BS 5328 - 1 - 1997

BRITISH STANDARD BS 5328:
Part 1: 1997
r:~.~
\ Incorporating
Amendment No.1
Concrete
Part 1. Guide to specifying concrete
ICS 91.100.30
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Copyright by the BSI, Wed Oct 24 11:55:51 2001, Uncontrolled Copy

BS 5328 : Part 1 : 1997 Issue 2, May 1999
Committees responsible for this

British Standard
The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted to Technical Conunittee
Bl517, Concrete, upon which the following bodies were represented:
British Aggregate Construction Materials Industries

British Cement Association
British Precast Concrete Federation Ltd
British Ready Mixed Concrete Association
Building Employers Confederation
Cement Admixtures Association
Department of Transport (Highways Agency)
Federation of Civil Engineering Contractors
Federation of Resin Formulators and Applicators (Ferfa)
Institute of Concrete Teclmology
National House-Building Council
Sand and Gravel Association Limited
Society of Chemical Industry
The following bodies were also represented in the drafting of the standard, through
subconunittees and panels:
Association of Lightweight Aggregate Manufacturers

British Civil Engineering Test Equipment Manufacturers Association
Cementitious Slag Makers Association
Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management
Concrete Society
County Surveyors' Society
Departrnentofthe Envirorunent (Building Research Establishment)
Electricity Association
Federation of Piling Specialists
Institution of Structural Engineers
Quality Ash Association
This British Standard. having

been prepared under the
direction of the Sector Board for
BuDding and Civil Engineering,
was published under the
authority of the Standards Board
and comes into effect on
15 March 1997
e BSt 05-1999
Amendments issued since publication
AmdNo. Date Thxt affected
10364 May 1999 Indicated by a sideline
The following 851 references

relate to the work on this
standard:
Committee reference Bl517 : ·_'O.O;
Draft (or cornmenl951l07689 DC ~"
ISBN 0 680 26722 9

Issue 1, May 1999 BS 5328 : Part 1 : 1997
Summary of pages
The following table identifies the current issue of each page. Issue 1 indicates that a page has been introduced
for the first time by amendment. SUbsequent issue numbers indicate an updated page. Vertical sidelining on
replacement pages indicates the most recent changes (amendment, addition, deletion) ..
Page Issue Page Issue
Front cover 2 3to6 original

Inside front cover 2 7 2
a 1 8 original
b blank 9 original
i original 10 2
ii 2 11 2
iii 2 12 2
iv blank 13 to 22 original
1 .. original Inside back cover 2
2 2 Back cover 2
e BSI 05-1999 a

BS 5328 : Part 1 : 1997
Contents
Page
Committees responsible Inside front cover
Forewont ii
Guide
Introduction 1
1 Scope 1
2 References 1
3 DefinitiOM 1
Constituent materials of concrete
"
5 Durability of concrete
3
5
6 Other properties of hardened concrete 13
7 Properties of fresh concrete 14
8 Basis for specifying concrete 15
9 Sampling for conformity testing 20
10 Action to be taken in the event of non-confonnity of the conrete with its
specification 20
Tables
1 Cements 4
Z Aggregates for general use 5
3 Admixtures 5
4 Limits of chloride content of concrete 6
5 Classification of exposure conditions 8
6 Guidance on mix design limits for durability of concrete made with
normal weight aggregates of 20 nun nominal maximum size 9
7 Sulfate and acid resistance 11
7a Recorrunendations for concrete exposed to sulfate attack 11
7b Cement groups for use in table 7a 12
7c Modifications to table 7a for other types of exposure and types of
construction 12
\ 7d Modifications to tables 7a and 7c for concrete exposed to attack from
acids in natural ground 13
8 A<ljustments to minimum cement contents for aggregates other than
20 mm nominal maximum size 13
9 Compressive strength grades 13
10 Flexural strength grades 13
11 Workabilities suitable for different uses of in situ concrete 14
12 SummaIy of different types of mix 17
13 Guideto the selection of designated and standard mixes 18
14 Equivalent grades for cement content and free water/cement ratio 19
15 Becommended minimum rates of sampling 20
List of references 22
r.
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co BSII997 i
BS 5328 : Part 1 : 1997 Issue 2, May 1999
Foreword
nus Part of BS 5328 has been prepared by Technical Committee 1M>17.This Part,
which includes designated mixes, is a new edition of BS 5328: Part 1 : 1991, which is
withdrawn, and, together with BS 5328 : Parts 2, 3 and 4, forms a comprehensive
standard for the specification of concrete to which codes of practice and contractual
documents can refer: It includes recommendations originating from
BS 8110 : Part 1 : 1985.
'This edition introduces technical changes but does not reflect a full review or revision
of the standard This edition makes provision for the use of Portland limestone cement
- conforming to BS 7583 and incorporates amendments 7174 and 8758.
Amendment number 1takes account of the recent consensus reached by experts on
provisions to resist damaging ASR in the UK. These recommendations are published in
the BRE Digest 330:1999. The technical content of this amendment has been derived
from these recommendations.
'This Part of BS 5328 refers to BRE Digest 363 [1], which has superseded BRE
Digest 250, for guidance on sulfate and acid resistance of concrete in natural ground
Consideration is given in this standard to the type of construction in addition to the
concentration of sulfate. Account is also taken of the factors affecting sulfate attack
such as pH level and soil penneability.
As this standard involves selection by the specifier from a number of options and, in
certain instances, agreement on requirements between the purchaser and producer,
any requirement for confonnity to BS 5328 or any claim of compliance with it has to be
qualified by reference to the selection and to any such agreements.
This standard covers the methods for specifying and producing concrete as a
construction material up to the point of delivery into the construction, The standard is
in four Parts:
Part 1 Guide to specifying concrete;

Part 2 Metlwds Jor specifying concrete mixes;
Part 3 Specification/or the procedures to be used in producing and
transporting concrete;
Part 4 Specification for the procedures to be used in sampling, testing and
assessing compliance of concrete.
Part 1 provides guidance to the specifier and purchaser of concrete on the selection of
requirements for materials and concrete mixes. Part 2 provides a choice of methods by
which the purchaser can convey the selected requirements to the producer. Part 3
specifies for the producer the procedures to be used in producing and transporting the
concrete. Part 4 specifies the procedures to be used in sampling, testing and assessing
concrete for confonnity.
'This standard provides methods for specifying concrete mixed on site or in a precast
concrete factory and for the purchase and supply of ready-mixed concrete. It takes
account of the distinct and different responsibilities of the purchaser and the producer,
There are a nwnber of instances in which the purchaser has to select from the various
options given in this standard in order to specify the concrete required The purchaser
is responsible for passing on to the producer the requirements of the specifying body,
e.g. the engineer's or architects specification, together with any additional
requirements. Throughout this standard the tenns 'specify' and 'specification' are used
in relation to both sets of requirements There may be occasions where it is
advantageous for economic or technical reasons to propose changes to the
specification. In such cases the producer and purchaser should agree the proposed
amendments for approval and sanction by the specifying body.
Precautions need to be taken when working with cement and fresh concrete and
attention ~ drawn to these in BS 5328 : Parts 3 and 4.
ii e BSIOS-l999

Issue 2, May 1999 BS 5328 : Part 1 : 1997
nus standard covers concrete produced by normal methods, but it does not apply to
precast concrete products where the concrete is specified in other British Standards.
Many of the requirements of this standard, e.g, the use of materials and the control of
production, apply equally to precast concrete and to in situ concrete. However. some
of the requirements concerning the responsibilities of the purchaser and producer may
not apply in the case of precast concrete. The specification of designated mixes is
unlikely to be appropriate for factory produced precast concrete products..
It is necessary for the purchaser to take into account the requirements of specialized
codes of practice and any influences of the construction process. Provisions are made
in this standard for the inclusion of any special requirements.
A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a
contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application.
Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immnnity
from legal obligations.
e BSI 05-1999 iii

BS 5328 : Part 1 : 1997
Introduction 1 Scope
This Part of as 5328 gives advice on the selection of TIUs Part of BS 5328 gives guidance on the selection
the quality of concrete suitable for many general of materials for concrete and on the mixes to be
purposes not covered by other-British Standard specified to produce concrete having the required
specifications or codes of practice, properties in the fresh and hardened state. It also
This Part of BS 5328 is primarily a guide for the gives guidance on sampling for strength conformity
specifier in choosing the appropriate materials and testing and action to be taken in the event of
mix. It gives the range of constituent materials that no n-confonnity.
can be used It describes the properties of fresh and
hardened concrete, with considerable emphasis on 2 References
durability. Distinction is made between structural
and non-structural concrete and between 2.1 Normative references
unrelnforced, reinforced and prestressed concrete. TIUs Part of BS 6328 Incorporates, by dated or
Also included is guidance on sampling for strength undated reference, provisions fcom other
conformity testing and action to be taken in the publications, These nonnative references are made
event of non-confonnity. at the appropriate places in the text and the cited
ACCOWlt is taken of standard specifications relating publications are listed on page 22. For dated
to ground granulated blastfumace slag or references, only the edition cited applies; any
pulverized-fuel ash used in composite cements or in subsequent amendments to or revisions of the cited
~v.Uentcomb~o~ publication apply to this Part of BS 5328 only when
Purchasers ordering in accordance with this incorporated in the reference by amendment or
standard are advised to specify quality assurance revision. For undated references, the latest edition of
requirements for materials or for concrete in their the cited publication applies together with any
purchasing contracts to assure themselves that amendments.
products specified in accordance with BS 5328 2.2 Informative references
consistently achieve the required level of quality.
This Part of BS 5328 refers to other publications that
Purchasers of ready-mixed concrete are advised to provide information or guidance. Editions of these
specify certification meeting the requirements of the publications current at the time of issue of this
United Kingdom Accreditation Service, National
standard are listed on the inside back cover, but
Accreditation Certification Bodies, for product reference should be made to the latest editions.
confonnity.
Purchasers ordering designated mixes in accordance
with BS 5328: Part 2 : 1997 need not specify quality 3 Definitions
assurance requirements for concrete, as it is For the purposes of this Part of BS 6328, the
obligatory that the producer holds current product defmitions given in BS 6100 apply, together with the
confonnity certification based on product testing and following.
surveillance coupled with approval of the producer's
quality system to BS EN ISO 9001 by a certification 3.1 batch
body accredited by the Secretary of State (or Quantity of concrete mixed in one cycle of
equivalent), for the relevant areas of product and operations of a batch mixer, or the quantity
systems conformity certification. Purchasers are discharged during 1 min from a continuous mixer, or
similarly advised to specify that, where they are the quantity of concrete conveyed ready-mixed in a
available, constituent materials should be obtained vehicle.
from suppliers operating quality systems in
3.2 cement
accordance witll BS EN ISO 9000.
Hydraulic binder that sets and hardens by chemical
interaction with water and is capable of doing so
under water.
NOTE. The cements covered by this standard are Hsted in table 1.
OBSII997 1

BS 5328 : Part 1 : 1997 Issue 2, May 1999
3.3 cement content 3.14 designated mix

Mass of cement contained in a cubic metre of fresh, Mix produced in accordance with the specification
fully compacted concrete, expressed in kg/rn3. given in section I) of BS 6328: Part 2 : 1997 and
3.4 cement type requiring the producer to hold current product
Classification of a cement on its main constituents. conformity certification based on product testing and
I 3.6 alkali content
swveillance coupled with approval of the producer's
quality system to BS E~ ISO 900 1.
3.6.1 certlfled average alkali content
3.15 free water/cement ratio
The average of 25 consecutive determinations of
equivalent alkali content carried out on samples each Ratio of the mass of free water (that is, excluding
of which is representative of a day's production. the water absorbed by the aggregate to reach a
as.a declared mean alkali content saturated surface dIy condition) to the mass of
cement in a concrete mix.
The mean alkali content, expressed as the sodium
oxide equivalent, which will not be exceeded 3.16 grade (of concrete)
without prior notice from the manufacturer. This is Numerical value of 28 day characteristic strength,
the certified alkali content plus a margin that reflects expressed in N/mm2, preceded by the letter C
the manufacturer's variability of production. (compressive) or F (flexural) to denote the type ..
3.5.3 guaranteed alkali limit 3.17 equivalent grade
The alkali limit, expressed as the sodium oxide Grade of concrete selected to provide reasonable
equivalent, which the constituent material supplier assurance of conformity to parameters such as
guarantees will not be exceeded by any test result,
minimum cement content or maximum
on any spot sample. free water/cement ratio.
3.6 characterlsdc strength NOTE. See 8.5.
That value of strength below which 5 % of the 3.18 Ialtance
population of all possible strength measurements of
the specified concrete are expected to fall. Thin layer comprising water, cement and fine
particles of aggregate that may fonn on the surface
3.7 density of fresh concrete of concrete.
Mass of quantity of compacted fresh concrete
divided by its volwne, expressed in kglm3. 3.19 producer
NOTE. For the method of detennining the density of fresh Person or authority entering a contract to supply
concrete, see BS 1881 : Part 107. Compaction by the method concrete ..
described in BS 1881: Part 107 is not appropriate for semi~ NOTE. For example, a producer of ready-mixed or precast
concrete mixes. The method for determining the density of
concrete supplying a contractor or a contractor supplying a client.
partially compacted semi·dry concrete is desaibed in BS 1881:
Part 129. 3.20 purchaser
3.8 lightweight concrete Person or authority entering a contract to buy
Hardened concrete having an oven-dried density not concrete.
greater than 2000 kglm3. NOTE. For example, a client purchasing from a contractor or a
NOTE. For the method of determining oven-dried density, see contractor purchasing from a subcontr 135actoT or material
BS 1881 : Part 114. suppUer ..
3.9 normal-weight concrete 3.21 ready-mixed concrete
Hardened concrete having an oven-dried density Concrete mixed in a stationary mixer or in a
greater than 2000 kglm3 but not exceeding 2600 kglm3. truck-mixer and supplied in the fresh condition to
NOTE. For the method of detennining oven--dried densi~. see the purchaser, either at the site or into the
BS 1881 : Part 114..
purchaser's vehicles ..
3.10 heavyweight concrete
3.22 standard strength class (of cement)
Hardened concrete havjng an oven-dried density
greater than 2600 kglm3. Classification of a cement based on its compressive
NOTE. For the method of detennining oven-dried density, see strength at 28 days measured on mortar prisms in
BS 1881 : Part 114. accordance with BS EN 196-1.
3.11 designed mix Nom 1..There are five standard classes, 22.5,32.5.42.5.52.6
and 62.6.. British Sbuldard specifications for cements incorporate
Mix for which the purchaser is responsible for one or more of these classes. There are in addition two
specifying the required performance and the intermediate standard strength classes, 37.6 and 47.5. ror mixer
producer is responsible for selecting the mix combinations of Portland cement (PC) conforming to BS 12 with
proportions to produce the specified perfonnance. ground granulated b1astfumace slag (ggbs) confonning to BS 6699.
3.12 prescribed mix NOTE 2.. The standard strength classes for some cements are
subdivided according to their early strength development. The
Mix for which the purchaser specifies the letters L (low), N (nonnal) and R (rapid} are added to the
proportions of the constituents and is responsible for standard strength class to indicate the early strength.
ensuring that these proportions produce a concrete Specifications for cement indicate which, if any of these
I
with the required performance. subclasses are available.

~
... .'", "
3.13 standard mix 3.23 time of loading
Mix selected from the restricted list given in Time of first contact between cement and aggregates
section 4 of BS 5328: Part 2 : 1997 and made with a or, when the latter are surface dry, between cement
restricted range of materials .. and added water.
2 C> BSI Of)..l999

STD.8S! BS 5320: t-"At\1 l-t.N6L·J,'-1( J
BS 5328 : Part 1 : 1997
4 Constituent materials of concrete 4.3 Aggregates
4.1 Choice and approval of materials 4.3.1 Generally, aggregates should conform to the
British Standards listed in table 2. In making
4.1..1 Materials used should satisfy the requirements reference to aggregates conforming to these
for the safety, structural performance, durability and standards, there may be a need to specify or approve
appearance of the finished structure. taking full certain characteristics including size, grading, -
account of the environment to which it will be impurities, durability and other properties. Other
subjected In selecting the materials to be used, aggregates may be used provided there are
account should be taken of the cumulative effect of satisfactory data on the properties of concrete made
impurities, the construction process, the likely with them.
standards of supervision and workmanship and the
possible technical and cost implications of using 4.3.2 For most work, 20 nun nominal maximum size
non-standard materials. aggregate is suitable. Where there are no restrictions
to the flow of concrete into sections, 40 mm or larger
4.1.2 Where non-standard materials are used, there sizes should be permitted .. In concrete elements with
should be satisfactory data on their suitability and thin sections, closely spaced reinforcement or small
assurance of quality control Records of the details cover, consideration should be given to the use of
and performance of such materials should be 10 mm nominal maximwn size.
maintained
4.3.3 Separate coarse and [me aggregates should be
4.1.3 Account should be taken of possible used in concrete of grades C20 and above. Either
interactions between the materials used, separate coarse and fine aggregates or all..in
4.2 Cements aggregate may be used in concrete of grades CI5 and
below.
4.2.1 Generally, cements should conform to the
British Standards listed in table 1. Other cements or 4.3.4 Most aggregates have low moisture movement
other combinations of Portland cement with ground (e.g. flint, quartzite, limestone). Aggregates having a
granulated blastfumace slag (ggbs) and high moisture movement, such as some dolerites and
pulverized-fuel ash (pCa) may be used provided that basalts, and gravels containing these rocks, produce
there are satisfactory data on their suitability, such concrete having an above average initial drying
as performance tests on concrete containing them. shrinkage. When the drying shrinkage exceeds
Other British Standards may restrict the type of certain values this can result in deterioration of
cement to be used in particular cases. exposed concrete and excessive deflections of
reinforced concrete. A method of test and
4.2.2 British Standard specifications for cement classification of aggregates on the basis of their
contain standard strength classes and some also drying shrinkage is given in BS 812 : Part 120.
contain subclasses of early strength (see 3.22). For Guidance on design recommendations for
most designed and designated mixes, it should not satisfactory use of high drying shrinkage aggregates
be necessary to specify the standard strength classes in concretes for structures is given in BRE
or subclasses of the cement. Digest357 (2).
4.2.3 Where used for special purposes, the cement 4.3.5 The elastic modulus of concrete depends
may need to have additional requirements specified mainly on the types of aggregate used and the
For example, for certain classes of sulfate resistance compressive stren-gth of the concrete.
it is necessary to stipulate the proportions of ggbs or
pfa in composite cements and combinations. 4.3.6 Where appearance is important, the aggregate
should not contain surface-marring materials such as
4 ..2.4 Not all standard cements are suitable for all pyrites (see annex B of BS 882 : 1992).
uses in concrete.
4.3.7 Where high strength concrete is required, the
Examples include: source as well as the type of aggregate may need
a) High alumina cement conforming to careful selection based on results of previous use or
BS 915 should not nonnally be permitted for trial mixes.
structural concrete.
b) Portland limestone cement should not be used
in concrete containing embedded metal where the
concrete is exposed to a chloride-bearing
envirorunent, e.g, most severe and chloride-bearing
very severe environments.
c) Portland limestone cement should not be used
in concrete exposed to conditions of freezing and
thawing unless the concrete is air-entrained in
accordance with 5.3.3.
08511997 3

Table L Cements
Standard
Portland cements:
Portland (PC) BS 12
Low heat (UIPC) BS 1370
Sulfate.resisting (SRPC) BS4027
Low alkali sulfate-resisting (LASRPC) BS4021
Cements containing:
ground granulated
blastfumace slag (ggbs),
pulverized-fuel ash (pfa) or
limestone:
Portland blastfurnace (PFBC) BSI46
High slag blastfumace BS4246
Portland pulverized-fuel ash (pPFAC) BS 6588
Pozzolanic pulverized ..fuel ash BS 6610
Portland limestone (PLC) 1) 2) 8S7583
Combinations manufactured in the concrete mixer from Portland Combination of which the proportions
cement and ggbs or pfa; and properties conform to
clauses 6 to !}3)4) of:
PC conforming to BS 12 with ggbs conforming to BS 6699 BS 146 : 19965)(except 6.3}
BS 4246 : 19005)(except 6.2)
PC conforming to BS 12 with pCa conforming to BS 3892 : BS 6588 ; 1996 (except 6.3)
Part 1 BS 6610 : 1996 (except 6.2)
Other cements:
High alwnina cement (HAC)6) 1) BS915
Supersulfated cement (SSC)6) BS4248
Modified Portland cements, e.g. coloured. ultra-high early Confonning to the physical properties
strength, water-repellent, hydrophobic for Portland cement in BS 12
I) Portland limestone cement should not be used in concrete containing embedded metal exposed to a chloride-bearing environment,
e.g, most severe and chlori~g very severe environments,
2) Portland limestone cement should not be used in concrete exposed to conditions or freezing and thawing, unless the concrete is
air-entt2ined in accordance with 5.3.3.
3) The combination should be subject to procedures to demonstrate confonnity.
4) For the purposes of demonstrating equivalence. c:onfonnity to strength classes 37.5 or 47.5 of BS 6699 is deemed to. be conformity to
strength classes 32.5 or 42.5 of BS 146 respectively.
&) As an alternative to conforming to the strength requirements in clause 7 of these standards, the combinations may conform 10 the
standard strength classes in table 7 of BS 6699.
G) High alumina cement conforming to BS 915 or supersuJIated cement conforming to BS 4248 should not be mixed with any other type
of cement in the production or concrete.
7)High alumina cement should be used with caution (see 4.2.4). The hydrated cement undergoes chemical changes, including a
process known as conversion. which lead to loss of concrete strength and reduced resistance to aggressive chemicals. The precise way
in which conversion OCCUJ'S and the effects on concrete properties depend on the initial free water/cement ratio, the temperature
and/or humidity of the concrete during ewing and throughout its subsequent life. Guidance on the correct use of high aJwnina cement
should be sought from the manufacturers and current specialized pubUcations.
NOTE I. Not aU cements may be readily available. For example, supersu1fated cement has not been produced in Britain since 1969.
and specifiers should check for availability.
NOTE 2. The abbreviations OPe and RHPC are no longer used The corresponding cements are PC 42.5 and PC 52.5 respectively. The
abbreviation PC is now adopted for all cements conforming ro BS 12..
4 08511997

BS 5328 : Part 1 : 1997
Table 2. Aggregates for general use

Type DesignadoD Standard
Lightweight Foamed or expanded blastfurnace slag lightweight aggregate for concrete 8S3797
Lightweight aggregates for concrete BS3797
Clinker and furnace bottom ash aggregates for use in concrete (Not to be B83797
used in concrete containing embedded metal)
Normal weight Aggregates from natural sources for concrete BS882
Air-cooled blastfurnace slag aggregate for use in construction BS 1047
4.3.8 Aggregate type can affect the fire resistance 4.5 Pigments
provided by concrete .. Selection of aggregates with Generally, pigments should conform to as 1014.
lower thermal expansion such as lightweight Other pigments may be used provided there are
.aggregates or limestone may be advantageous. satisfactocy data. on the properties of concrete made
Aggregates with low coefficients of thermal with them.
expansion are also beneficial in reducing the risk or
extent of early-age thermal cracking. 4.6 Additional materials
Pfa conforming to BS 3892 and ggbs conforming to
4.3.9 A heavy duty grade of aggregate for surfaces
BS 6699 may be used as additional materials.
expected to withstand moderately abrasive traffic,
for example industrial floors, is included in BS 882. NOTE. For the specific use or pra confonning to BS 3892 :
Part 1 and or ggbs as part. of the cement content, see table 1.
4.4 Admixtures
4.7 Water
4.4.1 Generally, admixtures should conform to the Mixing water should be free from materials in
British Standards listed in table 3. Other admixtures quantities deleterious to concrete in the fresh or
may be used provided there are satisfactory data. on hardened state (see annex A of BS 3148: 1980). In
the properties of the type of concrete made with general, water fit for drinking is suitable Cor making
them. concrete.
Table 3. Admixtures
T)'pe
5 Durability of concrete
Sta.Ddard
Accelerating admixtures 5.1 General
BS 5075 : Part 1
A durable concrete is one that performs satisfactorily
Retarding admixtures BS 5075 : Part 1
in the working envirorunent during its anticipated
Water-reducing admixtures BS 5075 : Part 1 service life. The materials and mix proportions
Air-entraining admixtures BS 5015 : Part 2 specified and used should be such as to maintain its
integrity and, if applicable, to protect embedded
Superplasticizing admixtures BS 5075 : Part 3 metal from corrosion,
4.4.2 Admixtures should not impair the durability of To achieve this it is necessary to consider many
the concrete nor combine with the constituents to interrelated factors at various stages in the design
form harmful compounds nor increase the risk of and construction process. Thus the structural fonn
corrosion of the reinforcement. and cover to Steel are considered at the structural
design stage, involving consideration of the
Calcium chloride and chloride-based admixtures environmental conditions. If these are particularly
should never be added to concrete which is to be aggressive, it may be necessary to consider the type
reinforced, prestressed or is to contain embedded of cement at the structural design stage.
metal or cement conforming to BS 915 or to BS 4248.
Characteristics influencing the durability of concrete
4.4.3 If two or more admixtures are to be -Used in include its permeability and resistance to the ingress
the same concrete mix, data should be obtained to or potentially deleterious substances. These are
assess their interaction and to ensure their governed by the constituents, their proportions and
compatibility. the procedures used in making the concrete. A
4.4.4 Admixtures are pennitted in designed and suitably low permeability is achieved by having an
prescribed mixes and, with certain restrictions, in adequate cement content, a sufficiently Jow
designated mixes but are not permitted in standard free water/cement ratio, by complete compaction of
mixes. the concrete and by sufficient hydration of the
cement through proper curing methods.
e BSI 1997 5

BS 5328 : Part 1 : 1997
The factors influencing durability include: Marine aggregates and some inland aggregates
a) the shape and bulk of the concrete; contain chJorides and may require careful selection
and efficient washing to achieve the 0.10 96 chloride
b) the coverto embedded steel;
ion limit for prestressed and heat-cured concrete
c) the environment (see 6.3); given in table 4. Limited infor:mation relating to these
d) the type of cement (see 4.2 and 6.3.4); and other impurities is given in BS 882.
e) the type of aggregate (see 4.3 and 5.2);
Table 4. Limits of chloride content of
f) the type and dosage of admixture (see 4.4 concrete
and 5.3.3);
Type or Me or concrete Maximum total
g) the cement content and free water/cement ratio percentage 01
of the concrete (see 5.4); ., chloride Ion by
mass or cement
h) workmanship, to obtain full compaction,
correct finishing and effective curing. Prestressed concrete ·0.10
The degree of exposure anticipated (or the concrete Heat-cured concrete containing
during its service life, together with other relevant embedded metal
factors relating to mix composition, workmanship Concrete containing embedded 0.20
and design, should be considered. To provide metal made with cement
adequate durability under these conditions, the conforming to BS 4027
concrete should be specified taking account of the
Concrete made with cement
accuracy of current testing regimes for control and
conforming to BS 4248 with or
conformity as described in this standard
without embedded metal
Where they exist, use should be made of suitable
quality assurance schemes. Concrete containing embedded 0.40
metal and made with cement
5.2 Mix constituents conforming to BS 12, BS 146,
5.2 ..1 General BS 1370, BS 4246, BS 6588, BS 6610,
BS 7583 or combinations
For concrete to be durable, careful selection of the conforming to table 1
mix and materials is necessary.
Other concrete No limit
6.2.2 Chlorides in concrete
Whenever there are chloride ions in concrete Calcium chloride and chloride-based admixtures
containing embedded metal there is an increased risk should never be included in concrete which is to be
of corrosion. The higher the chloride content and the reinforced or prestressed or is to contain embedded
higher the curing temperature, or subsequent metal or cement conforming to BS 915 or BS 4248.
exposure to warm moist conditions, the greater the The total chloride content of the concrete mix
risk of corrosion. All constituents may contain arising Crom the mix constituents should not exceed
chlorides and the concrete may be contaminated by the limits given in table 4.
air-borne salt spray either from vehicles or the sea
Wherever possible, the total chloride content should
The chloride limit in BS 12 is 0.10 ex., and therefore be calculated from the mix proportions and the
for prestressed concrete it will be necessary to use
the measured chloride content of the cement when
measured chloride contents of each the of
constituents.
assessing the confonnity 'of the concrete.
6 o 851 1997

Issue 2, May 1999 BS 5328 : Part 1 : 1997
5.2.3 Sulfates In concrete

Sulfates are present in most cements and in some
aggregates. After hardening of the concrete,
excessive amounts of mobile sulfate from these or
other mix constituents can cause expansion and
disruption. To prevent this, the specifications for
cements, ggbs, pfa, lightweight aggregates and
blastfumace slag aggregates have limits on the
sulfate level At present there are no sulfate limits
for natural aggregates conforming to BS 882. Within
the United Kingdom sulfate problems caused by
natural aggregates are rare. However, world-wide
there are natural aggregates with sulfate levels of
sufficient magnitude to cause disruption of concrete.
When the source of aggregate is new or is suspected
of containing sulfate, tests on the aggregates for
sulfate content prior to acceptance are advised
NOTE. As no tests exist. to determine mobile sulfate content, it is
usual to measure the acid soluble sulfate contents of the
constituents. The relationship between such measurements and
the mobile sulCate content in the hardened concrete is variable
and therefore no universal sulfate limit can sensibly be appHed to
concrete. For example, a 4 96or 5" limit would exclude
supersulfated cement confonning to 8S 4248 and IlWlY lightweight
and blastfumace slag aggregates with long histories of satisfactory
use.
5.2.4 Alkali-silica reaction

Some aggregates containing particular forms of silica
may be susceptible to attack by alkalis originating
from the cement or other sources, producing an
expansive reaction which can cause cracking and
disruption of concrete. Damage to concrete from this
reaction will normally occur only when all the
following are present:
a) there is a high moisture level within the
concrete;
b) the concrete has a high reactive alkali content,
or there is another source of reactive alkali;
c) the aggregate contains an alkali reactive
constituent
NOTE I. BS 81~123 describes a method for testing aggregate.
BS 6328-2 : 1997 contains requirements for the
producer to minimize the risk of damaging
alkali-silica reaction (ASR). This applies to all types
of concrete (designed, prescribed, standard and
designated) and in all but special circumstances, no
further requirements need to be specified
,. =:
\ .;-;
~
e BSI 05-1999 7
BS 5328 : Part 1 : 1997
5.2.5 Other considerations 0.3.2 Minimum concrete quality

Aggregates liable to be adversely affected by the The quality of concrete required to give satisfactory
action of freezing and thawing should not be used in performance depends on the severity of exposure
concrete that may be exposed to such conditions. and other factors, particularly the cover to steel The
Records of satisfactory use are the best guide for relationships between the cover to steel and
selection of suitable materials. concrete quality for reinforced concrete and for
prestressed concrete subjected to these exposure
5.3 Durability and external environment conditions are given in relevant codes of practice.
6.3.1 General environment Table 6 gives recommended values for the maximum
The general environment to which the concrete will free water/cement ratio, the minimwn cement
be exposed during its working life is classified into content and the minimum grade of concrete to
six levels of severity, i.e, mild, moderate, severe, very ensure long service life under the appropriate
severe, most severe and abrasive (see table 6). conditions of exposure. The minimum grades will
generally ensure that the limits on free water/cement
Table 5. Classification of exposure conditions ratio and cement content will be met without further
EDvironmeot Exposure conditions checking.
Mild Concrete surfaces protected against 5.3.3 Exposure tofreezing and thawing
weather or aggressive conditions Where freezing and thawing occurs under wet
Moderate Exposed concrete surfaces but conditions, enhanced durability can be obtained by
sheltered from severe rain or the use of suitable air-entramlng admixtures.
freezing whilst wet When concrete lower than grade C50 is used under
Concrete surfaces continuously these conditions, the mean total air content by
under non-aggressive water volume of the fresh concrete at the time of delivery
Concrete in contact with into the construction should be:
non-aggressive soil a) 7.596 for 10 nun nominal maximum aggregate
(see class 1 of table 7a) size;
Concrete subject to condensation b) 6.5 % for 14 mm nominal maximum aggregate
Severe Concrete surfaces exposed to size;
severe rain, alternate wetting and c) 6.596 for 20 mm nominal maximum aggregate
drying or occasional freezing or size;
severe condensation
d) 4.5 % for 40 mm nominal maximum aggregate
Very severe Concrete surfaces occasionally size.
exposed to sea ..water spray or
de-icing salts (directly or indirectly) When air-entrained concrete is specified with a grade
of (;40 or over, or with a cement content of more
Concrete swfaces exposed to
than 350 kglm3, problems may be encountered in
corrosive fumes or severe freezing
achieving the required strength, compaction and
conditions whilst wet
surface finish. The inclusion of air in concrete
Most severe Concrete surfaces frequently reduces the compressive strength and adjustments to
exposed to sea-water spray or the cement content may be necessary to achieve the
de-icing salts (directly or indirectly) specified characteristic strength. Air contents greater
Concrete in sea water tidal zone than 6.596 by volume may lead to cement contents in
down to 1 m below lowest low excess of 400 kglm3 and the mix should be checked
water in respect of the guidance relating to alkali-silica
Abrasivel! Concrete surfaces exposed to reaction (see 6.2.4).
abrasive action, e.g, machinery,
metal tyred vehicles or water
carrying solids
1) For Dooling see BS 8204: Part2.
NOTE 1. For aggressive son and water conditions see G.3.4a
NOTE 2. BS 8110 and BS 6349 give conflicting reconunendations
on mix design for similar exposure conditions The classification
'very severe' uses the definition from BS 8110 with the addition
of the word -occasionally': the classification 'most severe'
includes the tidal zone definition from 8S 6349 together with its
reference to sea-water spray ..To distinguish the exposure to
sea-water spray from that in the 'very severe' class the word
"frequently" has been added. Also included in this class is
frequent exposure to de-icing salts.
8 e BS11997

BS 5328 : Part 1 : 1997
Table 6. Guidance on mix design limits for durability of concrete made with normal weight
aggregates of 20 mm nominal maximum size!)
CondldoD of Type of concrete MaxImum tree w/c .Minimum cement Mbdmam grAde
exposure ratio content
Mild Unreinforced non-structural - - -
Unreinforced structural2) 0.80 220 C20
Reinforced 0.65 275 cse
Prestressed 0.60 300 C35
Moderate Unreinforced non-structural - - -
Unreinforced structural2) 0.65 275 cee
Reinforced and prestressed 0.60 300 C35
Severe Unreinforced 0.60 300 C35
Very severe All3) 0.55 325 C40
Most severe Unreinforced3) 0.50 350 CAS
Reinforced and prestressed3) 0.45 400 C50
Abrasive All3) 0.50 350 C46
1) Atljustments to minirnwn cement content should be made for aggregates of nominal maximum size other than 20 nun in accordance
with table 8.
%) For concrete made with normal-weight aggregate and used in foundations and slabs to low rise structures in no~ve soil
conditions (see class J oCtable 7a), a minimum grade of CIO may be used provided the minimum cement content is not less than
175 kglm3 for designated mixes and 210 kglrn3 for other types of concrete.
3) Where concrete is subject to freezing whilst wet, air entrainment should be used. In the case of air enttained concrete the grade
may be reduced by 5.
NOTE. For concrete containing embedded metal. the values represent the minimum quality recommended and depend upon the
provision of adequate cover. The relationships between quality of concrete and cover are given in relevant codes of practice .. Concrete
quality alone may not provide sufficient protection for long-term durability in the presence of de-icing salts,
e BSI 1997 9

BS 5328 : Part 1 : 1997 Issue 2, May 1999
5.3.4 Exposure to aggressive chemicals 5.4 Llmltatlon on mix parameters

Deterioration of concrete by chemical attack can 6.4.1 General
occur by contact with gases or solutions of many The free water/cement ratio is an important factor in
chemicals, but it is generally the result of exposure governing the durability of concrete and should
to acidic solutions or to solutions of sulfate salts- always be the lowest value compatible with
Solutions of naturally occuning sulfates of sodium, producing fully compacted concrete while
potassium, calcium or magnesium, as may be present minimizing segregation or bleeding. An appropriate
in some soils and ground waters, can cause minimum cement content is required to help ensure
expansion and disruption-of concrete. a long service life under particular exposure
conditions. Appropriate values for the maximwn
Table 7a gives recommendations for the type of
free water/cement ratio, minimum cement content
cement, maximum free water/cement ratio and and minimum grade are given in tables 6 and 7a
minimum cement content which are required at
The cement content required for a particular free
different sulfate concentrations in permeable soils water/cement ratio can vary significantly for different
with mobile groundwater of pH 6.5 and above. These mix constituents, Where adequate workability is
recommendations apply to cast-in-situ difficult to obtain at the maximum free water/cement
concrete 140 mm to 450 mm thick exposed on all ratio allowed, an increased cement content, the use
vertical faces. Modifications to table 7a for other of ggbs, pfa, superplasticizing admixtures or
types of exposure and other types of construction water-reducing admixtures should be considered.
are given in table 7c. For concretes to be exposed to Cement contents in excess of '550 kglm3 should not
acidic conditions in natural ground, see table 7d Any be used unless special consideration has been given
adjustment recommended in table 7d should be in design to the increased risk of cracking due to
applied after first having classified the site on the drying shrinkage in thin sections or to thermal
basis of tables 7a and Tc. When adjustments have stresses in thicker sections, and to the increased risk
been made in accordance with table 7c or table 7d of damage due to alkali-silica reaction (see 5.2.4
the details of the adiustments should be notified to and specialist publications).
the designer of the concrete. The purchaser is responsible for providing the
For class 5 conditions some fonn of protection such producer with all the necessary details to enable the
as sheet polyethylene or polychloroprene, or surface correct mix to be supplied (see BS 5328: Part 2 : 1997).
coating based on asphalt, chlorinated rubber, epoxy 5.4.2 Mix odiustments in tables 6 and 7a
or polyurethane materials should be used to prevent The cement contents given in tables 6 and 7a apply
access by the sulfate solution (see CP 102 and to 20 mm nominal maximum size aggregate. For
BS8102). other sizes of aggregate they should be changed in
Concrete made with Portland cement is not accordance with table 8. Different aggregates require
recommended for use in acidic conditions (PH 5.5 or different water contents to produce concrete of the
Jess) without careful consideration of the ground same workability and therefore at a given cement
content, different free water/cement ratios are
conditions and intended construction. Concrete
obtained. In order to achieve a satisfactory
made with supersulfated cement or cements workability at the specified maximum
containing granulated blastfurnace slag or free water/cement ratio, it may be necessary to
pulverized-fuel ash can have some acid resistant modify the mix as described in 5.4.1.
properties. However, the rate of erosion of concrete
5.4.3 Use of ground granulated blastfurnace
swfaces in acidic conditions is affected much less by slag or pulverl%ed-jUel ash
the type of cement than by the quality of the
concrete. ~'. The concrete mix guidance given in table 6 applies
also when Portland blastfumace cement or Portland
For advice on concretes exposed to attack by milk pulverized-fuel ash cement is used, or when
see Dairy Floors, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries combinations of Portland cement conforming to
Iand Food, 1967 [4], and Concrete in milking BS 12 with ggbs or pfa are used (see 4.2 and 5.4.1).
parlours, Cement and Concrete Association Farm The durability of the concrete made with these
INote 8, 1980 [5J. For silage attack and other materials can be considered as being equal to that of
agricultural concerns, contact the Ministry of concrete made with cement conforming to BS 12,
Agriculture, Fisheries and Food for current provided that the ggbs or pfa concrete conforms to
recommendations. For industrial acids and made-up the same grade as would be achieved by the
ground consult an expert, a specialist producer of Portland cement concrete. In order to achieve
acid resistant finishes or BS 8204. concrete of equal strength at 28 days, depending on
Where external chlorides from, for example, highway the combination used, it may be necessary to
increase the total mass of Portland cement plus ggbs
de-icing salts or airborne salt spray from vehicles or
or pfa compared with the mass of Portland cement
the sea are likely to cause severe corrosion of
in the concrete without ggbs or pea For pfa the
reinforcement, additional protection to the concrete increase in the combined mass of Portland cement
may be necessary. plus pfa may be about 10 % by mass. When using pfa,
Specialist literature or suitably qualified people the quantity of water required to produce the same
should be consulted before using concrete in such workability as concrete made with Portland cement
circumstances, conforming to BS 12 is likely to be less.
10 e BS) 06-1999

Issue 2, May 1999 BS 5328 : Part 1 : 1997
Table 7. Sulfate and acid resistance

a) Recommendationa for eonerete exposed to sulfate attaek
Sulfate Exposure conditions RecommeudadoDS
clu. Concentrationof .ulCate and magnesluml)
In groundwater In 80U or fin Cement lJ"C)up Dense tully compacted
(from table 7b) concrete made with 20 mm
DOmlnal maximum size
aggregates2) conforming to
BS 882 or BS 1047
By acid extraction By 2:1 Cement Free
waterl conteDt Dot water/cement
soU less than rado not more
extract than
SO. gil Mg3l W1 SO." SO. gil 1fg3> WI kgfm3
1 < 0.4 - < 0.24 < 1.2 1,2,3 - -

(' 2 0.4 to - 1.2to ~ 14) 330 0..50
1.4 2.3 2 300 0.55
3 280 0.55
3 1.5 to - 2.4 to 2 340 0.50
3.0 Classify on the 3.7 3 320 0.50
4A 3.1 to :S 1.0 basis of a 3.8 to s 1.2 2 380 0.45
6.0 2: 1 water/soil 6..7 3 360 0.45
extract
4B 3.1 to > 1.0 3.8 to > 1.2 3 360 0.45
6.0 6.7
5A > 6.0 s 1.0 > 6.7 s 1.2 As for class 4A plus surface protection'v
5B > 6.0 > 1.0 > 6.7 > 1.2 As for class 4B plus surface protection5)
1) Classification on the basis of groundwater samples is preferred.ltigher values are given for water/soil extract in recognition the or
difficulty of obtaining representative samples and or achieving a comparable extraction rate to that indicated by analysis of
groundwater samples. Suitable methods for the analysis of gro\Dldwater for sulfate are given in BS 1377: Part 3 and in Building
Research Report 279 (6) which also gives methods for detennination of magnesium. When results are expressed as SO:. they may be
converted to 804 by multiplying by a (actor of 1.2.
2) A<tiustments to minimum cement contents should be made (or aggregates of nominal size other than 20 rom in accordance with
table 8.
3) The limit on water-soluble magnesium does not apply to brackish groundwater (chloride content between 12 gil and 18 gil).
C) Portland limestone cement should only be used in class 1 sulfate conditions.
6) See CP 102 and BS 8102-
NOTE 1. Within the limits specified in this table, the sulfate resistance of combinations of ggbs or pCa with SRPC will be at least
equivalent to combinations with cement confonning to BS 12, but such combinations are unlikely to exceed the sulfate resisting
perfonnance or SRPC.
NOTE 2. Cements containing ggbs or pea are more sensitive to strong magnesiwn sulfate and a limit on wat.er-soluble magnesiwn
content is given for classes 4 and 6 when using these cements.
NOTE 3. The likelihood of attack by sulfate depends on the presence' and mobility of groundwater (see table 7c and BRE
Digest 363 [1)).
; .j
C> BSI 05-1999 11

BS 5328 : Part 1 : 1997 Issue 2, May 1999

b) CemeDt groups for use In table 7&
Group Description
1 a) Portland cement conforming to BS 12
b) Portland b1astfumace cements conforming to BS 146
c) High slag blastfum.ace cement conforming to BS 4246
d) Portland pulverized-fuel ash cements conforming to BS 6588
e) Pozzolanic pulverized-fuel ash cement conforming to BS 6610
f) Portland limestone cement conforming to BS 76831)
g) Combinations of Portland cement conforming to as 12 with ggbs conforming to BS 6699
h) Combinations of Portland cement conforming to BS 12 with pulverized-fuel ash conforming to
BS 3892 : Part 1
2 a) Portland pulverized-fuel ash cements conforming to BS 6588, containing not less than 26 % of pfa
by mass of the nucleus or combinations of Portland cement conforming to BS 12 with pfa
conforming to BS 3892 : Part 1, where there is not less than 25 % pfa and not more than 40 % pfa by
mass of the combination
b) High slag b1astfum.ace cement conforming to BS 4246, containing not less than 74 % slag by mass
of nucleus or combinations of Portland cement conforming to as 12 with ggbs conforming to
BS 6699 where there is not less than 70 % ggbs and not more than 85 96ggbs by mass of the
combination
NOTE 1. For group 2b cements, granulated b1astfumace slag with alumina content greater than 14" should be used only
with Portland cement having a tricaldum aluminate (<;A) content not exceeding 1096..
NOTE 2. The nucleus is the total mass or the cement constituents excluding calcium sulfate and any additives such as
grinding aids.
3 Sulfate-resisting Portland cement conforming to BS 4027

I) Ponland limestone cement should only be used in class 1 sulfate oondioons.

c) Modifications to table 7. for other types of exposure and types of construction1)
Static groWldwater2) For classes 2, 3 and 4 the requirements for cements,
cement content and free waterlcement ratio given
in table 7a may be lowered by one class
Basement, embanlanent or retaining wall If a hydrostatic head greater than five times the
thickness of the concrete is created by the
groundwater, the classification in table 7a should be
raised by one class. This requirement can be
waived if a banier to prevent moisture transfer
through the wall is provided
Cast-in-situ concrete over 450 rom thick Precast For classes 2, 3 and 4 the requirements for cement
ground beams, wall units or piles with smooth group, cement content and free water/cement ratio
surfaces which after nonnal curing have been exposed given in table 7a may be lowered by one class
to air but protected from rain for several weeks
For cast-in-situ reinforced concrete special
consideration should be given to the need to
maintain adequate cover to the reinforcement
Cast-in-situ concrete (other than ground floor slabg3» The classification in table 7a should be raised by
less than 140 nun thick or having many edges and one class
comers
1) Any reductions in sulfate class allowed by this table only apply if other durability and structural considelations permit,
2)Nominally dry sites or soils with pennea.bility less than to-6mls as given in figure 6 or BS 8004: 1986 (e.g, unfissured clay) where it is
decided that the groundwater is essentiaDy static (see BRE Digest 363 (1)). ..... _-
3) For ground floor slabs see BRE Digest 363 11]
12 e 881 05-1999

~ IlJ. tL~l. ~X !l~Ctl;; t"'Af\ I J..-t.NlH_ ..II. I r i
BS 5328 : Part 1 : 1997
Table 1. Sulfate and acid resistance Table 9. Compreaslve strength grades

d) ModlftcadoJ1S to table. 7&and 7c for eoaerete exposed Grade Characterlatlc compressive
to attack (rom add. In natural ground 8trength at 28 days
pRJ) MobUity Change 10 classlt'lcadoD with N/mm2 (- MPa)
of water> respect to minimum cement
c:oDtent=l> and maximum C7.5 7.5
tree water/cement rado Cor the
eement, group reeemmended on
CIO 10.0
the basla of soltau clue 1.0 CI5 15.0
table. 7. and 7c
C20 20..0
5.5 to 3.6 Static No change
C25 25.0
Mobile Raise by one sulfate class
C30 30.0
3.6 to 2.5 Static Raise by one sulfate class
C35 35.0
Mobile Raise by one sulfate class
C40 40.0
I) Determined by the method given in clause 9 or BS 1377 :
Part 3: 1990. C45 45.0
2) See table 7~ note 2- C50 50.0
J) U a cement {rom group 1 has been selected during the C55 55.0
classification Cor sulfate. when raising by one class in
accordance with this table, the cement type may still be used, C60 GO.O
taldng as minimum cement content the requirement lor group 2
cements.
Table 10. Flexural strength grades
NOTE.. For cast-in--situ or precast. culverts see BRE
-
;;;
=-
Digest 363 (n
Table 8. Adjustments to minimum cement

Grade Chara~terlstic
at 28 days
N/mm2 (= MPa)
flexural strength
contents for aggregates other than 20 mm

F3 3.0
nominal maximum size
Nominal maximum Adjustments to minimum cemeDt F4 4.0
aggregate size contents in table. 6 and 7& F5 5.0
mm kglm3
10 + 40 6.2 Concrete to meet special requirements

14 + 20 Most concrete is specified to meet the requirements
20 0 of strength, workability and durability under normal
40 conditions of exposure. In some cases concrete is
- 30
required to have special properties or to resist more
NOTE.. The cement content should be not less than 240 kgIm' severe conditions of exposure. This may call for the
for reinforced concrete or 300 kglm3 (or prestressed concrete,
except as Indicated by footnote 2 to table 6. specification of particular constituent materials
and/or limits on mix proportions; examples of such
requirements are:
6 Other properties of hardened
a) minimum density or maximum density of the
concrete
hardened concrete and the method of test;
6.1 Strength grades NOTE. Three conditions for concrete specimens and the method
The strength grade of concrete should be selected of test are described In BS 1881 : Part 114. The condition and the
from tables 9 and 10 as appropriate. Minimwn grades method used to measure it shouJd be stated.
for particular types of work such as reinforced b) very high strength;
concrete. prestressed concrete and for durability
under particular environmental conditions are given c) improved Iire resistance;
in the appropriate code of practice. Where there is d) wear resistance;
no appropriate code of practice the grades in table 6
should be used e) resistance to thermal cracking;
NOTE. Guidance on the selection of an equivalent grade is given f) surface fInishes;
in 8.6.
g) lightweight aggregate concrete.
Specialist literature or suitably qualified people
should be consulted before specifying concrete in
such circwnstances.
e BSI 1997

D~ 0.>.&10 ; cart 1: 1997
7 Properties of fresh concrete 7.2 Workability

The workability of fresh concrete should be suitable
7.1 General for the conditions of handling and placing, so that,
The requirements of concrete in the fresh state, after compaction. concrete surrounds all
particularly its workability. should take account of .reinforcement, tendons and ducts and completely
the conditions and procedures to be used at the site .. fills the formwork. Table 11 provides guidance on
The properties of the fresh concrete may be the workabilities appropriate to different uses (see
modified by the use of admixures. also table 13 for workability of concrete for general
purposes).
In specifying the properties of fresh concrete to the The selection of workability should nonnally be
producer, the purchaser of the fresh concrete should made by the purchaser of the fresh concrete who
take account of the possibility of changes in the will need to specify the chosen test- method and
properties during transport under the purchaser's value to the producer, taking account of the
control up to the point of delivery into the permitted tolerance (see BS 5328: Parts 2 and 4)..
construction, Cohesive mixes may give adequate placeability at
lower values of slump than those given in table 11.
For standard mixes, the cement content to be
adopted depends upon the workability specified (see
BS 5328: Part 2).
Table 11. Workabilities suitable for different uses of in situ concrete

Use or concrete Form of compacdon Workab1l1ty NomLoaJ
slump')
nun
Pavements placed by power operated machines Heavy vibration Very low See note 1
Kerb bedding and backing Tamping
F100rs and pavements not placed by Poker or beam vibration Low 50
power-operated machinery
Strip footings Poker or beam vibration Medium 75
Mass concrete foundations and/or tamping
Blinding
Normal reinforced concrete in slabs, beams, walls
and columns
Sliding fonnwork construction
Pumped concrete
Vacuum processed concrete
Domestic general purpose concrete
Trench fill Self-weight compaction High 125
In situ piling
Concrete sections containing congested Poker
reinforcement
Diaphragm walling Self-levelling Very high See note 2
Self-levelling superplasticized concrete
I) Cohesive mixes may give adequate placeabilit;y at lower values of slwnp than those given here.
NOTE 1. In the "very low· category of workabiU~ where strict control is necessary, e.g, pavement quality concrete placed by 'trains-.
measurement of workability by determination of compacting factor' or Vebe time (see as1881 : Parts 103 and 104) wiD be more
appropriate than slump. -
NOTE 2. In the 'very high· category of workability, measurement and control or workability by determination of Dow is appropriate
(see BS J881: Part lOS).
14 C BSI 1997

BS 5328 : Part 1 : 1997
7..3 Air content 7.5 Density of fresh concrete

The air content required (or concrete subjected to It is not normally necessary to specify the density of
freezing and thawing is given in 5.3.3. fresh concrete.
7.4 Temperature Where necessary, the minimum or maximum density
of fresh concrete may be specified as an alternative
7.4.1 Work in cold weather to the density of hardened concrete.
In cold weather consideration should be given to the
7...
6 Other properties of fresh concrete
following:
There are some circumstances in which other
a) prevention of freezing of the immature concrete;
properties of the fresh concrete, not covered in 7.1
b) extended stiffening times which may lead to to 7.5 are important. In such cases the purchaser
increased fonnwork pressures and delays in should make the requirements mown to the
finishing; ..
producer (see BS 5328: Part 2). Examples of such
c) low rate of concrete strength development qualitative performance requirements include:
which may lead to delays in subsequent a} enhanced cohesion for certain placing conditions;
construction operations such as striking fonnwork.
b) suitability fot pumping;
As part of the overall approach to working in cold
c) required finished appearance by intended
weather, consideration should be given to taking
method of fmish.
steps outside the scope of this standard such as
insulation of the fresh concrete. The following steps
modify the concrete in ways which may counter the 8 Basis for specifying concrete
effects of cold weather:
8.1 General
1) increasing the cement content to increase the
To specify concrete to meet strength, durability or
- heat of hydration and early strength;
2) using a cement which gains strength more
any other special requirements, it is necessary to
-
~ select its characteristic strength together with any
-- rapidly;
3) using admixtures
and/or increase the
that reduce
rate
the setting time
of strength gain;
limits required on the mix proportions, the
requirements of fresh concrete and the type of
materials that mayor may not be used. In order to
4) specifying a minimum temperature of fresh specify concrete having some particular properties. it
concrete greater than that given in 4.9.1 of may be necessary to specify certain types of material
BS 5328: Part 3 : 1990. and/or specific limits on mix proportions ..
Where applicable, use should be made of appropriate
7.4.2 Work in hot weather
quality assurance schemes.
In hot weather consideration should be given to the
following: 8.2 Types of concrete mix
a) avoiding reductions in the working life of the 8.2.1 General
fresh concrete due to loss of mix water by Details of the concrete mix needed to meet the
evaporation and accelerated hydration; end-use requirements are specified in the fonn of
b) preventing a high temperature rise in the one of the folowing types of mix:
concrete element leading to unacceptable levels of a) designed;
early-age thermal cracking and reductions in the
ultimate quality o( the concrete. b) prescribed;
As part of the overall approach to working in hot c) standard;
weather, consideration should be given to modifying d) designated.
the concrete, using one or more of the following: These four types of mix are fully described in 8.2.2,
1) using admixtures to retard the hydration 8.2.3, 8.2.4 and 8.2.0 and are swrunarized in
and/or increase the initial workability. A retarder table 12.
will not compensate for stiffening by moisture
8.2.2 Designed mix
loss;
The mix is specifed by its required performance in
2) using a cement or combination that has a low
terms of a grade, subject to any special requirements
heat evolution;
for materials, minimum or maximum cement content
3) specifying a maximum temperature of fresh rnaxirnwn free water/cement ratio and any other
concrete less than that given in 4.9.2 of properties. Strength testing forms an essential part 01
BS 6328: Part 3 : 1990. the assessment of conformity.
e BSI 1997

; s.Tn_Q~T D~ C:t;JA! n'&D'" ..
BS 53_- ..- -- - - · A-.lJ'
8.2.3 Prescribed mix 8.2.6 Designated mix

The mix is specified by its constituent materials and The mix is specified by identifying from table 13 the
the properties. or quantities of those constituents to application for which the concrete is to be used, or
produce a concrete with the required performance. the application that most closely resembles it, and
The assessment of the mix proportions Corms an citing the corresponding designation. It is the
essential part of the conformity requirements. purchaser's responsibility to select the appropriate
Strength testing is not used to assess conformity. designated mix and table 13 is only for guidance ..All
A prescribed mix should be specified only when applications are not typical. If, for structural or other
there is reliable previous evidence or data, reasons, a higher than normal designation is
established from trial mixes, that with the materials required, table 6 of BS 5328: Part 2 : 1997 may be
and workmanship available the concrete produced used to aid the selection of the appropriate
will have the required strength, durability and other designated mix.
characteristics. This type of mix may be required to
The purchaser also specifies:
produce concrete having particular properties, e.g, to
obtain a special finish, a) whether the concrete is to be unreinforced,
reinforced. reinforced and heated, or prestressed;
8.2.4 Standard mix
The mix is selected from the restricted range given b) the nominal maximwn 3ggregate size if it is
in section 4 of BS 5328: Part 2 : 1997~ The assessment not20mm.
of the mix proportions Conus an essential part of the The purchaser of the fresh concrete specifies the
conformity requirements. Strength testing is not used workability and informs the producer of the method
to assess conformity, of placing and finishing.
These mixes have been developed to give assurance In general, this is all that is required but section 5 of
that generally they will produce concrete of the BS 5328: Part 2 : 1997 permits some of the
required characteristic strength except where there specification requirements to be relaxed or restricted
is poor control of production or where poor and also permits certain options to be selected by
materials are used. Where strength is important, a the purchaser. If the purchaser requires these
designed mix should be specified and where the options, they have to be specified.
producer operates suitable quality assurance
arrangements a designated mix should be specified. Designated mixes are not intended to cover every
use of concrete or every potential concreting
Standard mixes are applicable Cor the site batching
material In general, the specifications for the mixes
of concrete for housing and similar construction.
are based on the requirements given in other British
They should be specified only where the scale of
Standards. The intention is that these mixes are
work or economy does not justify the application of
potentially fit for the designated end uses, subject to
mix design procedures, or to enable work to start
where there is insufficient time for the collection of good practice in the process of placing, compacting.
data to support mix design proposals. finishing, and curing, which are not within the scope
of this standard A concept incorporated in the
Table 13 gives typical applications for general
designated mix system is that, no matter what
purposes. When specifying a standard mix, the
selection of materials is used, a designated mix will
equivalent designated mix should be permitted as an
have broadly similar properties in the fresh and early
alternative. Table 13 also recommends workabilities
stages of its development.
which are generally suitable and these workabilities
should be specified unless the purchaser has A major difference between the specification of
alternative requirements which should. be discussed designated mixes and the other methods of
with the producer. Table 11 shows tYPical slump specifying concrete is the requirement that producers
values and forms of compaction applicable to hold current product conformity certification based
different workabilities. on product testing and surveillance, coupled with
Standard mixes should not be used where sulfates or approval of their quality system to BS EN ISO 9001,
other aggressive chemicals are present in the ground. as this is the prime means Cor controlling conformity.
the ground water, or any adjacent material, other
8.3 Selection of constituent materials
than as blinding or similar applications. For sulfate
conditions see 6.3.4. Cast-in-situ concrete for house Subject to satisfying all the requirements for the
drives and similar external areas should resist concrete and the type of mix specified, unnecessary
damage by freezing and thawing which is made restrictions should not be imposed upon the
worse by de-icing salts carried in from highways. materials that may be used.
Where these conditions are likely to occur, it is In order to specify concrete having some particular
essential that the concrete contains entrained air properties, it may be necessary to specify types of
(see 6.3.3). Air-entIained concrete is outside the material and/or specific limits on mix proportions.
scope of standard mixes. Guidance is given in clause 4 and in specialist
Where the concrete is laid on a slope, a low Iiterature.
workability may be required ..
16 C> 8S11997

..... ., .. IIL..I .... ..L. L-'...a ..... __.......... -........... _ ... ....,.._ .......
BS 5328 : Part 1 : 1997
Table 12. Summary of dIfferent types of mix

Mpect Type oCmlx
Deaigned Prescribed Standard Designated
Range of All All 7.5N1mm2 7.5N/mm2

characteristic to25N1mm2 to 50 Nlmm2
strength
Mix specified in Strength grade and Mix proportions Section 4 of Section 5 of BS 5328 :
terms of limiting mix BS5328: Part 2: 1997
proportions Part 2 : 1997
Responsibility for Producer Purchaser Purchaser Producer
selection of mix
proportions
Permitted materials Conforming to a Purchaser to Conforming to a Conforming to a
wide range of specify restricted range of restricted range of
British Standards or British Standards British Standards
other specifications (table 4 of BS 5328 : (clause 6.4 of
(see 4.1) Part 2: 1997) BS 5328: Part 2 : 1997)
Main parameter Strength Mix proportions Mix proportions Quality assurance
used for judgement
of conformity
C> 851 1997 17

,.U_H'\."' U.:""
HS 5328 : Part 1 : 1997
Table 13. Guide to the selection or designated and standard mIxes

ApplicadoD Designated SUlldard Recommended wOl"kabWty
mix mix (nominal slumpl»
Foundations
Blinding and mass concrete fiU GENI ST2 75
Strip footings2) GEN 1 ST2 15
Mass concrete foundations2) GEN 1 ST2 75 -
Trench fill (oundations2) GEN 1 ST2 125
Reinforced foundations2> RC35 N/A 75
Foundations in Class 2 sulfate conditions FND2 N/A 75
Foundations in Class 3 sulfate conditions FND3 N/A 75
Foundations in Class 4A sulfate conditions FND4A N/A 75
Foundations in Class 4B sulfate conditions FND4B N/A 75
General applications
Kerb bedding and backing GENO STI Very low (nominal 10)
Drainage works to give immediate support2) GEN 1 ST2 Very low (nominal 10)
Other drainage work,s2) GEN 1 ST2 50
Oversite below suspended slabs2) GEN 1 ST2 75
Floors
House floors with no embedded metal (see note 1 of
0.3.3 of BS 5328: Part 2 : 1997):
- Permanent finish to be added, e.g, a screed or GEN I 512 75
floating floor
- No permanent finish to be added, e.g. carpeted GEN2 ST3 75
Garage floors with no embedded metal GEN3 ST4 75
Wearing surface: light foot and trolley traffic RC30 ST4 50
Wearing surface: general industrial RC40 N/A 50
Wearing surface: heavy industrial RC50 N/A 50
Pauing
House drives, domestic parking and external parking PAVI N/A 75
Heavy-duty external paving PAV2 N/A 50
Other reinforced. and prestressed C01lCI"ete applications
Reinforced or prestressed concrete: mild exposure nc so N/A 75
Reinforced or prestressed concrete: moderate exposure Re35 N/A 75
Reinforced or prestressed concrete: severe exposure RC40 N/A 75
Reinforced or prestressed concrete: most severe RC50 N/A 75
exposure
1) Unless otherwise specified.
2) In n~ve soils, ie.. Class I sulfate conditions in table 7a.
NOTE 1. Classes for sul!ate conditions are given in table 1&
NOTE 2. Classes for exposure conditions are given In table 5.
NOTE 3. Concrete containing embedded metal should be treated as' reWorced ..
NOTE 4. For guidance on workability, see table 11.
18 o BSII997

· STD-BSI as 5328: PART 1-ENGL 1997'
BS 5328
-. : Part 1 : 1997
8.4 Limits on specifying mix parameters 8..5 Equivalent grades

8.4.1 General 8.5.1 General
Limitations on the mix parameters of minimum It is good practice to specify a designed mix with a
cement content, maximum cement content and grade as the controlling criterion in a mix design
maximum free water/cement ratio are described because assessing the conformity to specified
in 5.4. cement contents and waster/cement ratios is
Minimwn cement contents and maximum relatively difficult and expensive. Specification of an
free water/cement ratios to help ensure durability in equivalent grade gives a high probability that
various types of environment for reinforced concrete strength will control the mix design and thereby
and prestressed concrete are given in table 6 and in reduces the need for conformity checking of cement
relevant codes of practice. content or water/cement ratio.
Minimum cement contents and maximum 8.5.2 Selectionof equtoalent grade
free water/cement ratios for concrete not containing 'The equivalent grade may be selected from table 14
embedded metal are given in table 6, and for provided that the following apply.
concrete exposed to sulfate attack in table 7a
a) The nominal maximum size of the aggregate is
Warnings against the use of high cement contents between 10 mm and 40 rnrn.
are given in 5.4.
b) The specified slump is in the range 50 nun
When prescribed mixes or standard mixes (see to 150 nun.
BS 5328: Part 2) are specified, the values should also
conform to the above requirements. c) Admixtures providing water reduction are not
included
8.4.2 Cement content for handling, placing and In all cases the grade to be specified should be at
finishing
..-- Where necessary, cement content limits should take
least equal to that required for structural design and
durability (see table 6 and the appropriate codes of
;; account of factors associated with the handling, practice).
placing and finishing of the concrete. Some of the When conditions other than those above apply, an
factors be considered are:
to equivalent grade may be established from the
a) the characteristics of the constituent materials; relationship between cement content,
b) the workability required; free water/cement ratio and mean strength
established from records or trial mixes for the
c) other special placing requirements, e.g. pumping;
materials to be used. The equivalent grade should be
d) surface Ilnish; calculated by deducting a margin not
e) susceptibility of bleeding, settlement and grout exceeding 10 Nlmm2 from the mean strength agreed
Joss. between the producer and purchaser.
Table 14. Equivalent grades for cement content and free water/cement ratio
Hinlmum cement Maximum tree Equivalent grade tor concretes containing cementa of standard
content water/cement ratio strength classea
32.5 37.G or 42.5 41.5. 62.5 or 62.6
kglm3
200 to 210 - CIO CI5 C20

220 to 230 - CI6 C20 C26
240 to 260 0..70 C20 C25 C30
27000280 0.65 C25 C30 C35
290 to 310 0.60 C30 C35 C40
320 to 330 0.55 C35 C40 C45
340 to 360 0.50 C40 C45 C50
37010390 0.45 C45 C50 C55
e BSI 1997 19

~Tn_D~" --
h~ aJ~O : .carL .1. : UJ97
9 Sampling for conformity testing 10 Action to be taken in the event of

9.1 General non-conformity of the concrete with
To avoid duplication of sampling and testing in its specification
normal circumstances, when the effects of time and The action to be taken in respect of the concrete
transporting are judged to be of no practical which is represented by test results that fail to meet
significance, it should be acceptable for the requirements of specifications prepared in
representative samples taken at discharge from the accordance with this standard should be determined
concrete mixer to be used for assessment of by the purchaser. This may range from qualified
conformity of concrete delivered into the acceptance in less severe cases to rejection and
cons1nlction. removal in the most severe cases. In determining the
When the effects of time and transporting are judged action to be taken, due regard should be given to the
likely to be of significance, it may also be possible to technical consequences of the kind and degree of
permit such samples to be used by agreement on non-conformity and to the economic consequences
nominal adjustments to the specified values or by of alternative remedial measures, either replacing the
using adjustments based on laboratory or site trials substandard concrete or ensuring the integrity of any
(see also 3.2 of BS 5328: Part 4). work in which the concrete has been placed.
The validity of the test results should be confirmed
9.2 Rate of sampling for strength conformity
by checking that the sampling and testing have been
testing
carried out in accordance with BS 1881 or such other
The rate of sampling adopted by the purchaser document as has been specified.
should be notified to the producer by quoting from
In estimating the quality of the substandard concrete
table 15 the average quantity of concrete, either in
indicated by valid test results and in determining the
cubic metres or as the number of batches
action to be taken, the following should be
(whichever represents the lesser volume), from
established wherever possible:
which a representative sample should be taken from
a randomly selected batch. At least one sample a) the mix proportions actually used in the
should be taken of each grade of concrete on each concrete under investigation which may affect
day that concrete is placed. The rate of sampling durability;
may be increased in appropriate circumstances, b) the selection of the work represented by the
e.g. (or critical elements. Higher rates of sampling test results;
and testing would be appropriate at the start of the c) the possible influence of any reduction in
work so that there are at least two results (see concrete quality on the strength and durability of
BS 5328: Part 4) to establish the level of quality the work
quickly, during periods of production when quality is
NOTE I. The purchaser may wish to cany out tests on the
in doubt or when conditions change. Conversely, hardened concrete. These may include non-destructive methods
sampling rates may be reduced when consistent (see BS 1881 : Part 201) or the t2J<ing of cored samples (see
quality has been established or when the concrete is BS 1881 : Pan 120). The results of any such test should not annul
supplied from a plant for which the quality control the establishment of non..conlormily wilh the requirements
provided that establishment was based on valid test results.
system has third party accreditation for product
conformity. NOTE 2. Advice on the interpretation of non-destructive test
results and the strength of concrete cores taken from structures is
given in BS 6089. This British Standard also gives further !actors
to be considered when deciding the action to be taken with
regards to structural concrete, and further inConnation is given in
the relevant codes of pracnee,
Table 15. Recommended minimum rates of sampling

Average rate or sampling: one sample per Maximum quantity of eencrete Examples of 8tructure. to whicb
at riat 1lDder any one decision applicable
10 rn3 or 10 batches 40m3 Masts, columns. cantilevers

20 m3 or 20 batches 80m3 B~.s~,bridges,decks
50 rn3 or 50 batches 200m3 Solid rafts, breakwaters
20 08511997

i -
BS 5328 : Part 1 : 1997
List of references (see clause 2)
Normative references
BSI publications
BRrnS" STANDARDSINsnTImON. London
BS 12: 1996 Specification. for Portland cement

BS 146: 1996 Specification for Portland buistfurnace cement
BS 882: 1992 Specification for aggregates from natuml sources for concrete
BS 915 : Part 2 : 1972 Specification. for high alumina cement
BS 1014 : 1975 Specification. for pigmenls for Portland cement and Portland
cement products
BS 1047 : 1983 Specification for air-cooled blasl/urnace slag aggregate for use in
construction
BS 1370 : 1979 Specification for low heat Portland, cement:
BS 1881 : Testing concrete
BS 1881 : Part 103 : 1993 Method [or determination of compactinq factor
BS 1881 : Part 104 : 1983 Method for determination of Vebe time
BS 1881 : Part 105: 1984 Method for determination of flow
BS 1881 : Part 107 : 1983 Melhod for determination of density oj compacted fresh concrete
BS 1881 : Part 114 : 1983 MetJwlLs for determination of density of hardened concrete
BS 1881 : Part 120 : 1983 MeClwd for determination of the compressive strength oj concrete
cores
BS 1881 : Pan 129 : 1992 Method for determination. of density of partially compacted
semi-dry fresh concrete
BS 1881 : Part 201 : 1986 Guide to the use of non-destructioe methods of test/or hardened
concrete
BS 3148: 1980 Methods of test/or water for making concrete (including notes on
the suitability of the water)
BS 3797: 1990 Specification. for lightweight aggregates far masonry units and
structural concrete
BS 3892: Pulverized.-.{uel ash
BS 3892 : Part 1 : 1993 Specification. for puioerized-fud. ash for use with Portland cement
BS 3892 : Part 2 : 1984 Specification. tor puJ:verizedrfuel ash for use in grouts and for
miscellaneous uses in concrete
BS 4021": 1996 Specification for sulfate-~ting PortLand cement
BS 4246 : 1996 Specification for high slag blastfurn,ace cement
BS 4248 : 1974 Specification for supersulfat.ed cement
BS 5075: Concrete admixtures
BS 5075 : Part 1 : 1982 Specification. for accelerating admixtures, retarding admixtures
and uxuer redu.cing admixtures
BS 5075 : Part 2 : 1982 Specification. for air-entraining admixtures
BS 5075: Part 3: 1985 Specification for superplasticizing admixtures
BS 5328: Concrete
BS 5328 : Part 2 : 1997 Methods Ior specifying concrete mixes
BS 5328 : Part 3 : 1990 Specification. for the procedures to be used in producing and
trtmsportinq concrete
BS 5328 : Part 4 : 1990 Specification for Ike procedures to be used in sampling, testing
and assessing compliance of concrete
BS 6100: Glossary of building and civil engineering terms
BS 6588 : 1996 Specification. for Portland pulverizedrfuel ash cements
BS '6610 : 1991 Specification. for Pozzolanic pulverized,-fuel ash cement
BS 6699 : 1992 Specification. for ground granulated blastfurnoce slag for use with
Portland cement
BS 7583 : 1996 Specification. for Portland limestone cement
22 Previous page
is blank

Issue 2, May .1999 BS 5328 : Part 1 : 1997
BS 8004 : 1986 Code of practice for foundations

BS 8204: Screeds, bases and in situ .floorings
BS 8204 : Part 2 : 1987 Code of practice for concrete wearing surfaces
BS EN 196: Methods of testing cement
BS EN 196-1 : 1995 Determination of strength
Informative references
BSIpublications
BRmSH STANDARDS INS1TI'UTION, London
BS 812 : Testing aggregates

BS 812 : Part 120 : 1989 Method for testing and classifying drying shrinkage oj aggregates
in concrete
I BS 812 : Part 123 : 1999 Method Jor the determination of aJkali ..silica reactivity - Concrete
prism method
BS 1377 : Methods of test for soils for civil engineering purposes
BS 1377 : Part 3 : 1990 Chemical and electro-chemical tests
BS 6089 : 1981 Guide to assessment oj concrete strength in existing structures
BS 6349 Maritime structures
BS 8102 : 1990 Code of practice for protection of structures against water from
the grourul
BS 8110: Structural use of concrete
BS 8110 : Part 1 : 1985 Code of practice for design and construction
CP 102: 1973 Code of practice for protection of buildings against water from the
ground
BS EN ISO 9000 : Quality management and quality assurance standards
BS EN ISO 9001 : 1994 Quality systems. Model for quality assurance in design,
development, production, installation and servicing
Other publications
/1 JBRE Digest 3631) Sul/ate and acid resistance of concrete in the ground.
/2} BRE Digest 3571) Shrinkage o/natural aggregates in concrete.
/3J BRE Digest 3301).Alkai-silica reaction. in concrete, 1999 ..
Thrt deleted.
[III Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Dairy floors, 1967.
{5}Concrete in milking parlours, Cement and Concrete Association (now British Cement Association) Fann
Note 8, 1980.
[6/ Building Research Report 2791) Bowley, M.J., Sulfate and acid attack on concrete in the ground;
recommended procedures for soil analysis.
1) Available from Building Research Establishment, Garston, Watford WD2 7JR

1 TeI;t deU!ted.
C OSI 0&-1999

BS 5328: Issue 2, May 1999
Part 1 : 1997
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ISBN 0 680 26722 9 Bl517

AMD 10364
Amendment No. 1
published and effective from 15 May 1999
to BS 5328 : Part 1 : 1997
Concrete
Instructions for replacement of pages

The following pages contain new or revised text Please remove any superseded pages and insert the new or
revised pages in the position given in the summary of pages (see page a) ..Where only one of the two pages on
each sheet has been updated, the other page has been reprinted.
Front cover and inside front cover

a
ii
iii
2
7
10
11
12
Inside back cover and back cover
You may wish to retain the superseded pages, e.g. for reference purposes, If so please mark them "Superseded by
issue r where A is the appropriate issue number. If you do not wish to retain the superseded pages, please
J
destroy them.

BRITISH STANDARD BS 5328:
Part 1: 1997
Incorporating
Amendment No. 1
Concrete
JCS9UOO.30
NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT ,.s PERMITrED BY COPYllIGHT LAW

·BS 6328 : Part 1 : 1997 Issue 2, May 1999
Committees responsible for this

British Standard
The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted to Technical Conunittee
Bl517, Concrete, upon which the following bodies were represented:
British Aggregate Construction Ma:terials Industries

British Cement Association
British Precast Concrete Federation Ltd
British Ready Mixed Concrete Association
Building Employers Confederation
Cement Admixtures Association
Department ofTcansport (Highways Agency)
Federation of Civil Engineering Contractors
Federation of Resin Formulators and Applicators (Ferfa)
Institute of Concrete Technology
National House-Building Council
Sand and Gravel Association Limited
Society of Chemical Industry
The following bodies were aJso represented in the drafting of the standard, through
subcommittees and panels:
Association of lightweight Aggregate Manufacturers

British Civil Engineering Test Equipment Manufacturers Association
Cementitious Slag Makers Association
Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management
Concrete Society
County Surveyors' Society
Department of the Environment (Building Research Establishment)
Electricity Association
Federation of Piling Specialists
Institution of Structural Engineers
Quality Ash Association
This British Standard, having

been prepared under the
direction of the Sector Board for
Building and Civil Engineering,
was published under the
authority of the Standards Board
and comes into effect on
15 March 1997
CBSI~l999
Amendments issued since publication
AmdNo. Date Thxt affected
10064 May 1999 Indicated. by a sideline
The following BSI references

relate to the WOI"k on this
standard;
Committee reference Bl517
Draft for commen1951107689 DC
ISBN 0 580 2672% 9

Issue 1, May 1999 BS 5328 : Part 1 : 1997
Summary of pages
The following table identifies the current issue of each page. Issue 1 indicates that a page has been introduced
for the first time by amendment. Subsequent issue numbers indicate an updated page. Vertical sidelining on
replacement pages indicates the most recent changes (amendment, addition, deletion).
Page Issue Page Issue

Front cover 2 3006 original
Inside front cover 2 7 2
a 1 8 original
b blank 9 original
i original 10 2
ii 2 11 2
iii 2 12 2
iv blank 13 to 22 original
1 original Inside back cover 2
2 2 Back cover 2
o BSI 05-1999 a

BS 5328 : Part 1 : 1997
P-
I :
Contents
Page
Committees responsible Inside front cover
Foreword ii
Guide
Introduction 1
1 Scope 1
2 References 1
3 Definitions 1
4 Constituent materials of concrete 3
5 Durability of concrete 5
6 Other properties of hardened concrete 13
7 Properties of fresh concrete 14
8 Basis for specifying concrete 15
9 Sampling for conformity testing 20
10 Action to be taken in the event of non-conformity of the conrete with its
~aWon 20
Tables
1 Qmm~ 4
2 Aggregates for general use 5
3 Admixtures 5
4 Limits of chloride content of concrete 6
Ii Classification of exposure conditions 8
6 Guidance on mix design limits for durability of concrete made with
normal weight aggregates of 20 nun nominal maximwn size 9
7 Sulfate and acid resistance 11
7a Recommendations for concrete exposed to sulfate attack 11
7b Cement groups for use in table 7a 12
7c Modifications to table 7a for other types of exposure and types of
construction 12
7d Modifications to tables 7a and 7c for concrete exposed to attack from
acids in natural ground 13
8 .Acijustments to minimwn cement contents for aggregates other than
20 mm nominal maximum size 13
9 Compressive strength grades 13
10 Flexural strength grades 13
II Workabilities suitable for different uses of in situ concrete 14
12 Summary of different types of mix 17
13 Guide to the selection of designated and standard mixes 18
14 Equivalent grades for cement content and free water/cement ratio 19
16 Recommended minimwn rates of sampling 20
List of references 22
e BSII997
BS 5328 : Part 1 : 1997 Issue 2, May 1999
Foreword
This Part of BS 6328 has been prepared by Teclmical Committee Bl517. This Part,
which includes designated mixes, is a new edition of BS 5328 : Part 1 : 1991, which is
withdrawn, and, together with BS 5328 : Parts 2, 3 and 4, forms a comprehensive
standard for the specification of concrete to which codes of practice and contractual
documents can refer. It includes recommendations originating from
BS 8110 : Part 1 : 1985.
This edition introduces technical changes but does not reflect a full review or revision
of the standard This edition makes provision for the use of Portland limestone cement
conforming to BS 7583 and incorporates amendments 7174 and 8758.
Amendment number 1 takes account of the recent consensus reached by experts on
provisions to resist damaging ASR in the UK These recommendations are published in
the BRE Digest 330:1999. The technical content of this amendment has been derived
from these recommendations,
This Part of BS 6328 refers to BRE Digest 363 [1], which has superseded BRE
Digest 250. for guidance on sulfate and acid resistance of concrete in natural ground
Consideration ~ given in this standard to the type of construction in addition to the
concentration of sulfate. Account is also taken of the factors affecting sulfate attack
such as pH level and soil penneability.
As this standard involves selection by the specifier from a number of options and, in
certain instances, agreement on requirements between the purchaser and producer.
any requirement for conformity to BS 5328 or any claim of compliance with it has to be
qualified by reference to the selection and to any such agreements.
nus standard COVeIS the methods for specifying and producing concrete as a
construction material up to the point of delivery into the construction. The standard is
in four Parts:
Part 1 Guide to specifying concrete;

Part 2 MetJwds Ior specifying concrete mixes;
Part 3 Speclftcal:ion/OT 1M procedures to be used in producing and
tmnspmting concrete;
Part 4 Specijical:iun for the procedures to be used in sampling, testing and
assessing compdanoe of concrete.
Part 1 provides guidance to the specifier and purchaser of concrete on the selection of
requirements for materials and concrete mixes, Part 2 provides a choice of methods by
which the purchaser can convey the selected requirements to the producer. Part 3
specifies for the producer the procedures to be used in producing and transporting the
concrete. Part 4 specifies the procedures to be used in sampling, testing and assessing
concrete for confoIIDiey.
'This standard provides methods for specifying concrete mixed on site or in a precast
concrete factory and for the purchase and supply of read.y-mixed concrete. It takes
account of the distinct and different responsibilities of the purchaser and the producer.
There are a number of instances in which the purchaser has to select from the various
options given in this standard in order to specify the concrete required The purchaser
is responsible for passing on to the producer the requirements of the specifying body,
e.g. the engineer's or architect's specification, together with any additional
requirements. Throughout this standard the terms -specify" and 'specification' are used
in relation to both sets of requirements. There may be occasions where it is
advantageous for economic or technical reasons to propose changes to the
specification. In such cases the producer and purchaser should agree the proposed
amendments for approval and sanction by the specifying body ..
Precautions need to be taken when working with cement and fresh concrete and
attention is drawn to these in BS 5328 : Parts 3 and 4.
ii e BSI 05-1999

Issue 2, May 1999 BS 5328 : Part 1 : 1997
This standard covers concrete produced by normal methods, but it does not apply to
precast concrete products where the concrete is specified in other British Standards,
Many of the requirements of this standard, e.g, the use of materia1s and the control of
production, apply equally to precast concrete and to in situ concrete. However, some
of the requirements concerning the responsibilities of the purchaser and producer may
not apply in the case of precast concrete. The specification of designated mixes is
unlikely to be appropriate for factory produced precast concrete products.
It is necessary for the purchaser to take into account the requirements of specialized
codes of practice and any influences of the construction process. Provisions are made
in this standard for the inclusion of any special requirements.
A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a
contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application,
Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity
from legal obUgatioos.
( ".:!
~
e BS) 05-1999 iii

BS 5328 : Part 1 : 1997
Introduction 1 Scope
'This Part of BS 6328 gives advice on the selection of This Part of BS 6328 gives guidance on the selection
the quality of concrete suitable for many general of materials for concrete and on the mixes to be
purposes not covered by other British Standard specified to produce concrete having the required
specifications or codes of practice. properties in the fresh and hardened state. It also
This Part of BS 5328 is primarily a guide for the gives guidance on sampling for strength confonnity
specifier in choosing the appropriate materials and testing and action to be taken in the event of
mix. It gives the range of constituent materials that non-conformity,
can be used. It describes the properties of fresh and
hardened concrete, with considerable emphasis on 2 References
durability. Distinction is made between structural
and non-structural concrete and between 2.1 Normative references
unrelntorced, reinforced and prestressed concrete. This Part of BS 5328 incorporates, by dated or
Also included is guidance on sampling for strength undated reference, provisions from other
conformity testing and action to be taken in the publications. These normative references are made
event of non-confonnity. at the appropriate places in the text and the cited
Account is taken of standard specifications relating publications are listed on page 22. For dated
to ground granulated blastfumace slag or references, only the edition cited applies; any
pulverized-fuel ash used in composite cements or in subsequent amendments to or revisions of the cited
equivalent combinations. publication apply to this Part of BS 5328 only when
Purchasers ordering in accordance with this incorporated in the reference by amendment or
standard are advised to specify quality assurance revision. For undated references, the latest edition of
requirements for materials or for concrete in their the cited publication applies together with any
purchasing contracts to assure themselves that amendments.
products specified in accordance with BS 5328 2.2 Informative references
consistently achieve the required level of quality.
This Part of BS 5328 refers to other publications that
Purchasers of ready-mixed concrete are advised to
provide information or guidance. Editions of these
specify certification meeting the requirements of the
publications current at the time of issue of this
United Kingdom Accreditation Service, National
standard are listed on the inside back cover, but
Accreditation Certification Bodies, for product
reference should be made to the latest editions.
conformity.
Purchasers ordering designated mixes in accordance
with BS 5328 : Part 2 : 1997 need not specify quality 3 Def'mitions
assurance requirements for concrete, as it is For the purposes of this Part of BS 5328, the
obligatory that the producer holds current product definitions given in BS 6100 apply, together with the
confonnity certification based on product testing and following.
surveillance coupled with approval of the producer's
quality system to BS EN ISO 9001 by a certification 3.1 batch
body accredited by the Secretary of State (or Quantity of concrete mixed in one cycle of
equivalent), for the relevant areas of product and . operations of a batch mixer, or the quantity
systems conformity certification. Purchasers are discharged during 1 min from a continuous mixer, or
similarly advised to specify that, where they are the quantity of concrete conveyed ready-mixed in a
available, constituent materials should be obtained vehicle.
from suppliers operating quality systems in
3.2 cement
accordance with BS EN ISO 9000 ..
Hydraulic binder that sets and hardens by chemical
interaction with water and is capable of doing so
under water ..
NOTE. The cements covered by this standard are listed in table 1.
.- ..",
I' .. "!
t. .~:
~
C> BSI 1997 1

· BS 5328 : Part 1 : 1997 Issue 2, May 1999
3.3 cement content 3.14 designated mix

Mass of cement contained in a cubic metre of fresh, Mix produced in accordance with the specification
fully compacted concrete, expressed in kg/m3. given in section I) of BS 6328: Part 2 : 1997 and
3.4 cement type requirlngthe producer to hold current product
Classification of a cement on its main constituents. confonnity certification based on product testing and
I 3.5 alkall content surveillance coupled with approval of the producer's
quality system to BS EN ISO 9001.
3.5.1 certified average alkali content
3.15 free water/cement ratio
The average of 25 consecutive detenninations of
equivalent alkali content carried out on samples each Ratio of the mass of free water (that is, excluding
of which is representative of a day's production. the water absorbed by the aggregate to reach a
3.5.2 declared mean alkali content saturated surface dry condition) to the mass of
The mean alkali content, expressed as the sodiwn
cement in a concrete mix.
oxide equivalent, which will not be exceeded 3.16 grade (of concrete)
without prior notice from the manufacturer. This is Numerical value of28 day characteristic strength,
the certified alkali content plus a margin that reflects expressed InN1mm2, preceded by the letter C
the manufacturer's variability of production. (compressive) or F (flexural) to denote the type.
3.5.3 guaranteed alkali limit 3.17 equivalent grade
The alkali limit, expressed as the sodium oxide Grade of concrete selected to provide reasonable
equivalent, which the constituent material supplier assurance of confonnity to parameters such as
guarantees will not be exceeded by any test result,
minimum cement content or maximum
on any spot sample.
free water/cement ratio,
3.6 characteristic strength NOTE. See U.
That value of strength below which 5 % of the
3.18 laitance
population of all possible strength measurements of
the specified concrete are expected to fall. Thin layer comprising water, cement and fme
particles of aggregate that may form on the surface
3.7 density of fresh concrete
of concrete ..
Mass of quantity of compacted fresh concrete
divided by its volume, expressed in kglrn3 4
3.19 producer
NOTE. For the method of determining the density of fresh Person or authority entering a contract to supply
concrete, see as 1881 : Pan 107. Compaction by the method concrete.
described in BS 1881 : Part 107 is not appropriate for semi-dry
concrete mixes.. The method for detetmining the density of NOTE. For example, a producer of ready-mixed or precast
partially compacted semi-dry concrete is desaibed in BS 1881: concrete supplying a conttactor or a contractor supplying a dienL
Part 129. 3.20 purchaser
3.8 lightweight concrete PeISOn or authority entering a contract to buy
Hardened concrete having an oven-dried density not concrete ..
greater than 2000 kglm3. NOTE. For example, a client purchasing from a contractor or a
NOTE. For the method of detennining oven-dried density, see contractor purchasing from a subcontrl35actor or material
BS 1881 : Part 114. supplier.
3.9 normal ..weight concrete 3.21 ready-mixed concrete
Hardened concrete having an oven-dried density Concrete mixed in a stationary mixer or in a
greater than 2000 kglm3 but not exceeding 2600 kglm3. truck-mixer and supplied in the fresh condition to
NOTE. For the method of determining oven-dried density, see the purchaser, either at the site or into the
BS 1881 : Part 114.
purchaser's vehicles ..
3.10 heavyweight concrete
3.22 standard strength class (or··cement)
Hardened concrete having an oven-dried density
greater than 2600 kglm3. Classification of a cement based on its compressive
NOTE. For the method of detennining oven-dried density. see strength at 28 days measured on mortar prisms in
BS 1881 : Part 114- accordance with BS EN 19&-1.
3.11 designed mix NOTE 1. There are five standard classes, 22.5,32.5,42.6,62.6
and 62.5. British Standard specifications for cements incorponte
Mix for which the purchaser is responsible for
one or more of these classes. There are in addition two
specifying the required performance and the intennediate standard strength classes. 37.5 and 47.5. (or mixer
producer is responsible for selecting the mix combinations oC Portland cement (PC) confonning to BS 12 with
proportions to produce the specified performance. groWMI granulated b~ slag (ggbs) confonning to BS6699.
3.12 prescribed mix NOTE 2. The standard strength classes for some cements are
subdivided according to their early strength deveJopmenL The
Mix for which the purchaser specifies the leuers L (low), N (nonnal) and R (rapid) are added to the
proportions of the constituents and is responsible for standard strength class to indicate the early strength.
ensuring that these proportions produce a concrete Specifications for cement indicate which, if any, of these
with the required perfonnance. subclasses are available.
3.13 standard mix 3.23 time of loading
Mix selected from the restricted list given in Time of first contact between cement and aggregates
section 4 of BS 5328: Part 2 : 1997 and made with a or, when the latter are surface dry, between cement
restricted range of materials. and added water.
2 e BSI ()5.1999
Issue 2, May 1999 BS 5328 : Part 1 : 1997
0.2.3 Sulfates in concrete

Sulfates are present in most cements and in some
aggregates. After hardening of the concrete,
excessive amounts of mobile sulfate from these or
other mix constituents can cause expansion and
disruption. To prevent this, the specifications for
cements, ggbs, pta, lightweight aggregates and
blastfurnace slag aggregates have limits on the
sulfate level At present there are no sulfate limits
for natural aggregates confonning to BS 882. Within
the United Kingdom sulfate problems caused by
natural aggregates are rare. However, world-wide
there are natural aggregates with sulfate levels of
sufficient magnitude to cause disruption of concrete ..
When the source of aggregate is new or is suspected
of containing sulfate, tests on the aggregates for
sulfate content prior to acceptance are advised.
NOTE. As no tests exist to determine mobile sulfate content, it is
usual to measure the acid soluble sulfate contents of the
constituents. The relationship between such measurements and
the mobile sulfate content in the hardened concrete is variable
and therefore no universal sulCate limit can sensibly be applied to
concrete. For example, a 4 " or 6 " limit would exclude
supersulfated cement conforming to BS 4248 and many lightweight
and b1astfumace slag aggregates with long histories of satisfactory
use.
5.2.4 Alkall-siUca reaction

Some aggregates containing particular forms of silica
may be susceptible to attack by alkalis originating
from the cement or other sources, producing an
expansive reaction which can cause cracking and
disruption of concrete. Damage to concrete from this
reaction will nonnally occur only when all the
following are present:
a) there is a high moisture level within the
concrete;
b) the concrete has a high reactive alkali content,
or there is another source of reactive alkali;
c) the aggregate contains an alkali reactive
constituent.
NOTE 1. BS 812..123 desCribes a method for testing aggregate.
BS 6328-2 : 1997 contains requirements for the
producer to minimize the risk of damaging
alkali-silica reaction (ASR). This applies to all types
of concrete (designed, prescribed, standard and
designated) and in all but special circumstances, no
further requirements need to be specified
C BSI ()5..1999 7
BS 5328 : Part 1 : 1997
5.2.5 Other considerations 5.3.2 Minimum concrete quality

Aggregates liable to be adversely affected by the The quality of concrete required to give satisfactory
action of freezing and thawing should not be used in performance depends on the severity of exposure
concrete that may be exposed to such conditions. and other factors, particularly the cover to steel. The
Records of satisfactocy use are the best guide for relationships between the cover to steel and
selection of suitable materials. concrete quality for reinforced concrete and for
prestressed concrete subjected to these exposure
5.3 Durability and external environment conditions are given in relevant codes of practice ..
5.3.1 General environment Table 6 gives recommended values for the maximwn
The general environment-to which the concrete will free water/cement ratio, the minimum cement
be exposed during its working life is classified into content and the minimum grade of concrete to
six levels of severity, i.e, mild, moderate, severe, very ensure long service life under the appropriate
severe, most severe and abrasive (see table 5) .. conditions of exposure. The minimum ~grades will
generally ensure that the limits on free water/cement
Table 5. Classification of exposure conditions ratio and cement content will be met without further
Environment Exposure coadidoDS checking.
Mild Concrete surfaces protected against 5.3.3 Exposure to freezing and thawing
weather or aggressive conditions
Where freezing and thawing occurs under wet
Moderate Exposed concrete surfaces but conditions, enhanced durability can be obtained by
sheltered from severe rain or the use of suitable air-entraining admixtures.
freezing whilst wet
When concrete lower than grade C50 is used under
Concrete surfaces continuously these conditions, the mean total air content by
under non-aggressive water volume of the fresh concrete at the time of delivery
Concrete in contact with into the construction should be:
non-aggressive soil a) 7.5 % for 10 nun nominal maximum aggregate
(see class 1 of table 7a) size;
Concrete subject to condensation b) 6.5 % for 14 nun nominal maximum aggregate
Severe Concrete surfaces exposed to size;
severe rain, alternate wetting and
c) 5.596 for 20 nun nominal maximum aggregate
drying or occasional freezing or
size;
severe condensation
d) 4.5 96for 40 mrn nominal maximum aggregate
Very severe Concrete surfaces occasionally
size.
exposed to sea-water spray or
de-icing salts (directly or indirectly) When air-entrained concrete is specified with a grade
of C40 or over, or with a cement content of more
Concrete surfaces exposed to
than 350 kg/m3, problems may be encountered in
corrosive fumes or severe freezing
achieving the required strength, compaction and
conditions whilst wet
surface finish. The inclusion of air in concrete
Most severe Concrete surfaces frequently reduces the compressive strength and adiustments to
exposed to sea-water spray or the cement content may be necessary to achieve the
de-icing salts (directly or indirectly) specified characteristic strength. Air contents greater
Concrete in sea water tidal zone than 5.5 96 by volume may lead to cement contents in
down to 1 m below lowest low excess of 400 kglm3 and the mix should be checked
water in respect of the guidance relating to alkali-silica
Abrasive I) Concrete surfaces exposed to reaction (see 5.2.4).
abrasive action, e.g, machinery,
metal tyred vehicles or water
canyingsolids
I) For flooring see 858204: Part2.
NOTE I. For aggressive soil and water conditions see 6.3.4.
NOTE 2. BS8110 and BS 6349 give conf)jcting recommendations
on mix design for similar exposure conditionS- The classification
'very severe' uses the definition from BS 8110 with the addition
of the word 'occasionally'; the classification 'most severe'
includes the tidal zone definition from BS 6349 together with its
reference to sea-water spray. To distinguish the exposure to
sea-water spray from that in the 'very severe' class the word
·frequently' has been added. Also included in this class is
frequent exposure to de-icing salts.
8 C BSI 1997

BS 5328 : Part 1 : 1997
Table 6. Guidance on mix design limits for durability of concrete made With' normal weight
aggregates of 20 mm nominal maximum size!)
Condition of Type of concrete MaxImum tree w/c Minimum cemeDt Mlaimum grade
exposure rado conteDt
Mild Unreinforced non-structural - - -
Unreinforced structural2) 0.80 220 C20
Reinforced 0.65 275 cao
Prestressed 0.60 300 C35
Moderate Unreinforced non-structural - - -
Unreinforced structural2) - 0.65 275 cao
Severe Unreinforced 0.60 300 C35
Very severe All3) 0.55 325 C40
Most severe Unreinforced'U 0.50 350 CA5
Reinforced and prestressedsl 0.46 400 C50
Abrasive AlI3) 0.50 350 C45
1) A(ijustments to minimum cement content should be made for aggregates of nominal maximum size other than 20 mm in accordance
with table 8.
2) For concrete made with nonnal-weight aggregate and used in foundations and slabs to low rise structures in non-aggressive soil
conditions (see class 1of table 7a), a minimum grade of ClO may be used provided the minimum cement content is not less than
175kglm3 for designated mixes and 210 kglm3 for other types of concrete.
3) Where concrete is subject to freezing whilst wet, air entrainment should be used In the case of air entrained concrete the grade
may be reduced by 5.
NOTE. For concrete containing embedded metal, the values represent the minimum quality recommended and depend upon the
provision of adequate cover. The relationships between qualicy of concrete and cover are given in relevant codes of practice. Concrete
quality alone may not provide sufficient protection Corlong-term durability in the presence of de-icing salts.
e BSII997 9

BS 5328 : Part 1 : 1997 Issue 2, May 1999
5.3.4 Exposure to aggre.ssiDe chemicals 5.4 Limitation on mix parameters

Deterioration of concrete by chemical attack can 5.4.1 General
occur by contact with gases or solutions of many The free water/cement ratio is an important factor in
chemicals, but it is generally the result of exposure governing the durability of concrete and should
to acidic solutions or to solutions of sulfate salts. always be the lowest value compatible with
Solutions of naturally occurring sulfates of sodium, producing fully compacted concrete while
potassium, calcium or magnesium, as may be present minimizing segregation or bleeding. An appropriate
in some soils and ground waters, can cause minimum cement content is required to help ensure
expansion and disruption of concrete. a long service life under particular exposure
conditions. Appropriate values for the maximum
Table 7a gives recommendations for the type of
free water/cement ratio, minimum cement content
cement, maximum free water/cement ratio and and minimum grade are given in tables 6 and 7a
minimum cement content which are required at
The cement content required for a particular free
different sulfate concentrations in permeable soils water/cement ratio can vary significantly for different
with mobile groundwater of pH 6.5 and above. These mix constituents. Where adequate workability is
reconunendations apply to cast ...in-situ difficult to obtain at the maximum free water/cement
concrete 140 mm to 450 rom thick exposed on all ratio allowed, an increased cement content, the use
vertical faces .. Modifications to table 7a for other of ggbs, pfa, superplasticizing admixtures or
types of exposure and other types of construction water-reducing admixtures should be considered
are given in table 7c. For concretes to be exposed to Cement contents in excess of 550 kglm3 should not
acidic conditions in natural ground, see table 7d Any be used unless special consideration has been given
adjustment recommended in table 7d should be in design to the increased risk of cracking due to
applied after first having classified the site on the drying shrinkage in thin sections or to thermal
basis of tables 7a and 7c. When adjustments have stresses in thicker sections, and to the increased risk
been made in accordance with table 7c or table 7d of damage due to alkali-silica reaction (see 5.2.4
the details of the adjustments should be notified to and specialist publications)
the designer of the concrete. The purchaser is responsible for providing the
For class 5 conditions some form of protection such producer with all the necessary details to enable the
as sheet polyethylene or polychloroprene, or surface correct mix to be supplied (see BS 5328: Part 2 : 1997).
coating based on asphalt, chlorinated rubber, epoxy 5.4.2 Mix adJustments in tables 6 and 7a
or polyurethane materials should be used to prevent The cement contents given in tables 6 and 7a apply
access by the sulfate solution (see CP 102 and to 20 mm nominal maximum size aggregate. For
BS 8102). other sizes of aggregate they should be changed in
Concrete made with Portland cement is not accordance with table 8. Different aggregates require
recommended for use in acidic conditions (PH 5.5 or different water contents to produce concrete of the
less) without careful consideration of the ground same workability and therefore at a given cement
content, different free water/cement ratios are
conditions and intended construction. Concrete obtained ..In order to achieve a satisfactory
made with supersulfated cement or cements workability at the specified maximwn
containing granulated b1astfumace slag or free water/cement ratio, it may be necessary to
pulverized-fuel ash can have some acid resistant modify the mix as described in 15.4.1.
properties. However, the.rate of erosion of concrete
6.4.3 Use of ground granulated blastfurnace
surfaces in acidic conditions is affected much less by
slag or pulverlzed-fUel ash
the type of cement thanby the quality of the
concrete. .- The concrete mix guidance given in table 6 applies
also when Portland blastfumace cement or Portland
For advice on concretes exposed to attack by milk pulverized-fuel ash cement is used, or when
see Dairy Floors, Ministty of Agriculture, Fisheries combinations of Portland cement conforming to
Iand Food, 1967 [41, and Concrete in milking BS 12 with ggbs or pfa are used (see 4.2 and 5.4.1).
parlours, Cement and Concrete Association Farm The durability of the concrete made with these
INote 8, 1980 [5]. For silage attack and other materials can be considered as being equal to that of
agricultural concerns, contact the Ministry of concrete made with cement conforming to BS 12,
Agriculture, Fisheries and Food for current provided that the ggbs or pfa concrete conforms to
recommendations. For industrial acids and made-up the same grade as would be achieved by the
ground consult an expert, a specialist producer of Portland cement concrete. In order to achieve
acid resistant finishes or BS 8204. concrete of equal strength at 28 days, depending on
Where external chlorides from, for example, highway the combination used, it may be necessary to
de-icing salts or airborne salt spray from vehicles or increase the total mas; of Portland cement plus ggbs
or pfa compared with the mass of Portland cement
the sea are likely to cause severe corrosion of
in the concrete without ggbs or pfa, For pfa the
reinforcement, additional protection to the concrete increase in the combined mass of Portland cement
may be necessary. plus pfa may be about 10 % by mass. When using pea,
Specialist literature or suitably qualified people the quantity of water required to produce the same
should be consulted before using concrete in such workabilityas concrete made with Portland cement
circumstances. conforming to BS 12 is likely to be less.
10 e BSI 05-1999

Issue 2, May 1999 BS 5328 : Part 1 : 1997
Table 7.Sulfate and acid resistance

a) Recommendations for concrete exposed to sulfate attack
Saltate Exposure cODcIltlODB RecommeDdadoDS
class Concentration or sulfate and magnesium 1)
In groundwater ID soU or till Cement group DeJUJe folly compacted

(from table '1b) concrete m.ade with 20 mm
DOmiaal maximum size
aggregates2) conforming to
BS 882 or BS 104:7
By add extracdon By 2:1 Cemeut Free
waterl content Dot water/cement
80U less thaD ratio not more
extract than
804 gil Mg'l gil SO.. " SO .. gil Mg3) WI ~
1 < 0.4 - < 0.24 < 1.2 ~ I, 2, 3 - -
C" 2 0.4 to - 1.2to ~ 14) 330 0.60
1.4 2.3 2 300 0..55
3 280 0.65
3 1.5 to - 2.4 to 2 340 0.50
3.0 Classify on the 3.7 3 320 0..50
4A 3.1 to s 1.0 basis of a 3.8 to :s 1.2 2 380 0.45
6.0 2: 1water/soil 6.7 3 360 0.45
extract
4B 3.1 to > 1..0 3.8 to > 1.2 3 360 0.45
6.0 6.7
5A > 6.0 s 1.0 > 6.7 s 1.2 As for class 4A plus surface protection5)
68 > 6.0 > 1.0 > 6.7 > 1.2 As for class 4B plus surface protectionS)
1) Classification on the basis of groundwater samples is preferred. Higher values are given for water/soil extract in recognition of the
difficulty of obtaining representative samples and of achieving a comparable extraction rate to that indicated by analysis of
groundwater samples. Suitable methods for the analysis of groundwater for sulfate are given in BS 1377 : Part 3 and in Building
Research Report 279 (6) which also gives methods (or detennination of magnesium. When results are expressed as ~ they may be
converted to S04 by multiplying by a factor of 1.2.
2) Adjustments to minimum cement contents should be made for aggregates oC nominal size other than 20 mm in accordance with
table 8.
3) The limit on water-soluble magnesium does not apply to brackish groundwater (chloride content between 12 gil and 18 gil).
4) Portland limestone cement should only be used in class 1 sulfate conditions.
6) See CP 102 and BS8102.
NOTE 1. Within the limits specified in this table, the sulfate resistance of combinations of ggbs or pfa with SRPC will be at least
equivalent to combinations with cement confonning to BS 12, but such combinations are unlikely to exceed the sulfate resisting
performance or SRPC.
NOTE 2. Cements containing
ggbs or pea
are moresensttive to strong magnesiwn sulfate and a limit on water-soluble magnesium
content is given Cor classes 4 and 5 when using these cements.
NOTE 3. The UkeUhood of attack by 5Ulfate depends on the presence and mobility of groundwater (see table 7c and BRE
Digest 363 (lD.
e BSI 05-1999 11

BS 5328 : Part 1 : 1997 Issue 2, May 1999

b) Cemeat groups (or use III table 7&
Group ~ptloD
1 a) Portland cement conforming to BS 12
b) Portland blastfumace cements conforming to BS 146
c) High slag blastfumace cement confonning to BS 4246
d) Portland pulverized-fuel ash cements confonning to BS 6588
e) Pozzolanic pulverized-fuel ash cement confonning to BS 6610
f) Portland limestone cement contorming to BS 76831)
g) Combinations of Portland cement conforming to BS 12 with ggbs conforming to BS 6699
h) Combinations of Portland cement conforming to BS 12 with pulverized-fuel ash conforming to
BS 3892 : Part 1
2 a) Portland pulverized-fuel ash cements conforming to BS 6588, containing not less than 26 % of pfa
by mass of the nucleus or combinations of Portland cement conforming to BS 12 with pea
conforming to BS 3892 : Part 1, where there is not less than 25 96 pfa and not more than 40 % pfa by
mass of the combination
b) High slag blastfumace cement conforming to BS 4246, containing not less than 74 % slag by mass
of nucleus or combinations of Portland cement confonning to BS 12 with ggbs conforming to
as 6699 where there is not less than 70 96 ggbs and not more than 85 96 ggbs by mass of the
combination
NOTE 1. For group 2b cements, granulated blastfumace slag with alumina content greater than 14 " should be used only
with Portland cement having a trica1dmn aluminate (C:tA) content not exceeding 10 "-
NOTE 2.. The nucleus is the total mass of the cement constituents excluding calcium sulfate and any addiw,-es such as
grinding aids.
3 Sulfat.e-resisting Portland cement conforming to BS 4027

I} Portland limestone cement should only be used In class 1 sulfate conditions.

c) ModiticatioDS to table 7a for other types of exposare and types or CODStruc:tiOD I)
Static groundwater) For classes 2, 3 and 4 the requirements for cements,

cement content and free water/cement ratio given
in table 7a may be lowered by one class
Basement, embanlanent or retaining wall If a hydrostatic head greater than five times the
thickness of the concrete is created by the
groundwater, the classification in table 7a should be
raised by one class. 'Ibis requirementcan be
waived if a barrier to prevent moisture transfer
through the wall is provided .
Cast-in-situ concrete over 450 mm thick Precast For classes 2, 3 and 4 the requirements for cement
ground beams, wall units or piles with smooth group, cement content and free water/cement ratio
surfaces which after nonnal curing have been exposed given in table 7a may be "lowered by one class
to air but protected from rain for several weeks
For cast-in-situ reinforced concrete special
consideration should be given to the need to
maintain adequate cover to the reinforcement
Cast-in-situ concrete (other than ground floor slabs3») The classification in table 7a should be raised by
less than 140mm thick or having many edges and one class
corners
1) Any reductions in sulfate class allowed by this table only apply if other durability and structural considerations penniL
2) Nominally dry sites or soils with penneability Jess than lo-&m!s as given in figure 6 of BS8004: 1986 (e.g, unfissured clay) where it is : 00 0 oj
decided that the grotmdwater is essentially static (see BRE Digest 363 11]). \._oj
3) For ground floor slabs see BRE Digest 363 (1)
12 C BSI 06-19991

Issue. ~J May 1999 BS 5328 : Part 1 : 1997
BS 8004 : 1986 Code of practice for fou:ndationS

BS·8204: . Screeds, bases and in situ jloori,ngs
BS 8204 : Part 2 : 1987 Code of practice for concrete wearing surfaces
BS EN 196: MetJwds of testing cement
BS EN 196-1 : ·1~6 Determination of strength
Infortnative.references
BSI publications
BRITISH STANDARDS INS1TIUI10N. London
BS 812: Testing aggregates

BS 812 : Part 120 : 1989 Method for testing and classifying drying shrinkage of aggregates
in concrete
I BS 812 : Part 123 : 1999 Method/or the determination of alkali·silica reactivity - Concrete
prism method.
BS 1377: Metlu:KLs of test for soils Jor civil engineering purposes
BS 1377 : Part 3 : 1990 Chemical and electro-chemical tests
BS 6089: 1981 Gu~ to assessment of concree strength in existing structures
BS 6349 Maritime structures
BS 8102 : 1990 Code of practice for protection of structures agairut water from
the ground
BS 8110: Structural 'USe of concrete
BS 8110 : Part 1 : 1985 Code of practice for design ami.construction
CP 102: 1973 Code oj practice for protection of buildings against water from the
ground
BS EN ISO 9000 : QuaJ:Uy management and quality assurance standards
BS EN ISO 9001 : 1994 Quality systems. Model far quality assurance in design,
development, production, installation and servicing
Other publications
/1/ BRE Digest 3631) Sul!ate and acid resistance of concrete in the ground..
/2/ BRE Digest 3571) Shrinkage of natural aggregates in concrete.
[3J BRE Digest 3301) Alkai-silica reaction in concrete, 1999.
7ext deleted. . .
14/ Ministry.of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Dairyjloors, 1967.-
[5/ Concreie in milking parlours, Cement and Concrete Association (now British Cement Association) Farm
Note 8, 1980.
[6/ Building Research Report 2791) Bowley, M.J., Sul/ate and acid attn.ck on concrete in the ground;
recommended procedures for soil analysis.
(" )..
I) Available from Building Research Establishment, Garston, Watford WD2 7JR.

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C BSI Of>..l999

BS 5328: Issue 2, May 1999
Part 1 : 1997·
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BRITISH STANDARD BS 5328:

Copyright by the BSI, Wed Oct 24 11:55:51 2001, Uncontrolled Copy

Committees responsible for this

British Aggregate Construction Materials Industries

Association of Lightweight Aggregate Manufacturers

This British Standard. having

10364 May 1999 Indicated by a sideline

The following 851 references

ISBN 0 680 26722 9

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Page Issue Page Issue

Front cover 2 3to6 original

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Part 1 Guide to specifying concrete;

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e BSI 05-1999 iii

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3.3 cement content 3.14 designated mix

with the required performance. subclasses are available.

2 C> BSI Of)..l999

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BS 5328 : Part 1 : 1997

4 Constituent materials of concrete 4.3 Aggregates

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Table 2. Aggregates for general use

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5.2.3 Sulfates In concrete

5.2.4 Alkali-silica reaction

5.2.5 Other considerations 0.3.2 Minimum concrete quality

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5.3.4 Exposure to aggressive chemicals 5.4 Llmltatlon on mix parameters

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Table 7. Sulfate and acid resistance

1 < 0.4 - < 0.24 < 1.2 1,2,3 - -

C> BSI 05-1999 11

Table 7. Sulfate and acid resistance

3 Sulfate-resisting Portland cement conforming to BS 4027

Table 7. Sulfate and acid resistance

3) For ground floor slabs see BRE Digest 363 11]

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BS 5328 : Part 1 : 1997

Table 1. Sulfate and acid resistance Table 9. Compreaslve strength grades

Table 8. Adjustments to minimum cement

contents for aggregates other than 20 mm

10 + 40 6.2 Concrete to meet special requirements

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7 Properties of fresh concrete 7.2 Workability

Table 11. Workabilities suitable for different uses of in situ concrete

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7..3 Air content 7.5 Density of fresh concrete

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BS 53_- ..- -- - - · A-.lJ'

8.2.3 Prescribed mix 8.2.6 Designated mix

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BS 5328 : Part 1 : 1997

Table 12. Summary of dIfferent types of mix

Range of All All 7.5N1mm2 7.5N/mm2

C> 851 1997 17

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HS 5328 : Part 1 : 1997