57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013 1

RTT for Moving Control Volumes

10. 18. 2013

Hyunse Yoon, Ph.D.

Assistant Research Scientist
IIHR-Hydroscience & Engineering
University of Iowa
 57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013 2

RTT for moving and deforming CV

𝐷𝐷𝐵𝐵𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑑
�𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= � 𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽 + � 𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅 ⋅ 𝒏𝒏
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶

where, 𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅 = 𝑉𝑉 − 𝑉𝑉𝑆𝑆

Non-deforming (but moving) CV and if steady flow:

𝐷𝐷𝐵𝐵𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝜕𝜕
=� �𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽 𝑑𝑑𝑉𝑉 + � 𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅 ⋅ 𝒏𝒏
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶

𝐷𝐷𝐵𝐵𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
∴ �𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= � 𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅 ⋅ 𝒏𝒏
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
 57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013 3

Conservation of Mass

𝐵𝐵 = 𝑀𝑀 and 𝛽𝛽 = 1:

𝐷𝐷𝑀𝑀𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
�𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= 0 = � 𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅 ⋅ 𝒏𝒏
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶

�𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0
∴ � 𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅 ⋅ 𝒏𝒏
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶

For pipe flows:

𝜌𝜌1 𝑉𝑉1𝑅𝑅 𝐴𝐴1 = 𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉2𝑅𝑅 𝐴𝐴2

 57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013 4

Conservation of Momentum
𝐵𝐵 = 𝑀𝑀𝑉𝑉 and 𝛽𝛽 = 𝑉𝑉:

𝐷𝐷 𝑀𝑀𝑉𝑉 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
�𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= � 𝐹𝐹 = � 𝑉𝑉𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅 ⋅ 𝒏𝒏
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶

However, 𝑉𝑉 = 𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅 + 𝑉𝑉𝑆𝑆 ,

� 𝐹𝐹 = � �𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅 + 𝑉𝑉𝑆𝑆 𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅 ⋅ 𝒏𝒏
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶

�𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + � 𝑉𝑉𝑆𝑆 𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅 ⋅ 𝒏𝒏

= � 𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅 𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅 ⋅ 𝒏𝒏 �𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶

Note: 𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅 = 𝑉𝑉 − 𝑉𝑉𝑆𝑆

 57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013 5

Conservation of Momentum-Contd.
If 𝑉𝑉𝑆𝑆 = constant,

�𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝑉𝑉𝑆𝑆 � 𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅 ⋅ 𝒏𝒏

� 𝐹𝐹 = � 𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅 𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅 ⋅ 𝒏𝒏 �𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
=0
Conservation
of mass

�𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
∴ � 𝐹𝐹 = � 𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅 𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅 ⋅ 𝒏𝒏
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
 57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013 6

Example: Moving Cart (Lecture note page 19)

A jet strikes a vane which moves to the right at constant velocity 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 on a
frictionless cart. Compute
(a) the force 𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥 required to restrain the cart and
(b) the power 𝑃𝑃 delivered to the cart.
Also find the cart velocity for which
(c) the force 𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥 is a maximum and
(d) the power 𝑃𝑃 is a maximum.
 57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013 7

Bernoulli equation
Without the elevation terms:

2 2
𝑝𝑝1 𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑝𝑝2 𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅𝑅
+ = +
𝛾𝛾 2𝑔𝑔 𝛾𝛾 2𝑔𝑔

or
2 2
𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅𝑅
=
2𝑔𝑔 2𝑔𝑔

Moving control volume ∴ 𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 𝑉𝑉𝑗𝑗 − 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶

 57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013 8

Continuity equation

0 = � 𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅 ⋅ 𝑛𝑛�𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶

or

𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝐴𝐴1 = 𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝐴𝐴2

∴ 𝐴𝐴1 = 𝐴𝐴2 = 𝐴𝐴𝑗𝑗 ∵ 𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅𝑅

Moving control volume
 57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013 9

Momentum equation

� 𝐹𝐹 = � 𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅 𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅 ⋅ 𝑛𝑛�𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

𝑦𝑦 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶

𝑥𝑥
𝑥𝑥-component:
𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅𝑅 , 𝐴𝐴1
� 𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥 = 𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅 𝐴𝐴 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 − 𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅 𝐴𝐴 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

or
−𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥 = 𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝐴𝐴2 − 𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅1 𝐴𝐴1
Moving control volume
 57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013 10

Momentum equation

𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 𝑉𝑉𝑗𝑗 − 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶

𝑦𝑦 𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅2 cos 𝜃𝜃 = 𝑉𝑉𝑗𝑗 − 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 cos 𝜃𝜃

𝑥𝑥
Note:
𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 𝑉𝑉𝑗𝑗 − 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶
𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅𝑅 , 𝐴𝐴1
𝐴𝐴1 = 𝐴𝐴2 = 𝐴𝐴𝑗𝑗

−𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥 = 𝑉𝑉𝑗𝑗 − 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 cos 𝜃𝜃 𝜌𝜌 𝑉𝑉𝑗𝑗 − 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 𝐴𝐴𝑗𝑗

− 𝑉𝑉𝑗𝑗 − 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 𝜌𝜌 𝑉𝑉𝑗𝑗 − 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 𝐴𝐴𝑗𝑗
Moving control volume
2
∴ 𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥 = 𝜌𝜌 𝑉𝑉𝑗𝑗 − 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 𝐴𝐴𝑗𝑗 1 − cos 𝜃𝜃

Note: 𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥 = 𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉𝑗𝑗2 𝐴𝐴𝑗𝑗 1 − cos 𝜃𝜃 for fixed CV

 57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013 11

Maximum 𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥
2
𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 = 𝜌𝜌 𝑉𝑉𝑗𝑗 − 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 𝐴𝐴𝑗𝑗 1 − cos 𝜃𝜃

Maximum 𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥 is when 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 = 0:

∴ 𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉𝑗𝑗2 𝐴𝐴𝑗𝑗 1 − cos 𝜃𝜃

2
𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶
𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥 = 𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉𝑗𝑗2 𝐴𝐴𝑗𝑗 1 − cos 𝜃𝜃 1−
𝑉𝑉𝑗𝑗
𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
 57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013 12

Power, 𝑃𝑃
𝑃𝑃 = 𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥 ⋅ 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶
2
= 𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 𝑉𝑉𝑗𝑗 − 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 𝐴𝐴𝑗𝑗 1 − cos 𝜃𝜃

Local max/min occurs at 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 that satisfies:

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= 𝜌𝜌 𝑉𝑉𝑗𝑗2 − 4𝑉𝑉𝑗𝑗 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 + 3𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶2 𝐴𝐴𝑗𝑗 1 − cos 𝜃𝜃 = 0
𝑑𝑑𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶

or,

3𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶2 − 4𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 𝑉𝑉𝑗𝑗 + 𝑉𝑉𝑗𝑗2 = 0

1
∴ 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 = 𝑉𝑉 , 𝑉𝑉
3 𝑗𝑗 𝑗𝑗
 57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013 13

Maximum Power – Contd.

2
𝑃𝑃 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 = 𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 𝑉𝑉𝑗𝑗 − 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 𝐴𝐴𝑗𝑗 1 − cos 𝜃𝜃

Max power

1
𝑃𝑃𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 is when 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 = 𝑉𝑉𝑗𝑗 :
3

4
∴ 𝑃𝑃𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑗𝑗3 𝐴𝐴𝑗𝑗 1 − cos 𝜃𝜃
27

2
4 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶
𝑃𝑃 = 𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉𝑗𝑗3 𝐴𝐴𝑗𝑗 1 − cos 𝜃𝜃 1−
27 𝑉𝑉𝑗𝑗 𝑉𝑉𝑗𝑗
𝑃𝑃𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
 57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013 14

Additional Consideration
At a given 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 :
2
𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥 𝜃𝜃 = 𝜌𝜌 𝑉𝑉𝑗𝑗 − 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 𝐴𝐴𝑗𝑗 1 − cos 𝜃𝜃

2
𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥 = 𝜌𝜌 𝑉𝑉𝑗𝑗 − 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 𝐴𝐴𝑗𝑗 1 − cos 𝜃𝜃
𝐹𝐹1
 57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013 15

Inertial vs Non-inertial Frame of

Reference

• Inertial frame of reference:

o A frame of reference that is moving uniformly (i.e., at a constant speed
without changing its direction or stationary)
o Laws of mechanics must be same in all inertial frames of reference
(Galilean relativity).

• Non-inertial frame of reference:

o A frame of reference that is moving non-uniformly (i.e., accelerating or
rotating)
o The Law of Inertia will appear to be wrong: Need to introduce
fictitious forces (e.g., centrifugal force, Coriolis force, Euler force) also
called as a phantom force or pseudo force
 57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013 16

Example