Theobald (1994) suggested that etymologically, the word "tour" is derived from the Latin

'tornare' and the Greek 'tornos,' meaning 'a lathe or circle; the movement around a central point
or axis.' This meaning changed in modern English to represent 'one's turn.' The suffix -ism is
defined as 'an action or process; typical behavior or quality' whereas the suffix -ist denotes one
that performs a given action. When the word tour and the suffixes -ism and -ist are combined,
they suggest the action of movement around a circle. One can argue that a circle represents a
starting point, which ultimately returns back to its beginning. Therefore, like a circle, a tour
represents a journey that is a round trip, i.e., the act of leaving and then returning to the original
starting point, and therefore, one who takes such a journey can be called a tourist.

Hunziker and Krapf, in 1941, defined tourism as people who travel "the sum of the phenomena
and relationships arising from the travel and stay of non-residents, insofar as they do not lead to
permanent residence and are not connected with any earning activity."In 1976, the Tourism
Society of England's definition was: "Tourism is the temporary, short-term movement of people
to destination outside the places where they normally live and work and their activities during
the stay at each destination. It includes movements for all purposes."In 1981, the International
Association of Scientific Experts in Tourism defined tourism in terms of particular activities
selected by choice and undertaken outside the home.

The United Nations classified three forms of tourism in 1994, in its "Recommendations on
Tourism Statistics: Domestic tourism", which involves residents of the given country traveling
only within this country; Inbound tourism, involving non-residents traveling in the given
country; and Outbound tourism, involving residents traveling in another country.The UN also
derived different categories of tourism by combining the three basic forms of tourism: Internal
tourism, which comprises domestic tourism and inbound tourism; National tourism, which
comprises domestic tourism and outbound tourism; and International tourism, which consists of
inbound tourism and outbound tourism. Intrabound tourism is a term coined by the Korea
Tourism Organization and widely accepted in Korea.[citation needed] Intrabound tourism differs
from domestic tourism in that the former encompasses policymaking and implementation of
national tourism policies.

Recently, the tourism industry has shifted from the promotion of inbound tourism to the
promotion of intrabound tourism,because many countries are experiencing tough competition for
inbound tourists.

1
Tourist
Tourism is classically regarded as traveling for recreation although this definition has been
expanded in recent years to include any travel outside of one's normal working or living area.

The tourist originated when large numbers of middle class people began to join aristocratic
travelers. As societies became wealthier, and people lived longer, it became not only possible but
probable that lower-middle and middle class people steadily employed would retire in good
health and with some significant savings.

The tourist is usually interested (among other things) in the destination's climate, culture or its
nature. Wealthy people have always traveled to distant parts of the world, not incidentally to
some other purpose, but as an end in itself: to see great buildings or other works of art; to learn
new languages; or to taste new cuisines.

Organized tourism is now a major industry around the world. Many national economies are now
heavily reliant on tourism.

The term tourism is sometimes used pejoratively, implying a shallow interest in the societies and
natural wonders that the tourist visits.

There has been an upmarket trend in the tourism over the last few decades, especially in Europe,
where international travel for short breaks is common.Tourists have high levels of disposable
income, considerable leisure time, are well educated, and have sophisticated tastes.[citation
needed] There is now a demand for a better quality products, which has resulted in a fragmenting
of the mass market for beach vacations; people want more specialised versions, quieter resorts,
family-oriented holidays or niche market-targeted destination hotels.

The developments in technology and transport infrastructure, such as jumbo jets, low-cost
airlines and more accessible airports have made many types of tourism more affordable. WHO
estimates that up to 500,000 people are on planes at any time.There have also been changes in
lifestyle, such as retiree-age people who sustain year round tourism. This is facilitated by internet

2
sales of tourism products. Some sites have now started to offer dynamic packaging, in which an
inclusive price is quoted for a tailor-made package requested by the customer upon impulse.

There have been a few setbacks in tourism, such as the September 11 attacks and terrorist threats
to tourist destinations, such as in Bali and several European cities. Also, on December 26, 2004,
a tsunami, caused by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, hit the Asian countries on the Indian
Ocean, including the Maldives. Thousands of lives were lost and many tourists died. This,
together with the vast clean-up operation in place, has stopped or severely hampered tourism to
the area.

The terms tourism and travel are sometimes used interchangeably. In this context, travel has a
similar definition to tourism, but implies a more purposeful journey. The terms tourism and
tourist are sometimes used pejoratively, to imply a shallow interest in the cultures or locations
visited by tourists.

The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) forecasts that international tourism will continue
growing at the average annual rate of 4 %.With the advent of e-commerce, tourism products
have become one of the most traded items on the internet.Tourism products and services have
been made available through intermediaries, although tourism providers (hotels, airlines, etc.)
can sell their services directly. This has put pressure on intermediaries from both on-line and
traditional shops.

It has been suggested there is a strong correlation between tourism expenditure per capita and the
degree to which countries play in the global context.Not only as a result of the important
economic contribution of the tourism industry, but also as an indicator of the degree of
confidence with which global citizens leverage the resources of the globe for the benefit of their
local economies. This is why any projections of growth in tourism may serve as an indication of
the relative influence that each country will exercise in the future.

Space tourism is expected to "take off" in the first quarter of the 21st century, although compared
with traditional destinations the number of tourists in orbit will remain low until technologies
such as a space elevator make space travel cheap.

Technological improvement is likely to make possible air-ship hotels, based either on solar-
powered airplanes or large dirigibles.[citation needed] Underwater hotels, such as Hydropolis,
3
expected to open in Dubai in 2009, will be built. On the ocean, tourists will be welcomed by ever
larger cruise ships and perhaps floating cities.

Latest trends

As a result of the Late-2000s recession, international arrivals suffered a strong slowdown

beginning in June 2008. Growth from 2007 to 2008 was only 3.7% during the first eight months
of 2008. The Asian and Pacific markets were affected and Europe stagnated during the boreal
summer months, while the Americas performed better, reducing their expansion rate but keeping
a 6% growth from January to August 2008. Only the Middle East continued its rapid growth
during the same period, reaching a 17% growth as compared to the same period in 2007.This
slowdown on international tourism demand was also reflected in the air transport industry, with a
negative growth in September 2008 and a 3.3% growth in passenger traffic through September.
The hotel industry also reports a slowdown, as room occupancy continues to decline.As the
global economic situation deteriorated dramatically during September and October as a result of
the global financial crisis, growth of international tourism is expected to slow even further for the
remaining of 2008, and this slowdown in demand growth is forecasted to continue into 2009 as
recession has already hit most of the top spender countries, with long-haul travel expected to be
the most affected by the economic crisis.This negative trend intensified as international tourist
arrivals fell by 8% during the first four months of 2009, and the decline was exacerbated in some
regions due to the outbreak of the influenza AH1N1 virus.

What is poverty?

Poverty is hunger. Poverty is lack of shelter. Poverty is being sick and not being able to see a
doctor. Poverty is not having access to school and not knowing how to read. Poverty is not
having a job, is fear for the future, living one day at a time. Poverty is losing a child to illness
brought about by unclean water. Poverty is powerlessness, lack of representation and freedom.

Poverty has many faces, changing from place to place and across time, and has been described in
many ways . Most often, poverty is a situation people want to escape. So poverty is a call to
action -- for the poor and the wealthy alike -- a call to change the world so that many more may
have enough to eat, adequate shelter, access to education and health, protection from violence,
and a voice in what happens in their communities.

4
To know what helps to reduce poverty, what works and what does not, what changes over time,
poverty has to be defined, measured, and studied -- and even experienced. As poverty has many
dimensions, it has to be looked at through a variety of indicators -- levels of income and
consumption, social indicators, and indicators of vulnerability to risks and of socio/political
access.

Much work has been done using consumption or income-based measures of poverty, but also on
non-income dimensions of poverty, most notably in the Human Development Report prepared
annually by the United Nations Development Programme. See New Directions in Poverty
Measurement below.

Socio-Econonomic and calamity

More over Socio-Econonomic status and calamity causes behind of poverty of the south Asia
region as follows those are slowing progress of the region

Problems South Asia

High Population

Lack of Education

Agro-based economy

Less Land

Calamity

No Cultural Policy

Less Skilled professional

No Market policy

Less competitive Product

Undeveloped Technology

Lack of regional unity

Lack regional Commitment

5
In the most south Asian countries domestic, public and private sector decision-makers still do not
appreciate the importance of national cultural industries as agents of dynamic economic growth
and prosperity. Even they are not aware about investment in cultural industries as the play an
important role in development and capable to increase employment and sustainable income
generation.

Bangladesh Parjatan Corporation as National Tourist Organization (NTO)

Bangladesh Parjatan Corporation (BPC) was established in 1972 through a Presidential Order no
143, and placed it under the Ministry of Civil Aviation and Tourism. It has been entrusted with
dual responsibility - promotion of tourism in the country as well as creation of facilities on
commercial basis. Since its inception, BPC has been developing and creating various tourist
facilities across the country. Till to date, it has created 42 tourism units (hotels. motels, restaurants
tourism centre, picnic spots, duty free shops, drinks corner, etc.) at different places of tourist
attractions of the country in order to offer facilities to the tourists. It also runs a National Hotel
and Tourism Training Institute (NHTTI), which to date, produced more than 24,000 trained
manpower. As per the privatization policy of Bangladesh government, BPC has leased out as
many as 11 commercial units to private sector on commercial basis

SWOT Analysis

Strengths

People of Bangladesh are generally very hospitable and tourist friendly.

Security is not that bad as often projected by electronic and print media.

Domestic tourism is increasing steadily. Due to two-day holiday in the week, the trend of moving
out for recreation has increased mainly among the middle class people of the society.

Awareness about tourist attractions among the local community is increasing

Communication and transport system has been developed from north to south, east to west

Weaknesses

On the role of BPC, there is debate whether the Corporation should play the role of a mere NTO
or a commercial organization or both

6
Frequent changes of officials in the BPC’s management and its line ministry

Absence of representation of civil society in the BPC’s Board of Directors.

Opportunities

It is easy to implement eco-tourism, riverine tourism, and spiritual tourism, as the country
possesses enough opportunity to develop these types of tourism.

Government has formulated favourable foreign investment policy to attract overseas investors in
readymade garments, leather goods natural gas and petroleum sector and liberal policy for joint
venture investment in tourism sector

As there are hundreds of rivers crisscrossing Bangladesh, immense potentiality exists for
development of riverine tourism in Bangladesh

Threats/Constraints

Unstable political situation created a bad image abroad, which should be taken as the biggest
threat for development of tourism industry overseas

Continuous campaign against Bangladesh by certain quarters as a fundamentalist country is

another obstacle

Unholy alliance between the trade union and political leaders which disrupts labor discipline

Tourism in Bangladesh: a look through social prism

In a roundtable conference held in Dhaka in last February, officials and resource personnel
stressed on taking massive steps required to explore tourism potential. The keynote paper
emphasized on some conceived potentials of tourism industry in Bangladesh and, as usual,
pointed out some drawback too. It is a great pleasure to get so many enthusiastic people around
us trying to promote the tourism sector in Bangladesh. Many of them, have a true passionate
dream for developing the sector as a profitable industry. However, there are some issues There is
rarely seen to be discussed in such forums being held on and off in Bangladesh. With the
accessibility to print and electronic media of Bangladesh from abroad, It’s noticed a trend of
believing on a high potential of tourism industry in Bangladesh is taking place among people.
With full respect to such believers

Tourism, as we know, is one of the largest industry worldwide. The annual revenue generated
from the industry is a total of 500 billion USD. And, many countries, despite of limited resources
and wealth, now a day are showing tremendous effort and interest to get a decent share from this
big money. While speaking about tourism in Bangladesh, the optimists do not forget to remind

7
that our tourism industry has been considered as the neglected one that is waiting to thrive if only
someone explores it. They usually urge to the government for developing infrastructure, ensuring
security or improving other facilities for tourists as part of expanding the sector. I am not
opposing the idea that Bangladesh could be a potential shareholder to the tourism business too,
but at the same time, I would like to remind that the patrons of tourism in Bangladesh might have
no idea that how much we would have to pay for it.

The idea of our tourism industry based mainly on attracting tourists by introducing them to our
natural beauties, provide them with luxury hotel, security and modern transport. This kind of
tourism concept is no more an existence in the modern world. Society and culture of several
countries in the world is not lagging behind with middle Aegean values and people have become
more open in terms of expressing their lifestyles. People now do not travel places just to lie on
silky grass carpet and counting flying elephants on gorgeously blue sky. Destination for natural
wonders or beautiful places might have an appeal to certain segment of tourists, but for the
majority, scenic beauty have really become a low preference. If we think accordingly the market
theory, the tourists have been segmented into different groups such as leisure, business and
independent customer group. Holidaymakers and age-specific groups are the major portion of the
total business (approximately 75% of all international travel) is the main profit generating factor
of this industry. The tourists of these groups select their destination according to the availability
of nightlife entertainment, access to alcohol and soft drinks at low price, accommodation with
discount rate at hotels and luxury hotels are not a necessary to them. They also take into account
of their safety, availability of cheap and easy transport and how many native people can
communicate with them through English.

Developing the infrastructure, constructing smooth links to scenic destinations, providing easy
transport and securing the safety of the tourists are not unattainable if our government take
earnest actions. But ensuring night life and easy access to alcohol for boosting up tourism
industry in a country where 93% of the population is Muslim and where nightlife merely exist or
drinking is prohibited by law sounds unrealistic. Is Bangladesh ready to accept this kind of
change required for such attain?

We should accept the fact that we cannot turn Dhaka into Bangkok, even if tourism industry
seeks to. Mass people won’t accept the idea of opening Bars in the city of Dhaka or in Cox’s
Bazar. The existing regulation that permits selling alcohol only to foreign tourists with a 500%
duty/tax is also an awful contradiction to our concept of attracting tourists in comparison to other
competitive destinations where merely any tax is imposed on such products. Yes, alcohols are
available in black markets, but are smuggled and with no quality assurance. And the way the

8
sellers approach to the tourists to sell the prohibited item at the sea beach of Cox’s Bazar, would
definitely scare a foreigner. Buying a beer should not be that complicated for tourists who
usually have easy access to liquor in their home country. But, for the sake of securing “fun” for
the tourists, making alcohol business more open is not an easy option for the government.
Reforming the existing import policy to reduce such tax won’t be easy indeed.

From the nearest experience of former finance minister Mr. Saifur Rahman, I believe none of his
successor would dare to touch the policy. And, perhaps that should not be. Considering the
situation with Yaba, Phencidyl and all— I barely see any reason to make alcohol more available.
So, that won’t happen and this is a reality which should be accepted by our tourism industry. The
option of declaring certain geographical area as tourist zone with high security measure would
rather scare the tourists. Again, arranging a place under a high security measure would fail—
because, a tourist would not like to be treated as a cage-bird. The possibility for foreigners of
being a key target of the nascent militants would also become high. As our past experience
indicates many weird ideas taken by GOB that did not work at all—including the idea of
constructing Madhupur Echo park boundary wall, the government should not consider such kind
of option at all.

Its true that the world recognizable tourist hubs like Thailand, Bangkok, and Philippines are
generating a huge remittance from their tourism industry. But that’s just one side of the coin
which has a darker flipside. Bangkok has already been recognized as the capital of Sex industry
in Asia, probably in the whole world. Philippine is following the same footstep and people of
these country are paying the price of the tourist money. Dispersal of HIV and antisocial activities
are on rise. In Nepal, another country having economy based on tourism, is facing a battle with
HIV and women trafficking. And unfortunately, such a big price could not save the marginal
people from vicious cycle of poverty. Now a days, tourism industry and sex business have turned
like a conglomerate trade. All of the tourist spots from Thailand to Goa, Bali to Cancun have
stepped into the world of tourism with an approval, silent or open, to sex business for the sake of
drawing profit. Any one can openly hire a hooter in the world famous tourist destination Las
Vegas as prostitution has been declared legal by US government in that state. We have to realize
that we would also have to compromise with this hidden truth of tourism business if we
genuinely hope for its betterment here. Banning the tourists from illegal sex can only repeal the
tourists from Bangladesh. So, how would the government can make our tourism a profitable
sector without patronizing sex business is an inevitable question for

now a days.

9
Another fact to be taken into consideration is- low budget tourist segment is the main supply
force of the big profit of modern tourism industry. This target group is mainly holidaymakers
who requires discount in accommodations, food and holiday activities which include the well-
known - sun-bathing. Sun bathing may sound very strange and unnecessary to the people of
Bangladesh who would rather stay at home most of the year to avoid the unbearable scorching
heat, but for the Western and European tourists, sun bathing on beach in bikini or bathing suit is
an essential part of holiday leisure. To provide them with such free ambience for could be very
intimidating to our social custom. It is not only a matter of ensuring security for tourists but also
changing the common people’s attitude towards half naked bodies. The change, if could be
attained, can pose a threat to the traditional social norms of Bengali Muslim society. However,
we need to realize that, as a society we are not open yet though very welcoming and hospitable.
Due to religious and cultural influences, social customs are moderately rigid and accepting
different lifestyle is considered outlandish by large section. And, preferring to preserve ones own
religious and cultural tradition is not something to be ashamed of.

The tourists also look for the opportunities to know the native culture and people. They would
like to roam around the city and countryside to explore the cultural diversity. For such exposure,
it is important to ensure an environment where the tourists can move and wander freely in the
crowd and on city streets other than providing them with air-conditioned confined
transportations. That’s how tourist destinations like Goa, Delhi, Bangkok, and Agra have
managed the top positions in the worlds most popular vacation spots list. In such destinations, a
tourist can walk around, have lunch, and use reliable city transport with safety which costs only
five dollar a day. Whether we admit or not, we are lacking such facilities even for domestic
tourists.

Promoting tourism and dreaming for billions without considering such realities would be an
imprudent idea. Taking actions on basis of whimsical conjecture and ignoring the use of discreet
judgment without considering the aftermath may bring us social mutilation while we hope for
economic benefit. Recently, Government of Bangladesh has launched a promotional program to
enter into the global tourism industry with a theme “Beautiful Bangladesh”. Previously, we have
seen how taxpayers money was expended for constructing different infrastructure for Bangladesh
Parjatan Corporation with no gain. Recently, the government is realizing that it was their mistake
to be busy with building structures, rather, they would have been involved in policy formulation
and external promotional activities. And now, without considering the social realities and
context, promoting tourism in Bangladesh and experiencing the snags may put our government
in another self ambiance that they have mistaken again!

10
While struggling with many other challenges and threats to our state, economy, environment and
cultural tradition, we need to avert our perception to development for a long term gain. For the
last 36 years since our independence we have learnt to measure the scale of profit of any
schemes with the amount of foreign currency it earns. The indigent economy of ours has been
led to meretricious idea of selling things in foreign markets and accumulating foreign currency
reserve in bank as the key measure of boosting up the economy. Cultural preservation is the new
concept of human development that has been exemplified by Bhutan. With such a potential of
developing a world class tourism industry, this Himalayan Kingdom emphasized on the
preservation of culture and environment. Such initiative did not hinder the progress and
development of Bhutan. Per capita income of this country has risen to 1450 USD, currently
highest in south Asia, and approximately 50% more than India. Bhutan was known to be the
poorest country of the world even in Nineties. In stead of instant cash from tourists, Bhutan kept
its people and culture within its traditional enclosure for long to preserve her culture and
environment from global intervention. But, on the other hand, she emphasized on utilizing
natural resources that could generate a sustainable emolument. While looking at the example of
Thailand, Malaysia and Maldives, that have elated our greed for green money, we should also
consider the examples of Bhutan or Cambodia who given priority to their nation’s self-esteem.

In the context of social reality of Bangladesh, tourism has a limited potential to be flourished.
This reality should not disappoint us; rather we should explore the sustainable elements that can
be utilized for our development. Each country and economy has its own unique feature and
resources to be benefitted from. The countries where industrial revolution has taken place were
not able to cultivate crops for their own geographic feature. They had no other way to strengthen
their economy other than developing their technology. But the countries like Netherlands and
New Zealand are leading the world’s economic arena by emphasizing their natural resources.
Our neighbor India is emerging as a new world power force by building a manpower with
scholastic insight who are working in different influential world organizations and international
academic institutes. We have our fertile land, we have our manpower. We have huge natural
resources convertible to power. We are not left with regret if tourism can not grow on our soil.

PRO-POOR Bhaktapur in Nepal is a striking example of a destination where the poor benefit
from tourist revenues

Adopting programs that enlist the help of the urban poor in promoting tourism is an emerging
instrument of

poverty reduction. Despite the outbreak of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), the
Asia and Pacific region is the world’s fastest growing tourism destination with annual growth
rates ranging between 11% and 14%. In 11 of the 12 countries that account for 80% of the

11
world’s poor, tourism contributes significantly to the economy. Seven of these 12 countries are
in Asia: Bangladesh, People’s Republic of China, India, Indonesia, Nepal, Pakistan, and
Philippines.

In the Mekong subregion, tourism is a major source of many people’s livelihood. The tourism
sector accounts for 9.7% of gross domestic product (GDP) in the Lao People’s Democratic
Republic and 6.7% in Viet Nam. In Cambodia, tourism was a major contributor to its economic
recovery in 1999, accounting for 9.2% of GDP. In Thailand, tourism has been the largest source
of foreign exchange earnings since 1982.

Tapping Tourism to Reduce Poverty

BIG ATTRACTION Thailand's Sukhothai draws thousands of visitors each year—could the
poor benefit more from tourism?

Urban centers in these countries are also popular tourist destinations. Some are gateways to
natural wonders in the rural hinterland. Others are cultural melting pots offering sights, sounds,
cuisine, shopping, and night life.

Properly planned and managed, urban tourism can be a significant tool for pro-poor urban
development. It is labor-intensive and a recognized job creator. It does not require high academic
skills. Vocational and basic skills, which the poor can easily acquire, are sufficient. Most
importantly, women are potentially the greatest beneficiaries.

Urban tourism can also be an effective means to enhance civic awareness of the environment and
a city’s cultural heritage, which, in turn, can inculcate a sense of identity and civic pride, and
promote social cohesion.

Managing urban tourism requires enlightened city managers and planners, and smart partnerships
between the public sector and the tourism industry.

12
Uncontrolled tourism growth can strain city infrastructure and services, damage cultural assets,
and impact negatively on the poor, especially women. Maximizing benefits and minimizing the
downside are crucial to expanded urban tourism.

Properly planned and managed, urban tourism can be a significant tool for pro-poor urban
development

The key lies in having an entrepreneurial spirit that views the city as a tourism destination,
mainstreams tourism into urban planning and management, and involves the poor in managing
the cities’ tourism attractions, including its cultural heritage.

Cities need to offer visitors a high-quality experience. This will require improving urban
infrastructure, services, and safety; and getting host communities to participate in designing and
offering tourism products and services.

Safeguards for environmental protection and cultural sensitivity should also be developed and
enforced, together with effective land use planning, zoning, and regulation. Most importantly, a
sensitive balance between destination marketing and destination preparedness needs to be
maintained.

Over half of ADB projects involve

nongovernment organizations

(NGOs) in some way, from providing input on proposed loans to serving as implementing
agencies. Partnership Newsletter keeps NGOs informed of developments in and around ADB.
Published six times a year and distributed by e-mail, Partnership reports on new ADB technical
assistance and loan activities, the latest documents and publications, draft policies open to public
comment, training opportunities, and conferences and seminars of interest to civil society in the
Asia and Pacific region.

13
To subscribe, simply send an e-mail to ngocoordinator@adb.org with “subscribe” in the subject
line. View previous issues.

Ensuring the success of pro-poor urban tourism at the local level, however, needs to be supported
by a wider policy framework at the national level. This would offer complementary national
investment strategies, strengthen coordination among ministries and local governments, and
provide incentives to get urban governments and private enterprises involved.

Getting the urban poor involved in promoting and managing their cities’ tourism products will
also require the participation of nongovernment and community-based organizations, and
tourism industry leaders.

A deep and widespread awareness of the need to involve the poor by making the best use of local
skills, labor, and supplies needs to be developed and sustained.

Bhaktapur in Nepal is a striking example of a well-preserved, environmentally clean, and well-

managed tourist destination, where the poor benefit from tourist revenues. Tourism and heritage
management has been mainstreamed into municipal management and urban planning. The
municipality introduced a system to raise revenues from tourism for urban upgrading, cultural
heritage reinforcement, and community development. The poor have gained visibly from the
positive tourism impact in Bhaktapur.

Likewise, Hue, the ancient capital of Viet Nam, and Luang Prabang, the former capital of the
Lao People’s Democratic Republic, are cities that have incorporated tourism in their urban
management and growth strategies. Both cities have demonstrated a marked propensity for
showcasing their cultural legacy to enhance their tourism appeal for the benefit of their citizens,
especially the poor.

Cottage industries that produce local handicrafts have mushroomed, the cities’ physical
environments have improved, and expanded tourism has meant jobs for the poor.

14
ADB is well-positioned to promote pro-poor tourism as a key ingredient of urban development
and renewal. Its policies of sound environmental management, community participation, and
decentralization—coupled with its support for broad-based urban development—are conducive
to catalyzing pro-poor tourism as part of the Asia and Pacific region’s effort to reduce urban
poverty, promote social equity, and enhance heritage management. It is a challenging task—but
achievable.

Biblography :

www.americanchronicle.com

www.adb.org

http://www.theatlantic.com/issues/97jan/borlaug/borlaug.htm Forgotten benefactor of humanity

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7670855.stm Millions mark UN hand washing day

^ a b c d http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1918733,00.html Microfinance’s
next step: deposits

^ a b http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/8194241.stm Africa’s mobile banking revolution

^ a b http://www.newsweek.com/id/160070 How to spread democracy

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