Smart Energy Meter - Project Report BE

IOT Based Smart Energy Meter
Acknowledgement
There are number of individuals who deserve my sincere gratitude for helping me to complete
this work. First and foremost, I would like to express my gratitude and appreciation to my guide
towards Prof. S.S.Vaidya for most valuable guidance and help. I express my deepest gratitude to
Prof. S.S.Vaidya Head of the Department, Sanghavi College Of Engineering, Nashik has given
me ample freedom while doing this work and also provided the moral support at diﬃcult situations. It
was my honor to work under her.
Also, I am very thankful to Prof. N.V. Palde, Principal, Sanghavi College Of Engineering,
Nashik for his suggestions, encouragement and constant support. Last but not the least. I would like to
thank my family for their support, guidance, words of encouragement and unselfish love and all those
people who helped us in making this project a success.
Nirgude Abhijit B. (71657468D)

Bhalekar Karan K. (71525354H)
Lonkar Mahesh (71753736G)
Dhabale Kamalesh (71525457L)
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Abbreviations
List of Abbreviations
ACC : Accumulator
B : B Register
PSW : Program Status Word
SP : Stack Pointer
DPTR : Data Pointer
DPL : Low byte
DPH : High byte
P0 : Port 0
P1 : Port 1
P2 : Port 2
P3 : Port 3
IE : Interrupt Enable control
IP : Interrupt Priority control
TMOD : Timer/counter Mode control
TCON : Timer/counter control
T2CON : Timer/counter 2 control
T2MOD : Timer/counter mode2 control
TH0 : Timer/counter 0high byte
TL0 : Timer /counter 0low byte
TH1 : Timer/counter 1high byte
TL1 : Timer/counter 1low byte
TH2 : Timer/counter 2 high byte
TL2 : Timer/counter 2 low byte
SCON : Serial control
SBUF : Serial data buffer
PCON : Power control
IR : Infra Red
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ABSTRACT
Saving energy is high on the agenda for consumers and businesses, but with most of
the electrical devices today, it‘s difficult to know how much energy we are actually using at
any given point in time. Smart Energy Meter is a meter which helps the consumers to know
their day to day power consumption to better control their usage and producers to manage
production. This meter records consumption of electric energy in intervals of hour or less.
Smart meters enable two-way communication between the meter and the central system. The
proposed project comprises of hardware design using a low-cost 8-bit P89C51RD2xx
microcontroller and the complete hardware design will be proposed .The Communication is
through SMS. They are two one is admin password and second is user. By this admin
password the cost per unit can be changed by the concerned officer The system software
driver is also developed using embedded-C programming language in Keil µVision 4 IDE. .
Smart meters are also believed to be a less costly alternative to traditional interval or time-of-
use meters and are intended to be used on a wide scale with all customer classes, including
residential customers. The project also addresses about the various debugging tools such as
Keil µVision 4 C51 debugger and Flash magic tool 9.25 version used to test the implemented
prototype.
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Contents
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Contents
List of abbreviations
List of figures
List of Tables
1. INTRODUCTION 10
2. LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1 Motivation 12
2.2 Background 12
2.3 Aim 12
2.4 Requirement Analysis 13
2.4.1 Hardware Requirements 13
2.4.2 Software Requirements 13
2.5 Scope 13
2.6 Advantages 14
3. DESIGN METHODOLOGY
3.1 Hardware system design 15
3.1.1 Block level design of Smart Energy Meter 16
3.1.2 Selection of Hardware 16
3.1.3 Design consideration of Microcontroller 17
3.1.3.2.1 I/O ports 19
3.1.3.2.2 Interrupt controls 19
3.1.3.2.3 Bus controllers 20
3.1.3.2.4Registers in 8051 21
3.1.3.2.5 Oscillator 21
4
3.1.3.3 Features 22
3.1.4 Serial communication 23
3.1.4.1 Introduction 24
3.1.4.2 Baud rate 24
3.1.5 Hardware design of LCD 25
3.1.5.1 LCD screen 26
3.1.5.3 Functionality of LCD in project 27
3.1.6 MAX232 28
3.1.6.1 Pin configuration 29
3.1.7 RS232 (Female port) 30
3.1.7.1 Voltage levels 32
3.1.7.2 Pin configuration 33
3.1.7.3 DB9 interfacing microcontroller using MAX232 33
3.1.8 Serial port connector 34
3.1.9 Design of KEYPAD 35
3.1.10 IR sensors and IC NE555 Timer 36
3.1.10.1 Photo transmitter 36
3.1.11 IC NE555 timer 37
3.1.12 Resistors 38
3.1.13 Capacitors 38
3.1.14 Crystal oscillators 39
3.2 Software design 39
3.2.1 Liquid Crystal Display 40
3.2.1.1 Initialization of LCD 40
3.2.2 KEYPAD 41
3.2.2.1 Flow chart of keyboard scanning algorithm 42
4. HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION
4.1 Hardware implementation 43
4.1.1 Complete Schematic of Smart Energy Meter 43
4.1.2 Connections of P89C51RD2FN 44
4.1.3 Pin connections of LCD 45
4.1.4 Keypad connections 46
4.1.5 MAX232 and DB9 connections 46
4.1.6 IC555 timer and IR transmitter connections 47
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5. SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION
5.1 JHD162A LCD interfacing 48
5.1.1 Initialization of LCD 48
5.1.2 Initialization sequence code 48
5.1.3 Checking the busy state of LCD 49
5.1.4 Writing the command to display 49
5.1.5 Writing data to display 50
5.1.6 Displaying the data into LCD 50
5.1.7 4*4 matrix Keypad interfacing 51
5.1.8 Sensors 52
6. RESULT 53
7. CONCLUSION 54
8. REFERENCES 55
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List of Figures
3.1 : Functional block diagram of Smart Energy Meter. 16
3.2: Internal architecture of P89C51RD2FN. 18

3.3: Oscillator Connections 24
3.4: Pin configuration of LCD 26

3.5: LCD Display 27
3.6: Timing diagram of write operation in LCD. 28
3.7: Timing diagram of read operation in LCD. 28

3.8: LCD Interface with P89C51RD2XX 31
3.9: Pin diagram of MAX 232 IC 32
3.10: DB9 Connector with pinout 33
3.11: DB9 interfacing with microcontroller using MAX 232 33
3.12: serial port connector 34
3.13: 4x4 matrix Keypad 34
3.14: Internal structure of keypad 35
3.15: IR Transmitter Circuit diagram 36
3.16: IR Receiver Circuit diagram 36
3.17: IR receiver 37
3.18: 555 Timer 37
3.19: Resistors 38
3.20: capacitors 38
3.21: crystal oscillator 39
3.22: Busy flag flowchart 40
3.23: Writing command display flow chart 41
3.24: Flow chart for the LCD function 42
3.25: Flow Chart of Key Board Scanning Algorithm 43

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3.26 Complete Flow Chart of Smart Energy Meter 44
4.1: Complete schematic of Smart Energy Meter 45
4.2: Pin diagram of P89C51RD2FN 46
4.3: connection of LCD with P89C51RD2FN. 47
4.4: connection of IR sensors with 555 timers 49
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List of Tables
3.1 Pin Connections Description 29
3.2 Commands for LCD 30
3.3: indicating voltage levels for DB 9 connector 32
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CHAPTER 1 - Introduction
1.1 Introduction
Now-a-days electricity has become a basic need to humans. The consumption of
electricity has increased a lot compared to the past years. The theft of electricity has also
become a problem these days and there is no control over the loss due to theft of electricity.
In this project we present you the smart energy meter device used to measure the
consumption of the electricity by the individual and provide security against theft of
electricity.
A smart meter is usually an electrical meter that records consumption of electric
energy in intervals of an hour or less and communicates that information at least daily back to
the utility for monitoring and billing purposes. Smart meters enable two-way communication
between the meter and the central system. Unlike home energy monitors, smart meters can
gather data for remote reporting.
The term Smart meter often refers to an electricity meter, but it can increasingly also
mean a device measuring natural gas or water consumption. Smart energy meter is software
based, power efficient device that accurately tracks energy consumption and performs
computation. Meter readings can be transmitted to distributors/utilities over wireless media;
thus, eliminating the need of manual meter reading collection process. The smart energy
meter offers major benefits to both customers and companies in terms of efficiency,
reliability, and cost saving.
Imagine if you knew how much energy you were consuming at home at any time of
the day, and knew how much energy each device was using, will you stop using those energy
hog appliances? or use them at the time of the day when the energy is cheapest? in the
economy turmoil we are currently in, I believe all of us are willing to make those small
sacrifices to lower down the bill numbers at the end of the month.
Smart energy meters are devices that will sit on your home, monitor energy data from
your electricity meter, and let you know how much energy you are using – this put more
control on your hands on how you spend your energy at home. Conventional electricity
meters are normally hidden somewhere on a wall on the basement, and the only time you
realize how much energy you’ve been spending is when the bill hit the door.
The new smart meters will provide Indian consumers with information regarding
energy consumption that was not previously available with a traditional meter. This system
will allow the easy disconnection of defaulted customers and power connections from a
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remote site. The new smart system is also able to instantly detect tampering with the power
lines and sends signals to security personnel if necessary. Utility employees will also have
the ability to change a customer’s billing method from pre-paid to post-paid in a matter of
seconds, without having to physically visit the meter.
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CHAPTER 2 – Literature Survey

2.1 Literature Survey
No Paper Title Authors Year
.
1. A Comprehensive Review of Smart Energy Qie Sun ; Hailong Li ; 2016
Meters in Intelligent Energy Networks. Zhanyu Ma ; Chao
Wang ;
2. IOT Based Smart Energy Meter for Efficient Bibek Kanti Barman ; 2018
Energy Utilization in Smart Grid. Shiv Nath Yadav ;
Shivam Kumar ;
Sadhan Gope
3. Design of standard revenue energy meter for M. G. Wath ; M. S. 2018
electrical locomotive (Railway traction) Ballal
4. Enhanced digital energy meter. F. Reni Clenitiaa ; E. 2017
Ilakya ; G. S. Preetha ;
B. Meenakshi
5. Design and implementation of Bluetooth B.S. Koay ; S.S. 2003
energy meter. Cheah ; Y.H. Sng ;
P.H.J. Chong ;
6. Smart Energy Meter Surveillance Using IoT. M. Prathik ; K. Anitha ; 2018
V. Anitha
7. GSM based smart wireless controlled digital Zohaib Sultan ; You 2019
energy meter. Jiang ; Adil Malik ;
Syed Faiz Ahmed
8. Smart metering platform as a solution for data Negrea Liviu Andrei ; 2017
analysis. Vladimir Tanasiev ;
Mihai Sanduleac ;
Adrian Badea
2.2 Motivation
In the present scenario, the use of advanced technologies such as digital
metering has become extremely necessary to achieve greater efficiency, theft reduction to
reduce AT & C losses and to improve revenue collection. The utilities and planners should
now focus on best use of electronic technology to develop a full ‘smart’ system, which is
capable of offering long term benefits and comprehensive solutions in addition to theft
reduction. In undeveloped and under developing countries proper distribution of power has to
be done. So it’s the duty of us, engineers to develop the equipment’s to reduce the power
losses and power thefts.
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2.3 Background
An electricity meter or energy meter is a device that measures the amount
of electric energy consumed by a residence, business, or an electrically powered device.
Electricity meters are typically calibrated in billing units, the most common one being the
kilowatt hour. Periodic readings of electric meters establish billing cycles and energy used
during a cycle. In settings when energy savings during certain periods are desired, meters
may measure demand, the maximum use of power in some interval. In some areas, the
electric rates are higher during certain times of day, to encourage reduction in use. The billing
of the electricity consumption in these present days are done with human observation, but this
project deals with the communication for the proper billing through GSM without any human
involvement. Due to theft of electricity leads to power shut down in many of the rural areas in
India.
2.4 Aim:
To design and implement the smart energy meter by using 8051 micro controller
coded in embedded c program.
2.5 Requirement Analysis:
2.5.1 Hardware requirements

The components those are required for “Smart Energy Meter” project is given below.
1. Micro Controller (P89C51R2FN).

2. MAX 232.
3. DB9 or RS232 connector.
4. Power supply.
5. 4*4 matrix keypad.
6. LCD display.
7. 555 timer IC
8. IR sensors.
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2.5.2 Software requirements

1. FLASH MAGIC Philips Serial ISP programming utility.
2. KEIL µVision 4IDE C51 Embedded Cross Compiler.
2.6 Scope:
The scope of the project work is to introduce advanced technology in converting dc
voltage in to ac voltage and introducing smart energy metering concept.
In future this project can be used to measuring natural gas or water consumption.
These meters can be connected to GSM module and data (i.e. consumption) can be
transmitted over GSM networks and the bills can be automatically issued to the particular
customer through SMS. By making small modifications in the program (code) we can break
the connection if user does not pay the bills in time. There is no need for the electricity
officials to visit the spot to disconnect the connections i.e., everything can be controlled over
the GSM module. The user can also sell the electricity to the government which is created in
his home using solar cells. These meters can also be used as prepaid energy meters by
slightly modifying them.
2.7 Advantages:
 More accurate bills.
 Lower bills.
 Track of energy usage.
 Sell energy back to the grid.
 Flexible tariffs.
 No more meter readings.
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CHAPTER 3 – System overview & Methodology

3.1 Hardware System Design:
Fig 3.1 : Functional block diagram of Smart Energy Meter.
3.1. 1 Block level design of smart energy meter

The functional diagram of “Smart Energy Meter” using GSM or Hyper
Terminal is given below.
Fig 3.2 : Functional block diagram of Smart Energy Meter.
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3.1.2 Selection of Hardware:

The hardware selected must be such a way that
 Low cost
 Low power consumption, small, fast
 Continually reacts to changes in the system’s environment
 Must compute certain results in real-time without delay
 Simple design
 Easy maintainability and interoperability
 Bug-free/Correctness, safety, many more
3.1.3 Design and Consideration of Microcontroller

Why P89C51RD2BN?
 The system requirements and control specifications clearly rule out the use of 16, 32
bit microcontrollers.
 The P89C51RD2xx contains non-volatile 64KB Flash program memory that is both
parallel programmable and serial In-System and In-Application Programmable.
 In-System Programming (ISP) allows the user to download new code while the
microcontroller sits in the application.
a. 8051
The 8051 is an 8 bit microcontroller originally developed by Intel in 1980. It is one of
the most popular microcontrollers in the world for its high performance, rich instruction set
and low cost. This device is a Single-Chip 8-Bit Microcontroller manufactured in an
advanced CMOS process and is a derivative of the 8051 microcontroller family. The
instruction set is 100% compatible with the 8051 instruction set. Three criteria in choosing
the microcontrollers are as follows:
1. Meeting the computing needs of the task at hand efficiently and cost
effectively.
2. Availability of software development tools such as compliers, assemblers, and
debuggers.
3. Wide availability and reliable sources of the microcontroller.
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b. Internal architecture of P89C51RD2XX

The P89C51RD2xx contains a non-volatile 8KB/16KB/32KB/64KB Flash program
memory that is both parallel programmable and serial In-System and In-Application
Programmable. In-System Programming (ISP) allows the user to download new code while
the microcontroller sits in the application. In-Application Programming (IAP) means that the
microcontroller fetches new program code and reprograms itself while in the system.
The internal architecture of P89C51RD2FN microcontroller with suitable diagram
Fig 3.2: Internal architecture of P89C51RD2FN.
c. I/O ports:
All 8051 microcontrollers have 4 I/O ports each comprising 8 bits which can be
configured as inputs or outputs. Accordingly, in total of 32 input/output pins enabling the
microcontroller to be connected to peripheral devices are available for use. Pin configuration,
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i.e. whether it is to be configured as an input (1) or an output (0), depends on its logic state. In
order to configure a microcontroller pin as an input, it is necessary to apply logic zero (0) to
appropriate I/O port bit. In this case, voltage level on appropriate pin will be 0.
The 4I/O ports of 8051 are designated as port 0, port 1, port 2, and port 3. All
these I/O ports have different functions and conditions while connecting to external
peripherals.
d. Port 0 (P0)-
The P0 port is characterized by two functions. If external memory is used then the
lower address byte (addresses A0-A7) is applied on it. Otherwise, all bits of this port are
configured as inputs/outputs. The other function is expressed when it is configured as an
output. Unlike other ports consisting of pins with built-in pull-up resistor connected by its
end to 5 V power supply; pins of this port have this resistor left out. If any pin of this port is
configured as an input then it acts as if it “floats”. Such an input has unlimited input
resistance and undetermined potential. When the pin is configured as an output, it acts as an
“open drain”. By applying logic 0 to a port bit, the appropriate pin will be connected to
ground (0V). By applying logic 1, the external output will keep on “floating”. In order to
apply logic 1 (5V) on this output pin, it is necessary to built in an external pull-up resistor.
e. Port 1 (P1)-
P1 is a true I/O port, because it doesn't have any alternative functions as is the case
with P0, but can be configured as general I/O only. It has a pull-up resistor built-in and is
completely compatible with TTL circuits.
f. Port 2 (P2)-
P2 acts similarly to P0 when external memory is used. Pins of this port occupy
addresses intended for external memory chip. This time it is about the higher address byte
with addresses A8-A15. When no memory is added, this port can be used as a general
input/output port showing features similar to P1.
g. Port 3 (P3)-
All port pins can be used as general I/O, but they also have an alternative function. In
order to use these alternative functions, a logic one (1) must be applied to appropriate bit of
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the P3 register. In terms of hardware, this port is similar to P0, with the difference that its
pins have a pull-up resistor built-in.
h. Interrupts controls:
There are 7 kinds of interrupt controllers that 8051 handles. They are as follows.
1. INT0 external interrupt.

2. INT1 external interrupt.
3. Timer 0
4. Timer 1
5. Reset.
6. Transmitted interrupt (TXD).
7. Received interrupt (RXD).
There are two types of external hardware interrupts. Pin 12 (P3.2) and pin 13 (P3.3) of the
8051, designated as INT0 and INT1, are used as external hardware interrupts. Upon the
activation of these pins, the 8051 gets interrupted in whatever it is doing and jumps to the
vector table to perform the interrupt service routines (ISR).
Timer 0 and timer 1 interrupts can be used in pooling method. In this method, we
have to wait until the TF is raised. The problem with this method is that the microcontroller is
tied down the controller. If the timer interrupt in the IE register is enabled, whenever the
timer rolls over, TF is raised, and the microcontroller is interrupted in whatever it is doing,
and jumps to the interrupts vector table to service the ISR.
i. Bus Controls
The main bus controllers available in 8051 are ALE, EA, RST and PSEN.
ALE (Address Latch Enable):

Output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during an access to external
memory. In normal operation, ALE is emitted twice every machine cycle, and can be used for
external timing or clocking. Note that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to
external data memory. ALE can be disabled by setting SFR auxiliary.0. With this bit set,
ALE will be active only during a MOVX instruction.
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EA (External Access Enable/Programming Supply Voltage):

EA must be externally held low to enable the device to fetch code from external
program memory locations. If EA is held high, the device executes from internal program
memory. The value on the EA pin is latched when RST is released and any subsequent
changes have no effect. This pin also receives the programming supply voltage (VPP) during
Flash programming.
RST (Reset):
A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the
device. An internal resistor to VSS permits a power-on reset using only an external capacitor
to VCC.
PSEN (Program Store Enable):

The read strobe to external program memory. When executing code from the external
program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN
activations are skipped during each access to external data memory. PSEN is not activated
during fetches from internal program memory.
j. Memory organization
The 8051 has two types of memory and these are Program Memory and Data
Memory. Program Memory (ROM) is used to permanently save the program being executed,
while Data Memory (RAM) is used for temporarily storing data and intermediate results
created and used during the operation of the microcontroller. Depending on the model in use
(we are still talking about the 8051 microcontroller family in general) at most a few Kb of
ROM and 128 or 256 bytes of RAM is used. All 8051 microcontrollers have a 16-bit
addressing bus and are capable of addressing 64 kb memory. It is neither a mistake nor a big
ambition of engineers who were working on basic core development. It is a matter of smart
memory organization which makes these microcontrollers a real “programmers’ goody“.
k. Registers in 8051
In the CPU, registers are used to store information temporarily. That information
could be a byte of data to be processed, or an address pointing to the data to be fetched. The
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vast majority of 8051 registers are 8- bit registers. In the 8051 there is only one data type: 8
bits. With an 8-bit data type, any data larger than 8 bits must be broken into 8- bit chunks
before it is processed. The most widely used registers of the 8051 are A(Accumulator), B,
and SPF (special function registers) and PSW (Program Status Word).
A register is a general-purpose register used for storing intermediate results obtained

during operation. Prior to executing an instruction upon any number or operand it is
necessary to store it in the accumulator first. All results obtained from arithmetical operations
performed by the ALU are stored in the accumulator. Data to be moved from one register to
another must go through the accumulator. In other words, the A register is the most
commonly used register and it is impossible to imagine a microcontroller without it. More
than half instructions used by the 8051 microcontroller use somehow the accumulator.
Multiplication and division can be performed only upon numbers stored in the A and B
registers. All other instructions in the program can use this register as a spare accumulator
(A).
l. R Registers (R0-R7)
This is a common name for 8 general-purpose registers (R0, R1, R2 ...R7). Even
though they are not true SFRs, they deserve to be discussed here because of their purpose.
They occupy 4 banks within RAM. Similar to the accumulator, they are used for temporary
storing variables and intermediate results during operation. The most widely used registers of
the 8051 are A(Accumulator), B, and SPF (special function registers) and PSW (Program
Status Word).
A register is a general-purpose register used for storing intermediate results obtained

during operation. Prior to executing an instruction upon any number or operand it is
necessary to store it in the accumulator first. All other instructions in the program can use this
register as a spare accumulator (A).
This is a common name for 8 general-purpose registers (R0, R1, R2 ...R7). Even
though they are not true SFRs, they deserve to be discussed here because of their purpose.
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They occupy 4 banks within RAM.. Active bank is a bank the registers of which are currently
used.
m. SFR (Special Function Registers)

Special Function Registers (SFRs) are a sort of control table used for running and
monitoring the operation of the microcontroller. Each of these registers as well as each bit
they include, has its name, address in the scope of RAM and precisely defined purpose such
as timer control, interrupt control, serial communication control etc. Even though there are
128 memory locations intended to be occupied by them, the basic core, shared by all types of
8051 microcontrollers, has only 21 such registers.
n. Oscillator:
The microcontroller used in this project, P89C51RD2FN requires a baud rate of 9600.
To acquire this baud rate, an 11.0592 MHz crystal must be connected between 19 th and 20th
pins of controller. The determination of machine cycle frequency and Baud rate is as follows.
MCF = (XTL freq / 12)
= (11.0592 * 10^6) / 12
= 921.6 KHz
Baud rate = MCF/32
= (921.6 × 10^3) / 32
= 28800 Hz
Where MCF = Machine Cycle Frequency,
XTL = Crystal.
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To synchronize with timer1 (TH1) to set the baud rate as 9600 we need to set those
register value as -3 (decimal) or FD (Hexadecimal) so as to divide the baud rate i.e..
28800Hz should be dividing with the decimal value of TH1 to get 9600 value.
Fig 3.3: Oscillator Connections
C1, C2 = 33pF.
o. Features
 80C51 Central Processing Unit
 On chip Flash Program Memory with In-System Programming (ISP) and In-
Application Programming
 Boot ROM contains low level Flash programming routines for downloading via the
UART
 Can be programmed by the end-user application(IAP)
 Four interrupt priority levels
 Seven interrupt sources
 Four 8-bit I/O ports
 Full-duplex enhanced UART
 8-Bit ALU , with 2 registers A & B
 11 bit program counter & data pointer
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 8-Bit program status word

 8 bit stack pointer
 4registers banks, each containing 8 registers
3.1.4 Serial Communication
3.1.4.1 Introduction
In order to connect microcontroller to a modem or a pc to modem a serial port is used.
Serial is a very common protocol for device communication that is standard on almost every
PC. Most computers include two RS-232 based serial ports. Serial is also a common
communication protocol that is used by many devices for instrumentation; numerous GPIB-
compatible devices also come with an RS232 port. Furthermore, serial communication can be
used for data acquisition in conjunction with a remote sampling device.
Any device you connect to the serial port will need the serial transmission converted
back to parallel so that it can be used. In serial communication, the data will be sent from one
system to another in bit by bit notation. Serial Ports come in two “sizes”, there are the D-
Type 25 pin connector and the D-Type 9 Pin connector both of which are male on the back of
the PC, and thus you will require a female connector on your device. The RS-232 and RS-485
come under serial communication.
3.1.4.2 Baud Rate:

It is a speed measurement for communication. It indicates the number of bit transfers
per second. For example, 300 baud is 300 bits per second. When a clock cycle is referred it
means the baud rate. For example, if the protocol calls for a 4800 baud rate, then the clock is
running at 4800Hz. This means that the serial port is sampling the data line at 4800Hz.
Common baud rates for telephone lines are 12200, 28800 and 33600. Baud rates greater than
these are possible, but these rates reduce the distance by which devices can be separated.
These high baud rates are used for device communication where the devices are located
together, as is typically the case with GPIB devices.
3.1.5 Hardware Design of LCD
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The LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) used to display the output to the user in the form of
GUI (Graphic User Interface) and a mono chromatic display. LCD used in this project is
JHD162A series. There are 16 pins in all. They are numbered from left to right 1 to 16 (if you
are reading from the backside). LCD shown above is marked to indicate which the 1st pin
was and which the 16th was.
In our project, we use a JHD162A LCD Display which has 2 rows and 16 characters.
It contains internal 1 byte latch. It has a better contrast and a wider viewing angle. To develop
a protocol to interface this LCD with 89C51 first we have to understand how they functions.
These displays contain two internal byte-wide registers, one for command and second for
characters to be displayed. There are three control signals called R/W, RS and EN. Select By
making RS signal 0 you can send different commands to display. These commands are used
to initialize LCD, to display pattern, to shift cursor or screen etc. You can see the markings
right next to 1st and 16th pins. The 16by2 LCD with connections is as given below
Fig 3.4: Pin configuration of LCD
3.1.5.1 LCD screen:-

LCD screen consists of two lines with 16 characters each. Each character consists of
5*7 dot matrix. Contrast on display depends on the power supply voltage and whether
messages are displayed in one or two lines. For that reason, variable voltage 0-Vdd is applied
on pin marked as VEE. Trimmer potentiometer is usually used for that purpose. Some versions
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of displays have built in backlight (blue or green diodes). When used during operating, a
resistor for current limitation should be used (like with any LE diode)
The main control pins on JHD162A are data lines, read or write and enable.
Fig 3.5: LCD Display
3.1.5.1. a Data lines (D0-D7):

The data lines are connected to the parallel port of the microcontroller. While
connecting the data lines to port0 no pull up resistors are required. These data lines are used
to pass the data from CPU i.e. controller to LCD internal memory and to pass commands
from LCD to CPU. Pin 7 is the Least Significant Bit (LSB) and pin 14 is the Most Significant
Bit (MSB) of the data inputs To make it easier to give the appropriate inputs to these pin, i
recommend wiring up a DIP switch to these pins.
3.1.5.1. b Read and write:

Generally, we always use the LCD to show things on the screen. However, in some
rare cases, we may need to read from the LCD what it is displaying. In such cases, the R/W
pin is used. However, this function is beyond the scope of post and will not be explained. For
all practical purposes, the R/W pin has to be permanently connected to GND.
26
The timing diagram for write and read operation of JHD162A is as follows
Write operation:
Fig 3.6: Timing diagram of write operation in LCD.
Read operation:
Fig 3.7: Timing diagram of read operation in LCD.
3.1.5.1. c Enable Pin:

The enable pin has a very simple function. It is just the clock input for the LCD. The
instruction or the character data at the data pins (D0-D7) is processed by the LCD on the
falling edge of this pin.
3.1.5.1. d Reset pin:
27
The LCD has basically two operating modes: Instruction mode and Character Mode.
Depending on the status of this pin, the data on the 8 data pins (D0-D7) is treated as either an
instruction or as character data. You have to activate the command mode if you want to give
an Instruction to the LCD To set the LCD in Instruction mode, you set the 4th pin of the LCD
(R/S) to GND. To put it in character mode, you connect it to Vcc.
3.1.5.3 Pin Configuration:

There are pins along one side of the small printed board used for connection to the
microcontroller. There are total of 16 pins marked with numbers .Their function is described
in the table below:
Table 3.1 Pin Connections Description
Pins 1 – 8 Description Pins 9 -16 Description

D2 (Not Used in
Pin1 Ground Pin9
4bit operation)
D3 (Not Used in
Pin2 VCC (+5) Pin10
4bit operation)
Pin3 Contrast Pin11 D4
Data/Comman
Pin4 Pin12 D5
d (R/S)
Read/Write
Pin5 Pin13 D6
(W)
Pin6 Enable (E1) Pin14 D7
D0 (Not Used
VCC
Pin7 in 4bit Pin15
(LEDSV+)
operation)
D1 (Not Used
Pin8 in 4bit Pin16 Ground
operation)
To start with LCD the user should initialize it first which should be programmed with its
LCD commands. The LCD commands are given
28
Table 3.2 Commands for LCD
CODE COMMANDS TO THE LCD
1 Clear display screen
2 Return home
4 Shift cursor to left
5 Shift display right
6 Shift cursor to right
7 Shift display left
8 Display off, cursor off
A Display off, cursor on
C Display on, cursor off
E Display on, cursor blinking
F Display off, cursor blinking
10 Shift cursor position to left
14 Shift cursor position to right
18 Shift entire display left
1c Shift entire display right
80 Force cursor to begin in 1st row
C0 Force cursor to begin in 2nd row
38 2 lines &5x7 matrix
29
Fig 3.8: LCD Interface with P89C51RD2XX
3.1.5.5 Functionality of LCD in this project:
 LCD is used to display any message, like authentication.

 It displays the menu of operation, which contains two options automatic and settings.
 It displays the amount of power utilized and price for the relevant consumed power.
 It displays the user to send the data to HyperTerminal.
3.1.6 MAX 232:
Max232 IC is a specialized circuit which makes standard voltages as required

by RS232 standards. This IC provides best noise rejection and very reliable against
discharges and short circuits. MAX232 IC chips are commonly referred to as line drivers.
To ensure data transfer between PC and microcontroller, the baud rate and voltage
levels of Microcontroller and PC should be the same. The voltage levels of microcontroller
are logic1 and logic 0 i.e., logic 1 is +5V and logic 0 is 0V. But for PC, RS232 voltage levels
are considered and they are: logic 1 is taken as -3V to -25V and logic 0 as +3V to +25V. So,
in order to equal these voltage levels, MAX232 IC is used. Thus this IC converts RS232
voltage levels to microcontroller voltage levels and vice versa.
30
3.1.6.1 Pin Configuration:
Fig 3.9: Pin diagram of MAX 232 IC
3.1.7 RS 232(Female Port)

RS-232 is the component which is used to connect system (pc) to microcontroller.
RS-232 (Recommended Standard 232) is the traditional name for a series of standards
for serial binary single-ended data and control signals connecting between a DTE (Data
Terminal Equipment) and a DCE (Data Circuit- terminating Equipment). It is commonly used
in computer serial ports. The standard defines the electrical characteristics and timing of
signals, the meaning of signals, and the physical size and pinout of connectors.
RS232 is limited to point-to-point connections between PC serial ports and devices.
RS 232 hardware can be used for serial communication up to distances of 50 feet.
3.1.7.1 Voltage levels:

The RS-232 standard defines the voltage levels that correspond to logical one and
logical zero levels for the data transmission and the control signal lines.
For data transmission lines (TxD, RxD and their secondary channel equivalents) logic
one is defined as a negative voltage, the signal condition is called marking, and has the
functional significance. Logic zero is positive and the signal condition is termed spacing.
Table 3.4: indicating voltage levels for DB 9 connector

Logic level Voltage level
1 -10V
31
0 10V
3.1.7.2 PIN CONFIGURATION
Fig 3.10: DB9 Connector with pinout
3.1.7.3 DB9 INTERFACING WITH MICROCONTROLLER USING MAX 232:
Fig 3.11: DB9 interfacing with microcontroller using MAX 232
3.1.8 Serial port connector:

32
The microcontroller is connected to the pc via a serial communication port. The serial
communication port is a combination of a female port and a male port. The male port is
connected to the DB-9 connector connected to the microcontroller while the female port is
connected to the serial port of the pc.
Fig 3.12: serial port connector
3.1.9 Design of keypad

The keypad used in this project is AT91. A 4x4 matrix keypad requiring eight
Input/output ports for interfacing is used. Rows are connected to Peripheral Input/output
(PIO) pins configured as output. Columns are connected to PIO pins configured as input with
interrupts.
Fig 3.13: 4x4 matrix Keypad
33
The internal structure of keypad is as follows:
Fig 3.14: Internal structure of keypad
I/O configuration: Rows are connected to four PIO pins configured as outputs.
Columns are connected to four PIO pins configured as inputs with interrupts. The idle state of
these pins is high level due to four pull-up resistors. PIO interrupt is generated by a low level
applied to these pins (caused by a key pressed). Four additional PIO pins are configured as
outputs to send the value of the pressed key to LEDS.
Timer Counter Configuration: The Timer Counter is configured in waveform

operating mode with RC compare interrupt. The Timer Counter is initialized to be
incremented on internal clock cycles. The debouncing time is programmable by initializing
the RC compare register value according to the clock source selected. A software trigger is
used to reset the timer counter and start the counter clock.
34
Interrupt: When a key is pressed, a low level is applied to the pin corresponding to
the column associated to the key (pins configured as inputs with interrupts). A falling edge
applied to a column pin creates a PIO interrupt. Then, the processor executes the PIO
interrupt subroutine (debouncing) and comes back to its previous state (in the main program).
After debouncing time, a RC compare timer interrupt occurs and the processor then executes
the timer interrupt subroutine (decoding the pressed key) and comes back to its previous state
(in the main program).
Keyboard Operating Sequence
To detect a pressed key, the Microcontroller grounds all rows by providing 0

to the output latch, and then it reads the columns. If the data read from the columns isD3-
D0=1111 no key has been pressed and the process is continued until a key is detected.
However if one of the columns bits is zero this means that a key press has occur. For
example if D2-D0=1101 this means that a key in D1 column has been pressed after a key
press is detected, the microcontroller will go through the process of identifying the key.
Starting with the top row, the microcontroller grounds it by providing a low to row D0
only then it reads the columns. This should be easy since the micro control knows at any
time which the row and column are being accessed.
3.1.10 IR sensors and IC NE555 Timer:
The pair of IR sensors generally constitute of a photo transmitter and a photo receiver.
The photo transmitter generally a photo diode emits IR rays while the receiver receives the IR
rays. Whenever the transmission is blocked the sensor unit sends a interrupt signal to the
microcontroller which then increments the counter.
Photo transmitter:
The photo transmitters are IR LEDs or photo diodes used to emit light. IR
LEDs are just like LEDs which emits IR rays. Since the IR rays are out of the visible range
we cannot observe the rays from the transmitter. A photodiode is a type of photo-detector
capable of converting light into either current or voltage, depending upon the mode of
operation.
Photodiodes are similar to regular semiconductor diodes except that they may be
either exposed (to detect vacuum UV or X-rays) or packaged with a window or optical fibre
connection to allow light to reach the sensitive part of the device. Many diodes designed for
35
use specifically as a photodiode will also use a PIN junction rather than the typical PN
junction.
3.1.11 IC NE555 Timer:

The 555 timer IC is an integrated circuit used in a variety of timer, pulse generation
and oscillator applications. The full part numbers were NE555 (commercial temperature
range, 0 °C to +70 °C). It has been hypothesized that the 555 got its name from the three
5 kΩ resistors used internally.
Depending on the manufacturer, the standard 555 package includes over 20
transistors, 2 diodes and 15 resistors on a silicon chip installed in an 8-pin mini dual-in-line
package (DIP-8).
Fig 3.18: 555 Timer

The 555 has three operating modes:
3.1.11.4 Features of NE555 Timer:

 Timing is from microseconds through hours
 O/p is compatible with CMOS, DTL and TTL
 High Temperature Stability
 Duty cycle is Adjustable
 Mono-stable and Astable operations
3.1.11.5 Specifications of NE555Timer:

 Supply voltage VCC 4.5 to 15V
 Supply current (VCC=+5V) 3 to 6mA
 Maximum O/P Current 200mA
 Power Dissipation 600mA
36
 Power consumption (minimum operating) 30mW@ 5V,225mW@15V

 Operating temperature 0 to 70 C
3.1.12 Resistors:
A resistor is a two-terminal passive electronic component that implements electrical
resistance as a circuit element. When a voltage V is applied across the terminals of a resistor,
a current I will flow through the resistor in direct proportion to that voltage. This constant of
proportionality is called conductance, G. The reciprocal of the conductance is known as the
resistance R, since, with a given voltage V, a larger value of R further "resists" the flow of
current I as given by Ohm's law:
Fig 3.19: Resistors

3.1.13 Capacitors:
A capacitor (formerly known as condenser) is a device for storing electric charge. The
forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two conductors separated by
a non-conductor. Capacitors used as parts of electrical systems, for example, consist of metal
foils separated by a layer of insulating film.
A capacitor is a passive electronic component consisting of a pair of conductors

separated by a dielectric (insulator).This is the ratio of the electric charge on each conductor
to the potential difference between them.
37
Fig 3.20: capacitors
An ideal capacitor is wholly characterized by a constant capacitance C, defined as the

ratio of charge ±Q on each conductor to the voltage V between them:
3.1.14 Crystal oscillator:

A crystal oscillator is an electronic oscillator circuit that uses the mechanical
resonance of a vibrating crystal of piezoelectric material to create an electrical signal with a
very precise frequency. This frequency is commonly used to keep track of time (as in quartz
wristwatches), to provide a stable clock signal for digital integrated circuits, and to stabilize
frequencies for radio transmitters and receivers. The most common type of piezoelectric
resonator used is the quartz crystal, so oscillator circuits designed around them became
known as "crystal oscillators."
Fig 3.21: crystal oscillator
Quartz crystals are manufactured for frequencies from a few tens of kilohertz to tens
of megahertz. More than two billion (2×109) crystals are manufactured annually. Most are
used for consumer devices such as wristwatches, clocks, radios, computers, and cell phones.
38
Quartz crystals are also found inside test and measurement equipment, such as counters,
signal generators, and oscilloscopes.
3.2 Software design:

3.2.1 Liquid Crystal Display
3.2.1.1 Initializing the LCD

Before you using the LCD, the program must initialize and configure it. This is
accomplished by sending a number of initialization instructions to the LCD.
3.2.1.2 Checking the busy status of the LCD

3.2.1.2.1 Busy Flag (BF):
When the busy flag is high or “1” the module is performing an internal operation and
the next instruction will not be accepted. The RS=0 is used to check the Busy flag bit too see
if the LCD is ready to receive information. The Busy flag is D7 and can be read when R/W =
1 and RS = 0, as follows: if R/W = 1, RS= 0.When D7=1 (busy flag), the LCD is busy taking
care of internal operations and will not accept any new information. When D7=0, the LCD is
ready to receive new information.
3.2.1.2.1.1 Busy flag flowchart
Fig 3.22: Busy flag flowchart
39
3.2.1.2.2.1 Writing command to the Display
To give a command to perform some special functions like move to position, clear
LCD ,blink the curser etc. After finishing the instruction sequence the application must wait
till the LCD completes the instruction by checking the LCD Busy status.
3.2.1.2.2.2 Writing command display flow chart
Fig 3.23: Writing command display flow chart
1. Check the Busy flag bit

2. Set the instruction in data lines (if it is writing)
3. Set RS bit to logic 1 to 0
4. Set R/W bit is to low
6. Set En line to high
7. Set line to low
40
The complete flow chart representation of LCD working process is as follows:
Start
RS=0
E=1 RS=
0
Delay
E=1
E=0
Delay
LCD
Bus
y
P0=command
LCD
Bus
y
Fig 3.24: Flow chart for the LCD function.
41
3.2.2 KEYPAD:
3.2.2.1 FLOW CHART OF KEY BOARD SCANNING ALGORITHM
Fig 3.25: Flow Chart of Key Board Scanning Algorithm
42
CHAPTER 4 – Hardware Implementation

4.1 HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION
4.1.1 Complete Schematic of Smart Energy Meter
Fig 4.1: Complete schematic of Smart Energy Meter
4.1.2 Connections of P89C51RD2FN

The pin configuration of P89C51RD2XX:-
43
Fig 4.2: Pin diagram of P89C51RD2FN

In this project the microcontroller is connected to MAX232, LCD, Keypad, sensors.
The connections of microcontroller are given briefly below:
 Pin1 to pin8 (Port 0) of controller are connected to the data lines of keypad (D0-D8).
 The reset pin is connected to the 9 th pin (RST) of P89C51RD2FN, as it is used for set
reset the program.
 While the 10pin is connected to the 12th pin of MAX232.
 11th pin of controller is connected to the 11th pin of MAX232.
 The interrupt given by the IR sensors from the 555IC timer should be connected to the
12th pin i.e. INTO pin of controller.
 13th pin is used as an external interrupt, but here in this project there is no use with
this pin.
44
 The crystal oscillator which gives a frequency of 11.0592 MHz for the required Baud
rate of 9600Hz to the microcontroller. This crystal oscillator is connected in between
18th (XALT 1) and 19th (XALT 2) pins of P89C51RD2FN controller.
 The 20th pin of controller is grounded.
 The pins from 21st to 28th (port 2 data lines) are used for the external peripheral
connections.
 The 29th pin is connected to an on-off switch so as to dump and execute the program.
Whenever the PSEN pin is connected to ground then we can execute the last dumped
program, likewise when 29th pin is connected to VCC then code can be dumped into
the controller.
 Address Latch Enable pin (30th pin) of controller is connected to the ground hence no
connections need not to be given to this pin.
 External Access Enable or programming supply voltage should be latched when RST
is released and any subsequent changes have no effect. This pin also receives the
programming supply voltage (VPP) during Flash programming. Hence the pin 31 st
must be connected to high i.e. VCC.
 Port0 (pins 32 to 39) are connected to LCD in this project. But these should be
connected to other peripherals through pull up resistors.
4.1.3 Pin connections of LCD

The LCD used for output display is JHD162A series. The detailed connections of
LCD is described briefly as
 The 1st and 2nd pins of JHD162A LCD are connected to ground and high voltage VCC
respectively.
 3rd pin of LCD is connected to the center pin of the potentiometer or variable resistor
so as to adjust the contrast of LCD.
 The 4th, 5th, 6th pins are connected to 26th (P 2.5), 27th (P 2.6), 28th (P 2.7) pins of the
microcontroller respectively.
 The 7th to 14th pins are data pins and are connected to the 39th (P 0.0) to 32nd (P 0.7)
pins of the microcontroller respectively.
 The 15th and 16th pins are used for backlight purpose. 15 th pin is connected to VCC and
16th pin to ground.
45
Fig 4.3: connection of LCD with P89C51RD2FN.
4.1.4 KEYPAD CONNECTIONS:

 The keypad used is 4*4 keypad
 The pins 1, 2, 3, 4 which are connected to columns of the keypad are
connected to 1, 2, 3, 4(P1.0 to P1.3) pins of the microcontroller respectively.
 The pins 5, 6, 7, 8 which are connected to rows of the keypad are connected to
5, 6, 7, 8(P1.4 to P1.7) pins of the microcontroller respectively.
4.1.5 MAX232 AND DB9 CONNECTION:

MAX232 and DB9 connector plays a key role in program dumping and
communication between project kit to the PC host.
 Capacitor C10 of capacitance 1Uf is connected across 1st and 3rd pins of MAX232 and
C9 of capacitance 1Uf is connected in between 4th and 5th pins.
 Charge pump capacitors are required for the MAX232 to work it as voltage level
shifter. The charge pump capacitors used here are C7 and C8 whose capacitance is
1Uf. C7 is connected between 6th pin and ground, while C8 is connected across 2 nd pin
of MAX232 and Vcc.
 12th and 11th pins of MAX232 are connected to the 10th and 11th pins of
P89C51RD2FN controller respectively. These acts as a transmitter and receiver for
the data flow.
46
 To connect the MAX232 to the PC host we require a medium named as DB9

connector. The 2nd and 3rd pin of the DB9 connector should be connected to the 14 th
and 13th pins of MAX232 respectively. While the 5th pin is grounded.
4.1.6 IC555 TIMER and IR transmitter connections:

 The sensor is designed using a 555 timer, a IR transmitter and a IR receiver.
 The 555 timer is operated in astable mode of operation.
 The 1st pin is grounded.
 The 2nd pin and 6th pin are shorted, 2nd pin is connected to VCC through the 10K
and 220K pot, IR receiver is connected to 2nd pin in reverse bias.
 The pin 3 of 555 timer is an output pin which is connected to the 12th pin (P
3.2) of the microcontroller.
 The 4th pin and 8th pin are shorted, 8th pin is connected to VCC and 0.1µf
capacitor is connected between 8th pin and ground.
 The 5th pin is grounded through 0.01µf capacitor.
 The IR transmitter is connected between VCC and ground through 270 ohm
resistor. It is connected in forward bias.
 If there is obstruction between transmitter and receiver, the receiver output
gives 3V to 5V.
 Whenever there is an obstruction of current between transmitter and receiver,
the current passed to receiver decreases and hence the voltage across voltage
divider decreases. As a result a short pulse is applied to the port pin of the
8051 microcontroller. On receiving a pulse from the sensor circuit, the
controller increments the counter which indicates the consumption of
electricity.
The IR sensor implementation using 555 timer is shown in figure below:
47
Fig 4.4: connection of IR sensors with 555 timers.
CHAPTER 5 - Software Implementation
5.1 JHD162A LCD INTERFACING
5.1.1Initializing the LCD

Before you using the LCD, the program must initialize and configure it. This is
accomplished by sending a number of initialization instructions to the LCD.
The first instruction to send is the no of data for the LCD i.e., with an 8-bit or 4-bit
data bus. The other thing need to specify is display matrix; in the selected LCD it is a 5x8
dot character font. These two options are selected by sending the command 38h to the LCD
as a command. The command can give to the LCD by invoking the pre defined function call
lcdcmd with passing parameters value of 38H ,the syntax for the same can be given like
lcdcmd(0x38).
5.1.2 The initialization sequence code can be given as follows:
lcdcmd(0x38); // 2 lines and 5x7 matrix

lcdcmd(0xC0); // force cursor to begging of 2nd line
lcdcmd(0x0E); // display on, cursor blinking
lcdcmd(0x01); //clear display screen
lcdcmd(0x06); // increment cursor (shift cursor right)
lcdcmd(0x80); // force cursor to begging of 1st line
5.1.3 Checking the busy status of the LCD

Busy Flag (BF):
void lcdready(void)
{
busy=1;
rs=0; //Register select command
rw=1;
while(busy==1) // if Bit (D7) high, LCD still busy
{
en=0; // Finish the command
48
MSDelay(1);
en=1; // Start LCD command
}
}
5.1.4 Writing command to the Display
void lcdcmd (unsigned char value) // LCD command initiation routine
{
Lcdready(); // wait till the LCD executes the instruction
ldata=value; // Set the value(instruction) in Data bus
rs=0; // register select as command
rw=0;
en=1; // set the enable command
MSDelay(1);
en=0; // Reset the enable command
}
5.1.5 Writing Data to Display

void lcddata (unsigned char value) // LCD data placing routine
{
lcdready(); // wait till the LCD executes the instruction
ldata = value; // Set the value(Data) in Data bus
rs=1; //register select as data
rw=0; //read command
en=1; // Send Enable Signal to LCD
MSDelay(1); // This Function Gives Approximate Delay required For LCD
Initialization
en=0; //Reset the Enable Command

}
5.1.6 Displaying the data in to the LCD
void WriteString(unsigned char count,unsigned char *MSG)
{
unsigned char i;
for(i=0;i<count;i++)
{
49
lcddata(MSG[i]); //Display Character on LCD at Proper Location

}
}
5.1.7 4X4 MATRIX KEYPAD INTERFACING

// key Board variables
sbit r0=P1^0; // keypad rows
sbit r1=P1^1;
sbit r2=P1^2;
sbit r3=P1^3;
sbit c0=P1^4; //keypad columns

sbit c1=P1^5;
sbit c2=P1^6;
sbit c3=P1^7;
unsigned char KeyTest(void)

{
P1=0xF0;
while (1)
{
while(P1!=0xF0)
{
r0=0; r1=1;r2=1;r3=1;
if(c0==0)
return '1';
else if(c1==0)
return '4';
else if(c2==0)
return '7';
else if(c3==0)
return 'E';
r1=0; r0=1;r2=1;r3=1;
if(c0==0)
return '2';
50
else if(c1==0)
return '5';
else if(c2==0)
return '8';
else if(c3==0)
return '0';
r2=0; r0=1;r1=1;r3=1;
if(c0==0)
return '3';
else if(c1==0)
return '6';
else if(c2==0)
return '9';
else if(c3==0)
return 'F'; // Down Arrow
r3=0; r0=1;r1=1;r2=1;
if(c0==0)
return 'A';
else if(c1==0)
return 'B';
else if(c2==0)
return 'C'; // Redail
else if(c3==0)
return 'D'; // Enter
}}}
5.1.8 SENSORS:
sbit sense=P3^2; //energy meter
void _Up() interrupt 0

{
Flag=sense;
if(Flag==1)
51
{
Count++;
Flag=0;
}
}
52
CHAPTER 6 - Results
6.1 RESULTS
Now the most awaited part of the program is final result which can be seen by the
following steps once the kit is ready.
 Give 5V Power supply and connect the pc with serial connector to DB9 connector
 Now ON the circuit.
 We can see on the LCD display “WELCOME RMCE” “SMART ENERGY
METER” and press enter (E) in keypad.
 The LCD asks for user id and password. Once they are correct, it shows
“AUTHENTICATED”.
 Now main menu is displayed having options:1.Readings
2. Settings
 If 1 is pressed the LCD displays initial count value as 0000

 When one interrupt is detected, go to readings and then the count value is
incremented.
 Then 2 options will be displayed:1.Send 2.Exit
 If 1 is pressed, the data i.e. count value and unit price will be displayed on
the PC through HyperTerminal.
 Once data is sent, we will get a reply “DATA SENT”.
 If option 2 is pressed i.e. SETTINGS we can change ‘USER ID,
PASSWORD and UNIT PRICE AND PHONE NO”. But it can be
changed only by the administrator only.
53
CHAPTER 7 – Future scope and Conclusion

7.1 CONCLUSION
Since the inception of electricity deregulation and market-driven pricing throughout

the world, utilities have been looking for a means to match consumption with generation.
Smart meters are also believed to be a less costly alternative to traditional interval or time-of-
use meters and are intended to be used on a wide scale with all customer classes, including
residential customers
Supporting Consumers: a) An end to estimate bills, which are a major source of complaints
for many customers b)A tool to help consumers better manage their energy use - smart meters
with a display can provide up to date information on electricity consumption in the currency
of that country and in doing so help people to better manage their energy use and reduce their
energy bills and carbon emissions .c) voltage levels, and power events can be tracked and
logged across the entire customer base.
Supports Power Grid: The Ability to remotely turn power on or off to a customer, read
usage information from a meter, detect a service outage, detect the unauthorized use of
electricity, know the maximum amount of electricity that a customer can demand at any time.
It is projected to reduce the staff required to read meter data across the customer base.
Supports Environment: The billing is through HyperTerminal or GSM, so lot of paper can
be saved .So Cutting of Trees can be avoided. It is believed that billing customers by time of
day will encourage consumers to adjust their consumption habits to be more responsive to
market prices thereby saving the power by which natural resources are protected.
It is a Greener, Smarter, New era of Energy Use.
54
CHAPTER 8 - References
References
1. Janci Gillespie Mazidi, Muhammad Ali Mazidi, The 8051 micro controller and
2. embedded systems, PHI Prentice hall India, Eastern Economy Edition,www.phindia.com.
3. Kenneth J. Ayala, The 8051 Microcontroller, architecture, Programming and
4. Applications, Pen ram international publishing Pvt. Ltd. 1996
5. Arnold S. Berger, Embedded systems design, an introduction to process, tools, and
6. Techniques, CMP Books, 2005. www.cmpbooks.com
7. Yashvant Kanetkar, Let Us C, BPB Publications, 1999 www.bpbpub.com
8. Dreamtech Software Team, Programming for Embedded systems, WILEY Publishing,
9. Inc, 2003.
10. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level_s
11. Deep Learning Detection of Electricity Theft Cyber-Attacks in Renewable Distributed
Generation, Muhammad Ismail ; Mostafa F. Shaaban ; Mahesh Naidu ; Erchin Serpedin,
IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, Year: 2020 | Volume: 11, Issue: 4 | Journal Article |
Publisher: IEEE
12. https://www.edgefx.in/microcontroller-based-wireless-energy-meter/
13. A NOVEL APPROACH FOR SMART ENERGY METER USING 89C51
MICROCONTROLLER, Ms.Shraddha M. Bang1 ,Ms.Anushree A. Wankhade2, Suyog B.
Pavitrakar3 ,Sangram S. Deshmukh4, Prof. Manish K. Shriwas5
14. https://microcontrollerslab.com/prepaid-energy-meter-gsm-pic/
55

Smart Energy Meter - Project Report BE

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IOT Based Smart Energy Meter

Nirgude Abhijit B. (71657468D)

3.2: Internal architecture of P89C51RD2FN. 18

3.4: Pin configuration of LCD 26

3.6: Timing diagram of write operation in LCD. 28

3.7: Timing diagram of read operation in LCD. 28

3.14: Internal structure of keypad 35

3.15: IR Transmitter Circuit diagram 36

3.16: IR Receiver Circuit diagram 36

3.18: 555 Timer 37

3.21: crystal oscillator 39

3.22: Busy flag flowchart 40

3.23: Writing command display flow chart 41

3.24: Flow chart for the LCD function 42

3.25: Flow Chart of Key Board Scanning Algorithm 43

3.26 Complete Flow Chart of Smart Energy Meter 44

4.1: Complete schematic of Smart Energy Meter 45

4.2: Pin diagram of P89C51RD2FN 46

4.3: connection of LCD with P89C51RD2FN. 47

4.4: connection of IR sensors with 555 timers 49

3.1 Pin Connections Description 29

3.2 Commands for LCD 30

3.3: indicating voltage levels for DB 9 connector 32

CHAPTER 2 – Literature Survey

2.5 Requirement Analysis:

2.5.1 Hardware requirements

1. Micro Controller (P89C51R2FN).

2.5.2 Software requirements

CHAPTER 3 – System overview & Methodology

Fig 3.1 : Functional block diagram of Smart Energy Meter.

3.1. 1 Block level design of smart energy meter

Fig 3.2 : Functional block diagram of Smart Energy Meter.

3.1.2 Selection of Hardware:

3.1.3 Design and Consideration of Microcontroller

b. Internal architecture of P89C51RD2XX

The internal architecture of P89C51RD2FN microcontroller with suitable diagram

Fig 3.2: Internal architecture of P89C51RD2FN.

1. INT0 external interrupt.

ALE (Address Latch Enable):

EA (External Access Enable/Programming Supply Voltage):

PSEN (Program Store Enable):

A register is a general-purpose register used for storing intermediate results obtained

A register is a general-purpose register used for storing intermediate results obtained

m. SFR (Special Function Registers)

MCF = (XTL freq / 12)

Baud rate = MCF/32

Where MCF = Machine Cycle Frequency,

Fig 3.3: Oscillator Connections

 8-Bit program status word

3.1.4 Serial Communication

3.1.4.2 Baud Rate:

3.1.5 Hardware Design of LCD

Fig 3.4: Pin configuration of LCD

3.1.5.1 LCD screen:-

Fig 3.5: LCD Display

3.1.5.1. a Data lines (D0-D7):

3.1.5.1. b Read and write:

Fig 3.6: Timing diagram of write operation in LCD.

Fig 3.7: Timing diagram of read operation in LCD.

3.1.5.1. c Enable Pin:

3.1.5.3 Pin Configuration:

Table 3.1 Pin Connections Description

Pins 1 – 8 Description Pins 9 -16 Description