpm is 41 kW. The input power factor is
0.9. The stator losses amount to 1.1 kW and the mechanical
losses total 1.2 kW. Calculate the line current, slip, rotor copper
loss, mechanical power output and efficiency. (8)
(Or)

(b) (i) Show how a 3 phase induction motor can be represented by an

approximate equivalent circuit. (8)
(ii) Explain with necessary diagrams the principle of operation and
characteristics of the double cage induction motor. (8)
14. (a) (i) With a help of neat sketch, describe the principle of working of
a Star-Delta starter for an induction motor. (8)
(ii) Explain the principle of cascade connection of induction motor.
(8)
(Or)
(b) (i) Describe in detail the slip power recovery scheme of three phase
induction motor. (8)
(ii) With the aid of diagrams, explain the principle of the following
methods of speed control of a three phase induction motor (1)
variable frequency (2) pole changing. (8)
15. (a) (i) Using double revolving field theory explain why a single phase
induction motor is not self starting. (8)
(ii) The equivalent impedances of the main and auxiliary windings
in a capacitor motor are (15 + j _22.5)Ω and (50 + j 120)Ω
respectively, while the capacitance of the capacitor is 12 μF.
Determine the line current at starting on a 230 V, 50 Hz supply.
(8)
(Or)
(b) Explain the operation and constructional features of
(i) Capacitor start single phase induction motor.
(ii) AC series motor. (16)

Solutions
May/June 2013
PART A
1. The two types of synchronous machine based on rotor construction are Cylindrical rotor type – With
cylindrical rotor and dc field windings in the rotor slots Salient pole type – have rotor projecting
outside the rotor core.
2. The conditions are

 The terminal voltageof the incoming alternators must be same as that of bus bars
 The frequency of incoming alternator must be same as that of bus bars
 The phase of the incoming machine voltage must be same as that of bus bar voltage relative to the
load
 The phase sequence of the voltage of incoming alternator must be same as that of bus bar voltage.
3. The V-curve shows the rotation that exists between the armatures current for different constant power
input.
4. Synchronous motors can be started by following methods:

1. Induction motor start
2. Auxiliary motor start
3. Using resistor in the field circuit
4. Phase connected damper windings
5. Super synchronous start
5. Refer Q. no. 6 from Nov/Dec 2011
6. Condition for maximum running torque

SkE22 R2
T N m
( R2 ) 2  ( SX 2 ) 2
8. Switching the three phase induction motor directly on line is restricted to small motors upto above 2
KW. For these motor, the starting torque is about twice the full load torque.
9. Refer Q. no. 15 (a) (1) from Nov/Dec 2011
10. The effect of shaded coil isn retrad as portion of flux in the poles in time phase, so there is a sweeping
of the flux across the pole face in the driection of the shading of the coil.
PART B
11. (a) (i) Zero Power Factor Method or Potier Method
Figure 6.20 shows the phasor diagram corresponding to zero power factor lagging load, where terminal
voltage (V t ) is taken as the reference phasor. The armature current ( I a ) lags behind the voltage V t by an
angle 90° at zero power factor lagging. I a Ra is drawn parallel to I a and I a X aL XaL is drawn perpendicular
to I a . Therefore, we have
V t  I a Ra  I a X aL  E g (6.18)
In Equation (6.18), E g is the generated voltage per phase, shown in Figure 6.20, F ar is the armature
reaction mmf which is in phase with I a , F f is the mmf of the main field winding, that is, field mmf, and
F r is the resultant mmf.
We have the following relation from Figure 6.20:
F r  F f  F ar (6.19)
Figure 6.21 shows the phasor diagram when Ra is neglected.
Far
Ff
Fr
Vt
IaRa Eg
IaXaL
Far
Ia
Figure 6.20 Phasor Diagram for Zero p.f. Load
Ff
Far
Fr
Vt Eg
O
Ia XaL
Far
Ia
Figure 6.21 Phasor Diagram with Ra neglected
In Figure 6.21, V t is the terminal voltage, I a X aL is the reactance voltage drop and E g is the generated
emf. Since all these are in phase, we have
V t  E g  I a X aL (6.20)
Since F f , F r , and F ar are all in phase, their magnitudes are related by

F f  F r  F ar (6.21)
Equations (6.20) and (6.21) are the basis for Potier triangle.
From Equation (6.21), we have
Ff F r F ar
 
Tf Tf Tf
i.e.,
I f  I r  I ar (6.22)
where Tf is the effective number of turns per pole on the rotor field.
This method gives more accurate results because it is based on the separation of armature leakage
reactance effects. The plot of armature terminal voltage per phase against the field current when the
machine is operated with constant rated lagging power factor gives the zero power factor characteristic
(ZPFC). This ZPFC is also called Potier characteristic.
In this method, the reduction in armature terminal voltage due to armature reaction and armature
leakage reactance drop can be obtained. With armature terminal voltage (V t ) if we add I a Ra and I a X L ,
we get E g . . Further, if we add I a X ar (drop due to armature reaction) to it, we get E f . To obtain ZPFC,
any of the following methods are followed:
(i) loading alternator with pure reactors,

(ii) driving a similar machine as a synchronous motor at no-load at practically zero power factor or
(iii) connecting an altnerator with a three-phase line with ammeters and wattmeters to meausre current and
power adjusting the field current so that full-load armature current and zero wattmeter reading are
obtained.
The shape of ZPFC is very much similar to OCC, but it is displaced downwards and also to the right.
Potier Triangle
Figure 6.22 shows the plot of OCC and ZPFC. A point x is considered on the ZPFC corresponding to rated
Ff
terminal voltage (Vt) and a field currnet of OA = If = OA  I f  . Let the value of the armature reaction
Tf
Far
mmf be expressed in equivalent field current of BA  I ar  . The equivalent field current of the resultant
Tf
Fr
mmf becomes OB  I r  , which results a generated voltage Eg = Bz shown in the no-load saturation
Tf
curve.
For zero lagging power factor operation, we have
E g  V t  I a X aL
The vertical distance yz represents the leakage reactance voltage drop IaXaL, where Ia represents the
rated armature current:
Voltage yz per phase
X aL 
Rated armature current
Air-gap line
Voltage phase (AGL)
Open-circuit saturation
curve OCC
Eg z
Full-load zero-power
factor characteristic
IaXaL
ZPFC
Vt (rated) x
w y
Eg r
Vt
q p
k
O
j i B A If
Ir Iar
If
Figure 6.22 Potier Triangle
The xyz represents Potier triangle. Let us take a terminal voltage Vt′ (Vt′ < Vt) when alternator operates
with rated armature current for zero power factor operation. Here, Ia XaL and the armature mmf remain
unaltered because Ia is the rated value. The same Potier triangle will be located between terminal voltage
(Vt′) point on ZPFC and the corresponding Eg′ point on the OCC for all thue conditions of operation with
rated armature current at zero lagging power factor. The Potier triangle is moved downards and new Potier
riangle becomes pqr. The point x is moved to p and the point z is moved to r, where xy is kept horizontal
and it becomes pq. The point r determines new generated voltage Eg which is Eg′. When the point x reaches
the point i, the new Potier triangle becomes ijk which is the limiting position and it corresponds to short-
circuit conditions. This because the terminal voltage Vt at i becomes zero. The initial part of OCC is almost
linear and hence another triangle Oki is formed by the base, hypotenuse of the Potier triangle and the OCC.
A similar triangle zwx where zw is parallel to Ok through the vertex of the Potier triangle lying on he OCC
can be constructed from the Potier triangle xyz.
It is possible to find the armature reaction mmf and the approximate leakage reactance voltage of the
machine by using ZPFC in conjunction with the OCC. The following points are to be followed for the
construction of Potier triangle:
(i) A point x is taken on the ZPFC corresponding to the rated terminal voltage of the alternator, which
is preferably at the knee of the OCC.
(ii) A line xw is drawn which is equal to iO where i is the point for zero terminal voltage and full-load
current. Oi represents the short-circuit excitation.
(iii) A line wz parallel to Ok is drawn through w which meets OCC at z.
(iv) A perpendicular zy is drawn to zw.
(v) Here, zy represents the leakage reactance on the scale and xy represents the armature reaction mmf
or field current equivalent to armature reaction mmf at the rated current.
An equivalent leakage reactance (Xp) is obtained by combining the effect of field leakage flux and
armature leakage flux. XP is known as Potier reactance which is greater than armature leakage reactance.
zy (voltage drop per phase

 Potier reactance 
I a (zero power factor rated armature current per phase)
Xp is approximately equal to leakage reactance XaL for cylindrical rotor machines, whereas Xp may be
three times XaL for salient-pole machines.
The following assumptions are considered for the construction of the Potier triangle:
(i) Ra is neglected.
(ii) OCC is taken on no-load very accurately, and it represents the relation between mmf and voltage
on no-load.
(iii) Ia XaL does not depend on excitation.
(iv) Armature reaction mmf has constant value.
The two points x and i and ZPFC are sufficient enough where x point corresponds to field current,
which circulates rated armature current, and point i corresponds to short-circuit condition of the machine.
Here, the field current Oi circulates the short-circuit current.
Figure 6.23 shows the phasor diagram for a lagging power factor cosβ.
In Figure 6.23,

OP  V t [terminal phase voltage at full-load],

OQ  I a [rated armature current lagging behind V t by an angle β],
 
PR  I a Ra [drawn [parallel to OQ ],

RS  I a X aL [drawn perpendicular to RS] and

OS  E g [generated emf Eg].
B
Iar
If
A
Ef T
Ir
IaXar
90° Eg
S
P
O IaRa
β Vt IaXaL
Ia Q
Figure 6.23 Phasor diagram of an alternator at lagging power factor

The field excitation current ( ( I r ) ) corresponding to E g is determined from the OCC. OA   I r  is
  
drawn perpendicular to OS . AB . is drawn parallel to OQ, which represents the field current equivalent to

full-load armature reaction I ar . OB represents the total field current ( I f ). When load is thrown off,

terminal voltage becomes equal to the generated emf and it corresponds to the field current OB. The emf
 
E f (  OT ) is dtermined from OCC because it corresponds to the field current OB. The phasor OT lags

behind the phasor OB by a 90° angle. The voltage regulation is determined by the following relation:
E f  Vt
Voltage regulation  p.u.
Vt
11. (b) (i) Refer Q. no. 11. (b) (i) from Nov/Dec 2011
12. (a) (i) Current Locus for Constant Power Input
The current locus for constant power input (Pin) is shown in Figure 7.12.
For a given power input (Pin) of the synchronous motor, the input power per hase
If Vt be the applied voltage/phase, the power component of the current is as follows:
Pin 1
I a cos   A (7.26)
3 V
A verticle line is at first erected, representing the axis for the voltage Vt. A horizontal line is drawn at a
point P such that OP = Pin/3Vt. The current locus varies on the straight line for various powers. For less
excitation, it takes a lagging current (the current vector lying on the right side of the voltage vector Vt),
whereas it takes a leading current (the current vector lying on the left side of voltage vector Vt) for
overexcitation. Similarly, the current locus is another horizontal line drawn at a distance of Ia cosβ from the
origin, corresponding to the new value of input power Pin.
(ii) Current Locus for Constant Excitation (Ef)
The sides of the triangle 1 shown in Figure 7.14 represent the voltage vector Vt, impedance drop IaZs and
V
the induced emf Ef. If all the three sides of this triangle are divided by Zs, we get triangle 2 with sides t ,
Zs
Ef
Ia and shown on the right side of the vector Vt in Figure 7.14, which is nothing but triangle 1, with the
Zs
Vt
magnitude reduced by Zs times and rotated back by an angle of θ. If the excitation remains constant,
Zs
Ef
and remain constant and the current locus (Ia) is a circle drawn for a radius Ef/Zs from the point P.
Zs
From Figure 7.14, we have
2 2
 V   Ef   Vt   E f 
I a2   t  +    2   cos
 Zs   Zs   Zs   Zs 
(7.30)
Therefore, Ia has two values. One value gives stable operation, whereas the other one corresponds to
unstable operating conditions. The unstable operating point is represented by current Ia in Figure 7.14 and
the angle δ between Ef/Zs and Vt/Zs for the unstable point is more then β, whereas the maximum value for
angle δ for stable operation is the impedance angle β.
Figure 7.14 Current Locus for Constant Excitation
When the synchronous motor is loaded, the rotor falls back from the stator rotating magnetic field by
an angle δ and continues to rotate at synchronous speed. If the load further increases, the angle δ also
increases. The motor becomes unstable and it may not be able to rotate along with the rotating field if δ
goes beyond β.
12. (b) (i) Refer Q. no. 11 (b) (ii) from Nov/Dec 2011
13. (a) (i) Refer Q. no. 13 (b) (i) from Nov/Dec 2011
13. (b) (i) Refer Q. no. 13 (b) (ii) from Nov/Dec 2011
13. (b) (ii) Refer Q. no. 13 (b) (ii) from Nov/Dec 2010
14. (a) (i) Refer Q. no. 14 (a) from Nov/Dec 2011
14. (a) (ii) Cascade Connection of Induction Motors
Figure 8.31 shows the cascade connection of two wound-rotor-type induction motors denoted by M1 and
M2. These are mechanically coupled directly or through gears and are electrically connected in cascade.
The slip-rings of M1 are connected to the stator of moor M2, whereas the slip-rings of M2 are connected to a
variable three-phase resistor. The turns ratio of the stator to the rotor is kept unity to reduce the current in
slip-rings. The cascade set is started using the variable resistance. This can also be used for the variation of
speed. Let P1 and P2 be the number of poles on M1 and M2, respectively, and the corresponding slips of the
two motors be s1 and s2, respectively. Let frequencies of the stator supply be f1 and f2, respectively.
120 f1
The synchronous speed of M 1  N s1 
P1
120 f 2
The synchronous speed of M 2  N s 2 
P2
Figure 8.31 Cascade Connections of Inductiion Motors
 120 f1 
The actual speed of M 1  N    1 – s1  (8.88)
 P1 
 120 f 2 
The actual speed of M 2  N    1 – s2  (8.89)
 P2 
The followings cases are discussed.
Case I:
Let the torques exerted by the two motors be in the same direction. The actual speed of the two motors
must be the same due to their mechanical coupling, and hence we have
 120 f1   120 f 2 
N   1 – s1     1 – s2  (8.90)
 P1   P2 
Since f2 = s1f1, we have from Equation (8.90)
 120 f1   120s1 f1 
  1 – s1     1 – s2 
 P1   P2 
1  s1 s1 (1  s2 )
i.e., 
P1 P2
1  s1 s1 (1  s2 )
i.e., 
P1 P2
i.e., P2(1 – s1) = P1s1(1 – s2)
i.e., s1(P1 – P1s2 + P2) = P2
P2
i.e., s1  (8.91)
P1  P1 s2  P2
The motor M2 operates with a very small slip (s2) with starting resistance short-circuited. This gives
stable operation, and hence s2 ≈ 0. Therefore, we have from Equation (8.91)
P2
s1  (8.92)
P1  P2
Hence, the actual speed of the motor M1 and of the set as a whole approaches the following value:
 120 f1   P2 
N   1  
P
 1  P1  P2 
 120 f1 
i.e., N   (8.93)
 P1  P2 
Equation (8.93) suggests that the speed of the cascade set is the same as the signle motor, where the number
of poles is equal to the sum of the number of poles of motors M1 and M2 connected in cascade. For P1 = P2,
the speed of the set will be half of that of either motor while running on its own. For P1 ≠ P2, the cascade set
can be operated stably at three different speeds. These are the nominal speeds of motor M1 when operating
alone, the nominal speed of motor M2 when operating alone and the speed of cascade connection shown by
Equation (8.93).
Case II:
Let the torques exerted by the two motors be in the opposite directions. We have the following expressions:
1  s1 s1[1  (2  s2 )]

P1 P2
1  s1  s1
i.e.,  [ s2  0]
P1 P2
i.e., P2(1 – s1) + P1s1 = 0
i.e., (P1 – P2)s1 = –P2
P2
i.e., s1  
P1  P2
P2
i.e., s1  (8.94)
P2  P1
Therefore, the speed of the cascade set becomes

120 f1 120 f1  P2  120 f1
N (1  s1 )  1  
P1 P1  P2  P1  P2  P1
120 f1
i.e., N (8.95)
P1  P2
The actual speed of the cascade set can be expressed by
120 f1
N (8.96)
P1  P2
14. (b) (i) Refer Q. no. 14 (b) (ii) from April/May 2011
14. (b) (ii) Pole Changing Method: Refer Q. no. 14 (a) (i) from Nov/Dec 2010
Varying frequency: Speed Control by Changing the Supply Frequency
This method is applicable to the induction motors that are run from an independent voltage source. Hence,
120 f
this is rarely used. The synchronous speed of an induction motor is expressed by N s  . If the supply
P
frequency is changed, Ns will be changed, and hence the running speed of the induction motor can be
controlled. Since he generated voltage is proportional to the frequency, V/f ratio is maintained constant so
that the flux can be kept constant. This method of speed control is used in the case of induction motors used
for propulsion of ships because the motors are driven by independent voltage sources in this case.
15. (a) (i) Refer Q. no. 15 (a) (ii) from April/May 2011
15. (b) (i) Refer Q. no. 15 (a) (ii) from Nov/Dec 2011
15. (b) (ii) Refer Q. no. 15 (b) from Nov/Dec 2011

NOV/DEC 2012
Fifth Semester
PART A (10 × x = 20 marks)
1. State the cause of voltage drop in an alternator when loaded.
2. What is meant by armature reaction?
3. What is hunting?
4. What is synchronous condenser?
5. Define ‘slip’ of an induction motor.
6. What are the advantages of double squirrel cage induction motor?
7. What is the effect of increasing the rotor resistance on starting current

and torque?
8. List out the methods of speed control of cage type 3Φ induction motor.
9. What is meant by single phasing?
10. Name the methods of starting single induction motors.
PART B (5 × 16 = 80 marks)
11. (a) (i) With neat sketch describe the construction and principle of
operation of salient pole alternator. (6)
(ii) Derive the EMF equation of an alternator. (6)
(iii) A 4-pole alternator has an armature with 25 slots and 8
conductors per slot and rotates at 1500 rpm and the flux per pole

is 0.05 Wb. Calculate the e.m.f generated, if winding factor is

0.96 and all the conductors are in series. (4)
(b) (i) Explain the EMF method of determining the regulation of an
alternator. (8)
(ii) State and explain the conditions for parallel operation of
Alternators. (8)
12. (a) (i) Describe in detail about the effect of load change on load angle
and power factor of a 3Φ synchronous motor operating on
infinite bus bar and constant excitation. (10)
(ii) Discus in detail how V curves is obtained for a synchronous
motor. (6)
Or
(b) Describe the various methods of starting the synchronous motor.
(16)
13. (a) (i) Deduce and discuss the equivalent circuit of 3Φ induction motor.
(8)
(ii) Explain with neat diagram, the constructional features and
working principle of a 3Φ induction motor. (8)
Or
(b) Sketch and explain the torque slip characteristics of the 3Φ cage and
slip-ring induction motors. Show the stable region in the graph. (16)
14. (a) Why starters are necessary for starting 3Φ induction motors? What
are the various types of starters? Explain star-delta type starter in
detail. (16)
(b) With neat diagram explain the slip power recovery scheme. (16)
15. (a) Explain the double field revolving theory for operation of single
phase induction motor. (16)
Or
(b) Explain the following with neat diagram:
(i) Shaded pole induction motor. (8)
(ii) Hysteresis motor. (8)

Solutions
Nov/Dec 2012
1. The voltage drop in alternator is due to

 Armature reaction
 Armature resistance
 Armature leakage reactance
2. Refer Q. no. 1 From Nov/Dec 2013
3. When a synchronous motor is used for driving a fluctuations load, the rotor starts
oscillating about its new position equilibrium corresponding to the new load called
hunting (or) phase winding.
4. An over excited synchronous motor running on no load is known as synchronous

capacitor or synchronous condensor.
6. Advantages of Squirrel cage induction motor are:

1. High starting torque
2. High performance efficiency
3. High operating speed
4. Requires low maintenance
5. Low cost
9. Motors operating under three phase AC supply will continue to run even if one of the
three phase supply lines gets disconnected. The loss of current through one of these phase
supply is described as single phasing
10. Refer Q. no. 9 from April/May 2011
PART B
11 a) i) Refer Q. no. 11 a) i) from April/May 2011
11 a) ii) Refer Q. no. 11 a) ii) from April/May 2011
11 b) i) Refer Q. no. 11 a) ii) from April/May 2010

11 b) ii) Refer Q. no. 11 b) ii) from Nov/Dec 2010
11 b iii) No. of slots per phase = 25 = 8

3
Total no. of conducore per phase = 8 X8 = 64

Tph = 64 = 32
2
F = Np = 1500 X 4 = 50 Hz
120 120
Eph = 4.44 f φ Tph . Kp. Kd

Eph = 4.44 X 50 X 0.05 X 32 X 1 ! 0.96 = 341 V
Emf generated = √ 3 X Eph = √ 3 X 341 = 590.6 V
12 a) ii) Refer Q. no. 12 b) i) from April/May 2011
12 b) Refer Q. no. 12 b i) from Nov/Dec 2010
13 a) i) Refer Q. no. 13 b) ii) from Nov/Dec 2011
13 a) ii) Refer Q. no. 13 a) i) from Nov/Dec 2011
13 b) Refer Q. no. 13 b) i) from Nov/Dec 2011
14 a) Small induction motors (upto 2KW) capacity may be connected directly to the
supply mains whereas higher capacity machines are strictly prohibited to connect to the
supply mains directly due to their high starting current which is 5 to 7 times the fully load
current. This excessive current results in a large voltage drop in the distribution network
and stops other machines which are already running on the supply mains. Hence, starters
are necessary.
Types and Star delta type starter: Refer Q. no. 14 a) from April/May 2011
14 b) Refer Q. no. 14 (b) (ii) from April/May 2011
15 a) Refer Q. no. 15 (a) (ii) from April/May 2011
15 b) i) Refer Q. no. 15 a) ii) from Nov/Dec 2010
15 b) ii) Refer q. no. 15 b) from Nov/Dec 2011

MAY/JUNE 2012
FIFTH SEMESTER
PART A (10 × 2 = 20 marks)
1. Why is the field system of an alternator made as a rotor?
2. What is synchronizing power of an alternator?
3. What is hunting?
4. Why a synchronous motor is a constant speed motor?
5. How the direction of rotation of a three-phase induction motor can be

reversed?
6. What is an induction generator?
7. Why starter is necessary for the induction motors?
8. Why are the most of the 3π induction motor constructed with delta
connected stator winding?
9. What is the advantage of capacitor start induction motor over split-phase

induction motor?
10. Why are centrifugal switches provided in many single phase induction
motors?
PART B (5 × 16 = 80 marks)
11. (a) (i) Explain the phenomenon of armature reaction in alternator for
different, load power factors.

(ii) Explain clearly the ZPF method of determining the regulation of

an alternator?
(or)
(b) (i) Describe a method of synchronizing the 3 phase alternator to the
infinite bus giving the relevant circuit diagram.
(ii) What is synchronizing power of an alternator? Derive an
expression for the synchronizing power between the two
alternators connected in parallel.
12. (a) (i) Why synchronous motors are not self starting? Explain.
(ii) Explain the effect of variable excitation the behaviour of the
synchronous on the behaviour of the synchronous motor under
constant load conditions.
(or)
(b) (i) Derive an expression for the maximum torque developed per
phase of a synchronous motor.
(ii) Explain how synchronous motor can be used as a synchronous
condenser. Draw the phasor diagram.
13. (a) (i) With the help of necessary sketches, describe the features in the
construction of cage and slipring type induction motor.
(ii) An right pole, 3 phase induction motor running with the slip of
4% takes 20 kW from a 50 Hz supply. Stator losses amount to
0.5 kW. If the mechanical torque lost infriction is 16.2 Nm. Find
the power output and efficiency.
(or)
(b) (i) Starting from an equivalent circuit, derive the various power
equation of an induction motor.
(ii) Explain the tests required to be performed to obtain the data for
the circle diagram.
14. (a) (i) State the different methods of starting of 3-phase induction
motor and discuss in detail any two methods.
(ii) With aid of diagrams explain the principle of the following
methods of speed control of a 3-phase induction motor.
(1) Variable frequency
(2) Cascade connection.

Electrical Machines-II (May/June 2012) 4.13
(or)
(b) (i) Describe a starter suitable for a 3 phase slip-ring induction
motor.
(ii) Determine approximately the starting torque of an induction
motor in term so full load torque when started by
(1) Star-delta starter and,
(2) Auto-starter with 50% tappings. The short circuit current
of the motor at normal voltage is 5 times the full load
current and the full slip is 4%.
15. (a) (i) Using double revolving field theory explain why a single-phase
induction motor is not self-starting.
(ii) Explain the construction, working principle of shaded pole
induction motor and capacitor start induction motor.
(or)
(b) Describe the construction and working principle of linear reluctance
motor and repulsion motor.

Solutions
May/June 2012
PART A
1. In alternator, small amount of power is required for field system
2. After properly synchronizing a synchronous machine to an infinite bus, the synchronous machine has a
tendency to stay in synchronism. If an alternator transfers power to an infinite bus at a steady-state power
angle δ0 and sudden transient disturbance due to increase in load will occurs the rotor of the alternator will
accelerate and at a load angle δ0 + dδ, the alternator supplies new power P + dP.
3. When a synchronous motor is used for driving a fluctuations load, the rotor starts oscillating about its
new position equilibrium corresponding to the new load called hunting (or) phase winding.
120 f
4. It runs at constant synchronous speed that is given by the equation N s  rpm where f = supply
p
frequency, P = number of poles and Ns = synchronous speed of the motor in rpm. The speed cannot be
varied in running condition.
5. For reversing the direction of rotation of AC three-phase induction motors, it is required to transpose
or change over any two leads of supply lines.
6. Whenever the induction motor operates at a speed higher than the synchronous speed, the slip becomes
negative and it operates as an induction generator. For induction generator, the slip must be replaced
by a negative sign of equivalent circuit and other characteristic of induction motor
7. Small induction motors (upto 2KW) capacity may be connected directly to the supply mains whereas
higher capacity machines are strictly prohibited to connect to the supply mains directly due to their
high starting current which is 5 to 7 times the fully load current. This excessive current results in a
large voltage drop in the distribution network and stops other machines which are already running on
the supply mains. Hence, starters are necessary
8. It is used widely because it is cheaper than autotransformer.
9. The advantages of using capacitor start induction motor are:

High starting torque
High Power factor
High Efficiency
10. A centrifugal switch is used to disconnect the starting winding for motors having rating about 100 W
or more.
PART B
11. a) i)
Armature Reaction
Due to connection of load to alternator, current flows through the armature winding, which establishes its
own flux. In the air gap there are two fluxes—one due to the current through the field winding known as
main flux and the other due to the current through the armature known as armature flux. The effect of
armature flux on main flux is known as armature reaction. The effect of the nature of load power factor on
armature reaction is discussed below.
Unity Power Factor Load
Let a resistive load be connected i to the alternator. The induced emf per phase (Ēph) drives a current per
phase (Īa) through the load. Both Ēph and Īa are in phase. If the main flux ( f ) generates Ēph, Ēph lags  f
by a 90° angle. The armature current (Īa) establishes the armature flux ( a ) , where  a and Īa are in the
same direction.
From Figure 6.3, it is clear that  a can oppose as well as assist. Therefore, average flux in the air gap
remains constant. In spite of maintaining a constant air-gap flux, its distribution gets distorted. This
distorting effect of armature reaction under unity power factor condition of the load is known as cross-
magnetizing effect of armature reaction.
Figure 6.3 Armature Reaction for Unity Power Factor Load
Figure 6.4 Armature Reaction for Zero Lagging p.f. Load
Zero Lagging Power Factor Load

Let a pure inductive load be connected to the alternator. The induced emf per phase (Ēph) drives a current
per phase (Īa) through the load, which lags behind Ēph by a 90° angle. Since the field fl ux (  f ) produces
Ēph, Ēph lags behind  f by a 90° angle. Again armature current (Īa) produces armature flux (  a ), which is
in phase with Īa. Figure 6.4 shows the phasor diagram.
From Figure 6.4, it is clear that a and f are exactly in opposite directions to each other. This effect of
armature reaction is known as demagnetizing effect of armature reaction.
Zero Leading Power Factor Load

Let a pure capacitor load be connected to the alternator. The induced emf per phase (Ēph) drives a current
per phase (Īa) through the load, which leads Ēph by a 90° angle. Since the field flux (  f ) produces Ēph, Ēph
lags behind  f by a 90° angle. Again armature current (Īa) produces armature flux (  a ), where  a is in
phase with Īa. Figure 6.5 shows the phasor diagram.
From Figure 6.5, it is clear that  a and  f are exactly in the same direction. This effect is known as
magnetizing effect of armature reaction.
The change in terminal voltage is due to the armature reaction for different types of loads. The practical
loads are inductive in nature. The reduction of terminal voltage is due to demagnetizing effect of armature
reaction. In other words, this drop is due to the interaction of armature flux and main flux and it is not
across any physical element. To include this drop, it is assumed that armature winding has a fictitious
reactance, which is known as armature reaction reactance (Xar).
Figure 6.5 Armature Reaction for Zero Leading p.f. Load
11 a) ii) Refer Q. no. 11 a) from April/May 2013
11 b) i) Many alternators operate in parallel in power systems. The alternators are located in different
places. The group of alternators at one place should be treated as an equivalent big alternator.
This group of alternators is connected to the bus through a transmission line. Similarly, other
groups of alternators are also connected to the bus but separated by the transmission line.
Now, the bus becomes the source of power. If loads are put on the bus, power will be supplied
in such a way that the voltage and frequency of the bus remain constant regardless of the load.
This type of system behaves like a large generator and has zero impedance as well as infinite
rotational inertia. Such a system is known as infinite bus bar system or simply infinite bus.
Therefore, the voltage and frequency of an infinite bus do not depend on the quantity of real
and reactive power drawn from this bus. An infinite bus has the following characteristics:
 The terminal voltage always remains constant.
 The frequency always remains constant.
 The impedance is very small.
11 b) ii)
SYNCHRONIZING POWER AND SYNCHRONIZING TORQUE COEFFICIENT
After properly synchronizing a synchronous machine to an infinite bus, the synchronous machine has a
tendency to stay in synchronism. If an alternator transfers power to an infinite bus at a steady-state power
angle δ0 and sudden transient disturbance due to increase in load will occurs the rotor of the alternator will
accelerate and at a load angle δ0 + dδ, the alternator supplies new power P + dP. Therefore, the operating
point shifts to a new line. The steady-state power input remains unchanged. Therefore, the additional load
decreases the speed of the machine and hence the alternator comes back to the steady-state position.
Similarly, due to sudden transient if the rotor retards, the load angle will decrease. The operating point will
shift to a new line and the load on the machine becomes P – dP. Once again the input to the machine
remains unaltered; therefore, the rotor is accelerated due to reduction in load.
Stable Unstable
Ps = stiffness coupling
Po = output power
Po Ps is positive 0≤δ≤π/2
and negative π/2≤δ≤π
O π/2 π δ
Ps
Figure 6.56 Variation of Synchronizing Power with δ
Hence, the machine comes back to synchronism. Therefore, we can conclude that the effectiveness of this
correction action depends upon the change in power transfer for a given change in load angle. The
synchronizing power coefficient, which is defined by the rate at which synchronous power varies with load
angle (δ) gives a measure of effectiveness. The synchronizing power coefficient is also called stiffness of
coupling, rigidity factor or stability factor. It is denoted by Psyn.
dP
Psyn 
d
For a cylindrical rotor, the power output per phase is given by
V1
P  E f cos      Vt cos  
Zs 
dP Vt E f
Psyn   sin     (6.81)
d Zs
Figure 6.56 shows the variation of the synchronizing power with δ for cylindrical machine. The
synchronizing torque coefficient is defined by
dT  1  dP Vt E f
Tsyn     sin     (6.82)
d  2 ns  d 2 ns Z s
Since Ra = X s for many synchronous machines, the synchronous power and torque coefficient per phase
are given by
Vt E f Vt E f
Psyn  cos  and Tsyn  cos 
Xs 2 ns X s
δ
For a salient-pole machine,

Vt E f 1  1 1 
P sin   V12   sin 2 (6.83)
Xs 2  X q X d 
dP Vt E f  1 1 
Psyn   cos   V12   cos 2 (6.84)
d Xs  X q X d 
12 a) i) In a three phase AC supply steady toque is not developed as the stator is staionary. Hence,
torque of synchronous motor is practically zero. Therefore they are not self starting
12 a) ii) OPERATION AT A CONSTANT LOAD WITH VARIABLE EXCITATION
The phasor diagram of a synchronous motor at lagging power factor, unity power factor and leading power
factor has already been shown. If the excitation is kept constant, the load current changes with the variation
of load. In contrast, if the load is kept constant and the field excitation is varied, the synchronous motor
reacts by changing its power factor of operation, which is the most interesting feature of the synchronous
motor. Let us consider a synchronous motor operating under a constant load having the corresponding load
angle δ.
Let the field excitation be adjusted so that Ef = Vr. This excitation is called normal excitation of the
motor. The motor is drawing current Ia from the supply and the power inputs is Pin. The power factor of the
motor is lagging in nature, as shown in Figure 7.8(a). With change in excitation there is hardly any change
in losses. Therefore, power input remains the same for constant load demanding the same power output.
The input power (Pin) is expressed by
Pin  3VL I L cos   3V ph I ph cos 

β
The applied voltage of the motor remains constant most of the time. Thus, for constant output, Ia cosβ
will remain constant whatever be the value of cos β. Therefore, the motor adjusts the value of cosβ, to keep
Ia cosβ constant. During variable excitation, the synchronous motor reacts by changing its power factor to
give a constant output power.
Figure 7.8 (b), 7.8 (c) and 7.8 (d) shows cases for underexcitation (Ef < Vt), overexcitation (Ef > Vt) and
critical excitation (Ef = Vt), respectively. From Figure 7.8, it is clear that Ia varies when excitation is varied
from a low to a high value. For critical excitation, the current drawn by the motor is minimum compared to
other excitations. Table 7.1 shows the details.
Table 7.1 Comparison of Various Excitations

Type of Excitation Nature of Power Factors Comparison of Et and Vt
Normal excitation Lagging Et = Vt
Critical excitation Unity power factor Et = Vt
Underexcitation Lagging power factor Et > Vt
Overexcitation Leading power factor Et > Vt
12 b) i) Ans:
Let OL = Supply voltage/phase,
I = Armature current,
LM = Back emf at a load angle of S,

OM = Resultant voltage, ER
Er = IZs (IXs, if Ra is negligible).
I lags/leads V by an angle  ,
Xs
  tan 1 .
Ra
<??>
Line NS is drawn at angle θ to LM,
LN and QS are perpendicular to NS,
Mechanical power developed per phase in the rotor,
Pmech = Eb I cos ψ,
Δ OMS, MS = IZS cos ψ
MS = NS – NM = LQ – NM
I ZS cos ψ = V cos(θ – δ) – Eb cos θ)
V E
I cos   cos(   )  b cos  .
Zs Zs
V E 
Pmech / phase  Eb  cos(   )  b cos   .
 s
Z Z s 
EbV Eb2
Pmech / phase  cos(   )  cos  .
Zs Zs
12 b) ii) SYNCHRONOUS CONDENSERS
Synchronous condensers are synchronous motors used for power factor correction alone without any
mechanical output. It draws leading current, as a static condenser does, which is useful for installations of
lower power factor. The synchronous motors when overexcited act like capacitors. To take leading kVA, it
can be connected to a system to improve its power factor. The synchronous condenser is specially designed
so that practically all its rated kVA are available for power factor correction. Because of this feature, they
are applied particularly to transmission line control.
At load (losses assumed negligible), a synchronous motor operates at a δ = 0, which means that Ef and
Vt are in phase (Ef = excitation emf and Vt = voltage at the motor terminals)
When the motor draws zero power factor leading current is shown in Figure 7.22(a).
E f  Vt
Ia  (where Ef > Vt, overexcited) (7.56)
Xs
Figure 7.22 Synchronous Condenser
When the motor draws zero power factor lagging current is shown in Figure 7.22(b)
Vt  E f
Ia  (where Ef < Vt, underexcited) (7.57)
Xs
13 a) i) Cage type induction motor:
Refer Q. no. 13 b) ii) from Nov/Dec 2010
Slip ring type:

Refrer Q. no. 14 a) ii) from Nov/Dec 2010
13 a) ii)
13 b) i) Refer Q. no. 13 bii from Nov/Dec 2011

13 b) ii) Pg. no. 617 Section-8.28 Chapter-8
CIRCLE DIAGRAM
It is possible to derive the performance characteristics of the induction motor from a circular locus. From
the no-load test, I0 and θ0 have been calculated. From blocked-rotor test, short-circuit current (Isc) and θsc
have been calculated. These are the necessary data to draw the circle diagram. It is possible to separate the
stator and the rotor Cu-losses by drawing a torque line. The no-load test and the blocked-rotor test have
already been discussed in Section 8.25 and 8.26, respectively.
The locus of the tip of the stator current phasor of an induction motor lies on a semicircle and moves
on it as the load on the motor is increased from the no-load to full-load value. This locus is known as the
circle diagram of the induction motor. Figure 8.26(a) is considered in which R2 is the variable and the
inductance L is fixed. If a constant AC voltage is applied to this circuit and of R2 is varied, the tip of the
V ph
current phasor describes a circle having a diameter of , as shown in Figure 8.26(b). When R2 = 0, I =
X2
V ph
I lags behind V by an angle of 90° and it is represented by AB. When R2 = ∞, I = 0 and coincides
X2
with point A. For other values of R2 lying between zero and infinity, the current phasor lags behind the
voltage phasor by an angle θ, shown by the line AC.
I2 R2 C
I
90°
θ
Vph X2
θ
Vph
A B
XL
(a) Circuit (b) Current locus
Figure 8.26 Basic Circuit Diagram
From Figure 8.26(b), we have
AC
 sin 
AB
i.e., AC = AB sinθ
XL
But sin  
Z
where Z  R22  X 22
 V   X 2  V ph
 AC     I
 X 2   Z  Z
V ph
Therefore, the tip of the current phasor lies on the semicircle having a diameter of .
X2
Figure 8.27 shows the approximate equivalent circuit of the induction motor.
V ph
The end of I 2 lies on a circle with a diameter of , where I 2 is the rotor current referred to the
X 01
stator, I0 is the exciting current and I1 is the stator current. The stator current is the vector sum of I 2 and I0.
When I 2 is lagging and θ2 = 90°, the position of I 2 will be along OA, as shown in Figure 8.28, which is at
a right angle to the voltage vector OE. The point C will move along the circle, as shown by dotted line for
any other value of θ2. I0 lags behind Vt by an angle θ0. If the excitation circuit parameters remain constant,
I0 and θ0 also become constant. The tip of the stator current (I1) lies on the other semicircle shown by solid
V ph
lines displaced from the dotted semicircle by an amount of I0. The diameter of this circle is also and it
X 01
is parallel to the line OA.
I1 I2 X01 = X1 + X21 R01 = R1 + R21
I0
Figure 8.27 Approximate Equivalent Circuit
V
B
I1
C
I2
θ2
O A
θ1
I0 Vph /X
θ0 01
O
A
Vph /X01
Figure 8.28 Basic Circle Diagram
The data required for the construction of circle can be obtained from no-load test, short-circuit test and
stator-resistance test. The following steps are followed.
Step 1: I0 and θ0 are computed from no-load test. The vector for I0 is drawn, which is lagging behind
the applied voltage by an angle θ0, as shown in Figure 8.29.
Step 2: Isc and θsc can be obtained from the blocked-rotor test. To determine the short-circuit point (S)
corresponding to the rated voltage, the length of vector OS is calculated as follows:
I sc
OS 
 V ph
Vsc
where Vph is the rated voltage per phase and Vsc is also in per phase.
V
ne
A
ut li Q
I1
utp
O ine
ue l K
θ1 D Torq
θsc E
O B
θ0 I0 F C L
O
P G Vph M
X01
Figure 8.29 Circle Diagram
Here, the scale 1 cm = 100A is taken and OS in amperes is converted into length OS using this scale. OS is
drawn at angle θsc from the vertical. The two points O′ and S lie on the required circle. To obtain the centre
of the circle, O′S is bisected at right angles. Its bisector gives the point C, which is the centre of the circle.
O′B is drawn, which is the diameter of the circle and it is at a right angle to the voltage vector V. Here, O′P
is the vertical component of the no-load current OO′, which represents the no-load input supplying the core
loss, friction and windage loss and a negligibly small amount of stator I2R loss. The vertical component SM
of the short-circuit current OS is proportional to the motor input on short circuit.
Step 3: The line that separates the stator and the rotor Cu-losses in known as torque line. During
blocked-rotor test, all power supplied to the motor gives the core loss Cu-loss in the stator and rotor
windings. LM out of SM represents the fixed loss, that is, stator core loss and friction and windage loss. SL
is the sum of SK and KL represent the rotor Cu-loss and the stator Cu-loss, respectively. The point K is such
that the following relation is maintained.
SK rotor Cu-loss Ws 3I 22 R1
 
KL stator Cu-loss 3I 22 R1
where R1 is the stator resistance/phase and it is obtained from stator-resistance test. Ws is the short-circuit
motor input, which is approximately equal to motor Cu-losses.
The point K is joined to O′ and this line O′K is called the torque line, which meets the circle at the
point Q when it is extended. At the point Q, rotor input is zero corresponding to slip s = infinity.
It is assumed that the motor is running taking a current OL. The perpendicular FG represents fixed
losses, FE represents stator Cu-loss, EA represents the rotor input, ED is the rotor Cu-loss, DA is the rotor
output, and AG represents the motor input. The following expression can be written:
3VL  AG  motor input

3VL  FG  fixed losses
3VL  FE  stator Cu-loss
3VL  ED  rotor Cu-loss
3VL  DG  total loss
3VL  DA  mechanical input
3VL  EA  rotor input ∞ torque
DA
Efficiency 
AG
rotor Cu-loss DE
Slip ( s)  
rotor input EA
DA rotor output N actual speed

1 s    
EA rotor input N s synchronous speed
AG
Power factor 
OA
Maximum Quantities: To get the maximum quantities, let us consider Figure 8.30. At point F, maximum
output occurs because at this point the tangent is parallel to the output line AB. To locate F, a line is drawn
from C to F such that it is perpendicular to AB. From point F a vertical line is drawn such that it cuts the
output line at the point G. GF gives the maximum output. Maximum torque occurs at the point H, where
the tangent is parallel to the torque line. To locate H, a line is drawn from C to H such that it is
perpendicular to AE. From H a vertical line is drawn that cuts the torque line at I. HI gives the maximum
torque. At point J, tangent is horizontal and JK gives the maximum input power. The induction motor will
be unstable at J because the point J is beyond H.
Figure 8.30 Maximum Quantities

Figure 8.30 Maximum Quantities
14 a) i) Refer Q. no. 14 a)i) from April/May 2011
14 a) ii) (1) 14 (b) (ii) April/May 2013
14 a) ii) (2) Refer Q. no. 14 (b) (i) from April/May 2013
14 b) i) Refer Q. no. 14 a) i) (V) from April/May 2011
14 b) ii)
15 a) i) Refer Q. no. 15 a) ii) from April/May 2011
15 a) ii) Refer Q. no, 15 a) ii) from Nov/Dec 2010 & Q. no. 15 a) ii) from Nov/Dec 2011
15 b) Refer Q. no. 15 b) i) from April/May 2011

NOV/DEC 2011
Fifth Semester
ELECTRICAL MACHINES II
PART A (10 × 2 = 20 marks)
1. What do you mean by single layer and double layer winding?
2. What are the various functions of damper winding provided with

alternator?
3. What is a synchronous capacitor?
4. What are V-curves?
5. Why are the rotor slots of a 3f induction motor skewed?
6. Define slip of induction motor.
7. State the effect of rotor resistance on starting torque.
8. What are the various method of speed control of 3f induction motor?
9. What type of motor is used for ceiling fan?
10. State the application of shaded pole motor.
PART B (5 × 16 = 80 marks)
11. (a) (i) Derive from first principle, the emf of 3f alternator.
(ii) The following open circuit and short circuit test are made on
6000 kVA, 6600 V, star connected, 2 pole, 60 Hz turbine driven
alternator. If I = 125A, at open circuit terminal voltage = 8200V.

With armature short circuited I = 125 A, IL = 800A. At the rated

load and UPF armature loss is 1.5% of output. Determine the
percentage regulation at rated load and 0.8 p.f lag?
Or
(b) (i) Explain how will you determine the d and q axis reactance of
synchronous machine in your lab.
(ii) For the salient synchronous machine, derive the expression for
power developed as a function of load angle?
12. (a) Explain V-curve and inverted V-curves.

Or
(b) Explain the effect of changing field current excitation at constant
load.
13. (a) (i) Explain the neat sketches the principles of 3f induction motor?
(ii) A 6 pole, 50 Hz, 3f induction motor running on full load devel-
ops a useful torque of 160 Nm. When the rotor emf makes a
120 complete cycle per minute. Calculate the shaft power input.
If the mechanical power lost friction and that for core loss in
10 Nm. Complete
(1) The copper loss in the rotor winding
(2) The input the motor
(3) The efficiency
The total stator loss is given 800 W?
Or
(b) (i) Explain the slip characteristics of a 3f induction motor?
(ii) Develop the equivalent circuit of a 3f induction motor?
14. (a) Describe the neat sketch, the principle and working of a star delta
starter and auto transformer starter of a 3f induction motor?
Or
(b) Explain in detail about the slip power recovery scheme of 3f induc-
tion motor?

Electrical Machines II (Nov/Dec 2011) 2.5
15. (a) Explain with a neat diagram the following types of single phase
induction motor
(1) Split phase induction run motor
(2) Capacitor start induction run motor, and also draw the slip
torque characteristics?
Or
(b) Describe the constructional features and principle of operation of
hysterisis motor and AC series motor?

Solutions
PART A
1. Single Layer Winding
If the winding consist of only one layer then it is called as single layer
winding.
Double Layer Winding
If the winding is sandwiched with two layers then it is called as double
layer winding.
2. • To develop the starting torque

• To reduce hunting or phase swinging
3. An over excited synchronous motor, running without any mechanical

load, used specifically for power factor correction, is known as synchro-
nous capacitor.
4. The V-curve shows the rotation that exists between the armature current
for different constant power input.
5. • To make the motor run quickly by reducing the magnetic horn

• To reduce the locking tendency of the rotor
6. The slip of an induction motor is defined as the ratio of difference between

synchronous speed (Ns) and rotor speed (N) to synchronous speed
Ns − Nr
S= × 100
Ns
7. Large reduction in the starting torque because the starting torque varies
as the rotor resistance in the stator.
8. Stator Side
• Stator voltage control
• V f method
• Stator frequency control
• Pole changing method

Rotor Side
• Rotor resistance control
• Slip power recovery scheme
• Cascaded control
9. Capacitor run induction motor is used for ceiling fan.
10. • Turn tables

• Hair driers
• Fans
• Blowers
PART B
11. (a) (i) Assuming for one revolution of the rotor each stator conductor
is cut by flux
dφ = φ P
60
dt = second
N
dφ φP φ NP
Average emf induced per conductor = = =
dt 60 N 60
120 f
We know that N =
P
φ P 120 f
Average emf per conductor = =
60 φ
= 2 f φ volts
If there are Zph conductors in series/phase, then

Average emf/phase = 2 f φ Z ph
= 4 f φT ph
Tph = Number of coils (or) turns per phase

Rms value of emf/phase = 1.11 × 4 f φT ph
= 4.44 f φT ph

But actually available voltage/phase is

E ph = 4.44 k P kd f φT ph
E ph = 4.44 kW f φT ph
E ph = 4.44 kW f φ Tph
For star connected Alternator = 3E ph
(ii) Given Data

Rating = 6000 kVA
6600
V = 6600 V , V ph = = 3810.51 V
3
P = 2, F = 60 Hz
O.C Voltage = 8200 V
S .C current = 125 A
6600 V
IRa = 1⋅ 5% of
3
= 57 ⋅15 V
cos φ = 0 ⋅ 8
To Find
% Voltage Regulation
6000 × 103
I=
3 × 6600
= 524.86 A
O.C voltage phase 8200 3
Zs = =
S .C current 125
Z s = 37.87 Ω
IRa = 57.15
57.15
Ra =
524.86
Ra = 0.1089 Ω
X s = Z s2 − Ra2
= (37.87)2 − (0.1089)2

X s = 37.86 Ω
E0 = (V cos φ + IRa )2 + ( v sin φ + IX s )2
(3810.51 × 0.8 + 524.86 × 0.1886)2
=
+ (3810.51 × 0.6 + 524.86 × 37.86)2
E0 = 22379 V
E0 − V 22379 − 3810.51
% Reg = = × 100
E0 22379
%Reg = 82.97%
(b) (i) By using two reactance concept, we can obtain the power equa-
tion, the salient pole synchronous motor has 2 axis
• Direct axis (field pole axis)
• Quadrature axis (centre of the interpolar space)
These two axis are similar to the salient pole alternator. The
armature current of the salient pole motor can be resolved along
d-axis and g-axis called Ig and Id components.
Eb − V cos δ V sin δ
Id = , Iq =
Xd Xq
The power input is equal to the product of the in-phase compo-

nents, of current and voltage plus the product of the quadrature
components, regardless of the axis of reference
Ia
Id
V Ia xa
I
f
f V
Ia B
d Ia Ra
Id xd Eb
Ia xa
I
Eb

Pin = I qV cos δ + I dV sin δ

V sin δ E − V cos δ
Pin = V cos φ + b V sin δ
Xq Xd
V2 E − V cos δ
Pin = sin δ cos δ + b V sin δ
Xq Xd
EbV ⎡ 1 V21 ⎤
Pin = sin α −
⎢ − ⎥ sin 2δ
Xd ⎣⎢ X d X q ⎥⎦
2
EV V2 ⎡ 1 1 ⎤
Pin = b sinα − ⎢ − ⎥ sin2δ
Xd 2 ⎣⎢ X q X d ⎦⎥
The direct axis and the quadrature axis reactance can be mea-
sured by slip test. The machine driven by an auxiliary motor at a
speed slightly less or slightly more than the synchronous speed.
Field
A
Winding
Use of Xq Calculations
Armature
Current
Voltage
Applied to
Armature

Direction of Rotations
The field winding is kept open circuited and a low voltage
3 phase supply is applied to the armature terminals. The direction
of rotation should be the same as the direction of rotating field.
Case (i)
When the peak of the armature mmf is in line with the field
poles, the reluctance offeres by the magnetic circuit is minimum.
Case (ii)
After one quarter of slip cycle, the peak of armature mmf is
in line with q-axis and the reluctance offered by the magnetic
circuit is maximum. The ratio of armature terminal voltage per
phase to armature current gives Xq.
The slip should be very small, so that the inertia of moving
parts instruments does not cause errors in measurement.
Greater accuracy can be achieved.
(ii)
Ia ia
d Ia Za
Za j
Field DC Eb
V
Winding Supply Ia Xs
Ia I R
a a
It can be provide by using equivalent circuit. The applied volt-

age V is the vector sum of reversed back emf (−Eb) and the
impedance drop (IaZs)
V = − Eb + I a Z s
a → between phasors V and Eb is called power angle of a

synchronous motor is negligible.
Ia Xa
i 0 V
d A
90–j
j Ia Xs j
V
Ia

From the phasor diagram

AB = Eb sin δ and
AB
cos φ =
Is X s
AB = I a X s cos φ
Eb sin α = I a X s cos φ
Eb sin δ
I a cos φ =
Xs
But P = VI a cos φ
VEb sin δ
=
Xs
For 3 phases
3EbV
Pin = sin δ
Xs
Since stator copper loss can be neglected. Pin is also represents

the gross mechanical power (Pin) developed by the motor.
3EbV
Pm = sin δ
Xs
3EbV
Pm = sinδ
Xs
12. (a) The power drawn by a 3f synchronous motor is
P = 3VI cos φ
Since input power P and supply voltage V are constant, decrease

in power factor causes increases in armature current. Hence the

IL
W1
R M L
A
VL C V
3f V
M L
AC C V
Supply
–
A If
+ DC Supply –
variation in excitation or field current drawn between the armature

current and field current for different power inputs are known as
V curves.
Graph for V-Curves
Ia
Lag Lead
If

Graph for Inverted V-Curves

cos f
Lag Lead
If
And on the otherhand, if the power factor cos φ is plotted against

the field current, the curve looks the inverted V.
A rheostat is used in field circuit to adjust the excitation to operate
the motor under variable excitation.
(b) If the excitation of a synchronous motor is kept constant, the load
current changes with the variation of load. If the load is kept con-
stant and field excitation is varied, the motor operation by changing
its power factor. When the excitation is weak the stator takes a mag-
netizing current from 3f AC supply to help DC field.
The magnetizing component lags behind the applied voltage by 90°.
For constant applied voltage and constant input per phase active
component of current drawn from the supply mains.
Eb
ER Ea
Ea
d d q
V
o f
Eb = V Eb < V
Ia
q
d f
V
Eb > V

When the excitation increased by 100% the magnetizing current

drawn from 3f AC supply is reduced. Thus the magnetizing compo-
nent of current becomes a smaller part of total input current to the
stator winding and improves power factor.
When the excitation is further increased such that power factor
becomes unity, the stator draws only energy and DC field current
supplies all the current necessary to magnetize the rotor field.
If the excitation is increased further, the rotor field becomes over
strong and stator draws demagnetizing current to make the rotor
field weaker. Since it leads by 90° for V, it makes the power factor
leading but lesser than unity and armature current increases.
13. (a) (i) When a 3f supply is given to stator winding, current flows
through the stator winding called stator current. It produces a
rotating magnetic field in the space between stator and rotor. As
a result of the rotating magnetic field cutting the rotor conduc-
tors, an emf is induced in the rotor.
If the rotor is shorted then the induced emf produces current,
which produces rotor field. The interaction between stator and
rotor fields develop torque and begins to rotate in the same
direction as the rotating magnetic field.
(ii) 1. Rotor Copper Loss (Pcu)

Fr = SF
S = Fr F = 2 50
S = 0.04
120 f 120 × 50
Synchronousspeed N s = =
P 6
N s = 1000 rpm
Rotor Speed N = N s (1 − S )
= 1000(1 − 0.04) = 960 rpm
2π N
Mechanical power developed Pm = Tg ⋅
60
170 × 2π × 960
=
60
Pm = 17081.6 watts
s
Pcu = Pm ⋅
( − s + 1)

0.04
= 17081.6 ×
(1 − 0.04)
Pcu = 711.73 watts
2. Motor Inputs (Pin)

Pcu
P2 =
s
711.73
=
0.04
= 17793.25 watts
Pin = P2 + PΩ
= 17793.25 + 800
Pin = 18593.25 watts
3. Efficiency (%h)
2π N
Output power Pout = Tsh ⋅
60
2π × 960
= 160 ×
60
Pout = 16076.8 watts
Pout
%η = × 100
Pin
16076.8
= × 100
18593.25
%η = 86.465%
(b) (i) The curve drawn between the torque and slip from S = 1 to S = 0
is called slip-torque characteristics of induction motor.
The torque equation for 3f induction motor is given by
SE22 R2
Tα
R22 + ( SX 2 )2
Input voltage E2 is constant, hence the equation becomes

SR2
Tα
R + ( SX 2 )2
2
2

Normal Operating
Region
Unstable Region
Stable Region
B
Tm
Torque
D
Tft
Tst C
A
S=0 S = Sm 0.5 Slip ↔1.0
N = Ns
Speed
The curve consist of three region:

1. Stable Operating Region
The slip value ‘S’ is very small ( SX 2 )2 << R22 , hence neglecting
S 2 X 22
SR2
Tα α S as R2 is constant
R22
TαS
So as load increases, speed decreases or slip increases so
characteristic will be straight line.
2. Unstable Operating Region
Slip is further increased from Sm, the region is unstable region.
The slip value is high, S 2 X 22 >> R22
S 1
Tα 2
α where X 2 is constant
( SX 2 ) S
Slip increases as torque increases, the curve will to rectangular

hyperbola.
3. Normal Operating Region
It is low slip and operating region, the motor is continuously
operated in this region.

(a) Starting Torque (Tst)

When slip is 1, the speed is zero, at this condition the motor
produces a torque called starting torque.
(b) Maximum Torque (Tm)
When slip S = Sm, called maximum torque and said to be break-
down torque or pull out torque.
(c) Full Load Torque (TFL)
Normally full load torque is less than the maximum torque.
(ii)
Stator
Airgap
R1 X1 Rotor R2 X2r = SX2
Io
Ich
IW
V1 E2r = SE2
Ro Xo
Primary Rotating Secondary
Let,
V1 = Supply voltage per phase
E1 = The induced emf in stator/phase due to self induction
E2 = The induced emf in the rotor due to mutual induction at
standstill
R1 = Stator resistance/phase
R2 = Rotor resistance/phase
X1 = Stator reactance/phase
X2 = Rotor reactance/phase
E2r = Rotor Induced emf in running condition/phase (SE2)
I 0 = IW + I u
where,
V1
R0 = (1)
IW

where,
V1
X0 = (2)
Iu
E2 r SE2
I 2r = =
z2 r R + ( SX 2 )2
2
2
Equivalent Circuit of the Rotor

SE2
I 2r =
R22 + ( SX 2 )2
E2
I 2r =
2
⎛ R2 ⎞
⎜⎝ S ⎟⎠ + X 2
2
I2r X2
R2
S
E2
I2r X2 R2
RL = R2 ⎛ 1–S ⎛
⎝ S ⎝
E2
Equivalent Circuit Referred to Stator

E2
k = transformation ratio =
E1
kSE2
I 2′r = kI 2 r =
( R2 )2 + ( SX 2 )2
X2
X 2′ =
k2

The Equivalent Circuit

I1 R ′o X′o
R21 ⎛ 1–S ⎛
Zo1
Io ⎝ S ⎝
IW Iu
V1 Ro Xo
14. (a) Star-Delta Starter

This method is used in motors which are meant to run normally
with a delta connected stator winding. It consist of a two way switch
which connects the motor in star for starting and then in delta for
normal running.
When the two way switch is at START position, the stator windings
are connected in star. Therefore the applied voltage is reduced by a
R
3f
Y
Supply
B
Stator
Δ Run
Rotor
3 Way
Switch
Y Star

1
factor of . Hence the starting current is reduced when the motor
3
speed reaches 70 to 80% of normal value, the switch is changed to
RUN position where the motor is connected in Delta. Therefore full
voltage is applied to the motor running condition.
Initial starting current and starting torque are given by
I
Initial starting current, I st = I
3 sc
where Isc – Initial starting current
starting torque Tst
=
full load torque TFL
2
Tst ⎛I ⎞
= ⎜ st ⎟ δ f
TFL ⎝ I FL ⎠
2
Tst 1⎛ I ⎞
= ⎜ sc ⎟ δ f
TFL 3 ⎝ I FL ⎠
Auto Transformer Starter

The figure is as shown. This starter is used to give a reduced volt-
age to the 3 phase induction motor to limit the starting current. The
reduce voltage is obtained by an auto transformer.
UVRC
Run
OLRC
R
3f
Induction
Off
1 2 3 4 5 6 Motor
3f T
Y P
S
T
Supply
S
Start
Auto Transformer
B

Operation
When the handle is at start position, the motor is connected through
the auto transformer. Therefore a reduced voltage is applied and
hence starting current is reduced when the motor gets 80% of the
normal speed, the handle is moved to RUN position. At this position
the motor receives full line voltage.
Over Load Protection
When motor current exceeds the preset value, the over load relay
coil (OLRC) is energized high enough to operate the contactor S1.
Hence supply is switched OFF.
Low Voltage Protection
The under voltage relay coil (UVRC) is connected across two lines.
When supply voltage goes low or fails, UVRC de-energizes and
releases the handle to OFF position.
The starting current drawn from the supply
= X ( I st ) = X ( XI sc ) = X 2 I sc
3I 22 R2
T= (Synchronous watts)
S
2
3I FL R2
TFL =
Si
3I st2 R2
Tst =
i.0
2
⎛ Tst ⎞ ⎛ Tst ⎞
⎜T ⎟ = ⎜ I ⎟ Sf
⎝ FL ⎠ ⎝ FL ⎠
Advantages
• Reduces line current
• Smooth starting
• High acceleration
Disadvantages
• Cost is high
• Not used for large motors.
(b) Types of Slip Power Recovery System
(1) Kramer system
(2) Scherbius system

(3) Conventional method

(4) Static method
1. Kramer System
Conventional Method
The slip ring induction motor is coupled to the dc motor. The slip
rings are connected to the rotary convertor.
The dc output of the rotary convertor is used to drive dc motor. The
rotary convertor and dc motor are excited from the dc bus bars.
The static kramer drive has been very popular in large power pump
and fan type drives, where the range of speed is limited, but less the
synchronous speed.
2. Scherbius System
Conventional Scherbius System
R R
Y Y
B B
DC Motor
Rotary
SRIM
Convertor
Load R
The DC motor is coupled with induction generator. This induction

generators converts the mechanical power into electrical power.
Static Scherbius System

For the speed control of SRIM both below and above synchronous
speed, static scherbius drive system is used. They are:
• DC link static scherbius drive
• Cycloconvertor static scherbius drive.

3f
AC Supply
D
R
Coupling Supply
Sliprings
DC Rotary
Motor Convertor
SPIM
Advantages
• The main advantage of this method is that any speed, within the
working range can be obtained
Static Kramer System

R
Y
B
Ld Inverter
+ +
Id
V1
Gate Triggering
Position

R R
Y Y
B B
Transformer
Ld
Rectifier Invertor
SRIM
Id
Thus the slip power recovery system has been explained.
15. (a) (i) The stator winding is split into two main windings and auxiliary
winding and are displaced by I0 Electrical degrees. The auxiliary
winding has high resistance and low reactance.
High R
P V
qS
qC
Low IS
R Auxilary ∝
1f AC Winding
Supply
Main
Winding If I
N
Centrifugal
Switch

The characteristics of this motor are

• The starting torque is 100% to 250% of the rated vtg.
• The break down torque is upto 300%
• The power factor of this motor is 0.5 to 0.6
Applications
• fans
• blowers
• centrifugal pumps
• washing machines
(ii) The schematic diagram for capacitor start capacitor run induc-
tion motor as shown in figure. One capacitor run Induction
motor as shown in figure. One capacitor Cs is used for starting
purpose and another capacitor is used for running purpose.
In this motor, we can get high starting torque because of two
capacitors.
Is
Ir
C2
C1
1f AC
Rotor
Supply
Centrifugal
Switch
Properties
• The percentage of rated starting torque is 200% to 300%.
• The rated breakdown torque is 250%
• The power factor of the motor is in the range 0.75 to 0.9.
Advantages
• High starting torque
• High efficiency
• High power factor

Disadvantages
• Compressors
• Pumps
• Conveyors
• Refrigerators
(b) (i) Hysterisis Motor

Hysteresis Motor is a synchronous motor having non-projected
poles which does not need any DC excitation to rotor as shown
in Figure 1. The stator carries the main winging and auxiliary
windings to produce the rotating magnetic field. The stator can
also be of shaded pole type. The rotor is made of hard magnetic
material like steel or alnico for high retentivity and is of smooth
cylindrical structure. The rotor has no winding and the material
of the rotor must have high hysteresis loop area as shown in
Figure 2.
After giving supply to the stator, the rotation magnetic field
is produced which induces poles in the rotor. Since hysteresis
phenomena is dominant in rotor material, rotor pole axis lags
behind the rotating magnetic field. Therefore, the rotor poles get
attracted towards the moving stator field poles and hence rotor
gets subjected to torque known as hysteresis torque which is
constant at all speeds. The rotor pole strength remains constant
when the stator field axis moves forward. Therefore, higher is
the hysteresis torque if higher is the retentivity. At the beginning
Stator Auxiliary
Winding
Main
Winding
Shaft
Rotor of
Chrome Steel Air Gap
Fig. 1 Hysteresis motor (Cross section view)

Residual
Magnetism
H
Fig. 2 Hysteresis loop for rotor material
Torque
TSt
Speed
O NS
Fig. 3 Torque speed characteristic of hysteresis motor
the rotor starts rotating due to the combined effect of hysteresis

torque and torque due to eddy current induced in the rotor. The
rotor pulls into synchronism when the speed of the rotor is near
the synchronous speed. Magnetic locking between the rotor and
stator is ensured by high retentivity. The motor either rotates
at synchronous speed or not at all due to the principle of mag-
netic locking. The starting torque and running torque are almost
equal in this motor. Figure 3 shows the torque speed character-
istic of hysteresis motor.
This type of motor has the following advantages:
• There are no mechanical vibrations because the rotor has no
teeth and no winding.
• It can accelerate the high inertia load.
• There is possibility of multispeed operation using gear train.
• The operation is quiet and noiseless due to absence of
vibrations.

This type of motor is used for sound recording instruments,

sound producing acquirements, tape recorder, high quality
record players, teleprinters, timing devices and so on because
this type of motor has noiseless operation.
(ii) AC Series Motor
Field Winding
Armature
V Winding
A series motor can be run on both DC and AC supply. When

polarity of the supply terminals of the DC motor is reversed,
the direction of field flux and the direction of armature current
reverses, but the direction of the torque remains unchanged.
Therefore rotor rotates in same direction.
The operation of an AC series motor in same so that of a DC
series motor. Hence, the armature and the field winding termi-
nals are connected in series. When the AC supply is given to the
DC series motor the polarity of both the armature and the field
change at every half cycle, but direction of torque and direction
of rotation of rotor remains unchanged.

APRIL/MAY 2011
Fifth Semester
PART A (10 × 2 = 20 marks)
1. Why the stator core is laminated?
2. Define voltage regulation.
3. What is meant by “Torque angle”?
4. What is meant by hunting in synchronous motor?
5. Why the rotors slots are slightly skewed in squirrel cage induction motor?
6. A 50 Hz, 6 pole, 3 φ Induction motor runs at 970 rpm. Find the slip?
7. What are the starting methods used in three phase induction motor?
8. Define the term crawling.
9. Why single phase induction motor is not self starting? Mention the types
of starting?
10. List the applications of 1 φ induction motors.

Electrical Machines II (April/May 2011) 2.31
PART B (5 × 16 = 80 marks)
11. (a) (i) Describe the construction and working of an alternator?
(ii) Derive the emf equation of an alternator?
Or
(b) Explain the determination of direct and quadrature axis synchro-
nous reactance using slip test?
12. (a) (i) Draw and explain the phasor diagram of synchronous motor
operating at lagging and leading power factor.
(ii) A 1000 KVA, 11000 V, 3 φ star connected synchronous motor
has an armature resistance and reactance per phase of 3.5 Ω
and 40 Ω respectively. Determine the induced emf and angular
retardation of the rotor when fully loaded at 0.8 P × F lagging
and P × F leading?
Or
(b) Write short notes on:
(i) V-curves of synchronous motor
(ii) Synchronous condensor
13. (a) (i) Explain the principle of operation of 3 φ induction motor and
explain how the rotating magnetic field is produced by three-
phase currents?
(ii) A 50 HP, 6 pole, 50 Hz, slip ring IM runs at 960 rpm on full load
with a rotor current of 40 A. Allow 300 W for copper loss in
SC and 1200 W for mechanical losses, find R2 per phase of the
3 phase rotor?
Or
(b) (i) Derive an expression for the torque of an induction motor and
obtain the condition for maximum torque?
(ii) A 3φ induction motor has starting torque 100% and a maxi-
mum torque of 200% of full load torque. Find the maximum
torque?

14. (a) (i) Explain the starting methods used in 3φ induction motor?
1. DOL starter
2. Primary resistance starter
3. Auto transformer starter
4. Star-Delta starter
5. Rotor resistance starter
(ii) A 15 HP, 3φ , 6 pole, 50 Hz, 400 V, Δ connected IM runs at
960 rpm on full load. If it takes 86.4 A on direct starting find the
ratio of starting torque to the full load torque with a Star-delta
starter. Full load efficiency and power factor are 88% and 0 ×
0.85 respectively?
Or
(b) Explain the following methods of speed control schemes:
(i) Cascaded connection
(ii) Slip power recovery scheme
15. (a) (i) Explain with neat diagram the construction of single phase
induction motor?
(ii) Explain in detail about the double field revolving theory?
Or
(b) Explain the construction and working principle of
(i) Linear reluctance motor
(ii) Hysterisis motor

Solutions
PART A
1. The stator core is laminated to avoid short circuit between iron pieces
and to reduce the hysterisis and Eddy current losses in the stator core
side of the machine.
2. The voltage regulation of an alternator is defined as the increase in termi-

nal voltage when full load is thrown off, assuming field current and speed
remaining the same
E0 − V
%Regulation = × 100
V
V – Full load rated terminal voltage
3. The angular displacement between the rotor and stator poles is called
“Torque angle” or “Load angle” (or) Coupling angle (S).
4. When a synchronous motor is used for driving a fluctuations load, the

rotor starts oscillating about its new position equilibrium corresponding
to the new load called hunting (or) phase winding.
5. (i) To make the motor run quitely by reducing the magnetic form
(ii) To reduce the locking tendency of the rotor.
6. Given Data
F = 50 Hz, P = 6, 3 φ IM, N = 970 rpm
To Find S
Ns − Nr
S= × 100
Ns
120 f 120 × 50
Ns = = = 1000 rpm
P 6
N − N r 1000 − 970
Slip S = s = = 0 ⋅ 03
Ns 1000
Slip( S ) = 0 ⋅ 03or 3%

7. (i) Direct on line starter

(ii) Primary resistance starter
(iii) Auto transformer starter
(iv) Star-Delta starter
(v) Rotor resistance starter
8. The tendency of the motor to run stably at speed as low as one seventh
of its synchronous speed with a low pitched howling sound called as
crawling.
9. When a single phase supply is fed to the stator winding it produces only
an alternating flux, so starting torque will be zero.
Hence the Motor does not Rotate
(i) Split phase induction motor
(ii) Capacitor start-induction motor
(iii) Capacitor run-induction motor
(iv) Capacitor start and run induction motor
(v) Shaded pole induction motor
10. (i) Fans

(ii) Blowers
(iii) Centrifugal pumps
(iv) Washing machines
(v) Turn tables
PART B
11. (a) (i) Construction
1. Stator
2. Rotor
Stator
It is the stationary part of the machine with steel-sheet lami-
nations provided with slots on its inner pheriphery. A three
phase star connected winding in these slots and sets as armature
winding.

Rotor
It carries direct current field winding through two slip rings.
Rotor construction is of 2 types salient and non salient.
(i) Salient Pole Type
Salient Pole
Field Winding
N N
DC Supply
It is used for slow and moderate speed alternators. The poles

are made up of thick steel laminations riverted together, fixed to
rotor by done tail joint. The pole faces are usually provided with
slots for damper windings with radial air gaps.
Then the field windings are connected to a DC source through
slip-ring brushes, mounted on the shaft.
(ii) Non-Salient Pole Type

Non Salient Pole
DC
Supply
Field Windings
It is used for very high speed alternator provided with cylindri-

cal steel. It has radial slot at which the field copper, usually strip

form in placed. The coils are placed by steel or bronze wedges

and the ends are fasterned by end metal rings.
Working
125 V or 250 V is applied to the slip rings to magnetise the field
magnets, produce north and south poles. As the rotor rotates,
the armature conductors are cut by the magnetic flux. Emf will
induced since alternate north and south poles, emf acts in one
direction and then other. The direction of induced emf can be
found by fleming right hand rule.
(ii) Refer answer 11(a) (i) from Nov/Dec 2011 Question paper.
(b) Refer answer 11(b) (i) from Nov/Dec 2011 Question paper.
12. (a) (i) Induced emf Phase (Reversed)

− Eb = V − IRa − I d X d − I q X q
Id
I
f
V
d Ia Xa
Iq Iq Xq
Salient pole synchronous motor for leading power factor.

Salient pole synchronous motor for leading power factor when
Ra is Neglected.
Id
f A
d Id Xd
V
V sind
V cosd Iq Xq
B
From the phasor diagram using Eb as a reference phasor

V cos δ = Eb − I d X d and V sin δ = I q X q

Eb − V cos δ V sin δ
Id = , Iq =
Xd Xq
(ii) Given Data

Pin = 1000 kVA
V = 1100 V
Ra = 3 × 5 Ω
Xs = 40 Ω
To Find
Angular retardation δ ,
Induced emf for 0 × 8 P × F (lag), 0 × 8 P × F (lead)
(i) 0.8 power factor lag
Eb = V 2 + ER2 − 2VER cos(θ − φ )

⎡X ⎤ ⎡ 40 ⎤
Internal angle θ = tan −1 ⎢ s ⎥ = tan −1 ⎢ = 84 ⋅ 9 = 85°
⎣ Ra ⎦ ⎣ 3 ⋅ 5 ⎥⎦
φ = cos −1 (0 ⋅ 8) = 36 ⋅ 87°
11000
per phase voltage V = = 6351 V
3
ER = IZ s
Pin = 3 VL I L cos φ
Pin 1000
IL = =
3 VL cos φ 3 × 1000 × 0 ⋅ 8
I L = 0 ⋅ 065
zs = ( Ra )2 + ( X s )2 = (3 ⋅ 5)2 + (40)2
zs = 40.152 Ω
ER = 2 ⋅ 609 V
Eb = (6351)2 + (2 ⋅ 609)2 − 2(635 × 2609 × cos(85 − 37)
Eb = 6349 V
ER Eb
=
sin δ sin(θ + φ )

ER sin(θ + φ )
sin δ =
Eb
2 ⋅ 609 sin (85 + 37)
sin δ =
6349
δ = sin −1 (34 ⋅ 85 × 10 −3 )
δ = 0 ⋅ 019°
(ii) 0.8 power factor lead
Eb = V 2 + ER2 − 2VER cos(θ + φ )

= (6351)2 + (2 ⋅ 609)2 − 2(6351 × 2 ⋅ 609 × cos(85 + 37)
Eb = 6352V
ER Eb ER sin(θ + φ ) 2 ⋅ 609sin(85 + 37)
= , sin δ = =
sin δ sin(θ + φ ) Eb 6352
δ = sin −1 (34 ⋅ 83 × 10 −3 ) = 0 ⋅ 019°
(b) (i) Refer answer 12(a) from Nov/Dec 2011 Question paper.
(ii) An over excited synchronous motor running on no load is
known as synchronous capacitor or synchronous condensor. A
synchronous motor takes a leading current when over excited
and therefore behaves as a capacitor.
When such a machine, is connected in parallel with induction
motor or other devices that operate at lagging powerfactor, the
leading kVAR supplied by the synchronous capacitor partially
neutralises the lagging reactive kVAR of loads.
Rotor current and impedance per phase under running condition,
SE2
I 2r =
z2 r
SE2
I 2r =
( R2 ) + ( SX 2 )2
2
z2′r = ( R2 )2 + ( SX 2 )2
Rotor power factor running condition,

R2
cos φ2 r =
z2 r
R2
cos φ2 r =
R + ( SX 2 )2
2
2
13. (a) (i) Principle of Operation

When a 3 φ supply is given to stator winding current flows the
stator winding is called stator current. It produces a rotating
magnetic field in the space between stator and rotor.
Rotating Magnetic Field
If a balanced 3 phase voltage is applied to a balanced 3 φ wind-
ing, produces a rotating magnetic field, of constant amplitude.
The stator may be star or delta connected, the three phase wind-
ings are displayed by 120°. Each with balanced three supply
having phase sequences RYB.
The expression for instantaneous values of three fluxer are
φ P = φu sin ω t → (1)
φϕ = φu sin(ω t − 120°) → (2)
φ B = φu sin(ω t − 240°) → (3)
The resultant flux is φRe s = φR + φϕ + φB

Case (i) ω t = θ = 0°
Substituting θ = 0° in (1),(2),(3)
φ R = φm sin ω t = 0
φY = φm sin( −120°) = −0 ⋅ 866φm
φ B = φm sin(ω t − 240°) = 0 ⋅ 866φm
The phasor addition of above three fluxes,

φRe s
OA = DA = , BOD = 30°
2
OD φRe s / 2
cos 30° = =
OB 0 ⋅ 866φm
φRe s = 2 × 0 ⋅ 866φm × cos 30°
φRe s = 1⋅ 5φm

B D C
fr = 0.866 fm
30°
Assumed 60°
Positive
Direction
fR O
Case (2) ω t = θ = 60°

Substituting θ = 60° in (1), (2) & (3)
φ R = φm sin 60° = 0.866φm

φY = φm sin(60° − 120°) = −0.866φm
φ B = φm sin(60° − 240°) = 0
B A
fr = 0.866 fm
fr
fR
60°
30°
O fr = 0.866 fm
C
Assumed Positive Direction
The phasor addition of above three fluxes
φRe s
OA = DA = , BOD = 30°
2
OD φ
cos 30° = = Res/ 2
OB 0.866φm
φRes = 2 × 0.866φm × cos 30°
= 1.5φm


O C
60° fR = 0.866 fm
30°
D
fR
fB = 0.866 fm
B A
Case (3) ω t = θ = 120°
Substituting θ = 120° in (1), (2) & (3)
φ R = φm sin120° = 0.866φm
φY = φm sin(120° − 120°) = 0
φ B = φm sin(120° − 240°) = −0.866φm
φRe s
OD = DA = , BOD = 30°
2
OD φ
cos 30° = = Res/ 2
OB 0.866φm
φRes = 2 × 0.866φm × cos 30°
= 1.5φm
Case (4) ω t = θ = 180°
Substituting θ = 120°in (1), (2) & (3)
φ R = φm sin180° = 0
φY = φm sin(180° − 120°) = 0.866φm
φ B = φm sin(180° − 240°) = −0.866φm


O
60°
30°
fB = 0.866 fm
B D C
fC = 0.866 fm
fR

φRe s
OA = DA = , BOD = 30°
2
OD φ
cos 30° = = Res/ 2
OB 0.866φm
φRes = 2 × 0.866 × φm × cos 30°
= 1.5φm
(ii) Given Data

50 HP
f = 50 Hz
N = 960 rpm
Ir = 40 A
cu loss = 300 W
mechanical loss = 1200 W
To Find R2
Pm = Pin − Pcu
= Pin − 3I m2 R2
1200 = (50 × 746) − 3(40)2 R2
= 37300
36100
R2 =
4800
R2 = 7 ⋅ 5 Ω

(b) (i) Torque is proportional to the flux, rotor current and with the
rotor power factor,
T αφ I 2 r cos φ2 r → (1)
Let E2 be the rotor induced emf per phase under standstill con-
dition and X2 be the rotor reactance per phase under standstill
condition.
X 2 r = SX 2
E2αφ = E2 r = SE2
Also
E2 r SE2
I 2r = =
z2 r ( R2 ) + ( SX 2 )2
2
R2 R2
cos φ2 r = =
z2 r ( R2 ) + ( SX 2 )2
2
SE22 R2
Tα
R22 + ( SX 2 )2
K s E22 R2
T= N −m
where, R22 + ( SX 2 )2
k → constant of proportionality
3 N
k= , ns = s
2π ns 60
kE22 R2
Tst = N −m
R22 + X 22
Condition for maximum running torque,

SkE22 R2
T= N −m
( R2 )2 + ( SX 2 )2
Torque T for a fixed input voltage at maximum,
dT
=0
dS
( R22 + S 2 X 22 )( kE22 R2 ) − ( kE22 R2 )(2SX 22 ) = 0
R2 = SX 2
R2
maximumslip Sm =
X2

kSE22 R2
Tmax =
2S 2 X 2
kE22
Tmax =
2X2
(ii) Given Data
Tst = 100% T f
Tmax = 200% T f
Tst Tmax
= 1, =2
Tf Tf
Tst 1
= = 0.5
Tmax 2
Tst 2a
= = 0.5
Tmax 1 + a2
(1 + a)2 0.5 = 2a
a2 − 4a + 1 = 0
4 ± 16 − 4
a=
2
a = 0.27
R
a = 2 = 0.27
X2
14. (a) (i) DOL Starter

A motor of small capacity and which gathers normal speed
quickly can be started with this starter.
Operation
When TPST switch is closed, the under voltage relay coil
(VVRC) is energised and it will operate the main contactors
to close. Hence the full voltage is given to the motor and it
runs.

OLRC
M1
R
M2
3f Y
Supply
M3 3f
Induction
B
Fuse Motor
A
S4
Under Voltage
Relay Coil (UVRC) Remote
S3 Stop
S2
Start
No Voltage Protection
When the supply voltage either falls totally or falls below cer-
tain value, the holding power given by UVRC comes down
causing the main contactor to be opened. Thus the motor is pro-
tected from low voltage operation.
Over Load Protection
The relationship between the starting torque (Tst) and the full
load torque (TFL) is given by
2
Tst ⎛I ⎞
= ⎜⎜ SC ⎟⎟ S f
T fL ⎝ I FL ⎠
Isc = Ist = short circuit current, Sf = full load slip
(ii) Primary Resistance Starter

A variable resister is connected in series with the supply ter-
minals of the motor. The purpose of this resistance is reduce
to supply voltage. This reduced voltage is given to the motor
terminals.

xv1
3f
Induction
B
Motor
The reduced voltage limits the starting current. If the voltage

across the terminal is reduced by 50% then the starting current
is reduced by 50%.
Reduce per phase voltage = XV1

XV1
For phase starting current I st = = XTSC
zSC
2
Tst ⎛I ⎞
= ⎜ SC ⎟ S f
TFL ⎝ I FL ⎠
2
Tst ⎛ XI ⎞
= ⎜ SC ⎟ S f
TFL ⎝ I FL ⎠
2
Tst ⎛I ⎞
= X 2 ⎜ SC ⎟ S f
TFL ⎝ I FL ⎠
In an induction motor, torque α (voltage)2

2
Starting torque with reactor starting ⎛ XV1 ⎞
=
Starting torque with direct switching ⎜⎝ V1 ⎟⎠
Advantages:
(1) Smooth acceleration
(2) High power factor during start
(3) Less expensive
(4) Closed transision starting

Disadvantages
(1) Power lost in resistors
(2) Low starting torque
(3) Less efficiency
(iii) Auto Transformer Starter
Refer answer 14(a) from Nov/Dec 2011 Question paper.
(iv) Star Delta Stator
Refer answer 14(a) from Nov/Dec 2011 Question paper.
(v) Rotor Resistance Starter
The rotor resistance starter is as shown in figure. This starter
can be used only for Slip ring Induction motor external (or)
starting resistance is connected to the rotor terminals.
R Fuse
Stator
3f T
Y Supply P Fuse
Rotor
S
T
S 3f Slip
w Fuse
B i Ring Induction
t Motor Variable Resistance
ch in the Rotor Side
In this method, the motor is always started with full line voltage,
applied across the stator terminals. The value of starting current
is adjusted by introducing a variable resistance in rotor circuit.
At starting, the full resistance is included and hence the starting
current is reduced.
(ii) Output power = 15 HP
Poles P = 6
Frequency f = 50 Hz
Supply voltage V = 400 V
Starting current Ist = 86 × 4 A
Efficiency η = 88%
N = 960 rpm

To Find
2
Tst ⎛I ⎞
(i) = ⎜ st ⎟ S f
TFL ⎝ TFL ⎠
Ns − Nr
(ii) S f =
Ns
120 f
(iii) M s =
P
1000 − 960
Sf = , S f = 0.04
1000
I
Full load current TFL = L
3
Pin = 3VL I L cos φ
Pout
η=
Pin
Pout
Pin =
η
Pout = 15 HP = 15 × 746 = 11190 W
11190
Pin = = 12.7 kW
0.88
12.715 = 3 × 400 × I L × 0.85
I L = 21.59 A
IL 21.59
Full load Phase current I FL = = = 12.46 A
3 3
Starting current with direct switching = 86.4 Ω
86.4
Tst = = 28.8 A
3
Tst ⎡ 28.8 ⎤ 2
=⎢
T FL ⎣12.46 ⎥⎦
Tst
= 0.218
TFL

(b) Slip Power Recovery Scheme

This system is mainly used for speed control of slip ring induction
motor. The speed of slip ring induction motor can be controlled
either by varying the stator voltage or by controlling the power flow
in the rotor circuit.
Rotor air gap power = mechanical power + rotor copper loss
Pag = Pm + Pcu
Pag = ω sT
Pm = ωT
ω = ω s (1 − S )
Pcu = Sω sT
S Pag = Slip power
Pm = (1 − S ) Pag
T → Electromagnetic torque developed by the motor

ωs → Synchronous angular velocity
T = k1φ I 2 cos φ2
T = k2 I 2
E2
I2 =
z2
where
z2 = total rotor impedance
E2 = rotor emf
also known as tandem control

R
3f y
Supply Auxiliary
B Slip Ring Coupling Motor Slip Ring
Shaft
Main Motor
1
It consist of 2 slip ring induction motors. The Ist motor is called

main motor M1. This motor is coupled with second motor. The
second motor is called auxiliary motor.
P1 = Number of poles in main motor M1
P2 = Number of poles in auxiliary motor M2
f = Supply freq
f1 = Slip frequency of main motor M1
f2 = Supply freq of auxiliary motor M2
N = Speed of both motors
120 f
Main motor N s =
p1
120 f
Auxiliary motor N s =
P2
120 f
Cummulative cascade connection: N =
P1 + P2
120 f
Differential cascade connection: N = , P2 < P1
P1 − P2
In the cascade connection,
E2 = k φ (ω S − ω ) + Eext
E2 − Eext = k φ (ω S − ω )
where ω = rotor speed
Eext = External emf fed to rotor

Types of Slip Power Recovery System

(1) Kramer system
(2) Scherbius system
These two systems can further be classified into two methods.
They are
(1) Conventional method
(2) Static method
15. (a) (i) P
Stator
Rotor Rotor
Stator
Winding
The construction of a 1φ induction motor is similar to three

phase squirrel cage induction motor. The rotor is the same as
that of a three-phase induction motor, but the stator has only
a 1φ distributive winding. It consists of two parts is stator and
another one is rotor.
Single Phase Induction Motor
This can be explained in two ways
(i) Double field revolving theory
(ii) Cross field theory
(ii) Double Field Revolving Theory

Any alternating Quantity can be resolved into two Quantities
which rotate in opposite directions and have half of magnitude.
The alternating flux (φm) produced in the 1φ . induction motor
can be represented by two revolving fluxes, each of equal to

⎛φ ⎞
half the value of ⎜ m ⎟ the alternating flux and each rotating
synchronously. ⎝ 2 ⎠
y y a
f m/2
a fm/2
q
f m sinq
fm q
b fm/2
b f m/2
(a) (b)
a y
a
0 –f m
b
b
Flux
b
90 180 270 360

0 q
Thus the alternating flux can be looked upon as composed of

two revolving fluxes, each of half the values and revolving syn-
chronously in opposite direction,
The slip of the rotor is given by,
Ns − N
δf =
Ns
N s − (− N ) N
Sb = = 1+ = 1+1− S = 2 − S
Ns Ns
Sb = 2 − S

Each of the two component fluxes which revolves around the

stator acts the rotor, reduces an emf and thus produces its own
value.
Resultant
Torque Torque
2 0
1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2
Clockwise
Anticlockwise
Therefore the 1φ Induction motor has no starting torque.
(b) (i) Linear Reluctance Motor

Figure 1 shows a reluctance motor which is similar to a single-
phase induction motor. The stator has both the windings-main
winding and auxiliary windings. This type of motors has vari-
able air gap and no DC supply is required to rotor. Salient-pole
type of structure is given to the rotor and it carries short-
circuited copper bars acting like a squirrel cage rotor of induc-
tion motor. The starting torque is
Rotor
Stator
Minimum
Maximum Reluctance
Reluctance
Fig. 1 Reluctance motor
Produced by any of the phase splitting methods. Air gap decides

the reluctance of the magnetic path. Hence more the air gap,
more is the reluctance and less the air gap, less is the reluc-
tance. The reluctance is greatest when the magnetic field of the

stator magnetic field aligns with the cut out portion of the rotor
whereas it is least when it aligns with the centre portion of the
rotor teeth. Therefore, the reluctance of the magnetic circuit is
a function of the rotor position with respect to the axis of the
stator field, that is, a function of the air-gap. The rotor starts to
rotate like a normal induction motor after giving the supply.
The starting torque of this type of motor is very high and is
solely dependent on the position of the rotor. Figure 2 shows the
torque speed characteristic of reluctance motor.
Torque
Switching into
Synchronism
TSt
This is Function
of Rotor Position
Speed
N=0 N = NS
Switching
Speed
Fig. 2 Torque speed characteristic
This type of motor is used control apparatus, automatic regula-

tors, clocks and all kinds of timing devices recording instru-
ments, teleprinters and gramophones.
This type of motor has the following advantages:
• Less maintenance
• No requirement of DC supply
• Robust construction
• Constant speed characteristic
This type of motor has the following limitations:
• Less efficiency
• Poor power factor
• Less capacity to drive loads compared to 3-f synchronous
motors
(ii) Hysterisis Motor
Refer answer 15(b)(i) from Nov/Dec 2011 Question paper.

NOV/DEC 2010
Fifth Semester
PART A (10 × 2 = 20 marks)
1. Write the causes of harmonics in the voltage and current waves of
electrical machinery.
2. Write down the conditions for parallel operation of alternators.
3. List the inherent disadvantages of synchronous motor.
4. When a synchronous motor said to receive 100% excitation?
5. Under what conditions, the slip is an induction motor is

(a) Negative
(b) Greater than one
6. What are the fundamental characteristics of a rotating magnetic field?
7. State the advantages of speed control of induction motor by injecting an

emf in the rotor circuit.
8. What is the effect of change in input voltage on starting torque of

induction motor?
9. What are the drawbacks of the presence of backward rotating magnetic

field in a single phase induction motor?
10. What are the demerits of repulsion motor?

PART B (5 × 16 = 80 marks)
11. (a) (i) Derive the emf equation of an alternator. Also explain the pitch
factor and winding factor?
(ii) A 3 phase, 6 pole, star-connected alternator resolves at 100 rpm.
The stator has 90 slots and δ conductors per slot. The flux per
pole is 0.5 wb. Calculate the voltage generated by the machine.
If the winding factor is 0.96?
Or
(b) (i) Elaborate the discussion on capability curve with its boundaries
of synchronous machine.
(ii) Discuss the parallel operation of two alternators with identical
speed/load characteristics.
12. (a) (i) Draw the equivalent circuit and phasor diagram of synchronous
motor?
(ii) Explain the significance of V and inverted V curves.
Or
(b) (i) Discuss the methods for starting and starting procedure of
synchronous motor.
(ii) A 300V, 3 φ synchronous motor at running speed of 1500 rpm
has its excitation kept constant corresponding to no-load termi-
nal voltage of 3000V. Determine the power input, power factor
and torque developed for the armature current of 250A. If the
synchronous reactance is 5 Ω per phase and armature resistance
is reflected?
13. (a) (i) Discuss the different power stages of an induction motor with
losses?
(ii) An 18.65 kW, 4 pole, 50 Hz, 3 φ induction motor has friction
and windage losses of 2.5% of the output. Full load slip is 4%.
Find for full load.
1. Rotor copper loss
2. Rotor Input
3. Shaft torque
4. The gross electromagnetic torque
Or

(b) (i) Write a brief note on induction generator?

(ii) Write a brief note on double cage induction motors?
14. (a) (i) Explain the speed control of three phase induction motor by
pole changing?
(ii) Explain the rotor rheostat control of 3 phase slip ring induction
motor?
Or
(b) Discuss the various starting methods of squirrel cage induction

motors?
15. (a) (i) Explain the operation of a 1f induction motor using double
field revolving theory?
(ii) Explain the operation of shaded pole induction motor with neat
diagram?
Or
(b) (i) Explain the principle and operation of a AC series motor?

(ii) Explain the principle and operation of reluctance motor and
state its application?

Solutions
PART A
1. • Non sinusoidal wave form of the field flux
• Variation in the reluctance of air-gap due to the slotting of the stator
core
2. The conditions are

• The terminal voltage of the incoming alternators must be same as that
of bus bars
• The frequency of incoming alternator must be same as that of bus bars
• The phase of the incoming machine voltage must be same as that of
bus bar voltage relative to the load
• The phase sequence of the voltage of incoming alternator must be
same as that of bus bar voltage
3. • Higher cost
• Necessity of a dc excitation source
• Greater initial cost
• High maintenance cost
4. When Eb = V, synchronous motor receives 100% excitation.
5. • Slip is negative → generator condition

• Slip is greater than one → braking operating condition
6. • The resultant of 3 alternating flows separated from each other by 120°

has constant amplitude of 1.5
• The resultant always keeps a rotating with a certain speed in space
7. • Any speed within the working range can be obtained.
• If the rotary converter is such excited, it will take a leading current

which compensates for the lagging current by slip ring induction
motor

8. Large reduction in starting torque because the starting torque varies as

the square of voltage applied to the stator.
9. • Net flux will be zero

• No starting torque in the motor
10. • Low power factor except at high speed

• Speed variations with change in loads, very high at no load
• Requires frequent maintenance
• High cost and having sparking at the brushes
PART B
11. (a) (i) Refer answer 11(a)(i) from Nov/Dec 2011 Question paper.
Pitch Factor (KC)
Pitch factor is defined as the ratio of the emf induced in a short
pitch coil to the emf induced in a full pitch coil.
Emf induced in a short pitch coil

KC =
Emf induced in a full pitch coil
Vector sum of the induced emf per coil
=
Arithmetic sum of the induced emf per coil
If it is short pitched by a , the resultant is the vector sum of

emf’s
AC = AD + DC
α
AD = DC = AB cos
2
Distribution Factor [KD]

It is defined as the ratio of emf induced with a distributed wind-
ing to the emf induced with a concentrated winding.

C
B D
E
A
mf
f
2
mv
Emf induced with distributed winding

KD =
Emf induced with concentrated winding
(ii) Given Data

Phase = 3
Pole = 6
Speed = 1000 rpm
Slots = 90
Conductors/slot = 8
Flux per pole = 0.05 wb
Winding factor = 0.96
To Find
EL = ?
EL = 3 ⎡⎣ 4 ⋅ 44 kW fφT ph ⎤⎦
PN
f =
120
6 × 1000
f =
120
f = 50 Hz
T ph = z ph/2
z slot × conductors 90 × 8
z ph = = = = 240
3 3 3

240
T ph = = 120
2
EL = 3 [ 4 ⋅ 44 × 0 ⋅ 96 × 50 × 0 ⋅ 05 × 120 ]
EL = 2214 ⋅ 81 V
EL = 2214 × 81 V
(b) (i) The limits within which the synchronous machine operate
safely is called capability curve.
Conditions
(1) The MVA along must be less than the rating of the alternator
(2) The MW loading must be less than the rating of prime
moves
(3) The field current must not cross the value determined by
the field heating
(4) The Angle δ must be 90° for steady state stability operation
Constant Excitation
Curve
B
E
Ia Xs Cos f
f
V
O1 f Ia O I X Sin f A
Ia Xs a s
The locus will be a circle with the center O for Ia and radius
OA = 3VI a for excitation, the locus is a circle with centre O1.
Radius O1 A = 3VE / X 3 constant power factor lines are from
radial straight lines. For E f = O, OO1 shows short circuit cur-
rent at rated voltage O1N is stability limit at right angles to OO1
and δ = 90°

The operation of alternator is limited by

3VE
(1) The maximum field current between p & q , radius
Xs
center O1.
(2) MVA limit between q and r, radius 3VIa, centre O.
(3) Power factor of the prime mover between r and s.
(4) Practical stability limit between s and r.
Hence the complete zone of the alternator is pqrsfqp.
N P
Power Limit P max
t S r
M 3VE
N P B Excitation Unit
xs
f
E=0
+Q
Q O1 f 3v2/xs 0 A P
Pf Leading Pf Lagging Reactive Power Q
(ii) When an alternator is running in parallel, the load taken up by it

is totally determined by driving torque or input power of prime
mover. If any change in excitation, it does not change its output
kW, but changes kVA or power factor.
When two identical alternators operating in parallel. If the
E1 > E2 and it causes a circulating current Ic flows through the
armature and round the busbars. Ic is added vertically to load
current of alternator 1 and subtracted from load current of alter-
nator 2 causes a change in load current.

Load KVAR
M/C2
KW2
M/C1
KW/2
Alternator 1 and alternator 2 delivers the load current at power

factor cos φ1 and cos φ2 , where cos φ1 > cos φ2. Although they are
different power factors has no effect on output kW, but kVAR
of alternator 1 is increased whereas kVAR of alternator 2 is
decreased.
KVAR1 KVAR2
M/C2
KW2
Q2
M/C1
Q1
KW/1
Q1

Considering that the excitation of the two alternators remains

ultered during operation in parallel. The steam supply to alter-
nator 1 be increased, input to its prime mover is increased. The
speed of the alternators are tried by their synchronous bond
hence alternator 1 cannot over run alternator 2.
E1 advance E2 by δ , Ia which lags Er by 90°. Hence power per
phase of alternator 1 increases, alternator 2 decreases. Since
there is no effect on reactive, the active power of alternator
increases, whereas active.
12. (a) (i) Considering that the applied voltage V is the vector sum of −Eb
and the impedance drop Iazs
V = − Eb + I a z s
The angle α between the phasors V and Eb is called the load

angle. Except for small machines, Ra of a synchronous motor is
negligible compared to synchronous reactance.
RS XS IL
+
ZS
Eb
DC
V
Supply
IS XS If
o Y
a 90-j
Eb f f
Ia Xs A
V
Ia Eb
B
c 90

From the phasor diagram

AB
AB = Eb sin δ , cos φ =
Ia X s
AB = I a X 3 cos φ
Eb sin δ = I a X s cos φ
( Eb sin δ )
I a cos φ =
Xs
But P = VI a cos φ
(VEb sin δ )
P=
Xs
3EbV
For 3 phases Pin = sin δ
Xs
Pin → Gross mechanical power Pm, stator copper less is neglected.
3EbV
Pin = sin δ
Xs
Pm
Gross torque T =
ωm
3EbV
= sin δ
ωm X s
2π N
ωm =
60
9 ⋅ 55 Pm
T= Nm
N
9 ⋅ 55 Pm
T= Nm
N
(ii) Refer answer 12(a) from Nov/Dec 2011 Question paper.
(b) (i) Methods are

(1) From DC source
(2) By means of a AC motor
(3) By means of damper guides in the pole faces

(1) From DC Source

The synchronous motor is coupled and started by means of a
DC shunt (or) DC compound motor. The speed of DC motor
is adjusted by speed regulator. The synchronous motor is then
excited and synchronized with AC supply mains. DC source
operates the exciter as a motor during the starting period then
after the synchronous machine is brought up to speed and syn-
chronized the exciter assumes it normal function.
(2) By Means of a AC Motor
A small direct coupled Induction motor called the Pony, motor
for starting the synchronous motor unless the motor is request
to start against full load torque. The Induction motor frequency
has 2 Poles less than the synchronous motor speed and can be
raise the speed of the latter synchronous speed. After normal
operation is established, the pony motor is sometimes uncou-
pled from the synchronous motor.
(3) By Means Of Damper Grids in the Pole Faces
The synchronous motor is made self starting by providing a spe-
cial winding on the rotor poles known as damper winding. The
damper winding consists of short circuited copper bars embed-
ded in the face of the field poles. The beginning of synchronous
motor provides with damper winding starts as a squirrel cage
induction motor. The rotor winding is connected to exciter ter-
minals and the rotor is magnetically locked by the rotating field.
(ii) Given Data
Voltage = 3000 V
Synchronous speed = 1500 rpm
Armature current = 250 A
No load-terminal voltage = 3000 V
Synchronous reactance = 5 Ω
Armature resistance = Neglected
To Find
Power input, power factor and torque
9 ⋅ 55 × Pin
Torque, T =
Ns
Input power Pin = 3VI a cos φ

To find cos f let us consider the triangle ABC, Ia is assumed to

lag by
Ra is Negligible θ = 90
CAB = 90 − φ
From Δ CAB,
Eb2 = V 2 + ER2 − 2VER cos(90 − φ ) → (1)
3000
Voltage/phase(V ) = = 1732 V
3
3000
Induced emf ( Eb ) = = 1732 V
3
Impedancedrop( ER ) = I a X s
= 250 × 5 = 750 V
Sub the values in (1),
(1732)2 = (1732)2 + (750)2 − 2(750 × 1732) cos(90 − φ )
sin φ = 0 ⋅ 2165
φ = sin −1 (0 ⋅ 2165) = 12 ⋅ 5°
cos φ = cos12 ⋅ 5° = 0 ⋅ 976
Pin = 3VI a cos φ
Pin = 3 × 3000 × 250 × 0 ⋅ 976
Pin = 1267 × 86 kW
9 ⋅ 55 × Pin
T=
Ns
9 ⋅ 55 × 1267 ⋅ 86 × 103
T=
1500
T = 8072 Nm
13. (a) (i) The induction motor converts the electrical power into mechan-
ical power. From the power flow diagram, we can easily analyze
various power stages in the induction motor.
The input power,
Pin → Net electrical power input to stator

VL → line voltage
IL → line current
cosf → power factor
The stator having some losses namely stator core losses and
stator copper losses. After these the power is transferred to the
rotor magnetically through the air gap with the help of rotating
magnetic field the output of the stator will be P2.
P2 = Pin − Psl
In rotor, having two losses copper loss Pm and iron losses. The
remaining part of the power is called mechanical power Pm.
Pm = 3I 22 R2
Pm = P2 − Pin
After mechanical losses, PmL the power is available the load as
the shaft called shaft power (Pout).
Pout = Pm − PmL
rotor output
Rotor efficiency =
rotor input
Pm
%η =
P2
3f Electrical Power
Stator
PSL
Output of Stator = Stator Losses = CU Loss + Iron Loss

Input of Rotor P2
Rotor
Rotor CU Loss
Pcu
[Iron Loss Neglected]
Mechanical Power
Developed in Motor
Friction and Windage Loss
Pu
Mechanical PmL
Power Load
Output at Shaft

mechanical power output as shaft

Motor efficiency =
Electrical power input the stator
Pout
Motor efficiency =
Pin
(ii) Given Data

Pout = 18.65 kW
P=4
F = 50 Hz
Friction and windage losses = 2% 5% of o/p
Slip = 4%
To Find
(1) Rotor copper loss
(2) Rotor input
(3) Shaft torque
(4) Gross electromagnetic torque
Solution
s
Rotor copper loss Pcu = Pm
1− s
4
S = 4% = = 0 ⋅ 04
100
Pm = Pout + PmL
PmL = 18 ⋅ 65 × 0 ⋅ 025
pmL = 0 ⋅ 466 kW
Pm = 18 ⋅ 65 + 0 ⋅ 466
Pm = 19.116 kW
19 ⋅116 × 103 × 0 ⋅ 04
Pcu =
1 − 0 ⋅ 004
Pcu = 0 ⋅ 796 kW
Rotor input P2 = Pm + Pcu
P2 = 19 ⋅116 + 0 ⋅ 796
P2 = 19 ⋅ 912 kW

Pout × 60
Shaft torque Tsh =
2π N
N = N s (1 − s)
120 f
Ns =
P
N = 1500(1 − 0 ⋅ 04)
N = 1440 rpm
18 ⋅ 65 × 103 × 60
Tsh =
2 × π × 1440
Tsh = 123 ⋅ 76 Nm
Pm × 60
Gross torque Tq =
2π N
19 ⋅116 × 103 × 60
Tg =
2 × π × 1440
Tg = 126 ⋅ 76 Nm
Tg = 126 ⋅ 76 Nm
(b) (i) The induction motor connected to constant voltage and fre-
quency supply runs only at synchronous speed. If the rotor
driven by another machine at above synchronous speed, the
induction motor runs as a generator called induction generator.
When the rotor speed is above synchronous speed, the slip
becomes negative and relative speed of rotor conductor changes
its sign, rotor emf E2 rotor current I2 and also stator component
I2 change their sign.
The resultant stator currents consist of magnetizing current and
a component in phase opposition to the stator applied voltage.
Due to negative slip the mechanical power and torque devel-
oped becomes negative.
Df Q
Prime 3f Introduction
Mover Motor

Hence at above synchronous speeds, the rotor does not supply

mechanical power but absorbs mechanical power from the shaft
and this mechanical power is converted into electrical by the
stator. Hence for generating own magnetic field, it absorbs reac-
tive power from the lines.
(ii) The squirrel cage induction rotor is mainly used for many appli-
cations suitable modifications are made for good starting torque
and excellent running performance.
One is upper cage or outer cage and another one is lower cage
or inner cage.
Resultant
Torque
Upper
or
Outer Outer Cage
Cage
Inner Cage
Lower
or
Inner Slip
Cage
In a double cage induction motor, the upper cage has a high

resistance and low reactance the inner cage has a lower resis-
tance and high reactance.
At the time of starting of induction motor, the frequency of the
rotor current is equal to the stator supply frequency. These 2
cages of windings are in parallel and thus the distribution of
current between the upper cage and the lower cage.
The lower cage winding current lags the induced emf by a large
angle producing a small amount of starting torque. The upper
cage winding current is high and moreover in nearly in phase
with the induced emf, thus producing a large amount of torque.
14. (a) (i) For a constant frequency, the synchronous speed of the motor is
inversely proportional to the number of poles
1
N sα
P
By changing the poles, the motor synchronous speed can be
varied. Provision for changing the number of poles has to be

incorporated at the manufacturing stage, and such machines are

called Pole changing method.
A
B
1 2 3
4 5 6
C
D
A
B
D
C 2 4 6
Cage rotor is not wound by specific number of poles, only the

stator is wound. But in the slip ring motor both stator and rotor
are wounded. Hence it is used for two different pole numbers.
Considering a phase winding consists of 6 coils and divided
into AB and CD groups. AB consist of odd numbered coils
1,3,5 and CD consist of even numbered coils 2,4,6 either series
or parallel. If current through AB is reversed, it acts as north
pole and find path through interpole and produces south pole,
hence act as 12 poles.
(ii) This method is applicable only for slip ring induction motor.
External resistance can be added in the rotor circuit.
A simple and primitive method of speed control of a slip ring
induction motor is given by mechanical variation of the rotor
circuit resistance, as shown in figure.
Stator
Rotor
R
3f
Y
Supply
B
External
Resistance

The torque equation of the induction motor is

SE22 R2
Tα
R22 + ( SX 2 )2
The slip corresponding to the maximum torque is given by,

R2
sm = , Smα R2
X2
The maximum torque equation is,

E22
Tmaxα
2X2
Torque
R´´2 R´2 r2
T max
T st3 R´´2 > R´2 > r2
T st2
T st1
Speed
The starting torque of the induction motor is,

E22 R2
Tst α
R22 + X 22
Advantages
(1) Smooth and wide range of speed control
(2) Absence of in-rush starting current
(3) Availability of full-load at starting
Disadvantages
(1) Reduced efficiency because the slip energy is wasted in the
rotor circuit resistance
(2) Speed changes vary widely with load variation
(b) Refer answer 14(a)(i) from April/May 2011 Question paper.
15. (a) (i) Refer answer 15(a)(ii) from April/May 2011 Question paper.

(ii) Construction
P N
Single Phase AC
Supply
Cage
Rotor
Shaded pole motor is a split phase type single phase induction

motor. It has salient poles on the stator excited by single phase
supply and a squirrel cage rotor as shown in figure.
It has no commutator, brushes, collector, rings, contactors,
capacitors or moving switch parts and so it is relatively cheaper,
simpler.
Operation
(1) During the portion OA of the alternating current cycle the
flux begins to increase and an emf is induced in the shading
coil. The resulting current in the shaded coil will be in such
a direction as to opposite the change in flux
(2) During the portion AB of the alternating current cycle, the
flux has reached almost maximum value and is not changing
(3) As the flux decreases portion BC of the alternating current
cycle, current is induced in the shading coil so as to oppose
the decrease in current
i1
B
A
C
o t

Torque speed characteristics of shaded pole induction motor:

T
NS
o Speed
The effect of shading coil is to cause the field flux to shift across
the pole face from the unshaded to the shaded portion.
This shifting of flux is like a rotating weak field moving in the
direction from unshaded portion to the shaded portion.
Consequently a small torque is developed. As soon as this
torque starts developed, additional torque is produced by single
phase induction motor action.
Characteristics are
(1) The starting torque is 40% to 60%
(2) The breakdown torque is 140%
(3) The power factor of the motor is in the range of 0.25 to 0.4
(4) The efficiency of the motor is 25% to 40%
(5) The power rating of the motor ranges upto 40W
Disadvantages
(1) Low efficiency
(2) Low power factor
(3) Very low starting torque
Application
(1) Fans
(2) Blowers
(3) Turn tables
(4) Hair dries

(b) (i) Refer answer 15(b)(ii) from Nov/Dec 2011 Question paper.
(ii) Whenever a piece of ferromagnetic material is located in a
magnetic field a force is exerted upon the material, tending to
bring it into the position of the densest portion of the field. The
force tends to align the specimen of material so that the reluc-
tance of the magnetic path passing through the material will be
at a minimum.
Stator carrying a single phase winding along with an armature
winding to produce a synchronously revolving magnetic field
unsymmetrical magnetic squirrel cage rotor is provided, must
have equal number of poles on the stator.
S S
When a single phase supply is given to the stator, the auxiliary

windings get energized, magnetic field is produce. The motor
starts as a squirrel cage and accelerate to its near synchronous
speed. As the rotor approaches synchronous speed, stator flux
will exerted a reluctance torque on the rotor poles tending to
align the salient pole axis with rotating field axis.
Application
Due to constant speed
(1) Timing devices
(2) Signaling devices
(3) Recording instruments
(4) Phonographs

APRIL/MAY 2010
Fifth Semester
PART A (10 × 2 = 20 marks)
1. Explain why an alternator with low value of short circuit ratio has lower
limit of stability.
2. What is the necessity for short chording the armature winding of

synchronous machine?
3. What are the main parts of synchronous motor?
4. Mention the need for starters in synchronous motors.
5. All what value of slip does the torque developed maximum?
6. Why the stator core of induction motor made of silicon content steel
staping?
7. Name the method of speed control used for slip ring induction motor.
8. What is the disadvantage of rotor rheostat speed control method?
9. Why is a single phase induction is not self starting?
10. State the applications of shaded pole single phase induction motor.
PART B (5 × 16 = 80 marks)
11 (a) (i) Sketch and explain the open circuit and short circuit character-
istics of synchronous machines.

OCC
SCC
ISC
E
If
(ii) Define the term synchronous reactance and voltage regulation

of alternator. Explain synchronous impedance method of deter-
mining regulation of an alternator?
Or
(b) (i) Derive the EMF equation of a three phase alternator?
(ii) A 1500 kVA, 6600 V, 3φ star connected alternator with a resis-
tance of 0.4 Ω and reactance of 0.6 Ω/phase, delivers full-load
current at power factor 0.8 lagging and normal rated voltage.
Estimate the terminal voltage for the same excitation and load
current at 0.8 lower factor leading?
12. (a) (i) Show that the synchronous motor is a variable power factor
motor?
(ii) Mention the advantage of salient pole in synchronous motor?
Or
(b) (i) Explain what is a meant by V-curves? Draw the V-curves of syn-
chronous motor?
(ii) State the characteristic features of the synchronous motors?
13. (a) (i) Explain the operating principles of 3 φ induction motor?

(ii) Draw the power flow diagram of a 3 φ induction motors and
explain each stage?
Or
(b) (i) Explain the construction of double cage rotor?
(ii) Explain the equivalent circuit of double cage induction motor?

14 (a) Explain the methods of starting of induction motor with neat

sketches.
Or
(b) (i) A 4 pole induction motor and 6 pole induction motor are con-
nected in cumulative cascade. The frequency in the secondary
circuit of the 6 pole motor is observed to be 1 Hz. Determine
the slip inch machine and the combined speed of the set. Take
supply frequency as 50 Hz.
(ii) A certain 3 phase, 6 pole, 50 Hz induction motor when fully
loaded runs with a slip of 3%. Find the value of resistance nec-
essary in series per phase of the rotor to reduce the speed by
10%. Assume that the resistance of the rotor per phase is 0.2 Ω
15. (a) What is a stepper motor? How does it work? What are their
applications?
Or
(b) Draw the equivalent circuit of single phase induction motor and dis-
cuss the experimental procedure to obtain its parameters?

Solutions
PART A
1. The lower value of SCR means of greater change in field current to maintain
constant terminal voltage and a lower value of steady state stability limit
lesser SCR, lesser in the size, weight and cost of the machine. So it is used
in determining the current through the armature under fault conditions.
2. If coil span is n slots or 180° electrical the coil is called full pitch coil.
An against this if coil are used in such a way that coil span is slightly
less than a pole pitch, the coils are called short pitched coils or fractional
pitched coils.
3. The main parts are

• Stator
• Rotor
4. When a 3 φ supply is given to the stator with rotor excited, no need of

steady starting torque will be developed instead a sinusoidally time vary-
ing torque is developed. The Average value of which is zero and hence
synchronous motor needs starters.
5. The torque at which the motor produces at slip S = Sm is called maximum

torque. Sm is slip at which maximum torque occurs and also said to be
break down torque or pull out torque.
6. Since induction motor is subject to alternate changes in the polarity of

the magnetic field, the hysterisis and eddy current loss takes place. To
reduce 3–7% of silicon is added to high grade steel to reduce the latter.
7. • Adding external resistance in the rotor circuit

• Cascade control
• Slip power recovery scheme
8. • Reduced efficiency because the slip energy is wasted in the rotor

resistance circuit
• Speed changes vary widely with load variation
• Unbalance in voltage and current if rotor circuit resistances are
not equal

9. When a single phase supply is fed to the stator winding, it produces only
an alternating flux only. Due to this starting torque will be zero. Hence
the motor does not rotate.
10. Refer answer 10 from Nov/Dec 2011 Question paper.
PART B
11. (a) (i) Open Circuit Test
The machine is run on no load and induced emf/phase is mea-
sured corresponding to various values of field current and the
curve is drawn between induced emf per phase E and the field
current (If ).
Short Circuit Test
The armature winding is short-circuited through a low resis-
tance ammeter. During this test, the speed is kept constant and
short circuit current is measured corresponding to the value of
field current [twice the full load current].
This curve is plotted between Isc and If
Source or synchronous reactance X s = ( Z s )2 − ( Ra )2
where
Zs → Synchronous impedance
Ra → Effective armature resistance per phase
(ii) Synchronous Reactance

The sum of leakage reactance XL and fictitious reactance Xa is
known as synchronous reactance Xs.
Xs = XL + Xa
Voltage Regulation
It is defined as increase in terminal voltage, when full load is
thrown off, assuming field current and the speed remains the same.
E −V
%R = 0 × 100
V
where,
V – full load rated terminal voltage

Synchronous Impedance Method

It is also said to be EMF method. Both OCC and SCC curves are
drawn on a common field current base. Consider If correspond-
ing to it, the OC voltage is E1. When the winding is short cir-
cuited, the terminal voltage is zero. Hence it is assumed that the
whole of this voltage E1 is being used to circulate the armature
short circuit current I1 against the synchronous impedance zs.
E1
E1 = I1 zs ⋅ zs =
I1
Xs = zs2 − Ra2
By using the phasor diagram,
OCC
SCC
E ISC
If
Unity Power Factor
E0 = (V − IRa )2 + ( IX s )2
Leading Power Factor
E0 = (V cos φ + IRa )2 + (V sin φ − IX s )2
EO
IXS
IRa
I
O

Lagging Power Factor

E0 = [V cos φ + IRa ]2 + [V sin φ + IX s ]2
The regulation will be always greater than actual value and

hence called “Permistic method”.
C IRa
V cosj
IXS
IRa D
F o I
EO
j
V Ea
V sinj C
V V sinj
j B I
o
V cosj IRa A IRa B
(b) (i) Refer answer 11(a)(i) from Nov/Dec 2011 Question paper.
(ii) Given Data

P = 1500 kVA
V = 1600 V
Ra = 0.4 Ω
Xs = 0.6 Ω
1500 × 103
Full load current = = 131.215 A
3 × 6600
6600
Terminal voltage V ph = = 3810.5 V
3
IRa = 131⋅ 215 × 0 ⋅ 4 = 52.48 V
IX s = 131⋅ 215 × 6 = 787.29 V
E0 = (V cos φ + IRa )2 + (V sin φ − IX a )2
= (131⋅ 215 × (0 ⋅ 8) + 52.48)2 + (131⋅ 215 × 0 ⋅ 6) − (787 ⋅ 2)2
= (157 ⋅ 45)2 + ( −708 ⋅ 56)2
E0 = 526847 ⋅ 7
E0 = 725 ⋅ 84 V

12. (a) (i) Refer answer 12(b)(ii) from April/May 2011 Question paper.
(ii) • These motors can be constructed with wider air gaps than
induction motors, which makes them better mechanically.
• Electro magnetic power varies linearly with the voltages.
• These motor operate at higher efficiencies.
• Over excited synchronous motor provides leading power
factor.
• The speed is constant and independent of load.
(b) (i) Refer answer 12(a) from Nov/Dec 2011 Question paper.
(ii) Usually the advantages and disadvantages says the features of

the motors.
Advantages
• These motors usually operate at higher efficiencies.
• Speed is constant and independent of load.
• Electro magnetic power varies linearly with the voltage.
• Constructed with wider air gaps than induction motors,
which make them better mechanically.
• Over excited synchronous motor having a leading power
factor can be operated in parallel with induction motor.
Disadvantages
• Cannot started under load.
• Requires dc excitation which must be applied from external
source.
• Has a tendency to hunt.
• Cannot be used for variable speed jobs was there is no
possibility of speed adjustments.
• Requires collector rings and brushes.
Applications
• It is used to regulate the voltage at the end of transmission
line.
• Used to Improve the power factor in factories.
• Used as fans, blowers, dc generators, line shafts.

13. (a) (i) Refer answer 13(a)(i) from Nov/Dec 2011 Question paper.
(ii) Refer answer 13(a)(i) from Nov/Dec 2010 Question paper.
(b) (i) Refer answer 13(b)(ii) from Nov/Dec 2010 Question paper.
(ii) Since inner and outer rages completely link the main fluxes, the
impedance of the two cages can be considered to be in parallel.
Rf Xf
If
Io Io
Zf
V R Xf
f
Rf Xf
Io If
Zf
V
Zo¢ Zf
Xo¢
Hence the magnetizing current is neglected. Total impedance as

referred to stator is given by,
1
Ro1 = R1 + jX 1 +
1 1
+
Z 0 Z1
Z 0′ Z1′
Ro1 = R1 + jX 1 +
Z 0′ + Z1′
Z 0′ Z1′
Ro1 = R1 + jX 1 +
Z 0′ + Z1′

R1 → stator resistance/phase
X1 → Stator reactance/phase
R′0 → Outer cage resistance/phase referred to stator
X 0′ → Outer cage reactance/phase referred to stator
R′1 → Inner cage resistance/phase referred to stator
X 1′ → Inner cage reactance/phase referred to stator
14. (a) Refer answer 14(a)(i) from April/May 2011 Question paper.
(b) (i) Given Data

P1 = 4
P2 = 6
Supply frequency,
F = 50 Hz, f2 = 1 Hz
120 f 120 × 100

N SC = = = 600 rpm
P1 + P2 4+6
f2 1
Slip S = = = 0 ⋅ 02
f 50
Actual speed N is given by,
N SC − N
S=
N SC
600 − N
0 ⋅ 02 =
600
N = 588 rpm
Main Motor
120 f 120 × 50
NS = = = 1500 rpm
1
P1 4
NS − N 1500 − 588
S1 = 1
= = 0 ⋅ 608
NS 1500
1
f1 = S1 f = 0 ⋅ 608 × 50 = 30 ⋅ 4 Hz

Auxiliary Motor
120 f1 120 × 30 ⋅ 4
NS = =
2
P2 6
N S = 608 rpm
2
NS − N 608 − 588
S2 = 2
= × 0 ⋅ 333
NS 608
2
S2 = 0 ⋅ 01
(ii) Given Data

P = 4, S1 = 3% = 0 ⋅ 03
f = 50 Hz, R2 = 0 ⋅ 2 Ω / ph
Synchronous speed,
120 f 120 × 50
NS = = = 1500 rpm
P 4
N1 = N s (1 − s1 )
= 1500(1 − 0 ⋅ 03)
N1 = 1455 rpm
N 2 = 0 ⋅ 9 × N1 [reduced 10%]
= 0 ⋅ 9 × 1455
N 2 = 1309 ⋅ 5 rpm
Ns − N2 1500 − 1309 ⋅ 5
S2 = = = 0 ⋅127
Ns 1500
k s E22 k s E22
T1 = 1
, T2 = 2
R2 R2 + r
k s E22 k s E22
Given T1 = T2 = 1
= 2
R2 R2 + 4
s1 s2
=
R2 R2 + r
0 ⋅ 03 0 ⋅127
=
0 ⋅ 2 0.2 + r
r = 0 ⋅ 646 Ω
r = 0 ⋅ 646 Ω

15. (a) A stepper motor is a brushless DC motor rotates through a field

angular step in response to each input current pulse received by its
controller.
A stepper motor is a digital actuator whose input is in the form of
programmed energization of the stator windings.
The stepper motor is ideally suited for an actuator in computer
control systems, digital control systems etc.
Step Angle
Step angle is defined as the Angle through which the stepper motor
shaft rotates for each command pulse. It is denoted by β .
Formula for Step Angle ( β )
(Ns ∼ Nr )
β= × 360°
Ns ⋅ Nr
where,
Ns = Number of stator poles or stator teeth
Nr = Number of rotor poles or rotor teeth
360°
Step Angle β =
mN r
where,
m = Number of stator phases
Resolution
It is defined as the number of steps needed to complete one revolu-
tion of the rotor shaft
Number of steps 360°
Resolution = =
revolution β
Applications
1. Instrumentation Applications
• Quartz watches
• Synchronized clocks
• Camera shutter operation

2. Stepper motor applications in computer peripherals

• Dot matrix and line printers
• Floppy disk drives
• Digital X-Y plotter
Advantages
• It can drive open loop without feedback
• No accumulative positive error
• It is mechanically simple
Disadvantages
• Low efficiency with ordinary controller
• Fixed step angle
• No flexibility in step resolution
(b) Stator Side

The equivalent circuit of an Induction motor is drawn only one phase.
V1 = E1 + I1 ( R1 + jX 1 )
V → Supply voltage
Ec → emf induced in the stator winding
R1 X1
Io
IW Iu
V1 E1 V1 Ro Xo
If magnetizing component lags behind V1 by 90° and so it is pre-

sumed to flow through an assumed inductive reactance X0 ohms. The
loss component of the no-load current IW is assumed to flow through
a fictions resistance R0.
Rotor side
When the motor is loaded I2, is given by,

Er Rotor emf/phase under running conditions

I2 = =
zr Rotor impedance/phase under running conditions
SE2 2 E2
I2 = =
( R2 ) + ( SX 2 )
2 2
⎛R ⎞
2
3 ⎜ 2 ⎟ + X 22
⎝ s⎠
Now the resistance,
R2 ⎡ R ⎤
= ⎢ R2 + 2 ⎥ − R2
s ⎣ s ⎦
R2 ⎡1 ⎤
= R2 + R2 ⎢ − 1⎥
s ⎣s ⎦
SE2 = Er E2
SX2
R2 /S
I1 Ro1 = R1 + R21 Xo1 = X1 + X2
Io
IW Iu
V1 Ro Xo
Now the resistance,
R2 ⎡1 ⎤
= R2 + R2 ⎢ − 1⎥
s ⎣s ⎦

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Semester-V

EEE_Semester-V_Ch04.indd 1 4/19/2014 3:23:11 PM

EEE_Sem-VI_Chennai_FM.indd iv 12/7/2012 6:40:43 PM

2. Define the term voltage regulation of Alternator.

3. What is meant by hunting of a synchronous motor?

4. What are the uses of damper winding in synchronous motor?

6. Define slip of an induction motor.

7. What are the different methods of starting 3-phase induction motor?

8. What is meant by slip power recovery scheme?

9. What are inherent characteristics of plain 1-phase induction motor?

10. State the double revolving field theory.

EEE_Semester-V_Ch04.indd 3 4/19/2014 3:23:11 PM

EEE_Semester-V_Ch04.indd 4 4/19/2014 3:23:11 PM

EEE_Semester-V_Ch04.indd 5 4/19/2014 3:23:11 PM

E0 – No load terminal voltage

11 (a) (i) Refer Q. no. 11 (a) (i) Nov/Dec 2011

11 (b) Methods used to predetermine th voltage regulation in synchronous machine are

MMF/ Ampere turns method:

V t is the terminal voltage per phase (reference phasor).

V 1 is the sum of V t and I a Ra added vectorially.

Figure 6.17 Vector Diagram

Figure 6.18 Ampere-turn Method

Ampere-turn Method with Ra Neglected

From Figure 6.19, we have

Also from Figure 6.19, we have

12 (b) (i) Refer Q. no. 12(a) from Nov/Dec 2011

12 (b) (ii) Refer Q. no. 12 (a) (i) from Nov/Dec 2010

13 (b) (i) Refer Q. no. 13 (a) (i) from Nov/Dec 2011

14 (a) Refer Q. no. 14 (a) (i) from April/May 2011

14 (b) (i) Refer Q. no. 14 (b) from April/May 2011

14 (b) (ii) Refer Q. no. 14 (b) from Nov/Dec 2011

15 (a) Refer Q. no. 15 (a) (i) from Nov/Dec 2011

2. State the conductions to be satisfied for parallel operation of alternators.

3. What are V curves?

4. What are the starting methods of synchronous motor?

5. Define slip of three phase induction motor.

6. State the condition of maximum torque developed in three phase

8. What it is objectionable to start large three phase induction motor by

9. Draw the torque slip characteristics of single phase induction motor.

EEE_Semester-V_Ch04.indd 6 4/19/2014 3:23:11 PM

(ii) A 3.3 kV alternator gave the following results:

EEE_Semester-V_Ch04.indd 7 4/19/2014 3:23:11 PM

(b) (i) Show how a 3 phase induction motor can be represented by an

EEE_Semester-V_Ch04.indd 8 4/19/2014 3:23:11 PM

2. The conditions are

4. Synchronous motors can be started by following methods:

5. Refer Q. no. 6 from Nov/Dec 2011

6. Condition for maximum running torque

7. Refer Q. no. 8 from Nov/Dec 2011

9. Refer Q. no. 15 (a) (1) from Nov/Dec 2011

11. (a) (i) Zero Power Factor Method or Potier Method

We have the following relation from Figure 6.20:

Figure 6.21 shows the phasor diagram when Ra is neglected.

Since F f , F r , and F ar are all in phase, their magnitudes are related by

(i) loading alternator with pure reactors,

zy (voltage drop per phase

12. (a) (i) Current Locus for Constant Power Input

(ii) Current Locus for Constant Excitation (Ef)

14. (a) (i) Refer Q. no. 14 (a) from Nov/Dec 2011

14. (a) (ii) Cascade Connection of Induction Motors

Figure 8.31 Cascade Connections of Inductiion Motors

The followings cases are discussed.

Since f2 = s1f1, we have from Equation (8.90)

Therefore, the speed of the cascade set becomes