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MARINDUQUE STATE COLLEGE Bachelor of Science in Industrial Technology

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SCHOOL OF INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY Electrical Technology Food Technology
Panfilo P.Manguera Sr. Rd., Tanza, Boac, Marinduque 4900
Mechanical Technology Welding & Fabrication Technology
Tel. No.: 754-0089
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Email Address: industrialtechnology.1952@gmail.com

UNIT
FUNDAMENTALS OF
1 MECHANICS AND HEAT
Course Intended Learning Outcome: Illustrate and apply the laws and
principles of heat and mechanics in every activity in relation to their field of
specialization.

Key Takeaways:

 Physics is a natural science that involves the study of matter and

its motion through space and time, along with related concepts
such as energy and force.
 Matter is generally considered to be anything that has mass and
volume.
 Scientific laws and theories express the general truths of nature
and the body of knowledge they encompass. These laws of nature
are rules that all-natural processes appear to follow.

Allotted Time for Topic: 4.5 hours

Assessment:

Pen and Paper Test

Educational Resources

 Introduction: Physics and Matter. Retrieved from

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-physics/chapter/the-basics-of-physics/
 Mr. Bigler, 2016. AP Physics 2 Class Notes. Retrieved from
http://www.mrbigler.com/AP-Physics-2


INTRODUCTION

Vision: MSC – is a research - driven higher education institution pursuing excellence and innovation by 2025.
Mission: MSC – is committed to pursue progressive and innovative lifelong education founded on humanistic, professional and
technologically communities by establishing centers of excellence and development and research – driven outreach programs.
”Serving Beyond Excellence”
 Why study physics? For two reasons. First, physics is one of the most
fundamental of the sciences. Scientists of all disciplines make use of the
ideas of physics, from chemists who study the structure of molecules to
paleontologists who try to reconstruct how dinosaurs walked. The
principles of physics play an essential role in the scientific quest to
understand how human activities affect the atmosphere
and oceans, and in the search of alternative sources of energy. Physics is
also the foundation of all engineering and technology. No engineer could
design any kind of practical device without first understanding the basic
principles involved. No engineer could design a DVD player, flat screen
TV, an interplanetary spacecraft, or even a better mousetrap without
first understanding the basic laws of physics.

But there’s another reason. The study of physics is an adventure. You will find it
challenging, sometimes frustrating, occasionally painful, and often richly rewarding and
satisfying. It will appeal to your sense of beauty as well as to your rational intelligence. Our
present understanding of the physical world has been built on the foundations laid by
scientific giants such as Galileo, Newton, Maxwell, and Einstein, and their influence has
extended far beyond science to affect profoundly the ways which we live and think.

Galileo Galilei Isaac Newton James Clerk Maxwell Albert Einstein

You can share some of the excitement of their discoveries when you learn to use
physics to solve practical problems and to gain insight into everyday phenomena. If you’ve
ever wondered why the sky is blue, how radio waves can travel through empty space, or
how a satellite stays in orbit, you can find the answers by using fundamental physics. Above
all, you will come to see physics as a towering achievement of the human intellect in its
quest to understand our world and ourselves.

In order to succeed, your desire for success

should be greater than your fear of failure.

~ Albert Einstein

UNIT
Nature of Science that involves Matter and its
1
Motion
 Physics is a natural science that involves the study of matter and its motion through
space and time, along with related concepts such as energy and force. More broadly, it is the
study of nature in an attempt to understand how the universe behaves.

Physics uses the scientific method to help uncover Physics is concerned with
the basic principles governing light and matter, and to describing the interactions of
discover the implications of those laws. It assumes that energy, matter, space, and
there are rules by which the universe functions, and that time, and it is especially
those laws can be at least partially understood by interested in what
humans. It is also commonly believed that those laws fundamental mechanisms
could be used to predict everything about the universe’s underlie every phenomenon.
future if complete information was available about the
present state of all light and matter.

Matter is generally considered to be anything that

has mass and volume. Many concepts integral to the
study of classical physics involve theories and laws that explain matter and its motion. The
law of conservation of mass, for example, states that mass cannot be created or destroyed.
Further experiments and calculations in physics, therefore, take this law into account when
formulating hypotheses to try to explain natural phenomena.
Physics aims to describe the function of everything around us, from the movement of
tiny charged particles to the motion of people, cars, and spaceships. In fact, almost
everything around you can be described quite accurately by the laws of physics. Consider a
smart phone. Physics describes how electricity interacts with the various circuits inside the
device. This knowledge helps engineers select the appropriate materials and circuit layout
when building the smart phone.
Next, consider a GPS system;
physics describes the relationship
between the speeds of an object, the
distance over which it travels, and the
time it takes to travel that distance.
When you use a GPS device in a vehicle,
it utilizes these physics equations to
determine the travel time from one
location to another. The study of
Figure 1. Global Positioning System: GPS calculates the physics is capable of making
speed of an object, the distance over which it travels, and
the time it takes to travel that distance using equations
significant contributions through
based on the laws of physics. advances in new technologies that
arise from theoretical breakthroughs.

UNIT
1 Scientific Method
 The scientific method is a fancy name for “figure out
what happens by trying it.”

In the middle ages, “scientists” were called

“philosophers.” These were church scholars who decided
what was “correct” by a combination of observing the
world around them and then arguing and debating with
each other about the mechanisms and causes.
During the Renaissance, scientists like Galileo Galilee
and Leonardo da Vinci started using experiments instead of
argument to decide what really happens in the world.

In science, we need to make observations on various

phenomena to form and test hypotheses. Some phenomena
can be found and studied in nature, but scientists often
need to create an experiment. Experiments are tests under
controlled conditions designed to demonstrate something
scientists already know or to test something scientists wish
to know. Experiments vary greatly in their goal and scale,
but always rely on repeatable procedure and logical analysis
of the results. The process of designing and performing
experiments is a part of the scientific method.

What is Scientific Method?

The Scientific method is a process with the help of which scientists try to investigate,
verify or construct an accurate and reliable version of any natural phenomena. They are
done by creating an objective framework for the purpose of scientific inquiry and analyzing
the results scientifically to come to a conclusion which either supports or contradicts the
observation made at the beginning.

Scientific Method Steps

The aim of all scientific methods is the same, that is, to analyze the observation made at
the beginning but there are various steps adopted as per the requirement of any given
observation. However, there is a generally accepted sequence of steps of scientific methods.

1. Observation and formulation of a question: This is the first step of a scientific

method. In order to start one, an observation has to be made into any observable
aspect or phenomena of the universe and a question needs to be asked pertaining to
 that aspect. For example, you can ask, “Why is the sky black at night? or “Why is air
invisible?”

2. Data Collection and Hypothesis: The next

step involved in the scientific method is to
collect all related data and formulate a
hypothesis based on the observation.
The hypothesis could be the cause of the
phenomena, its effect or its relation to any
other phenomena.

3. Testing the hypothesis: After the hypothesis

is made, it needs to be tested scientifically.
Scientists do this by conducting experiments.
The aim of these experiments is to determine
whether the hypothesis agrees with or
contradicts the observations made in the real
world. The confidence in the hypothesis
increases or decreases based on the result of
the experiments.

4. Analysis and Conclusion: This step involves the use of proper mathematical and
other scientific procedures to determine the results of the experiment. Based on the
analysis, the future course of action can be determined. If the data found in the
analysis is consistent with the hypothesis, it is accepted. If not, then it is rejected or
modified and analyzed again.

It must be remembered that a hypothesis cannot be proved or disproved by doing

one experiment. It needs to be done repeatedly until there are no discrepancies in the data
and the result. When there are no discrepancies and the hypothesis is proved beyond any
doubt, it is accepted as a ‘theory’.

Note that the word “theory” in science has a different meaning from the word
“theory” in everyday language. In science, a theory is a model that:

 has never failed to explain a collection of related observations

 has never failed to successfully predict the outcomes of related experiments

For example, the theory of evolution has never failed to explain the process of
changes in organisms caused by factors that affect the survivability of the species.

If a repeatable experiment contradicts a theory, and the experiment passes the peer
review process, the theory is deemed to be wrong. If the theory is wrong, it must either be
modified to explain the new results, or discarded completely.
Theories vs. Natural Laws

The terms “theory” and “law” developed organically, so any definition of either
term must acknowledge that common usage, both within and outside of the scientific
community, will not always be consistent with the definitions.

A theory is a model that attempts to explain why or how something happens. A

law simply describes what happens without attempting to provide an explanation. Theories
and laws can both be used to predict the outcomes of related experiments.

For example, the Law of Gravity states that objects attract other objects based on
their masses and distances from each other. It is a law and not a theory because the Law of
Gravity does not explain why masses attract each other.

Atomic Theory states that matter is made of atoms, and that those atoms are
themselves made up of smaller particles. The interactions between the particles that make
up the atoms (particularly the electrons) are used to explain certain properties of the
substances. This is a theory because it gives an explanation for why the substances have the
properties that they do.

Note that a theory cannot become a law any more than a definition can become a
measurement or a postulate can become a theorem.