Unit I

NETWORK ARCHITECTURE

Presentation by:
KAYTHRY P.
Assistant Professor, ECE
SSN College of Engineering
Network Architecture
 Network Architecture
• Building a network with all the pre discussed
requirements is not an easy job.
• To get rid of this complexity the networks are
given some architecture. They are referred to as
Blue Prints.
• There are 2 most widely used network
architectures.They are as follows
1. OSI Architecture
2. Internet Architecture
 Features of Architectures
• The architectural design provides 2 main features, they
are:

It decomposes the problem of building a network into
more components
- Several layers are added and each is assigned with
different functionality.

It provides a more modular design
- Making modifications becomes easier.
- If any new services wanted to be added , then the
modifications can be done only at 1 respective layer.
Other layers can be reused as such
Does Layering Really meets the
expectation..??
 Introduction to OSI model
• OSI model is introduced by ISO (International Standard Organization)
• It is a set of protocols that allows any two different systems to communicate
regardless their underlying architecture
• OSI contains 7 layers.
• They are grouped into 3 sub groups

Network Support layers

 Deals with physical aspects of moving data
from one device to another device
Transport Layer
 Ensures the reliable data transmission

User Support layers

 Deals with the interoperability
among unrelated software systems
 Layering and Protocols
• Use abstractions to hide complexity of network
from application writers.
• Abstraction – define a model to capture important
aspect of the system.
• Identifying the abstraction for each application to
provide service to the underlying system
• Abstractions naturally lead to layering
• Alternative abstractions at each layer
 Network Architecture - Layering
• Start with services
offered by underlying
hardware
• Then add a sequence of
layers.
• Each layer provide a
higher level service
• Services provided at the

Example of a two layered network system higher layers are

Abstraction b/w application programs and implemented in terms
hardware of services provided by
lower layers
 Network Architecture - Layering
• Advantages:
• Solve small problems
vs. monolithic
software
• Modularity: easily add
new services
• Drawback:
• May hide important Layered system with alternative
abstractions available at a given layer
information
 Protocols
• Protocol defines the interfaces between the layers in the
same system and with the layers of peer system
• Building blocks of a network architecture
• Each protocol object has two different interfaces
– service interface: operations that local objects can perform on the
protocol
– peer-to-peer interface: form & meaning of the messages
exchanged with peer
• Term “protocol” is overloaded
– specification of peer-to-peer interface (rules)
– module that implements this interface
 Interfaces

Service and Peer Interfaces

 Protocol stack: set of consecutive layers

   Interoperability problems
 Protocol Graph
• most peer-to-peer communication is indirect
– each protocol communicates with its peer by passing
messages to some lower level protocol – in turn delivers
the message to its peer
• peer-to-peer is direct only at hardware level
• There are multiple protocols at any given level – each
provide different communication service.
• Suite of protocols make the network – Protocol Graph
 Protocol Graph

RRP – Request Reply

protocol
MSP – Message Stream
protocol
HHP- Host to Host protocol

Example of a protocol graph nodes are the protocols and links the
“depends-on” relation
 Protocols
• Protocols referred as : abstract interfaces or
module that actually implements the two interfaces.
• Protocol Specification: prose, pseudo-code, state
transition diagrams, pictures of packet formats and
other abstract notations.
• Interoperable: when two or more protocols that
implement the specification accurately
• IETF: Internet Engineering Task Force
 Encapsulation

High-level messages are encapsulated inside of low-level messages

 Encapsulation
• RRP receives the message from application
• RRP must send it to its peer
• RRP must communicate the message with its
control information to its peer – how to handle the
message.
• This is done by attaching header/trailer to the
message.
• Header/trailer – small data structure
• Rest of the message – Payload
• Now we say the application data is encapsulated by
RRP
 Encapsulation
• Encapsulation – repeated at each level of the protocol
graph.
• HHP encapsulates RRP’s message by attaching its own
header.
• HHP sends its message to its peer over some network.
• At receiver side the message is processed in opposite
side.
 Multiplexing and Demultiplexing
• RRP multiplexes different application over the
channel at source host.
• Demultiplexed at destination host as appropriate
application (demux key)
• HHP has its own demux key to determine which
message to pass up to RRP and which to pass up to
MSP
•
Open System Interconnect (OSI)
Architecture: Reference Model
 Physical Layer
• Function: provides a “virtual bit pipe” •  How: maps
bits into electrical/electromagnetic signals
appropriate for the channel
• The physical layer module is called a modem
(modulator/demodulator)
• Important issues:
– Timing: synchronous, intermittent synchronous,
asynchronous (characters)
– Interfacing the physical layer and DLC (e.g., RS-232,
Ethernet, IEEE802.x)
 Data Link Control Layer (DLC)
• Receives packets from the network layer and transforms
them into bits transmitted by the physical layer. Generally
guarantees order and correctness.
• Mechanisms of the DLC:
– Framing: header, trailer to separate packets, detect
errors…
– Multiple access schemes: when the link is shared by
several nodes there is a need for addressing and
controlling the access (this entity is called MAC
sublayer)
– Error detection and retransmission (LLC sublayer)
 Network Layer
• Provides naming/addressing, routing, flow control,
and scheduling/queuing in a multi-hop network
• Makes decisions based on packet header (e.g.,
destination address) and module stored information
(e.g., routing tables)
• General comment: each layer looks only at its
corresponding header (here packet header)
• Routing is different on virtual circuit networks than
on datagram networks
 Transport Layer
• Provides a reliable mean to transmit messages
between two end-nodes through:
– Messages fragmentation into packets
– Packets reassembly in original order
– Sessions multiplexing and splitting
– Retransmission of lost packets
– End-to-end flow control
– Congestion control
 Session Layer
• Was intended to handle the interaction between
two end points in setting up a session:
– multiple connections
– Service location (e.g., would achieve load sharing)
–  Check pointing
– Control of access rights
• In many networks these functionalities are
inexistent or spread over other layers
 Presentation Layer
• Provides data encryption, data compression, and
code conversion
 Application Layer
• What’s left …
•   Examples
– http (web), smtp (mail), telnet, rtp (voip)
 Internet Architecture
• Defined by Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
• IETF requires working implementations for
standard adoption
• Application vs. Application Protocol
• They are also called as TCP / IP Architecture or
TCP / IP Protocol Suite.
• This model uses various protocols at different
layers. They are discussed in up coming slides
 Internet Architecture

Alternative view of the Internet architecture.

The “Network” layer shown here is sometimes referred to as the “sub-
network” or “link” layer.
 Internet Architecture
 NET – combination of
network adapter & network
device drivers

 IP – supports
interconnection of multiple
networking technologies
single, logical internetwork

 TCP& UDP – provide

alternative logical channels to
application programs

Internet Protocol Graph  TCP – reliable byte stream

 UDP – unreliable datagram

 1. Network interface layer

• The physical and datalink layer of the OSI model are

jointly known as Network Interface layer in TCP / IP
Model

• There is no specific protocols in this layers and they

supports all standards

• They particularly deals with the physical connection

between the nodes
 2. Network Layer

• They are also called as Internet layer.

• This layer defines the official packet format.

• Protocol used is Internet Protocol (IP)

• They are responsible for successful delivery of packets

from one host to another host
 Internet Protocol (IP)
• It is an transmission mechanism used for sending the packets. It uses
connection less protocol. IP in turn uses 4 protocols.
• Address Resolution Protocol (ARP):

It is used to find the physical address of the node when the logical
address is known.
• Reverse Address resolution Protocol (RARP):

It is used to find the logical address of the node when the physical
address is known.
• Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP):

It is an mechanism used by the hosts and gateways to send notifications
about the datagram problem to the sender.

It contains control and error messages.
• Internet Group Message Protocol (IGMP):

It is used to facilitate the transmission of message to a group of
recipients (Multicast)
Address Resolution Protocol - ARP
Reverse Address Resolution Protocol -
RARP
ARP Vs RARP
Internet Control Message Protocol - ICMP
Internet Group Message Protocol - IGMP
 3. Transport layer
• Transmission Control Protocol (TCP):

This is an reliable Connection Oriented protocol which allows the
segments of one machine to another machine without any error.

A connection is established between the sender and receiver before the
transmission starts.This is called as handshaking.

Each segments are numbered and on successful receipt of segments
they are acknowledged by the receiver.
• User Datagram Protocol (UDP):

It is an unreliable , connection less protocol.

No hand shaking process is done before transmission.

No acknowledgement is received after delivery of segments.
• Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP):

They are used for newer applications such asVoice Over Internet

This is simply the combination of both TCP and UDP
 4. Application Layer
• It is a combination of session layer, presentation layer
and application layers of OSI model.
• It supports various protocols.
TELNET
FTP – File Transfer Protocol
SMTP – Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
DNS – Domain Name System
HTTP – Hyper Text Transfer Protocol.
Telnet

This protocol allows the user

of one machine to log on to
another machine and can work
from here
FTP – File Transfer Protocol

This protocol provides

a procedure to move
data from one
machine to another
machine more
efficiently
SMTP – Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

This protocol is mainly used

for mail transfers from
various servers.
DNS – Domain Name System

This protocol is
helpful in mapping
their host name
with their network
address
 Internet Architecture
• Three main features
– Does not imply strict layering. The application is free to
bypass the defined transport layers and to directly use IP or
other underlying networks
– An hour-glass shape – wide at the top, narrow in the middle
and wide at the bottom. IP serves as the focal point for the
architecture
– In order for a new protocol to be officially included in the
architecture, there needs to be both a protocol specification
and at least one (and preferably two) representative
implementations of the specification