International Journal of Social Studies-V-2 PDF

Vol. 2. No.
3 & 4 January - December, 2015 ISSN: 2349-1086
International Journal of
Social Studies
A Biannual Referred Journal

International Journal of Social Studies
Cite this Volume as 2 Vol. 3&4 International Journal of Social Studies

(January-December, 2015)
©Publishers
The “International Journal of Social Studies” is published biannual. Contributions to
the Journal are invited in the form of articles, notes and case comments. Contributions
should be typed in double space on one side of A-4 size paper and should also be sent
as an attachment to the email: srivastavamridullko@gmail.com. Wordscope Publishers
Pvt. Limited shall be the sole copyright owner of all the published material. Apart from
fair dealing for the purposes of research, private study or critism no part of this Journal
may be used in any form whatsoever without prior written permission from the
publisher.
The editors, publishers and printers do not claim any responsibility for the views
expressed by the contributors and for the errors, if any, in the information contained in
the Journal. The University shall not be responsible for any damages or loss in whatever
manner, consequent to any action taken on the basis of the contents of the Journal,
caused to any persons.
Published by
Editor-in-Chief
WORDSCOPE PUBLISHERS PRIVATE LIMITED
568/9, Kailashpuri, Near Neelkanth Temple,
Alambagh, Lucknow -226005
& Late Narendra Kumar Srivastava Foundation
Annual Subscription
Individual Institutional Foreign
Rs. 1000/- Rs. 1500/- $50
Please send your subscription in the form of DD/Cheque or Cash to:

The Editor-in-Chief
& Late Natrendra Kumar Srivastava Foundation
Printed by
Army Printing Press, Cantt. Nehru Road, Lucknow
ii
Editorial Board
Patron
Prof. Shanta B. Singh
Department of Criminology and Applied Human Sciences,
University of Kwazulu Natali, Howard College Campus, Durban,
South Africa
Editor-in-Chief
Dr. Mridul Srivastava
Executive Editors
Dr. Anup Yadava
Dr. J.P. Srivastava
Executive Assistant Editors

Mr. Avinash Chandra
Ms. Preeti Dwivedi
Mr. Nitish Kumar Soni
Ms Jyoti Yadav
Ms. Shalini Saxena
iii
Advisory Board
Prof. Balraj Chauhan,

Former Vice Chancellor, RMLNLU & NLIU, Former Professor of Law, Lucknow
University
Prof. K. Kishore
Head, Department of Public Administration, Lucknow University, Lucknow
Ms Ana Rita Fnery

State Judge in Sao Paulo
Tribunal de Justica Do Estado De Sao Paulo, Comarca De Guarulhos, Brazil
Mr. Ashish Kumar, IES

Advisor, Ministry of Road Transport, Govt. of India, New Delhi
Mr. Chandra Prakash, IPS

Additional Director of Police, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
Mr. Dheeraj Kumar, IAS

District Magistrate, District Bhandara, Maharashtra
Mr. Jawahar Lal,

Joint Secretary to Chief Minister, Government of Uttar Pradesh
Dr. Sharad
Deputy Inspector General (General), Government of Uttar Pradesh
Mr. Mithilesh Kumar Mishra

Associate Vice President, Khed Infrastructure Pvt. Limited, Pune
Mr. Nikhil Maurya

Member and Advisor,
Late Narendra Kumar Srivastava Foundation, Lucknow
Dr. Surendra Kumar Yadav

Advisor, Late Narendra Kumar Srivastava Foundation, Lucknow
Scholar, Tver State Medical International Academy, Tver, Russia
Mr. Rajesh Sahni

Additional Superintendent of Police, Uttar Pradesh Police
iv
Article Review Board
Dr. Anand Shanker Singh

Principal, Iswar Saran Degree College,
University of Allahabad, Allahabad
Prof. A.N. Singh

Former Head, Department of Social Work,
University of Lucknow, Lucknow
Dr. Indira Srivastava

Associate Professor, Iswar Saran Degree College,
University of Allahabad, Allahabad
Ms Rashmi Yadava
Research Scholar,
JJT University, Rajasthan
Ms Namita Saxena
Head of the Department,
Indian High School, Dubai, UAE
v
Contributors
Dr. Anup Yadava, IAS
Research Scholar, JJT University, Rajasthan
Director, Rajya Krishi Utpadan Mandi Parishad, U.P
Dr. Mridul Srivastava

Assistant Registrar & Faculty of Criminology
Dr. Ram Manohar Lohiya National Law University, Lucknow
Dr.Anand Shanker Singh

Principal, Iswer Saran Degree College, University of Allahabad, Allahabad
Dr.Indira Srivastava
Associate Professor, Iswer Saran Degree College, University of Allahabad, Allahabad
Preeti Dwivedi
Assistant Professor of Sociology, mahila Mahavidyalaya (PG) College, Kanpur
Dr. Geetanjali Srivastava

Assistant Professor, Department of Social Work, Shri Ram Swaroop Memorial
University, Lucknow
Vaishali Srivastava
Advocate, High Court, Lucknow Bench, Lucknow
Rashmi Yadava
Research Scholar, JJT University, Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan
Avinash Chandra,
Research Scholar, Faculty of Law, Lucknow University
Taru Mishra
Assistant Professor, Department of Law, Amity University, Lucknow
Satatya Anand
Student, Second Year, B.A. LLB. (Hons.), Chanakya National Law University, Patna
Jawahar Lal
Joint Secretary to Chief MInister, Government of Uttar Pradesh
Srishti S. Shashwat
Student, B.A.LL.B, National Law University, Ranchi
vi

Vol. 2. No. 3 & 4, January-December, 2015
Contents
S.No Title of the Paper and Author Page No.
1. Domestic Violence: An Inhumane Cruelty Against Women 1

Dr. Geetanjali Srivastava & Vaishali Srivastava
2. Right to Information : A Boom to Governance 8

Satatya Anand
3. Psychological Interpretation of Violence 16

Dr. Anand Shanker Singh & Dr. Indira Srivastava
4. The Application of Business Techniques to the Administration 20

of Social Agencies
Dr. Anup Yadava & Rashmi Yadava
5. Delinquency Control : The Institutional Strategy 30

Avinash Chandra & Taru Mishra
6. Public Participation in The Prevention of Crime 40

Dr. Mridul Srivastava & Preeti Dwivedi
7. Animal Rights in contravention with Human Rights 49

Srishti. S. Shashwat & Jawahar Lal
vii
viii
Domestic Violence: An Inhumane Cruelty Against Women
Domestic Violence: An Inhumane Cruelty

Against Women
Dr. Geetanjali Srivastava*
Vaishali Srivastava* *
Domestic violence is a pattern of assault and coercive behaviour including physical,

sexual and psychological attacks, by a person against his/her own intimate partner.
Women are more frequently the victims. Women in our society considered as Shakti
Swaroopa since Vedic period. In form of wife, mother, sister, daughter. She is the centre
of procreation of society. Human society exists through association of men and women
as one, because they are complementary to each other. They both are empowered with
variety of capabilities through nature which mend to each other to full fill their basic
needs. Hence nobody is superior or inferior and both are important for endurance of
our society. It is also mentioned in all holy religions that men and women are equally
important1 .
Before we discuss about the causes of Domestic violence it is necessary to
understand the meaning of domestic violence: Traditionally, domestic violence (DV)
was mostly associated with physical violence. For instance, according to the Merriam-
Webster dictionary definition, domestic violence is: “the inflicting of physical injury
by one family or household member on another; also: a repeated / habitual pattern of
such behaviour.” Domestic violence is now more broadly defined to include “all acts
of physical, sexual, psychological or economic violence” that may be committed by a
person who is a family member or a person that has been an intimate partner or spouse,
irrespective of whether they lived together2 .
Dynamic Explanation:
The term “intimate partner violence” (IPV) is often used synonymously with
domestic abuse or domestic violence Many types of intimate partner violence occur,
including violence between gay and lesbian couples by men against women, and by
women against their male partners. Violence by a person against their intimate partner
is often done as a way of controlling their partner, even if this kind of violence is not the
most frequent.
Family violence is a broader definition, often used to include child abuse,elder
*
Assistant Professor, Shri Ram Swaroop Memorial University, Lucknow
**
Advocate, High Court, Lucknow Bench, Lucknow
1
Ahuja Ram,Crime against Women,Rawat Publications Jaipur 1987.
2
Patterns and responses to violence againstwomen in India. Gend Action 1997
1
abuse , and other violent acts between family members. The United Nations Declaration
on the Elimination of Violence against Women (1993) defines violence against women
that occurs in the family as follows:
“Physical, sexual and psychological violence occurring in the family, including
battering, sexual abuse of female children in the household, dowry-related violence,
marital rape, female genital mutilation and other traditional practices harmful to
women, non-spousal violence and violence related to exploitation”. Hence it could be
said that Domestic violence includes Physical, mental, emotional, economic and social
torture of women (Wife, daughter and sisters) by other members of family. These family
members may be Father, Brother Mother, In Laws, Husband etc3 .
Causes of Domestic violence:

1. Male dominance over women: Domestic violence may start when one partner
feels the need to control and dominate the other. Abusers may feel this need to
control their partner because of low self-esteem, extreme jealousy, difficulties in
regulating anger and other strong emotions, or when they feel inferior to the other
partner in education and socioeconomic background. Some men with very
traditional beliefs may think they have the right to control women and
that women aren’t equal to men
2. Cultural value: Domestic violence often occurs because the perpetrator believes
that abuse is acceptable. This produces intergenerational cycle of abuse and cultural
systems that overlook violence. Extreme forms of abuse include various forms of
homicide, including honour killing, dowry killing and violent assaults such as
acid attacks. Awareness, perception, definition and documentation of domestic
violence differ widely from country to country, and from era to era. In most of the
countries all over the world people do not take domestic violence as a severe
problem related to women and also to their family. It has become a part of their
daily life. On other side women also take issues related to domestic violence as a
personal matter of their conjugal relation and nobody is allowed to interfere no
matter they are passing through most awful situation. Because Domestic violence
merged as cultural value in our social system.
3. Low level of education of women: Education the most effective process of
socialisation of human being. This enhances intellectual and mental development
of human being .Through which a person becomes capable to recognise right and
wrong and to take decision independently. Apart from this the knowledge base of
a person spread s wider. Education of women is secondary issue in most of the
3
Chapman,J.K.and gates ,Margaret (eds),The victimisationof women,Sage Publications,Baverly Hills
California,1976
2
country .Woman is always treated as supporting identity for man hence it is

considered that education is important for man not for women .In India most of
the girls do not get enrolment in schools due to poverty and the tendency to
consider girl as property of her in laws in future that s why girls must be trained
to manage house hold activities like cooking, housekeeping, taking care of family
member and upbringing of children.
4. Tradition of Dowry system in marriage: Dowry is in roots of marriage system in
India .Despite of social legislation in form of Dowry Prohibition Act 1961 it is
directly and indirectly prevalent in marriage. Women from all the categories –
educated or uneducated, poor or financially sound and belonging from any cast
or religion might be the victim of domestic violence caused by Dowry. Women are
the only sufferer no matter their parents willingly gives dowry or they do not give
Dowry. Because Dowry is never ending thirst which can never be satisfied
completely and there no remedy to overcome from this problem.
5. Difference in upbringing of women: It is seen in India that the upbringing of boy
is always favoured as compared to the upbringing of girl child. There is a
calculative mind set behind this discrimination Male child have been taken as
assets of the family and female child are considered as liability for family. Hence
most of the people want to get rid of this liability as soon as possible. Apart from
this people do not invest more and more on the liability, they prefer to invest on
assets .This negligence towards women and preference towards men reflects in
low level of education of women ,female foeticide, large size of family ,poor health
and economic backwardness of women
6. Conjugal conflict and dissatisfaction: In most of the marriages conflict arises
when both the partner have differences on different issues and they argument
each other. Adjustment and understanding each other is the basic necessarily of
a happy married life. Marriage requires thinking over self centred attitude and
felling of togetherness accelerate the marital harmony. It is applicable on both the
partners of marriage. Conflict arises when one partner overlook or constrict the
other one. In most of the cases women becomes victim of this situation. If a woman
is submissive and compromising by nature conflict does not turn to extreme
situation. But if women is extrovert or confrontational by nature the conflict turn
to Domestic violence easily4 .
4
Luard T. China brides bear brunt of violence. BBC News Online. http//news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/ asia-pacific/
3109292.stm
3
Cruelty by Husband or his relatives in India

Year Incidence Rate
2013 1,18,866 9.7
2012 1,06,527 8.8
2011 99,135 8.2
2010 94,041 7.9
2009 89,546 7.7
2008 81,344 7.1
2007 75,930 6.7
2006 63,128 5.6
2005 58319 5.3
(Source: NCRB, Rate per lakh of total population)

Table reveals an increasing trend in cruelty by husband or his relatives. It shows
that women are not safe even at the safest place for a person which is Home. The crime
rate was highest between year 2006 and 2007after then it is highest in between year
2012 and 2013.
7. Harmful use of alcohol: Alcoholism is also another important factor for Domestic
violence. Use of alcohol is not an offence in our normal life but misuse of alcohol
makes it awful .Addiction of alcohol makes a person’s behaviour abnormal because
over dose of alcohol effects the nerves system of human being and man loses his
control over his behaviour towards anyone .Again women as a wife or daughter
becomes the first victim inside the home .Alcohol stimulates violent behaviour in
a person. Sometimes use of alcohol becomes a family culture no one oppose each
other. If someone uses alcohol, family members take it easily and they become
mentally prepared to bare misbehaviour of drunken person.
8. Having multiple partners or suspicion on loyalty of life partner: Extra marital
affairs and having multiple partners is not socially accepted in our society.
Monogamy is universally accepted principal for marriage. It is also accepted as a
significant feature of civil society. It is declared illegal by different legislations all
over the world. Therefore it becomes intolerable to consider multiple partner and
extra marital affair of their spouse. Such types of relations survive in a concealed
manner .People also do not make it open due to its illegal identity.
9. Unsociable behavioural disorder: A sometimes personality trait of a person
stimulates to be violent .In such cases person behave violently without any genuine
reason because it is an inherent behaviour.
10. Past history of violence: Family is the first primary school for a child. He learns to
identify himself as a social being in the family .A family is small world for a child
during the years of dependency in his early life. Whatever good or bad is there in
4
the world, he learns from his family. A person acquires a shape of his character
inside his family. Therefore if a person passes through frequent domestic violence
incidences in his family, he also follows the same without hesitation. He rationalise
his behaviour by giving the reference of his family.
Post effects of Domestic violence: It may be explained under three sub categories-
1. Individual level:
Individuals may be trapped in domestic violent situations through isolation power
and control, insufficient financial resources, fear and shame Domestic violence degrade
the individual dignity of women as human being .It include physical and mental
degradation .Poor health, physical injuries and mental shock become obstacle for
integrated development of personality of a women. Hence at individual level the
condition of women become more vulnerable As a result of abuse, survivors may
experience physical disabilities, chronic health problems, mental illness, limited
finances, and poor ability to create healthy relationships. Victims may experience Post
traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)5 .
Alcohol consumption and mental illness can be co morbid with abuse, and present
additional challenges in eliminating domestic violence. These forms of violence can
lead to depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, sleep difficulties, eating disorders,
emotional distress and suicide attempts. The same study found that women who have
experienced intimate partner violence were almost twice as likely to experience
depression and problem drinking. The rate was even higher for women who had
experienced non partner sexual violence6 .
2. Family Disorganisation:
A woman is the central controlling point of the family in form of mother. Upbringing
of the children is the most imperative responsibility of the women through which
cultural transformation take place in the family. Mother is the first teacher of a person
for his socialisation. There is no substitute of mother care for Child hood needs. In the
absence of complete mother care child delinquency takes place in family Children who
live in a household with violence may continue the legacy of abuse when they reach
adulthood. Domestic violence often happens in the context of forced and child marriages.
Apart from this the reciprocal basic needs of men and women could not be fulfilled in
this petty situation of women. Domestic violence diverge the attention of family member
towards individual need and they start to overlook the integrated needs of family. If
domestic violence occurs between husband and wife, the situation provides a platform
to develop extramarital relations of both the partners7 .
5
Wha-soon B. A study on the prevention of and countermeasures against domestic violence. Women’s
Stud Forum 1994;10:148-7
6
Galindo E, Serrano N. Spain. Women in the world. Womens Health Newsl 1994 Aug;23:8.
7
McGibbon A, Cooper L, Kelly L. What support? Hammersmith and Fulham council communitypolice
committee domestic violence. London: Polytechnic of North London, 1989.
5
a. Marriage embraces physical, emotional, psychological, economic and social

relationship between husband and wife. Hence before taking any right or wrong
action both the partners must think of the effects of their deeds on each other
because marriage grants single identity to husband and wife both of them might
be the victim of defamation ,negligence from family member and social .
b. Patience and sacrifice towards each other must be the basic formula to lead family
life after parenthood because mother and father is the first teacher and family is
the first school for a child. Moral education of a child starts from interaction with
his parents.
c. There should not be any Interference and involvement of others between husband
and wife. They must be allowed to lead their family through their own capability
.It provides a ground to develop understanding sympathetic attitude towards
each other.
d. Privacy of conjugal relationship and intimacy with other family member must be
maintained together. Because society is functional as an organic identity in which
everything is interrelated and interdependent. In the same manner we cannot
lead are life with single relation and we are dependent on others for our different
needs. Hence importance must be given to every relation in our life8 .
e. Through marital counselling both the partner must be realized that their marriage
is fruitful only when they perform their duties properly towards each other as
married partner. Because marriage is the base for procreation of civil society. Thus
both are equally important. Therefore congruent relationship between man and
women becomes essential for survival of civil society9 .
3. Change in pattern of marriage:
It is seen in India that people from most of the communities and religion prefer to
spend plenty of money on the rituals and ceremony related to marriage. They consider
it as status symbols and arrange money out of their economic capacity .Dowry is the
most common form of this type of financial arrangement .Despite of Dowry Prohibition
Act 1961 demand and supply mechanism of Dowry works efficiently. This system
captured everyone in which caste, religion and economic status is no bar .Domestic
violence is one of the output of non fulfilment of Dowry demand. Arrangement of
Dowry has become a cultural value in marriage system that’s why people willingly
and unwillingly arrange the Dowry because in most of the cases finalisation of marriage
is dependent on the amount of Dowry. Undersized amount of dowry at the time of
marriage and non fulfilment of regular demands of Dowry after marriage has become
8
Douki S, Nacef F, Belhadj A, Bousker A, Ghachem R. Violence against women in Arab andIslamic countries.
Arch Women Ment Health 2003;6:165-71.
9
Mrsevic Z, Hughes DM. Violence against women in Belgrade, Serbia: SOS Hotline 1990-1993. Violence
Against Women 1997;3(2):101-28.
6
the strongest factor behind Domestic violence. Hence it is required to change the pattern
of marriage .Undemanding marriages must be promoted and rewarded. Rituals and
ceremonies (Engagement, Tilak ceremony etc) must be performed in simplified manner.
People must aware and motivate to oppose Dowry demands .Parents of bride and
bridegroom must make arrangement of all the domestic needs for newly married couple
collectively despite making demand and supply of dowry10 .
Immediate action to be taken by sufferer:

In an emergency, call 1090 /100— or your local emergency number or law
enforcement agency. The following resources also can help:
i) Someone you trust. Turn to a friend, loved one, neighbour, co-worker, or religious
or spiritual adviser for support
ii) Your health care provider. Doctors and nurses will treat injuries and can refer you
to safe housing and other local resources
iii) A local women’s shelter or crisis center. Shelters and crisis centers typically provide
24-hour emergency shelter, as well as advice on legal matters and advocacy and
support services.
iv) A counselling or mental health canter. Counselling and support groups for women
in abusive relationships are available in most communities.
v) A local court. Your district court can help you obtain a restraining order that
legally mandates the abuser to stay away from you or face arrest. Local advocates
might be available to help guide you through the process.
vi) It can be hard to recognize or admit that you’re in an abusive relationship — but
help is available. Remember, no one deserves to be abused.
10
Mirrlees-Black C. Domestic violence: finding from a new British crime survey self-completion questionnaire.
London: Home Office, 1999.
7
Right to Information: A Boom to Governance

Satatya Anand*
Right to Information is a strong weapon in the hands of people for ensuring

transparency and accountability in the working of every public authority and curtailing
corruption. The paper seeks to study the basic importance of RTI in modern era. The
paper further accentuates the empowering nature of RTI Act and the Right to Access
which has been given to the citizens by its enactment.
The researcher has used doctrinal method of research carrying out qualitative as
well as quantitative data analysis, triangulating on major empirical sources. The paper
is divided into five broad heads. Firstly, “Introduction: Right to Information”, here the
researcher has explained what right to information is? Why such right is of utmost
importance in today’s modern era and what made Indian government to enact such
Act? Secondly, “Ten Years of RTI- Where Do We Stand”, here the researcher will talk
about the use of RTI in the last decade with the challenges that it has faced. Thirdly,
“Right to Information as a tool for Good Governance”, here the researcher will focus on
the role of RTI in curtailing corruption and promoting transparency in turn helping in
good governance”. Fourthly, “Conclusion”, here the researcher has summarized the
effectiveness and need of the right to information and also has suggested some ways
for even better execution of Right to Information Act, 2005.
Introduction
Right to Information Act, 2005 opening line of what is “An Act to provide for
setting out the practical regime of right to information for citizens to secure access to
information under the control of public authorities, in order to promote transparency
and accountability in the working of every public authority, the constitution of a Central
Information Commission and State Information Commissions and for matters connected
therewith or incidental thereto1 ” clearly explains its objective. These lines can be sub
divided into three parts. Firstly, this act confers Right to Information to every citizen so
that they can get all the information that are under public authorities. Secondly, this act
intends to promote transparency and to establish greatly lacking accountability in
system. Thirdly, this act also deals with the constitution of Central Information
Commissions and State Information Commissions that is going to help in execution of
such act. The Right to Information Act (RTI) is an Act of the Parliament of India and this
Act applies to all States and Union Territories of India except for Jammu and Kashmir.
As already mentioned under this act any citizen of India may request for any sort of
information from any ‘public authority’. Public authority specifically means body of
*
STUDENT, SECOND YEAR, B.A. LLB. (HONS.), CHANAKYA NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY, PATNA
1
THE RIGHT TO INFORMATION ACT, 2005 No. 22 OF 2005.
8
government. And on such enquiry the required authorities need to respond expeditiously
or within 30 days of such enquiry.2
What is Right to Information Act?

The Right to Information Act (RTI) is an Act of the Parliament of India. It is
considered as one of the fundamental rights under Article 19(1) of the Constitution.
Article 19 (1) of the Indian constitution lays down that every citizen has freedom of
speech and expression. How freedom of expression can be construed as right to
information? This question is answered by the hon’ble supreme court of India in the
case of Raj Narain vs State of UP3 . In this case the court held that people cannot speak
or express themselves unless they know, thus making the Right to Information as an
integrally embedded part of the Fundamental rights enshrined in our Indian
Constitution. Adding on to this in the same case Supreme Court also said that India is
a democracy, People are the masters. Therefore, the masters have a right to know how
the governments, meant to serve them, are functioning.
Important Features of RTI

 This right is possessed by every citizen of India without any discrimination as
such.
 Term INFORMATION in RTI incorporate any form of record, circular, press release,
document, contract sample, e-mail, or electronic data, etc.
 Rights to Information includes document, record and its certified copy, inspection
of work, and information in form of floppies, tapes, diskettes, video cassettes in
any electronic mode or stored information in computer etc.
 The application will be responded within 30 days. And if the matter is related to
Life of any person then the information can be obtained within 48 hours.
 Every public authority is obligated to provide required information.
 Penalty for refusal to receive an application for information or for not providing
information is Rs.250/- per day but the total amount of penalty should not exceed
Rs. 25,000/-.4
Ten Years of RTI- Where Do We Stand?

Ten years after the Right to Information Act was passed by the Rajya Sabha on
May 12, 2005, its implementation remains inefficient and transparency and
2
P a s c h i m ba n ga g r a m i n b a n k c o m , ’ ’ ( P a s c h i m ba n ga g r a m i n b a n k c o m , ) < h t t p : / /
www.paschimbangagraminbank.com/about-us/rti-act.asp> accessed 5 October 2015
3
1975 SCR (3) 333
4
Apgovin, ’’ (Apgovin, ) <http://cooperation.ap.gov.in/pdf/1.pdf> accessed 5 October 2015
9
accountability seem to be under threat in India. Problems posed by missing files in

government offices has come to fore. “The information sought by citizens can be provided
only if the records are maintained properly. If the RTI has to succeed, then the Public
Records Act must be implemented”.5 Wasteful execution has deferred the settlement of
data bids. An October 2014 report brought out by the RTI Assessment and Analysis
Group (RAAG) demonstrated a holding up time of up to 60 years in Madhya Pradesh
and up to 18 years in West Bengal, figured on the premise of current rates of pendency
in Information Commissions. “In less than 3 per cent of cases, penalties were imposed
on government departments denying information sought”.6
What the RTI Act has figured out how to accomplish in the most recent decade is
to unleash a quiet resident’s development for government responsibility the nation
over. The RAAG report found that on a normal, 4-5 million applications are recorded
under the Act each year. Be that as it may, this has not been without its negative results.
Forty activists who had demanded crucial information, with the potential to expose
corruption within the government, had been killed. This has necessitated supplementary
laws such as whistleblower protection laws to ensure protection for information
activists.7
“The law has a potential to be a crucial catalyst in challenging the power equation
between the common masses and the ruling classes besides curtailing corruption. The
object to create this Act was to serve a larger public interest to question the age old
hierarchical traditional system of governance and to strengthen foundation for a true
participatory democracy. However, the assessment of ten years of its implementation
reveals that many promises remain unfulfilled. The law has failed to benefit citizens as
recently the bureaucratic apparatus is creating hurdles in its smooth implementation.
Instead of empowering citizens, the law has been operated in a manner to exclude
majority of populace. The widening polarity between the givers and the receivers of
information is creating a hindrance in smooth functioning of democracy. The RTI (Right
to Information) is rather gradually becoming an OTI (Obstruction to Information) where
the giver of the information no longer is willingly parting the required information
rather the giver is trying to utilize all the armaments to prevent sharing the same.8
What is being shared is propaganda where partial information is shared to influence
the audiences by selectively presenting the facts to produce emotional rather than the
rational response to the political or a social situation. In the age of information and
technology, when the usable, relevant and timely information should be proactively
5
Vidya venkat, ’’ (The Hindu, ) <http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/10-years-after-rti-
transparency-under-cloud/article7213480.ece> accessed 1 October 2015
6
Vidya venkat, ’’ (The Hindu, ) <http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/10-years-after-rti-
transparency-under-cloud/article7213480.ece> accessed 5October 2015
7
Ibid.
8
Southasianmedianet, ’’ (Southasianmedianet, ) <http://www.southasianmedia.net/stories/india/
english-language-media/10-years-after-rti-transparency-under-cloud-story> accessed 29
October 2015
10
disclosed by the public authorities, often they end up denying transparency and
accountability by withholding the required pertinent information. The usability from
the perspective of the information seeker is often lacking and RTI has failed to become
a user friendly law. The backlash against RTI by government and judiciary is further
hampering the citizen’s fundamental right to know. To counter such denial and hostility
by the bureaucratic machinery, the civil society and citizens have to find innovative
ways and means so that RTI truly serves the purpose of ending corruption and facilitate
better governance.”9
The Whistleblowers Protection (Amendment), Bill, 2015, went by the Lok Sabha
has restored concerns with respect to the defenselessness of data seekers making
divulgences in people in general hobby. “The first expectation of the informant insurance
law was to secure subjects unveiling data with respect to wrongdoing in the bigger
open hobby. In any case, the proposed changes have transformed the law into an
‘Informant Prevention and Victimization Act’. The alterations don’t give resistance to
informants, making them at risk for indictment under the Official Secrets Act, he says.
The Bill totally weakens the procurements of the prior law evacuating everything
exempted under Section 8 (1) of the RTI Act from inside of the ambit of shriek blowing.
“On the off chance that the administration needed to guarantee that delicate data with
respect to national security, respectability, and so forth., is not made open, then the law
could have been fittingly corrected toguarantee extra defends or by making procurements
for a system for private divulgence. What is tried to be done now is a sweeping
prohibition on exposures containing touchy data”.
Impact of RTI: Boom to Governance

Right to information (RTI) is domesticated as a tool for advocating participatory
development, enhancing democratic governance and promoting effective delivery of
socio-economic benefits. In the knowledge society, in which we exist today, acquisition
of data and new knowledge and its applicability have intense and prevalent impact on
processes of taking posted decisions, resulting in spherical productivity revenues. People
who have avenue to information and who knows how to make utilization of the acquired
data in the processes of regulating their political, economic and constitutional rights
become empowered, which, in turn, endow them to build their powers and assets, so as
to upgrade the quality of life. In view of this, almost each society has made efforts for
democratizing knowledge resources by way of putting in place the mechanisms for free
flow of information and ideas so that people can access them without asking for it. The
biggest impacts of RTI on Good Governance:
Reduction in Corruption
The way of life of mystery, as known, urges the administration authorities to enjoy
9
Nigam Shalu , Right to Information: Law and Practices (1st edn, JBA Publishers 2005)
11
degenerate practices, which bring about lower speculations because of abuse of force
and redirection of stores for private purposes. Therefore, the administration’s social
spending yields no beneficial advantages, in light of the fact that, for occurrence, the
educators don’t instruct, specialists and medical attendants don’t go to wellbeing
focuses, proportion card holders don’t get financed nourishment grains and, in this
way, employment backing is denied, and the guaranteed occupations are not gave to
poor people, who are guaranteed of salary backing. All the while, it sustains destitution
and damages poor people. It makes a domain of doubt between the general population
and the administration, which encroach upon the improvement and risk popularity
based administration.
Poverty Alleviation
RTI is used as a tool for facilitating effective delivery of socio-economic services.
RTI empowers people to seek details about their entitlements and, accordingly, to take
informed decisions in all matters affecting them so as to secure equity and justice.
Recognizing the significance of right to know for ensuring free flow of information and
good governance, the RTI Act exempts the poor from payment of fees of Rs.10/- for
seeking information. And, the information is to be furnished within the stipulated
period of thirty days, failing which penalty may be imposed. An estimate reveals that at
least 20 per cent of the information seekers are those who belong to BPL category. In
rural areas, this share is as high as 37% of the total applicants.
Challenges
Various studies indicate that Right to Information act is facing some serious
challenges that are not letting us to realize the RTI at its fullest. Challenges are listed
below:
 Awareness levels are very low among common people, they neither know about
their right nor do they care about any information. This is the biggest challenge
before proper implementation of RTI. This issue is more frequent in remote areas,
people are least concerned there. Mass media that includes newspaper, TV
channels, journals, magazines, etc. is considered to be the biggest source of
awareness but huge population of India has no access to these resulting in
malfunctioning of such right.
 Another major challenge that RTI is facing is illiteracy and poverty. People who
are not educated, who do not have enough money to live decently, for them RTI
has no consequence. Their prime requirement managing these basic amenities
that is Right to Live, not RTI.
 There is no user guide available for the same. Such unavailability of user guides
makes it very difficult for the information seeker to gather knowledge about the
12
process for submitting a RTI request. That results in improper implementation of

RTI.
 Another hurdle in successful implementation of RTI is non-cooperation on the
part of bureaucracy. The colonial mindset of bureaucrats makes them use public
information as their own prerogative. Bureaucrats many a time show resistance
in disclosing the basic information to people either cause of their vested interest or
some other personal reason.
 There is absence of proper coordination and cooperation among different state
information commissioners. This non-cooperation of departments acts as
hindrance in smooth implementation of RTI act.
 Unavailability of basic infrastructure at bolck/panchayat level. PIOs are required
to provide information to the applicant through soft copies, photocopies, etc,
though it is possible at district level but even these basic infras are not available at
block level. So, lack of infrastructure is also a challenge.
Conclusion
Thus it can be doubtlessly mentioned that Right to Information is an efficient tool
for good governance. This right also has the bearings for the development and the
implementation of flagship programmes for alleviation of poverty. This right positively
increases accountability of administration and government as a whole to the people. It
builds awareness of people regarding administration and gives every citizen an
opportunity to be a part of decision making process, also to be an active participant of
democracy. In this way such right promotes democratic ideology by promoting openness
and transparency in the administrative functions. By ensuring transparency and
enhanced accountability this right reduces the chances of corruption and hectic abuse
of authority by public servants. Since the objective of the act is to protect people‘s
interest, therefore its success also depends upon how they exercise the act. That is to
say, there is a foremost need of active participation from people, coordination among
RTI officials, NGO‘s, civil society groups, integrity among government departments
and political will from government and elected leaders.
In recent years it is observable that there is a growing push for transparency in
governance that ensures accountability. The Right to Information (RTI) Act, the activism
surrounding it has helped to reveal information that aimed at holding officials
accountable. That is to say, it is necessary to make the information system RTI friendly
and to increase accountability and to maintain transparency. The successful
implementation of such law is contingent on three fundamental shifts: a new culture of
openness needs to evolve from the existing culture of secrecy; authority coupled with
accountability needs to replace despotism; and participative governance should be
fostered rather than unilateral decision making. Though this single step in the form of
RTI, act, 2005 cannot change everything, but this is a very needed and important
13
beginning. As already discussed in the paper, Right to Information has ensured and is
very well expected to ensure in future Good Governance in the following way:
 Participation- Good Governance means participation of both men and women in
the core decision making process. Few chosen people cannot rule in a representative
democracy; all sections specially the most vulnerable sections of the society must
be taken into account. And the Right to information act gives people a chance to
participate.
 Accessibility- Right to Information makes it possible for every citizen to easily
access information from government departments and thus it reduces the
traditional long gap between administration and citizens.
 Transparency and Accountability- Transparency and accountability are possible
only when the common people have free and fair access to information. This act
has enabled people to seek any information from any government department
within a definite time frame i.e. 30days. Hence, ensuring transparency and
promoting accountability.
 Equity and Inclusiveness- It implies that everybody is a part of the governance
and no one is excluded from the mainstream of the society. In same spirit, this act
also does not make any discrimination between rich and poor and it incorporates
every citizen.
Improvement in the quality of life includes increasing people’s options for higher
earnings, a cleaner environment, better education and health care, and a wealthier
cultural life and so many other things. Attaining all this is possible only with the fair
functioning of government. We, democratic citizens, have every right to get transparent
process information; proving the point that, RTI Act is the road to the success of any
democracy. Corruption leading to inefficiencies is nothing new, but citizens earlier
had no recourse. However with the implementation of the RTI Act, citizens now have a
tool to bring in transparency and compel government to be accountable at all levels of
Governance. What is satisfying is that the RTI Act has considerable impact on the
quality of life of the poor and deprived sections of the society. But still the act needs to
be fully realized. The citizens, media, Government, and Civil Society Organizations
altogether need to do a lot more to attain the intended objective of the Act.
Suggestions
 As discussed in the challenges face by RTI, due to lack of awareness, most of
people have not even heard about RTI act. The government intervention is must in
such situation. Government must allocate huge fund for publicity of RTI act.
 Since children are the resources that will decide the future health of nation.
Therefore, in the school syllabus RTI act should be added in order to arouse
14
curiosity of children and also to make them aware about RTI at the grass-root
level.
 In order to ensure the accuracy of the information efficient and scientific record
keeping agency should be maintained so that applicants may get accurate
information with ease. Without modernizing and digitizing management of
information and record providing information would take several days often
exceeding the legal deadlines.
 All the development projects, including poverty alleviation programmes must
have transparency and accountability norms. Assessment of the extent of
adherence of the norms and objective scrutiny of the process of execution of
programmes must be included in the system to ensure transparency and
accountability.
 The role of NGOs cannot be neglected. They can create effective demand for
maximum disclosure of public information. They can ensure that citizens from
every background are well informed and can participate in decision making
process at socio-economic- political level. NGOs can also help increase in
awareness about the human rights and they may create social awareness
regarding how to realize these rights. This improvement would lead to strong
multiplier effects. Those will be eradication of poverty and creation of necessary
conditions for good governance.
 Robust monitoring and strong evaluation system is very much needed. Such system
will ensure periodical review of the implementation of the law and will lay down
provision for feedback to government agencies that will help them address the
shortcomings.
 Different websites of different state information commissions must be integrated
through a common IT gateway. Or common national portal on RTI will also work.
This will solve most of the technical problems faced by citizens.
 Last not the least, it has been found that influence of political powers affects a lot
the functioning or decision making of high level public officials, so, it is very
much required that they maintain integrity by ignoring the vested interest.
15
Psychological Interpretation of Violence

Dr. Anand Shanker Singh*
Dr. Indira Srivastava* *
(Violence, particularly communal violence is very much in the news, rather than
discussing the forms that it has taken in recent months, here an attempt is made to
identify the psychological and sociological factors that give rise to it in a multi-ethnic
society like ours. Some preventive measures have also been suggested). The development
of the human conscience has not kept pace with material progress because of the
whimsical nature of the man’s adherence to ethical principles. Consequently, the
behavioural norms of many social groups in modern age are identical to prehistoric
man’s condition of environmental adaptation while violence guaranteed the survival
of the caveman, such deviant behaviour employed by the rational man today, implies
deficiency. In fact, social scientists have concluded that violence is essential to the
evolutionary process, and is a corollary to human nature1 .
To some extent, the tendency to aggress is inherited. Life in society is organized
both cooperatively and competitively. To succeed, a person has to wage a minor war
against his environment. Success is really the survival of the fittest, for an individual
has to develop his inmate capacities in competition with others who are perceived as
his rivals. This principle, when carried beyond limits, and in conflict with the needs of
others, breeds a pathological condition. The human personality is the product of the
interaction of heredity & environment. It is quite sure that the person who inherits
aggressive traits and is nurtured in a subculture of violence will become an offender. It
is equally undeniable that a person forms his conscience in relation to the value system
of his immediate environment which is the family. The potentially antisocial urges that
shape him in infancy or Childhood.
Successful social interaction is closely associated with the way in which a child
accepts and deals with frustrations and limitations and how he reacts to authority. He
must accept authority, both at the parental and school level, but he must not be
overwhelmed by it. People pore over the pages of magazines containing grisly photo-
graphs of mutilated bodies. A fire destroys life and property, driving many into despair,
but an on looker is entertained at best he shrugs it off. Every civilisation broathes its
subcultures of violence, every society sees confrontation as a solution, and the average
man is never completely weaned away from his rapid urges2 .
*
Principal, Iswar Saran Degree College, University of Allahabad, Allahabad
**
Associate Professor, Iswar Saran Degree College, University of Allahabad, Allahabad
1
Ghosh S.K Violence in the streets 1982 Light and Libe Pub. New Delhi.
2
Larsen, O.N Violence and the Mass Media 1978, Published by Harper and Row, New York.
16
The vastness of a multi-cultured country like India, its heterogeneity, multiple

religious beliefs, the grip of superstition , illiteracy, the caste system, joint family
pressures, and the waves of invasions over the centuries have produced a complex and
often confused society. The impact of this modernisation has bred an egocentric ethos
where emotions are focussed on objects merely for personal achievements.
Indian history continuously saw fragmented states at variance with each other.
There are groups within groups each with differing aspirations the fulfilment of which
are bound to compromise the interests of others. Often, religion creeds hatred.
This trouble ridden country has to cope with linguistic problems, political
agitations, agrarian unrest, industrial dispute, tensions between groups and communal
riots. Every region has its extraneous influences that cause conflict. There is a tendency
in social groups to seek status for themselves. The collective efforts becomes a compulsive
striving, which faces blocks in the form of persons and institutions that are found
unresponsive. The enhanced self-esteem of the group, especially when authorities are
passive to aggressive postures, generates a determination not to accept disappointment
as an answer.
The Government is interpreted as using the law as a clock for oppression. Riots
often occur as a result of minor incidents which are dramatized, and fed by real or
imaginary beliefs of exploitation by those in power or other groups. Violence
can also breed satisfaction gained form destruction for its own sake and any target
becomes a scapegoat. When violence leads to destruction, the innocent too suffers.
Rioters consider themselves to be partners in a crusade to achieve a common goal. The
victims symbolically represent individuals and agencies who are indifferent to group
aspirations. In fact, the man has a blurred vision, and anyone in its path is perceived as
an imaginary enemy.
The struggle against authority also finds impositions restricting and irksome;
thus there is an effort to redistribute hierarchies’ status. Thus there is the desperate
stage at which elimination of personalities is resorted to, if one prominent person
cannot be killed, the murder of another imply compensation. Revolutionaries relish
assassination. Violence thus becomes an accepted mode of behaviour for righting a
wrong, especially in an unstable society and political transformation.
It is the great irony, that it is the peace-loving nature of the target group that
promotes violence, and generally it is the aggressors who shape the outcome. They feel
provoked, and therefore interpret the problem as demanding a violent situation. Society
is viewed as a threat to their existence. Violent individuals assign to themselves
missions involving the use of force on behalf of norms they feel should be adopted as
universal rules of conduct. To them the opponent acts as a source of physical danger
and the situation requires neutralisation. Violence becomes a pattern when authorities
routinely display an incapacity to cope. The aggressors discover that there are no
restraints, and that they can satisfy new and unexpected needs by resorting to antisocial
activities. more importantly, they are elements of past encounters as they approach a
17
fresh situation. The response is routine and the logic of violence emerges from its
practice3 .
The violent person also suffers from a feeling of inferiority so he demonstrates his
worth by emphasising his toughness and status. His sense of importance is thus partially
fulfilled. This can take ugly forms when he exercises his strength for sheer pleasure
against individuals who are susceptible to it, and becomes an exploiter of others for
personal gain. Individuals who belong to this category may be deficient in mental,
verbal and social stalls. Their handicaps can be traced to impersonal relationships in
early life, or an unbridled infancy and growth to adulthood. Violence can, in some
instances, be related to clumsiness.
Criminal drives are often present among people belonging to the lower socio-
economic strata, who suffer from emotional and material deprivation, social frustration
and physical strain. In slum societies, where physical means of demonstrating
manhood. Dehumanising influences like overcrowding, rejection by groups or the
inability to earn, coupled with the psychological characteristics of the individual lead
to abnormal personality development.
Primitive man shared his environment with animals. The adult male had to light
for self defence and hunt for nourishment. Violence was essential then, but the world is
not a jungle now. Moreover, an animal does not kill unless provoked or in search of
food. While man shares with brutes the instinct for violence, he also has in him the
noble element of peace. Emotional striving in its irrational form must be suppressed
and must be supplanted by ethical drives that can create more peaceful society.
Preventive Measures:
Violence is not an isolated phenomena, socially or psychologically. ‘Subcultures
of violence’ have attributes other than violence-proneness. Violent men are blessed
and cursed with diverse qualities, many it is not necessary to remake people, not to
remodel society. Our assignment is to rechannel or to redirect specific undesirable
propensities, without prejudice to the integrity of the persons involved. A more wholesale
approach would not only be wasteful but might magnify the very problem it seeks to
eliminate. Violence feeds on low self-esteem, and it thrives on a sense of inadequacy.
We would therefore have to make sure that we stress to people engaged in violence that
they are not condemned as individuals or as classes of people, but that our concern
about their destructive behaviours is ultimately governed by our regard for their worth
as human beings, as well as by our feelings for their worth as human beings, as well as
by our feeling for the victims of their act. We must make certain that every man
understands that he himself is the victim of violence-not only because society reacts
against him, but because violence is self-defeating.
3
Toch. H. Violentman, 1969, Published by Aldive Publishing Company, Chicago.
18
Reducing violence among ‘subcultures of violence’ is a difficult process, and our

research contain little information relevant to the problem. When a group assumes that
certain kinds of violence are appropriate and legitimate, it is obviously sterile to combat
this assumptions by arguing the case that violence is undesirable. Society preaches
non-violence while simultaneously reinforcing conditions that make violence attractive
to large segments of the population4 .
If the resources for direct attack on social problems are not available or not used,
society is limited to the indirect strategy of rescuing members of violent subcultures
from the common fate of their brethern, and of building them into subcultures that
make violence unnecessary for survival. In the words of Wolfgang and Ferracuti, ‘The
personality undergoes a process of weakening of the subcultural ties by means of one
of a variety of techniques until allegiance is decreased and a new value system can be
introduced’ :
Strategies for Change:

In planning strategies designed to overcome violence a number of consideration
must be kept in mind:
1. The violence-prone person invites violence prone interactions with other people.
These interactions follow a pattern, in that they arise under repeatedly occurring
circumstances and in the they serve equivalent ends. The object of change must be
(a) to reduce the needs and incentives for such games, or (b) to furnish alternative
expressions or courses of action.
2. Violence-prone games tend to be played by men who feel unsure of their status or
identity, and by others whose orientation towards people tends to be egocentric or
exploitive. Such basic conditions should be specifically attended to.
3. Simultaneously, the task of the changer must be to provide each violence-prone
person with insight into his conduct, in the sense of making him able to diagnose
his motives.
4. Violence-prone person can be grouped inn terms of the nature of their violence,
person who follow the same pattern of violence can be subjected to a common
strategy of change.
5. Violent games are interpersonal in character, and they can be best modified by
involving in the change process not only the violent men themselves but also the
other people involved.
4
Wolfgang. M. & Ferracuti. F. The subculture of violence: Towards an integrated theory of Criminology
(London Tavistock 1967).
19
The Application of Business Techniques to the

Administration of Social Agencies
Dr. Anup Yadava*
Rashmi Yadava* *
Social administration is big business. Public aid payments, exclusive of the social
insurances, run well over two billion dollars annually in this country. Related public
health and welfare services run into several billions, the exact amount depending
upon the definition of such services. Total private gifts and bequests to social work
were estimated as about $ 1,50,000,000 in 1951 and presumably have increased since.
Regardless of the exact figures, it is clear that the sums involved are of such magnitude,
and the expenditures for administration so large, that there is significance to the inquiry
as to whether the most efficient means of administration are being used.
The productive miracles of our economy are due to the scope given to individual
inventiveness and initiative; to our heritage of freedom of inquiry and the recognition
and support of scientific research, basic and applied; to democratic education and the
opportunity for managerial and technical talent to rise above caste limitations prevalent
in many societies; to the application of management planning in organization and
work methods; to the mobility of our developing economy and the willingness to
supplant outmoded machines, methods, and ideas in the interest of increased
productivity; to the acknowledgement and fostering of the demand for an ever higher
standard of living, and the participation of the masses of the people in the benefits of
increased productivity.
The social problems that the development of our industrial economy has brought
about are outside the scope of this discussion, but we should examine the extent to
which the practices of business enterprise can contribute to social enterprise. I assume
that the selection of the title assigned for this paper was not based on a naive assumption
that all business methods are desirable or even efficient. Rather, it is a recognition that
the best-run businesses have techniques that may have applicability to social agencies.
I shall confine my discussion to methods of administration, excluding the questions of
setting social policy and goals, of program planning and research, and of evaluation of
the social effects of the agency program1 .
*
IAS, Director, Mandi Parishad, Govt. of U.P. and Research Scholar, JJT University, Rajasthan
**
Research Scholar, JJT University, Rajasthan
1
The Philadelphia Time-cost Study in Family Service” The Social Welfare Forum, 1953, Columbia
University Press, New York, 1953 P. 205
20
The Application of Business Techniques to the Administration of Social Agencies
Business techniques are, of course, currently applied extensively in both public

and private social agencies. They may or may not always be the vest current techniques,
nor are they necessarily given the scope that would permit their most effective
application. One book on administration of a social agency discusses “business
methods” under “office management.”
Administration in a social agency involves blending knowledge of professional
and administrative planning and techniques with skill in human relations. The question
of policy which and administrator must decide require knowledge on his part of both
social forces and professional practices in the field. Professional groups are quick to
recognize and defend the professional component in administration. Thus, traditionally,
doctors have administered hospitals. The development of the lay hospital administrator,
who is a professional administrator rather than a professional medical man, is still not
fully accepted by all segments of the medical profession. Social workers have recognized
that the head of a social agency without social vision and without knowledge of social
work practices is severely handicapped. Striving for professional standards, they have
labeled the administrator who is not a professional social worker as “untrained,” but
have not applied the term to the professional social worker who is comparably
unequipped in administration. There has not been as much recognition in social work
as there has been in industry that administrative leadership involves more than a high
level and degree of specialized business or professional knowledge and experience.
The essential elements of administration may be considered to embrace planning,
organization and methods, direction and co-ordination, budget and fiscal management,
public relations, personnel administration, training and supervision. Planning must
include both program planning and administrative planning.
Planning, Organization and Co-ordination

Administrative planning consists in setting goals to accomplish already
determined program objectives and bringing to bear the resources of the organization
to achieve these goals. Such planning involves both the long-range view and the
appraisal of situations immediately ahead. Necessary flexibility in changing plans to
meet changing conditions does not obviate the necessity for planning; rather it makes
desirable the delineation of alternative plans to meet probable contingencies. At any
given time, however, there must be a defining of what is expected in performance by
organization units during limited time periods. The redetermination of priorities and
the evaluation of results are aspects of the continuous process. One large company has
twelve-month plan revised every three months.
Organization, in terms of the administrative structure of an agency, has long
occupied the attention of those interested in management practices and theory. The
effective operation of an organization requires the logical grouping of activities and the
clarification of relationships by defined or actually superseded structure bring problems
of gaps and overlaps in responsibility and authority. A related contribution of
21
traditional management planning has been the recognition that the span of control, of
the effective range of managerial direction and supervision, is limited. Organization
and functional charts and job descriptions are tool of administrative planning in these
areas2 .
Current trends in organizational planning have modified and enlarged the
traditional concepts. There has been a recognition that, in addition to the formal, official
organizational structure, there is an informal one that must be taken into account.
Channels of communication, consultation, co-ordination, chart. They are nonetheless
important in administration and do not disappear either by being ignored or by
administrative fiat.
A traditional concept is that the number of persons reporting to an executive must
be sharply controlled to avoid bottlenecking or executive abdication. Some management
students have even justified a specific limitation to a figure between three and seven, on
the ground that the number of relationships the executive must take into account
increases geometrically with the number of persons directly supervised. Modern
business is increasingly recognizing that too narrow a span of control has definite
disadvantage: over-supervision, and an increase in the number of levels of supervision,
with problems of communication and status for those isolated from top management.
Modern organizational planning, then, does not proceed on a mere theoretical
concept of the span of control but on a realistic analysis of the particular organization
and the type of functions involved at each level, balancing the psychological factors
and the feasibility of guidance and control. The organizational structure must be such
as to facilitate two-way communication and maximum delegation, at the same time
that there are clarification of duties, responsibilities, and authority, and a span of
control that permits effective direction and evaluation of performance.
We have touched on some of the problems of direction and co-ordination in terms
of delegation of maximum responsibility and authority throughout the organization.
In social work there is a special aspect of this problem of delegation in the relationship
between a board and an executive. The relationship must be such as to permit unitary
and decisive action in administration. Proper delegation is not merely a matter of stating
that the board deals with policy and the executive with administration. It is a matter of
clarifying what policy is and what administration is in a given field, and of adjusting
practice to conform to the principle.
Effective direction depends upon effective controls. Effective controls imply the
ability of the executive to form constructive guidance at critical points. This necessitates
knowledge, in relatively objective terms, of how the organization performs. Do employees
and supervisors have a common agreement as to the elements of the job and what
constitutes adequate or superior performance? Have workload standard been developed
for various types of work? How meaningful are reports and statistics relating to specific
2
SIDNEY M. JOURARD; Personal Adjustment: The Mac Millan Co New York, 1958 p.17
22
aspects of the program as a measure of accomplishment and means of control?

Co-ordination is achieved in various ways, including the definition of
responsibilities, the proper use of committees, clearance procedures, joint participation
in planning and decisions, and effective communications. Such co-ordination must
not be achieved at the expense of swift and definitive action.
Methods and Procedures

The area of simplified methods and procedures needs to be explored by a social
agency as well as a business organization. Here, the contribution of industrial
engineering techniques is considerable. Two examples may be noted. Process charts
are useful in showing the flow of work, the bottlenecks when materials are held awaiting
action, the forwarding and backtracking of papers, as well as the actual operations
involved when action is taken. A forms control system has a number of values. It will
provide for the use of forms instead of individual memoranda and letters as a means of
cutting down dictation and typing. A recent survey of 120 companies sending out
70,000 letters a month using dictaphone and typing pools indicated that letters cost
over one dollar apiece. Yet a phone call could have taken the place of some of these
letters, and forms could have served in place of many others. A forms control system
provides for the design and simplification of forms. It should minimize the number of
forms involved, and permit their most effective use for coding and compilation of
statistical and other data.
A social agency needs to examine its process of case recording. To what extent is
it a necessary step for orderly handling of cases, a necessary record, and a necessary
basis for supervision? To what extent is it merely a ritual that has become an accepted
part of the casework process, to the point that is would be sacrilegious to question it?
Many agencies are critically examining both the format and the process of recording.
Older patterns of narrative and process recording are fiving way, particularly in large
programs such as public assistance, to experiments with form recording. More effective
methods of dictating and transcribing are being introduced. The time and expense
involved in case recording and reading cases are such that every agency has a
responsibility for an objective examination of the needs and use of case records in the
particular agency setting.
Business is giving increased attention not only to limiting the production of records
but to their disposition and other phases of records management. It has been estimated
that it costs two hundred dollars a year to maintain a standard four-drawer file. What
do we need copies of, and for how long? Is microfilming desirable? Is there a plan for
systematic disposal of unnecessary records?
Budget and Fiscal Management

In comparing administrative costs, a yardstick sometimes applied to agencies is
the percentage relationship between these costs and the total cost of assistance
23
payments. However, a comparison among jurisdictions on a percentage basis is not

always valid as a means of establishing whether administrative costs in a specific
agency are relatively high or low. Measuring administrative overhead costs as a
percentage of the gross volume of business done is appropriate in many businesses. In
a social agency a large part of staff effort and of administrative costs is related to the
volume of business that the agency has not done, if business done means an expenditure
for assistance. There is a proper administrative cost when, as a result of careful
investigation, an application for assistance is rejected as ineligible. Similarly, there is
an administrative cost when assistance payments are discontinued because the social
worker helped the family to develop a resource or to obtain employment. The percentage
relationship between administrative cost and assistance is also affected by the
differences among agencies in the size of the average assistance payments. Whether
the amount granted is thirty dollars or sixty dollars, the cost of investigation may be the
same. Yet the percentage that the salary of the welfare worker comprises of the assistance
expenditures for the same number of cases would be twice as high in one instance as in
the other.
Cost analysis is essential to business operations, although its refinements are still
in the process of development. Meaningful analysis is designed to give costs not merely
by organizational unit or by type of expenditure, as in a typical budget, but in terms of
specific end results. The cost of different types of operations and services can then be
related to the volume of work. At the 1953 National Conference of Social Work, John G.
Hill and Ralph Ormsby described an experiment in the application of this business
technique to a social agency. This recognized the special considerations that must be
taken into account to make the process fruitful in a social agency. The extension of cost
analysis studies by social agencies operations and processes, and vide a useful
perspective on agency operations and processes, and should lead to more informed
decisions as to the most effective and economical use of always too-limited resources.
The budget should be regarded as a planning instrument and not merely as a negative
fiscal control.
In certain areas we can learn from business not to be penny-wise and pound-
foolish. Adequate compensation, particularly for executives, is regarded in industry as
good business practice, not extravagance. No progressive business would, in hiring
responsible employees comparable to caseworkers, make possession of a car a primary
requisite. Yet some social work agencies are barring themselves from obtaining able
young workers by this requirement. The payment of adequate travel expenses is another
area in which business practice is generally superior to that of both public and private
agencies. I am not referring to lush practices, where a liberal expense account, as a non-
taxable business expense, is used as a form of compensation, but rather to realism in
meeting reasonable expenses.
The use of the most modern and efficient, rather than outmoded, office machines
and equipment, and the recognition that productivity of better business practice which
are not always fully recognized in social agency administration.
24
Public Relations
The public relations function is that of getting understanding and co-operation
from the various publics with which the agency is concerned. It is certainly not merely
publicity. The day-to-day contacts of employees with the public on the telephone, face
to face, and in correspondence, are important forces making for good or ill will. A
sound and efficient program will, in the long run, sell itself by results. Yet, we cannot
ignore either the importance of a well-informed staff and of courtesy and promptness
in gaining public confidence and recognition of achievements, or the importance of a
planned information program.
A public relation program includes reporting to the various publics concerned-
professional groups, civic organizations, interested educational institutions-as well as
to the agency’s clientele and the more numerous and nebulous general public. There is
no simple, single effort that can meet all needs. Each of these groups should be provided
with appropriate information of sufficient interest actually to gain attention. Many
leading industrial companies today make some reports directed to employees. Whether
on considers this as part of the public relations program or as part of having all
employees informed on program objectives and developments is the core of this
approach.
Although the social agency does not have a product to sell, it can well consider
the implications of the attention given by business to advertising, not only directly to
stimulate specific product demand, but to create good will. At the same time, it must be
noted that businessmen are now asking questions about their advertising: who reads it
and what is its effect? The same questions must be asked about publicity and
informational materials prepared by an agency.
In the area of public relations there is a sharp contrast between social agencies
and business which may be summed up as a contrast between the use of jargon and the
use of slogans. There is a tendency in social work, as in other professions, to use a
specialized idiom, which may be unintelligible to the public. Sometimes this is accepted
as a professional mystique; sometimes it is misconstrued. On the other hand, business
advertising has an emphasis on “phrases that sell.” I am not advocating the huckster
approach. But there should, at the least, be an effort to avoid interposing barriers of
words between the social agency and its publics.
Communication and Supervision

Intra-organizational communication has recently been recognized by industry as
a matter of major administrative concern. The problems and misunderstandings that
arise from the failure to have a two-way flow of information are apparent in many
organizations that give lip service to the concept. Such free flow does not just happen.
It is a matter planned organization and policy, coupled with supervisory training and
the identification and removal of road blocks. This is an areas to which many social
agencies have given attention so far as the professional staff is concerned. Oftentimes
25
the same attention is not paid to communication so far as the non-professional staff is
concerned. In fact, the professional staff conference as one technique of communication
may be carried to the point where it is used for therapeutic self-expression rather than
as an administrative tool. The cost of the purchase of a conference table may be weighed
more carefully than the cost of numerous conferences which, in terms of the man house
consumed of high salaried staff, may be much more costly than the table. The conference
is, of course, only one of the means of effective communication. The whole administrative
process is involved, including the use of written instructions and manuals, informational
bulletins, periodic reports, bulletin boards, house organs, and the day-to-day processes
of co-ordination, clearance, and supervision.
Business and government are learning the importance of frontline supervision in
promoting productivity and high morale. The responses in a research study in industry
to the question “What does your boss do when you make a mistake?” epitomize this.
Employees of low production units tended to say, “He bawls me out,” while those in
high production units were more likely to say, “He tells me how he wants it done.”
Improving supervision is not as simple as exemplifying these attitudes. It involves
proper selection on the basis of ability and emotional stability, motivation by leadership
and training.
Personnel Administration and Training

Business has learned that modern personnel management pays off. The
components of such personnel management include systematic classification of jobs
as an administrative tool, a planned pay policy that facilitates obtaining and retaining
needed abilities and skills, vigorous recruitment activities, use of scientific methods in
selection and placement, giving workers the maximum security consonant with
economic realities, development of programs of employee health and safety, planned
training and executive development programs, periodic evaluations of performance
and workable procedures for the discharge of workers on the basis of performance,
systematic evaluation of employee attitudes, and use of suggestion plans and incentive
awards. Keeping abreast of personnel research in these fields, both in research institution
and in public and industrial organizations, is essential to a progressive program.
Personnel administration is the application of psychological and management
techniques to promote the efficient use of employee abilities in congenial and purposeful
teamwork. The new look in industrial personnel work emphasizes both the use of
scientific technique in evaluating individual abilities and the human relations aspects
of motivating supervisors and employees toward job satisfaction and higher
productivity. This implies full recognition of the dignity of the employee as an individual
and his desire to use his highest skills, to develop his capacities, and to gain recognition
for his contribution to the organization. Personnel administration must establish a
physical and psychological environment that promotes efficiency as a corollary. It
must develop policies that ensure fairness in decisions affecting the employee.
26
The research of the psychologist, particularly the psychometrician, has built up

growing bodies of evidence concerning the range of individual differences in abilities
and ways of measuring them with greater validity. Broadly speaking, the qualities for
occupational success may be placed in three main categories: general mental abilities,
occupational knowledge and skills, and personal attributes relating to the emotional
maturity and social effectiveness of the individual. In the first two of these areas,
considerable progress has been made in developing valid techniques for measurement
of individual differences. Objective tests have been developed to measure general
intelligence, professional knowledge, and intellectual judgment in applying principles
to specific situations. These are measurements of what an individual can do, not what
he will do. In the field of personality evaluation, techniques have not been and validity.
The interview is still the principal method of hiring in industry and, in the form of the
oral examination, is used in the public social services. Considerable research is going
on in personality evaluation, and refinement of the interview and the oral examination,
and various projective techniques hold promise of improvement and validation. Civil
service systems are using objective examinations to test mental abilities and knowledges
and are improving their method of investigating and appraising personal attributes.
The use of tests in industry is growing. Executive placement firms in industry are
tending to use both tests of mental abilities and certain projective techniques to evaluate
personality in executive selection. These are used as aids to judgment rather than s the
basis of ranking and selection.
In public service the problems of systematic selection and tenure loom larger than
in industry. A public selection system must be an efficient means of identifying ability,
and, at the same time, it must recognize the principle of open competition, founded
upon the right of the citizen in a democracy to be considered for public employment on
the basis of his qualifications.
The larger businesses have long had policies of vigorous recruitment of talent
emerging from the colleges. Promotions from within and stability of top staff are other
features of large business organizations. A survey by Fortune of the 900 top executives
in the 25 largest utilities indicated that the typical top executive was a college graduate
hired in his twenties after service with one other company, who now, at an age between
50 and 60, had served in his present company for 30 years.
It must be noted that the success of a promotional policy is dependent upon
having a large pool of potential executives and upon their careful development and
selection. Promotion from within can be stultifying if it is a selection from among
mediocrity and largely on the basis of seniority.
Social agencies, public and private, are giving increasing attention to more effective
personnel administration. Current professional efforts to stimulate recruitment to the
field and bring in a fair share of talent are in the right direction. There are difficulties in
recruitment as there are in the application of the better techniques of selection, promotion
discipline, evaluation, and the establishment of a sound pay policy. In the public welfare
field, federal-state co-operation has been a significant factor in progress, both through
27
official channels and through the American Public Welfare Association. The Department
of Health, Education, and Welfare’s Division of State Merit Systems furnishes technical
assistance on personnel administration to state personnel agencies and to public
Welfare, health, and employment security agencies. The National Social Welfare
Assembly’s Committee on Personnel has brought the national private agencies together
in important joint efforts.
Graduate professional education, obviously of vital importance in staff
development, is outside the scope of our topic. In-service training programs of various
kinds are analogous to those in business. Orientation or vestibule training for all
employees, technical training courses of various types, special arrangements with
educational in management institutes are among current business practices. In the
area of executive development, planned hob rotation, company sub-scriptions to
magazines, and membership in professional societies are other practices of progressive
industry which are of interest.
Management Analysis and Services

A great deal of work in other areas of improved administrative management is
presently being conducted by social agencies, public and private. In the public welfare
fiels, the impetus for this has come form those engaged in the programs at various
levels of government, as well as from legislative bodies and the general public concerned
with the costs of administration and assistance.
The public assistance field is an example of these developments. A number of
state public welfare departments have established special units for management
analysis to policy and procedural units, field supervisory units, or administrative review
staff. There has also been use of management consultant firms to conduct surveys
where an outside viewpoint is felt to be desirable or additional special skills are needed.
The Bureau of Public Assistance, through its Division of State Administrative and
Fiscal Standards, provides management services of broad scope. It develops
administrative and fiscal policies and recommendations and illustrative materials for
distribution to state agencies. It undertakes procedural studies; for example, one of
administrative and fiscal processes in a large Old-Age Assistance program. Another
type of consultation deals with the organization and function of the agencies and of
special units; for example, analysis of the case decision processes at various levels in
state and local structures. Other consultation has dealt with such subjects as
streamlining a manual of instructions, establishment of work standards, and revision
of state administrative review of local operations.
Purpose and Technique

A world of caution should be given about the application of business methods in
a social agency. All the techniques that we have been discussing must be related to the
agency program Objectives, which, of course, differ from those of an organization whose
28
criterion of success is profit, rather than service. To illustrate, a management firm making
a survey of a public welfare agency concluded that it was not profitable [sic] to process
grants of less than five dollars since it cost more than this to handle a case. Yet the
alternatives would be illegal and socially unacceptable. Giving every applicant five
dollar in order to save administrative costs, even if legalized, would be wasteful and
demoralizing. Cutting off grants to a person in need of a small amount, likewise contrary
to the law in the jurisdiction, would run counter to the objective of the program and to
sound social policy.
The preoccupation with means and techniques is short-sighted and dangerous.
The preoccupation with goals, divorced from methods, may be visionary and
impracticable. The task of administration is to keep objectives in mind and to keep
methods in prespective. Without the motivation of high purpose, procedures are
pointless; without efficiency of management, motivation is motionless.
29
Delinquency Control: The Institutional Strategy

Avinash Chandra*
Taru Mishra* *
Every action gives rise to reaction. Action and reaction syndrome is an on going
social process that constitutes an integral part in the dynamics of a social system. The
existence, persistence, vitality and growth of a social structure is conditioned by its
capacity to manage forces and counter forces. More often than not, social structures are
expected to control those conditions/situations/individuals that endanger its
equilibrium, because these turn out to be the measures of gauging the effectiveness of a
system. Systems have been found devising various methodologies and techniques of
handling diversified social situations and resorting to mechanisms of control with the
objective of maintaining an equilibrium in the system with a view to protecting the
interests of weak and the disadvantaged. A system has not only to guard its character
against the onslaught from external divisive forces but handle internal conduct norm
violating elements1 .
Keeping internal deviants and dissenters under control has been a perpetual
concern of all shades of humanity. Accordingly societies have been formulating
strategies of control in accordance with the social structure and cultural ethos. Likewise,
as per the available resources and resources and genius, Indian society has been evolving
different strategies to handle crime situations. Nevertheless there has been an on going
war of wits between the conventionalists and deviants in our social system. Therefore,
in their own interest, systems have been evolving modes and methodologies of handling
norm violators as prevailing culture and tolerance level in space and time. This paper
however focuses attention on the strategy for delinquency control by scrutinizing the
positive and negative dimensions of existing juvenile correctional institutions. The
explanation would broadly be limited to formal institutions and informal institutions
of control like family, neighbourhood, etc., would be discussed only as an adjunct to
formal institutions.
It should however be kept in view that the efficacy and effectiveness of any strategy
depends on its proximity to the cultural reality. Otherwise there is a likelihood of a
strategy, which does not conform to the cultural ethos, turning counterproductive,
becoming self-defeating or ending in collapse. Therefore the strategies can never be
static, yet they still tend to have their efficacy and applicability in the time frame. The
more dynamic a strategy is, the greater is its relevance, acceptance and command.
*
Advocate, High Court, Lucknow bench, Lucknow
**
Assistant Professor, Department of Law, Amity University, Lucknow
1
. Mabel A.Elliott : Conflicting Penal Theories’ in Statutory Criminal Law, University of Chicago
Press, Chicago 1931.
30
World over the evolution and formulation of the formal strategy of control apperas
to have emerged on the medieval period. Earlier to this era, the informal mechanisms
for delinquency control operating on the community—primary and secondary
institutional levels—continued to be effective modes for a considerable periods. In
India, the informal mechanisms were operative till the formal instrument of control in
the shape of Indian penal code was enacted in 1860, which continues to be an important
guideline for handling deviants on the formal plane. The Constitution of India (1950)
Juvenile Correction
Norm violation in any form by any one has been inviting some reaction but such
a violation by a juvenile, in contrast to violation by adult, tends to give rise to sharper
reactions. The expression to reaction and concomitant precipitation may be conditioned
by the prevailing culture of an area. Various cultural groups in India have been
formulation delinquency control strategies according to their genius, cultural norms
and local conditions as also according to their capability to establish formal agencies
and potentialities and compulsions of the formal agencies to handle deviance. These
strategies could be both formal and informal. The blend of formality or informality or
both depend on local conditions and available machinery to handle deviance amongst
juveniles2 .
Different cultural groups in India have shown potentialities to evolve a more
concretised mechanisms of controlling adult deviance, but they have not shown signs
of equal genius in controlling juvenile deviance. Maybe, the earlier thinkers of these
groups considered that let juveniles be better dealt with on an informal plane at family
and community institutional levels. However by the beginning of the twentieth century,
it was felt that everything be left to the discretion of informal agencies/institutions/
members, where many may be incompetent, incapable, and ignorant regarding
socialization of children and may not be able to give adequate attention to physical,
moral, spiritual and psychological growth of children. Therefore, keeping in view the
welfare of children, need for a special legislation titled Children Act(s) was felt. They
were enacted in different presidency areas around 1920. This could be taken to be the
beginning of the formal intervention of state in juvenile correction. The enactment of
Children Act(s) introduced a new phase which lead to concomitant developments in
different sub-systems of the juvenile justice system. Nevertheless an overall scrutiny of
control reflects that on policy plane we have been able to evolve a more concretized
frame and bring out a number of documents which could serve as guidelines. The
indicators of this policy are the number of publications on this phenomenon and
enactment of legislations at national and state levels for the protection, custody and
treatment of juveniles. However on the operational plane we may not have been equally
effective, as the criticism of the correctional programmes at various levels indicates3 .
2
SOPHIA M. ROBISION : Why Juvenile Delinquency Preventive Programmes are Ineffective”.
Federal Probation, XXV (December 1961)
3
Lowell J. Carr : Delinquency Control, Harper New York, 1950
31
One of the important factors that should be considered while handling juveniles
is the nature and pattern of emphasis that should be laid on the informal modes of
delinquency control, as the initiation of control strategy takes place at the family level.
Depending upon the effectiveness of this institution—which sows the seeds, germinates
the idea, introduces the concept of external and internal controls, defines the of
latitudes—the outside control mechanisms at neighbourhood, school, community and
formal agency levels would show their results. Because outer controls are broadly
interpreted by a juvenile in the framework given to him by the family. A juvenile requiring
outside intervention by itself reflects attenuated influence of family controls. Therefore
the correctional institutional programmes should have an inbuilt assertiveness,
otherwise their impactmay get sub-merged/neutralised under the over bearing influence
or the pressures of the family, as no correctional programme operates ion vacuum or on
an unaffected juvenile. Consequently the correctional process has to start with the
latter consideration because the effectiveness of programmes would be guided not by
its charter/ resolution but by the nature and type of assistance it extends to a processed
juvenile. The ultimate aim of institutional programmes should be to facilitate the
rehabilitative process and placement of a juvenile in society.
Existing Apparatus
The needs, motivations, forces and compulsions of juveniles cast upon a system
anobligation to establish a network of institutions that attempt to cater to these forces/
demands and foreshadow the issue of delinquency. An effective social defence
programme not only envisages a role for juvenile correctional institutions but also for
other segments and organs of a society—institutions that have been given the task of
control and prevention of juvenile delinquency. These constitute important links in the
concept of social defence.
The process of juvenile correction starts at a point when a member of society/
probation officer and/ or police personnel locates/identifies a juvenile, apprehends
him adjudication — Juvenile Court/ Child Welfare Board—for intervention and
appropriate action. The modes, manners, attitudes and responses of these agencies
may have an influence on the nature and extent of success of correctional programmes
that would follow4 .
The institutions that have a special responsibility to handle susceptible or actual
delinquents could be many and varied. Such institutions could be grouped as
(a) Substitutive Homes: These institutions aim to provide a near family atmosphere to
children who have lost their parents at an early age, i.e. SOS Villages, Family
Homes, Fit Persons, Fit Institutions, Orphanages, Ashrams, etc.
4
Social Defence : Editorial “ Community Action for control and Preventive of crime and
delinquency Col. II-9 July, 1967.
32
(b) Supportive Institutions: These institutions attempt to compliment the roles of the
family where parents are not able to arrange/provide, or are not aware of the
importance of socialization, or have not been able to assess the latent potentialities
of their children. The institutions are: Bal Sahyog. Big Brother Schemes, Bal
Bhanwans, Boys Clubs. Hobby Centres. Workshops, etc.
(c) Diagnostic Institutions: Children who have been spotted/located requiring
intervention of secondary institutions of society, viz; Observation Homes, Remand
Homes, Child guidance Clinics, etc.
(d) Treatment Institutions: Those children — destitutes, neglected, vagrants, delinquents
— requiring handling in a specialized institution such as: Children Homes,
Special/Certified School, Reformatory, Juvenile Jail, etc.
(e) Transit Institutions: Those who hav e either completed the period of
institutionalization or have crossed the upper age limit, but still not settled
vocationally, need to be placed in After Care Homes/Hostels, Half-way-Homes,
etc.
These institutions could be open or closed ones and organize variety of activities
to impart educational, vocational, moral and spiritual training with a view to socialize
as well as develop skills in juveniles. The major emphasis in these programmes is on
total personality development and strengthening of pro-social attitudes in juveniles.
These attempts are undertaken with a view to preparing them to complete in a society.
Pre-Committal Stage
Primary groups of a society, Police/Probation Officer, Juvenile Court, Child Welfare
Board, Observation Home/ Remand Home, Bal Bhawan, Boys Clubs, SOS Villages,
Orphnages, etc.
Committal State
Bal Sahyog, Big Brother Scheme, Children Home/Fit Persons/Fit Institutions,
Special School, Certified School/Reformatory/Juvenile Jail and other special
Institutions.
Post Committal
After-Care Homes/Hostels/Day Centres, Half Way Homes, etc.
Incongruities
The juvenile correctional institutions in our country operate under currents and
cross-currents. Nevertheless, even after the enactment of special legislations pertaining
to juveniles, opening of specialized institutions for juveniles and increasing discussion
33
on this issue on various forums, the sentiments of the citizenry could broadly be
bracketted into two broad areas:
(a) A group of people, though in a minority, interested in the welfare of children/
philanthropists/functionaries and others support the idea of special treatment to
juvenile deviants. Such persons draw their strength from our society.
(b) Another segments, sizeable in number. opposed to any special treatment or
concessions to juveniles, feels that norm violation should invite appropriate
reaction of society irrespective of age, sex castle, creed, colour, etc,. of the perpetrator.
Both value frames continue to operate in our social system. A part from these, the
important notions that flow and govern the thinking of the functionaries as associated
with juvenile correctional institutions are also worth elucidating. Their thinking could
be grouped in five general areas:
(a) Those operating within the formal frame/part of the official machinery highlight
the utility of the official apparatus to the down-trodden, to a raw product who is
not acceptable to anyone unless transformed into a finished product, to a delinquent
without a protective hand, to a juvenile who is being exploited or is likely to be
exploited, etc.
(b) Those associated with the voluntary bodies indicated that official resources are
not being effectively utilised. According to them, a major part of the societal
resources is being spent on the establishment of an institution and a very minor
share goes to the benefit of a juvenile. A delinquent hardly benefits from the
institutional programmes due to the indifference of the institutional staff and
outmoded techniques of training in an institution.
(c) It has generally been observed that although the functionaries of the correctional
apparatus—police, judiciary, correctional administration—should take up pro-
juvenile or atleast a neutral posture in handling deviants, in regard to his
involvement in the act, extent of benefit from the institutional programmes, methods
of control during institutionalization, career after release, etc., yet, at times, they
may take up an anti-juvenile posture. All types of guesses are made, remarks are
passed, secrecy may not be maintained, doubts are shared, etc. Consequently
juvenile justice, in content, instead of being a paternalistic in orientation may turn
out to be authoritarian in approach. The custody and concomitant discipline may
be given primacy by the institutional staff, over eventual reformation and
adjustment in the society.
These doubts and controversies complicate the whole process. However there is a
section of employees both in official and voluntary agencies who have their doubts
regarding efficacy and utility of these programmes, yet they go on with the
programmes. Consequently there are a few persons who enter in this field and
continue with partial commitment toward programmes.
34
(d) Over the years, for various reasons, a sizeable number of police personnel, it
seems, have developed a belief that prevention, detection and maintenance of law
and order in relation to adults is their prime responsibility and the prevention
and control of juvenile delinquency be better left to other social welfare agencies.
Such personnel, it appears, lose sight of the fact that they have been given the
authority under the law irrespective of the age or sex or creed of the offender.
Nevertheless, even if these powers are given to another agency functionally that
organ would automatically become the law enforcement agency. Interestingly,
the prevailing culture of our country, which lays greater stress on informal modes
of handling of juveniles, provides sublime support to such a view and indirectly
allows them to take up a lukewarm attitude. Therefore the enforcement machinery,
in general, appears to be reluctant/pays partial attention to the enforcement of
special legislation pertaining to juveniles. In some cases, even knowledge regarding
the special legislations pertaining to juveniles may be doubtful.
(e) There may be organizational imbalance between the specialist and administrative
staff and structural incompatibility in an institution on different planes —
ideological, temperamental, approach, etc. Although it is difficult to have total
compatibility in any institution but there could to be a broader consensus regarding
the ultimate goals, so that the staff of an institution does not start operating at
cross purposes. These factors in turn affect the accountability process of the
institutional staff towards children. They are appointed for the care, custody and
protection with a view to modify the behaviour of children but the interests of the
society or the establishment may assume prominence in the approach of the
institutional staff.
Gaps in Institutional Systems

Due to the political, cultural, social, administrative and situational pressures
operating at various levels, there are some gaps in the institutional systems. These, in
turn, affect the functioning of the correctional apparatus—inter and intra institutional
mechanisms—as also the relations between the institutional staff and juveniles. These
gaps may come up at various levels:
(a) In general the Socio—political and administrative complex of a system may be
such that it may develop a culture of alibis relation to the problem of juveniles.
Issues relating to welfare, protection, care and custody of juveniles may not be
given adequate importance and may slide down in the National/State Charter in
time and space. Consequently various measures connected with the welfare of
juvenile, viz. enactment and implementation of legislation pertaining to juveniles,
provision of adequate apparatus—institutional staff, accommodation, training of
the concerned agencies, maximum period of detention in remand/observation
home, etc., may continue to be postponed to a future date.
35
(b) Special legislations pertaining to juveniles are not uniformly applicable to the
whole country. In some states the need for special legislation for care and protection
of juveniles has not been felt, hence not enacted or implemented. Even in those
states where these legislations have been implemented, they are applicable only
in selected areas.
(c) Due to the non-implementation of legislations pertaining to welfare, care, custody
and rehabilitation of juveniles or even where they have been implemented, under
various structural pressures operating in different areas. Appropriate institutional
structures for giving shelter to/keeping the needy and deserving children may
not have been established in a State. Non-existence of institutional structures may
create the first obstacle in the process of handling and provide scope to handling
agencies to rationalize their indifference towards children.
(d) Flowing from the earlier stated factors, very closely inter-woven issue is that of
evolving of effective juvenile justice at various levels—police, judiciary and
correctional agencies. Societal determination may be reflected in various ways—
in the shape of legislation. The existence of legislation(s) may naturally put pressure
on these agencies for evolving departmental policies; establishing institutional
structure; formulating personnel policy; designing training schedule for personnel;
devising educative literature; etc. through debates and discussions at various
forums.
(e) The enforcement, adjudicating and correctional agencies may not be available, to
begin with, even in the important districts, even where the Children Act(s) has/
have been implemented. Obviously in the absence of these agencies, either the
cases relating to juveniles may not be taken into cognizance or juveniles may be
dealt with like other cases pertaining to adults. Even in some cases, if specially
designated officers for this purpose are available, or they may not have appropriate
orientation or suitable foundation level training or desired motivation, etc., to
look into complex issue as per the need and requirements of juveniles.
The environment of the places, where juveniles are being handled, may not be in
accordance with the spirit of the Act(s) be more formal than being informal. Due to
inadequate dispersal of knowledge/literature in all parts of the country, for various
reasons, the latest modification/provisions of Act(s) may not be known to handling
agencies. In this background and environment, it becomes difficult to translate
the philosophy of the Act(s) into practice.
(f) Even where specialized agencies at various levels—juvenile aid police units,
juvenile/children courts, observation/ special school, etc.—are there, they may
not have been given adequate/appropriate functional space for convenient day
to day handling of cases. There may be problems relating to accommodation, staff,
furniture, fixtures, stationary, etc./ which may create operational inconveniences
36
and may create unnecessary bickerings/strains in the staff. Naturally such

happenings affect the output of a sub-system.
(g) Each district, where the act is applicable, may not have all or any specialized unit
or court, or network of other institutions. This handicap may not only affect the
functioning of every agency but may make the mode of functioning of the agency
dormant which is in existence. This handicap has an impact on the functioning of
enforcement machinery as also on the treatment aspect of juveniles. In the absence
of other institutions, in a case of juvenile has been taken into custody, the police
has two alternatives—either avoid apprehending juveniles or send them to jail,
because the police cannot keep a juvenile in custody for more than twenty four
hours.
(h) In those districts where important agencies are there but may not have all other
important institutions, viz. observation/remand home, children home/certified/
special school/ reformatory/juvenile jail, after care home/hostel, etc. Even if one
institutions in the link is missing, the continuity in the correctional apparatus is
affected and the outcome of the correctional machinery may become doubtful.
(i) In the intra-mural treatment institutions, the programmes may not be diversified—
educational recreational, moral, spiritual, vocational, etc. This gap may leave
considerable leisure hours at the disposal of juveniles. The vocational programmes
may not be oriented to develop skills but may be directed tokeep juveniles engaged.
Moreover vocational programmes may be traditional in nature hence may not be
in tune with the societal demands, which may affect the after release employment
prospects of a juvenile. Moreover, some traditional vocational programmes may
have a limited monetary return value. Irrespective of these, the allotment/selection
of a juvenile in a particular trade/ training programme may be as per the choice/
aptitude/attitude of a juvenile but according to the availability of programmes.
(j) A child may not be adequately oriented and prepared for release and the parents
may not be suitably briefed and convinced regarding eventual acceptance of a
juvenile after release. Therefore a juvenile may come out of an institution in an
environment of suspicious and doubts where parents themselves may not repose
adequate trust and confidence in him and continue to harbour doubts.
Suitable follow-up action may neither be planned for released juveniles—both for
self employed and those employed in establishments. Hence the correctional
apparatus does not get appropriate feedback regarding factors affecting
adjustment of a released juvenile—partially trained and untrained. This may
leave a gap in the control and rehabilitative strategy.
(k) On every forum/organization, it has been widely recognized that research ha its
own utility in the analysis, diagnosis and prognosis of an issue/problem. The
correctional apparatus relating to juveniles has not been adequately scrutinized
37
neither by the researchers nor by the committees/commissions or by respective

departments. The views of the experienced personnel of the department(s) have
also not been made available to the public extensively. As a result, it appears, that
the institution are indigenous ideas, etc., than the functioning being based on
objective facts. The individual approach of the functionary has its value, yet let
this method be scrutinized on a wider forum with a view to evolve a more effective
methodology.
(1) Screening of juveniles at various stages become crucial not only from the point of
view of input, relevance and output, both for juveniles and society, but location/
choice of a wrong persons at any stage may affect the total rehabilitative process
of a juvenile as also the output for the society. It appears that we have not yet been
able to devise a mechanism of screening at police judicial and correction al
apparatus levels.
Outlook
Control strategy can never be an alien concept. It is to go as per the concept of
deviance in a society. If the concept of deviance is diffused then we cannot expect the
control strategy to be concretized. The cultural norms and social values automatically
would be reflected in the control strategy. Another factor which is equally pertinent is
the diffusion of informal and formal modes of handling juvenile. There ought to be an
amiable and effective blend of both the approaches. To what extent the control strategy
is to be formalized should be conditioned, by the cultural ethos of a social system5 .
An analysis of the available documents, meant to provide guidance to the
functionaries in terms of manuals, rules, etc. indicates that we have been able to bring
out considerable literature that takes into account almost all important dimensions of
the functioning of juvenile correction. However, when it comes to actual operation, our
functionaries might not have been able to translate that philosophy into practice. Many
factors- legal, organizational, social, etc. - may have their role in this process or the
motivations indifferent attitudes hopes, imaginations of the institutional staff- may
turn out to be obstacles in achieving the desired results or the projected goals. The
compulsions, forces and motivations operating on the functionaries may turn out to be
the justifying factors for the functionaries but the victim of these rationalizations turn
out to be a juvenile. Children do not derive desired benefits from institutions which is
their due.
The issue and situation of juveniles are complex and multifarious hence there
ought to be a network of institutions catering to one or another issue of juveniles. No
institutions, howsoever perfect it might be, can hope to provide solution to multiple
5
Henrry fielding, “ An Enquiry into the Causes of the Late increase of Robbery etc.” London,
1751-quoted from Criminal Behavior’ by Walter C. Reckless, Mc Graw Hill Book Co New York,
1940.
38
issues relating to juveniles. Therefore, we should have a network of institutions that

take care of juveniles as per their need, requirement and situation according to their
age, sex, class, religion, intelligence, upbringing etc. This concept obviously does not
denigrate or praise one or the other institutional system. Every system has its own
utility for the type of juveniles it is expected to handle. In this background, no adequate
room exists for acrimony between the voluntary agencies and official machinery. Each
of them have utility for juveniles whom they are expected to handle.
There ought to be commitment and zeal to see that juveniles derive maximum
advantage of the institutional programmes. Shifting of responsibility or splashing blame
on one another or other institutions would not help. The formal agencies have to request,
not demand cooperation from others. They cannot go by the alibi of helplessness because
the community institutions do not cooperate with them. The community institutions
have their own compulsions and motivations, hence cannot be blamed for the
shortcomings in the outcome. An ideal situation would be where the family
neighbourhood and other community institutions join hands with the formal agencies
of control for which these functionaries should devise ways. The strategy should have
and inbuilt mechanism where informal and formal institutions are partners in control
strategy. Each should perform the role of a watchdog on the other for the success of the
strategy.
In terms of rehabilitation in a society, juveniles from voluntary institutions fare
better than those from official organizations. May be because the voluntary institutions
are culturally closer to the community ethos or commitment, goal directedness,
coordination, etc. It would be desirable to promote the same philosophy as also to
introduce this concept in official apparatus.
39
Public Participation in the Prevention of Crime

Dr. Mridul Srivastava*
Preeti Dwivedi* *
With the advance of industrialization and urbanization the problem of crime has
assumed a considerable proportion. The growing trend in criminality and violence is
due mainly to the present atmosphere of agitations, wide public discontent, economic
insecurity, uncertainty, etc. Moreover, the break-up of the traditional family life, large
scale migration of rural population to urban areas, cultural variations, over -crowded
conditions, occupational differentiation, anonymity., etc., have brought about a situation
favourable for the incidence of crime and delinquency. Under such a predicament, the
important factor of social control which had, in the past, prevented people from resorting
to anti-social behaviour in the traditional society, are hardly in existence. The spurt in
new forms of criminality has, of late, given rise to a question as to whether the law-
enforcement authorities and the criminal justice system as a whole can effectively deal
with the multifarious facets of crime and bring under control the rising trend in
criminality. The answer should be in the negative. This fact has brought into focus the
importance of public participation in the prevention of crime and the treatment of
offenders. For lack of proper understanding between the public and the law-enforcement
agencies and other agencies connected with the criminal justice system, the public in
general are reluctant to extend any co-operation in detection, apprehension and
prevention and prevention of crime. There is statutory provision in the criminal
legislation for participation of the public in various ways. Sections 37, 38, 39, 43, and
129 (2) of the Cr. P.C. provide for public assistance in police and judicial maters. Section
17 of the Police Act, 1816 provide for community participation in maintenance of peace
and order. Probation of offenders rules of various States and Union Territories provide
for utilization of services of various probation officers in implementation of probation
programmes. The Suppression of Immoral Traffic Act, 1956 also makes identical
provision for public co-operation in detecting offences and rounding up culprits. The
Prison Manuals of different States and Union Territories provide for visitors, Boards
which consist of non-official members, who can give suggestion for improvement of
treatment and training methods in institutions1 .
In some countries there is a system of local community police auxiliary forces. In
India the system of civil defence, civil guards and home guards falls in the same line.
The community guards in Nigeria are supported by the Government. Similarly, the
Crime Prevention Association in Japan provides a good example of public co-operation
*
Assistant Registrar, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohiya National Law University, Lucknow
**
Assistant Professor of Sociology, Mahila Mahavidyalaya (PG) College, Kanpur
1
Mabel A.Elliott : Crime in Modern Society : Harper & Brothers. New York 1952 page 806.
40
in the prevention of crime. At present there are fifty thousand voluntary probation
officers in Japan who help the probation and other allied services in a big way.
The duty and responsibility to protect society devolves on the law enforcement
and other agencies of the criminal justice system of a state. In a welfare state progressive
participation of the public in various governmental activities is of paramount
importance. The age-old idea of realised that deterrent punishment does in no way
help either the offender or society as whole. The ultimate aim of punishment is, therefore,
the rehabilitation of offender back into society. The offender is born in society and
returns to it after the term of his incarceration is over. Hence, the community should
share the responsibility and participate in the task of rehabilitating the offender as a
decent citizen. But the fact remain that the people in general are lukewarm towards this
aspect of the social problem. This hindrance can, however, be gradually overcome by
disseminating the lofty idea of corrections through mass media. An extensive publicity
campaign can be undertaken by the government in collaboration with the voluntary
agencies, educational institutions, village panchayats, and other. regular radio talks,
radio sports, visual publicity should be arranged to bring home the necessity of public
co-operation in this field to achieve the lofty propose. Co-ordination committees of
officials and non-officials may be set up covering different aspects of correctional services
at various levels for discussion and exchange of ideas at regular intervals. This process
will not only ensure co-operation among various agencies but generate a sort of social
control which will automatically bring down the incidence of crime at a particular
locality.
In our Constitution we are pledged to a democratic form of Government. Democracy
stands on the one hand, to preach, foster and practice the maximum freedom of the
individual, and on the other, it seeks to accomplish this aim as a function of its rules
and laws. These rules and laws put restrictions on the behaviour of the individual,
which will always be ignored, neglected and even disobeyed by some of them. The
more the development of society-the more will there be rules, and so also larger the
occasions and number of breaches leading to an increase in the volume of crime. This
is what we witness every day. Consequently, crime prevention stands as a primary,
essential and important need in a democracy, without which it cannot succeed2 .
Discussing conflicting penal theories in statutory criminal law, a noted sociologist
advocated that the State’s supreme concern with reference to penal laws should be
with the development of preventive and corrective legislation based upon a scientific
understanding of the crime problem in all its ramification.
Law does not ignore the subject of prevention of crime, but its efforts portray the
level of prejudice and belief of the public that goes in the making of law. Our justice in
the main has been retributory justice. Society has not been able to give up its inner urge
2
Regarding in Criminology and Penology Edited by Devid Dressler, Columbia University Press : New
York, 1964 P 647.
41
for retribution. In dealing with the adult offenders there has been a greater keenness to
punish the offender, than any real intention to help the offender become a law-abiding
citizen. We may have been able to satisfy our desire, through retributory justice, but it
has failed to prevent crime. Mabel declares that the reasons why more effective
programmes for crime prevention are not implemented, is in large part due to the
difficulty in erasing the desire for revenge that underlies our penal laws adding further
that our deep-seated persistence of established habits of action and thinking, even
though their ineffectiveness has been demonstrated in also largely responsible3 .
What is the concept of “Prevention of Crime” and how scientific or rational are
our attempts and practices to achieve the ideal ? A research worker in USA reported
that of 6022 pages making up nine current criminology texts, a total of 258 were devoted
to prevention of crime or delinquency or both, while 1252 pages discussed prisons and
reformatories, where many person are sent when preventive mea-measures have failed.
This roughly indicates the relative attention and importance that has been given to
prevention of crime.
Historical, besides the indirect effort of crime prevention, envisaged in the law,
there is hardly anything in the western literature till the middle of the eighteenth century,
when we come across the work of Henrry Fielding, a magistrate in England who gave
out his ideas in “An Enquiry into the Causes of the Late Increase of Robber, etc. His
proposals were directed to a specifically small problem of allaying the increase of
thieves and robbers England. Fielding’s suggestion was to curb stealing and robbing
by suppressing the outlets for stolen goods and property, for instance by making receiving
of stolen goods an original crime in which the thief can testify against the receiver, and
further make the Bare buying or taking to pawn of stolen goods evidence of receiving.
By implication his suggestion was recourse to new law and enforcement, i.e. a legislative
method of prevention of crime.
In the late n9ineteenth century, it was Ferri, who seriously doubted the
effectiveness of punitive measures in suppressing crime, and advocated that indirect
“Penal substitutes”, i.e. preventive efforts were more potent in curbing crime that the
punitive efforts. Ferri made his concept clear when he said, The aim of penal substitutes
is not to render all crimes and offences impossible, but only to reduce them to the least
possible number in any particular physical and social environment. Ferri thought of
prevention of crime, in a cause and effect link when he referred to the original sources
of crime. He had , Social prevention begins with the original sources of crime, attacking
its biological physical and social factors, by methods which are wholly indirect, and
which rest upon the free play of psychological and sociological laws. He spelt out the
details of his preventive programme as covering five spheres of activity, namely the
economic, political, scientific, legislative and administrative and finally education4 .
3
Ibid.
4
Aschaffenburg, Gustan, Crime and its Repression, Translated by Adalbert Abrecht, Boston, 1913
42
Another outstanding criminologist of the day was Aschaffenburg, who richly

drew from the discipline of medicine of which he was a member, when he said that the
problem of crime prevention should be tackled a public health medicine tackles the
problem of disease. He did not agree with Ferri’s approach of reduction in the volume
of crime but conceived of eradication of crime. The preventive measures were not required
to take the place of penalties, but were required to make penalties unnecessary, which
should constitute a form of social hygiene. His list of suggestions covered a broad field,
mostly legal and legislative, but also covering social, psychological, economic and
educational spheres.
In 1910, Henderson prepared able print for the eighteenth international prison
congress on a crime prevention scheme, giving a comprehensive coverage as follows:-
1. Elimination of the unfit:
(a) Segregation in custodial colonies.
(b) Progressive sentences for recidivists and isolation for life of the incorrigible
class of offenders.
(c) Prohibition of marriage of the degenerate class.
(d) A sexualisation to prevent procreation (sterilization).
(e) Regulation of immigration to eliminate the unfit.
2. Improvement of physical conditions :
(a) Improve dwellings of the poor.
(b) Improve neighbourhood surroundings, such as streets, alleys, unsanitary
living conditions, indecent exposures, saloons etc.
(c) Factory laws, preventing sweet shops and protecting health and morals of
workers, especially women and children.
(d) Eliminate premature exploitation of children industry by legislation.
(e) Eliminate exploitation of women in industry.
(f) Improvement of general physical & health conditions by boards of health,
visiting nurses etc.
3. Economic measures for diminishing crime.
(a) Reduce strain of struggle for existence by alleviation of charitable
organizations.
(b) Encourage growth of labour unions and organizations of self-help.
(c) Organize consumer’s leagues.
(d) Minimum wage laws to guarantee a living wage.
43
(e) Legal measure securing income during unemployment.

(f) Publicity to prevent corruption in business and Government.
(g) Control of public services by Federal and State Commissioners to prevent
abuses.
4. Prevention of Prostitution, alcoholism, and drug habits (since these lead to or are
associated with cirme by legal and educational measures.
5. Direct measures:
(a) Bureau of registration and identification.
(b) Police functioning as agents of social betterment.
(c) Social Treatment of vagabonds and inebriates by missions, municipal lodging
houses, etc.
(d) Aid to prisoners and their families.
(e) Use of probation and parole.
6. Law, courts, and government,
(a) Improvement in judicial administration.
(b) Legal adjustment of industrial disputes by boards of arbitration.
(c) Employer’s liability and work men’s compensation laws.
(d) Reforms in municipal courts.
(e) Legal protection of immigrants and legal aid societies.
(f) Better enforcement of law.
(g) Elimination of political corruption.
7. Educational Methods of preventing crime.
(a) Examination and diagnosis of children so as to care for mentally and
physically defective.
(b) Physical training.
(c) Better play space and facilities for children.
(d) Vocation schools and summer camps.
(e) Education in physiology and sex hygiene.
8. Agencies of recreation, sociability and culture and religion in the prevention of
crime.
(a) Social settlements.
44
(b) Boy’s and girl’s clubs.

(c) Censorship of theatres, moving pictures, and related entertainments.
(d) Municipal provision for entertainment and recreation of the masses.
(e) Municipal playgrounds.
(f) “Institutional” Churches (serving as social centers) such as parish houses,
Y.M.C.A., Catholic and Jewish associations.
Henderson’s scheme of preventive measures is an extensive scheme, though in no
way exhaustive, which covers a very wide range of factors, known or believed to be in
some way or the other affecting crime. All the same, no matter how good appropriate or
desirable from a moral point of view, several of his suggestions be their effectiveness in
preventing crime in not proved, rather in several cases, it has been questioned. Here we
are more concerned with the concept of crime prevention, rather than evaluation of the
methods. Conceptually, Henderson’s concept is one of total eradication of crime5 .
The above concept of total eradication of crime has been borrowed from the medical
discipline, where instead of prevention of filaria, small pox, malaria etc. they have
switched over to their total eradication. This progress in medical discipline, from
prevention to eradication of several diseases, is based on the knowledge of causes of
those diseases. The aim is to eliminate the causative organisms, and laudable success
has been achieved. Preventive measures are most effective when they are closely related
to the cause of the behavior that one wishes to prevent. Unfortunately, criminologists
have not been able to agree on the causes of delinquency and crime. The earlier text
books on criminology discuss. “Causes of Crime”. Looking historically, philosophers
advanced theories of crime causation and advised remedial measures accordingly. But
today, with the development of social sciences, especially that of psychology and
sociology, it is believed that there is no cause of crime, rather there are predisposing
and precipitating factors leading to the crime situation. Besides this, the very act referred
to as crime, is looked upon differently by the different disciplines, with the result that it
is difficult to define crime precisely, that may be acceptable to all. Discussing why
juvenile delinquency preventive programmes are ineffective, Sophia M. Robison puts it
graphically when she says that we are in the unenviable position which medicine
would face if there was (1) no agreement on the definition of the disease for which the
cure was sought, (2) no definitive description of the characteristics of those who were
vulnerable, (3) no precise methods to be used, and (4) no agreed upon criteria for
determining the relative success of the cure.
Crime and delinquency has at least two definitions one legal, and the other socio-
criminological. According to the legal view, crime is any wilful act or omission forbidden
and punishable by law. Under this definition swift, certain and severe punishment of
known offenders for crime is considered by many as a deterrent of unknown others
5
HENDERSON CHARLES R. (ed) Preventive Agencies and Methods, New York 1910
45
from committing crime, thereby preventing those as yet uncommitting crimes. The simple
effectiveness of severe punishment is found missing reality. The classic example of
pick-pocketing, when people gathered to witness the public hanging of pick-pockets
and thieves, has exhibited itself at all times and in many forms.
Today, it is widely accepted that not severity but surity of punishment, in our
country can better be judged by the fact that only 20 to 25% of those challaned for
committing offences, get the final conviction. And if we consider the fact that for every
know offence and offender hauled up, there are a number offences that go undetected,
and many offenders who are not caught, the surity of punishment will go down 5 to
10%- a level at which it is hardly dependable. In the case of witness, there is no yardstick
to measure it in any detail, but the common man feels that the dictum : “Justice delayed
is justice denied”, is more often of violated that followed. In short that value of the legal
view of prevention of crime is theoretical and not so fruitful6 .
The socio-criminologic view advocated that the act of crime, should be looked
upon, as a symptom of something deeper, in the personality of the offender or his socio-
economic milieu, or both whereby he is unable to meet the situation in a socially
acceptable manner. An individual displays healthy personality when he is able to
gratify his needs, through behaviour that conforms with both the norms of his society,
and the requirement of his conscience. The behaviour scientists emphasize, that except
in the accidental or the situational offender, the predisposing factors determine the
type of response of the person to the precipitating factors, and that unless the personality
has a component of predisposition or vulnerability to some anti-sociality, the ordinary
environmental precipitating factors will not be able to blend him to commit the crime7 .
The socio-criminological concept of prevention of crime is more or less akin to the
concept of prevention of somatic ills in the medical discipline, when they say that if the
prevention of crime is not tackled genetically as related to its causes, any removal of the
precipitating factors shall be as ineffective as the use of aspirin in the prevention of an
organic type of headache.
The concept of crime prevention, advanced by the socio criminologists is good as
an ideal, which deserves to the accepted and worked for. That the road and means to
reach the ideal are not clearly visible should be no argument to give up the ideal. The
situation calls for a long term and a short term plan crime prevention.
The long term plan would consist of planned theoretical, applied and operational
research in three basis directions, viz. (1) how can delinquency and crime be prevented
from being committed, (2) how can the criminals be prevented from repeating crime,
and (3) a study of the casual or correlation relationship and effectiveness of the currently
belleved or practiced methods or prevention of crime. Evaluation studies of the various
6
Donald Clemner : In foreward to the Sociology of Punishment and Correction by Norman Johnson
and other John Wiley & sons Inc, York 1962
7
Ruth Shonle Cavan : Criminology, Thomos Y. Crowell Co., New York 1962 pp. 242
46
crime prevention programmes in vogue could yield rich insight into the nature of crime,
and criminals and the reactions of the society in which that occurs. Research, rather
that trial- and error experiment’s is needed before operationally effective programmes
will be discovered. Meaningful suggestions for research could be taken from what Carr
maintains involves delinquency control, viz. (1) techniques for the discover of deviant
behavior techniques for the diagnosis, (3) techniques for treatment,, and (4) Techniques
for the prevention by (a) removing or controlling pressure conducive to delinquency (b)
introducing positive factors in the environment, and (c) improving the hereditary quality
of the population8 .
On the short term basis, the evaluation of the various current and advocated
programmes for the prevention of crime could proceed without waiting for positive
knowledge from basic research and etiological studies. So long as we do not have
specific knowledge necessary for the eradication of crime from society, any programme
that fosters individual and social health and harmony, is by definition preventive of
the malady. The basic implication of prevention is the forestalling of a situation that
will require later treatment. The major sources of criminal behaviour are to be found in
th early development of human beings, and it is easier to rehabilitate plastic young
offenders than hardened criminals. The attack upon crime and delinquency, therefore,
must deal primarily with children and adolescents9 .
No scheme or concept of crime prevention would be complete without a reference
to the general background in which it develops. No attack upon crime and delinquency
would succeed unless it is whole heartedly accepted and supported by the public in
whose behalf it is launched. Dr. Jyotsna Shah, very aptly draws attention to the general
apathy of common man towards crime control and advocated community action for
control and prevention of crime and delinquency. It, therefore, calls for intensive and
extensive efforts to educated the public and motivate it to undertake the much needed
programmes. This celebration of the National Crime Prevention Week is a much needed
step in the right direction, but such sporadic efforts alone would not be enough to
achieve crime prevention to the uncoordinated and fissiparous efforts of individual
parents, teachers juvenile courts, social workers religious preachers etc. it is to fitter
away the available resources and energy. It is suggested that as we have a well-developed
educational system, with all making body, so also we should establish a Central
Commission charged with the task of developing adequate programmes of prevention
of delinquency and crime, with its emphasis not only upon the prevention of law-
breaking, but upon the more basic need of developing well adjusted children and
adults who would be able to discharge their responsibilities and derive satisfactions
through socially approved channel. Some of the tasks for this commission could be :-
(1) Policy making.
8
Encyclopedia of Criminology, Ed. By Vernon C. Branham and Samul B. Kustash.
9
Richard R. Korn and Lloyd W. Mc Corkli Criminology: and Penology Henry Hold & Inc.
47
(2) Coordination of private and public programmes.

(3) Education of the public on the subject.
(4) Collection and collation of information
(5) Periodical evaluation of the various programmes.
(6) Research and experimental division.
In conclusion the variable involved in seeking to comprehend crime and to cope
with the machinery for its prevention and control, are so extensive and complex that
they vary every major field of man’s knowledge especially the social sciences. The
application of scientific knowledge and methods of refined testing of hypothesis, to the
data of criminal behaviour and the theories and processes of law enforcement, raise the
hope striving to achieve the ideal, which in the present state of public pathy and
ignorance, cells for the highest priority, policy and pressure, envisaged in a Central
Commission set up for the purpose10 .
10
Robert G. Caldwell : Criminology : The Ronald Press Co. New York, 1956. P. 685
48
Animal Rights in contravention with Human Rights
Animal Rights in contravention with

Human Rights
Srishti S. Shashwat*
Jawahar Lal* *
“The greatness of a nation and its moral progress can be judged by the way its animals are
treated.”
– Mahatma Gandhi
Words said by a great personality are worth attending. From our Constitution to
state and central Acts no law has ever left the environment at stake. Every law does talk
about the environment and the rights of the animals residing in it. But do we really care
about our environment to an extent which could prejudice the human development
and human rights. Since, there is an increase in the demand for advancement and
simultaneous protection of human rights there are vigorous movements both socio and
political all over the world which do are conflicting the rights of animals. But in today’s
time the matters related to environment are considered to have equal significance with
those of human rights.1
Historical Background
In India the first legislation for animals was made during British period for the
protection of birds in 1887, known as the Wild Birds Protection Act. But this Act did not
prohibit the killing of birds. In 1912 they enacted another legislation called the Wild
Birds and Animals (Protection) Act. It empowered the provincial government to declare
a specified period to be close time during which certain kinds of wild birds or animals
would not be killed or captured or bought or sold. It also required the offenders to pay
fine. The act was amended and for the first time include the concept of sanctuary in
order to protect the birds or animals. These legislation were a result of rapid decline in
the population of wild life and birds.
Many states passed resolutions in pursuance of Art. 2522 of the Constitution
giving parliament the power to pass necessary legislation for the protection of wild
animals and their related matters. Thus, Parliament enacted the Wildlife Act which
came into effect from 1 February 1973. This Act was inadequate for its purpose and was
*
Student, B.A.LLB. (Hons.) National Law University, Ranchi
**
Joint Secretary to Chief Minister, Government of Uttar Pradesh
1
Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board v. MV Naydu, AIR 1999 SC 812
2
Constitution of India Art. 252, ‘Power of Parliament to legislate for two or more States by consent
and adoption of such legislation by any other State.’
49
later amended in 1986 and since then several laws have been enacted, amended.
Animal Rights and its Inter-Relationship with Sustainable

Development
In 1987, the World Commission on Environment and Development (Brundtland
Commission) used the term ‘sustainable development’ for the first time. They elucidated
sustainable development in a modern way- “Humanity has the ability to make
development sustainable to ensure that it meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. The concept of
sustainable development does imply limits - not absolute limits but limitations imposed
by the present state of technology and social organization on environmental resources
and by the ability of the biosphere to absorb the effects of human activities. But technology
and social organization can be both managed and improved to make way for a new era
of economic growth.” 3
An example of conflict between human development and environment can be
seen in the case of Vellore Citizens Welfare Forum v. Union of India4 in which it was said
that “the chemical or other hazardous industries which are essential for economic
development may have to be set up. But measures should be taken to reduce the risk of
hazard or risk to the community by taking all necessary steps for locating such industries
in a manner that would pose the least risk or danger to the community and for
maximizing safety requirements in such industries.”- The Supreme Court in this case
directed the High Court to set up a Green Bench. In Animal and Environment Legal
Defence Fund v. Union of India5 an issue was raised that whether tribal people could
move about and fish in the reservoir within the park. Also in one of the earlier case
before the Apex Court they dealt with restrictions imposed on tribal people to pluck
and collect tendu leaves.6
The above mentioned judgements shows us clearly the intention of judiciary
towards the environment and the development process of humans. We have to create
balance between the environment and development with an intent to create harmony
between humans and the non-human animals.
In case of GR Simon v. Union of India,7 the role of animals in the ecological balance
has been analysed. It was held that, “Wildlife forms part of our culture heritage in the
same manner as other archaeological monuments, painting, literature etc. each and
every animal plays a role in maintaining the ecological balance and, therefore, the
contention that certain animals have no role to play or are detrimental to human life is
3
World Commission on Environment and Development, Our Common Future, Oxford University
Press, 1987
4
Vellore Citizens Welfare Forum v. Union of India, AIR 1996 SC 2715
5
Animal and Environment Legal Defence Fund v. Union of India, AIR 1997 SC 1071
6
Pradeep Krishen v. Union of India, AIR 1996 SC 2040
50
completely misconceived.” It also said that, “It is to be recognized that Wild Life is an
asset and heritage to be preserved for future generations.” Again in this case the
sustainable development is evident and shows that wild life as a whole is important
for our ecology and not just few animals.
Animal Rights under the Constitution

Animals’ Right and Right to freedom to carry any occupation. Again going to the
rights provided by the constitution of India. Article 21 provides humans the right to life
which with time has widened its scope to include and prefer public health and ecology
against unemployment and loss of revenue.8 That is a great leap of environment over
human economic development.
With time we have started to talk about fundamental rights of animals. The Wildlife
Protection Act, 1972 under its clauses states hunting, keeping or breeding of any wild
animals and birds to be offences. Other such offences are acquiring, receiving, keeping
in control, custody or possession, selling wild animals and their skins or meat like
monkeys, snakes, bears etc., or any wild birds including Mynahs and Parakeets. Article
19(g) gives freedom to carry any business or occupation but does not allow to carry any
illegal occupation and according to Section 21 & 22 of the Prevention of Cruelty to
Animals Act, 1960 the occupation that is of madaris, snake- charmers are all offences
hence not part of Article 19(g). On a positive note the Article safeguards the interest of
people who take care of the animals and take it as their occupation.9
Performing Animals- As defined under The Performing Animals Rules, 1973 and
The Performing Animals (Registration) Rules, 2001 these animals are those which are
used for entertainment purpose to which public is admitted through the sale of tickets.
Even the animals which are used in films and for equine events.10 These different laws
for animals used in different ways helps to control human action and protect the animals
against cruelty which cause pain and suffering.
Animals’ right and religion. No animal can be slaughtered except goats. The
Division Bench of Calcutta has ruled that the slaughter of cows by members of Muslim
community on Bakri-eid day is not a requirement of the Muslim religion and should be
banned. The Supreme Court has upheld this decision. The Prevention of Cruelty to
Animals (Slaughter House) Rules, 2001 provides that no one can slaughter animals in
slums, in roadside meat shops or in dhabas or in private houses. This rule applies in
the slaughtering of goats on Bakri-Eid. Slaughter can only take place in government
designated Idgahs, but not in mosques.
7
GR Simon v. Union of India, AIR 1997 Del 301
8
M.C. Mehta v. Union of India, AIR 1987 SC 1086
9
Constitution of India, Art. 51A (9), ‘to protect and improve the natural environment including
forests, lakes, rivers and wild life, and to have compassion for living creatures’.
10
The Performing Animals (Registration) Rules, 2001, Section 2(h)
51
The question of conflict between the animals’ right and religion comes often in
India directly or indirectly. In the case of Ramesh Sharma v. State of Himachal Pradesh11
such a sensitive issue was raised that whether animal sacrifice forms a central or
integral part of Hinduism. In short to see whether animal killing can be justified on the
name of religion. In the above mentioned case the High Court found no reference which
mandates the animal sacrifice as essential part of Hindu religion. Further, in case of
Durgah Committee Ajmer and Anr. v. Syed Hussain Ali and Ors,12 a very valid point was
made and it was held that even though any practice is religious in nature it might have
come from superstitious beliefs with no rational at all and such practices as noted may
be extraneous and unessential accretions to religion itself.
Yet again in one case the Apex Court targeted and held for any religion that
slaughtering of cows and their progeny is not necessary required as part of any religious
ceremony.13
In case of Animal Welfare Board of India v. A. Nagaraja and Ors.14 the court said that
animals’ well-being and welfare have been statutorily recognized u/s 3 & 11 of the
Protection of Cruelty to Animals Act and it should be read with Art. 51 A (g)15 .
These all cases shows positivity towards the rights of animals and that on the
name of religion the indiscriminate killing of animals is not justified and justice will be
served.
Animals’ right and Right to food. India talks about Right to food under the head
of right to life guaranteed by the Constitution under Art. 2116 . Pursuance to this the
national Food Security bill in 2013 was passed. Does the Right to food includes right to
choice of food? Is it possible for humans to completely abstain from eating certain
animals they want to eat or is allowed by the religion they belong to. These questions
are not answered yet but soon they will arise with the increase in awareness among the
people about the treatment of animals in the farms.
Conclusion
The vision of humans to see its development cannot be allowed to keep a blind eye
over the safety and preservation of environment and wildlife. The judicial system of
our country has given guidelines and judgements in favour of the environment
compromising little-little things humans want. Development has to take place but not
11
Ramesh Sharma v. State of Himachal Pradesh
12
Durgah Committee Ajmer and Anr. v. Syed Hussain Ali and Ors, AIR 1961 SC 1402
13
State of Gujarat v. Mirzapur Moti Kureshi Kassat Jannat and Ors, (2005) 8 SCC 534
14
Animal Welfare Board of India v. A. Nagaraja and Ors., (2014) 7 SCC 547
15
Supra 5.
16
Constitution of India Art.21, ‘Protection of life and personal liberty- No person shall be deprived of
his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law.’
52
at the cost of a disturbed ecology. It is the duty of every citizen of the country to do their
duty to protect environment with sincerity and realization. In this paper we saw mostly
the positive side of the judiciary towards the environment but the truth is half known
that no law can surpass the fact that animals who are completely useless or useful to
humans are hard to be protected but that doesn’t stop us from protecting and performing
our duty towards our environment and wild life.
53
Style for Reference

REFERENCES: These should be listed at the end of article, arranged alphabetically
according to the surnames of the authors and then chronologically. Following are
examples of the proper reference style of various sources but while listing there should
not be any separate subheading/s for Journals/Books/Newspapers/Magazines etc.
Avoid using IBID and OP. CIT. in the text.
Journals:
Chopra VP 1983. Population structure of the Indian people. Some microevoluntary
aspects. Anthrop Anz, 41: 111-117.
Books:
Bhasin MK 1988. Biology of the People of Indian Region. A Classified and Comprehensive
Bibliography (Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka). Delhi: Kamla-
Raj Enterprises.
Sections of Books:
Bhasin MK, Bhasin V 2001. Ecology and health: The Indian scenario. In: Veena Bhasin
Vinay K Srivastava and MK Bhasin (Eds.). Human Ecology in the New Millennium. Delhi:
Kamla-Raj Enterprises, pp. 43-82.
Newspaper / Magazine:
Bhasin Veena 1982. Ecology and Gaddi Culture. Hindustan Times, Weekly, August 29,
1982, P. 9.
Radio/Television Talk:
Bhasin Veena 1986. Radio Talk - Gaddis of Himachal Pradesh. All India Radio ‘Yuv
Vani’ - 1st July, 1986.
Meeting Paper:
Bhasin V, Bhasin MK, Singh IP 1978. Some problems in the education of Gaddis of
Bharmour, Chamba District, Himachal Pradesh. Paper presented in Seminar on Education
and Social Change in Himachal Pradesh (H.P.) in H.P. University, Shimla, November 13 to
16, 1978.
Report:
UNESCO 1974. Report of an Expert Panel on MAB Project 6: Impact of Human Activities
on Mountain and Tundra Ecosystems. MAB Report Series No. 14, Paris: Unesco.
Thesis / Dissertation:
Bhasin Veena 1981. Ecological Influence on the Socio cultural System of the Gaddis of
54
Style for Reference
Bharmour Sub-Tehsil, Chamba District, Himachal Pradesh. Ph. D. Thesis, Unpublished.

Delhi: University of Delhi.
Work “in press”:
Bhasin Veena 2004. Economic pursuits and strategies of survival among Damor of
Rajasthan. J Hum Ecol, (in press).
Website:
Official Home Page of Work and Income New Zealand 2004. From <http://
www.workandincome.govt.nz> (Retrieved March 18, 2004)
When there are more than five authors use et al. in place of rest of the authors.
REFERENCES IN THE TEXT: References citations in the text should be in parentheses
and include author name(s) and year of publication. Text citations of two or more
works at the time should be given in chronological order. When citing a paper written
by three or more authors, write the name of the first author plus “et al.” (However, all
authors must be given in the Reference section). Where there are two or more papers by
the same author in one year, distinguishing letter (a, b, c....) should be added to year. All
references should be carefully cross-checked; it is the author’s responsibility to ensure
that references are correct.
CHECK THE FOLLOWING POINTS WHILE CITING THE REFERENCES IN THE
TEXT AND LISTING THEM IN THE END
Check do not give number either in the text or in the list of References in the end List
only those REFERENCES in the end which are cited in the text
REFERENCES CITED IN THE TEXT FOR TEXT
1. Write only Family Name/Caste and not first or middle name except when there is
more than one author with the same Family Name/Caste than to differentiate
among them use first and/or middle name.
2. Do not use IBID and OP. CIT. in the text.
3. When there is one authors’ cited for an observation/evaluation than arrange it as
follow
For example: Coale (1965) or Khakhar and Gulati (2000) or Dey et al. (2008)
4. When there are more than one authors cited for an observation/evaluation than
arrange them according to the year of publication and do not put comma before
the year and place semi colon after the year. For example: (Coale 1965; De Jong
1974; Gulati 1996; Khakhar and Gulati 2000;
Dey et al. 2008; Sharma 1997)
55
5. When there are more than one cited references in an observation/evaluation which
are published in the same year than arrange the list of authors alphabetically
For example: (Bhasin et al. 2007; Boon et al. 2007; Regassa 2007; Singh et al. 2007)
FOR LIST OF REFERENCES
Check the List of References carefully and arrange them as per style of the journal as
follow:
1. do not put NUMBER before any Reference
2. do not use COMMA, FULL STOP in an individual name,
3. do not place AND when there are two or more than two authors,
4. do not place use et al. (NOT IN ITALICS) when there are more than two authors,
i. e., Give names of all the Authors, however you may use et al. after listing at least
first five authors,
5. place the YEAR of publication after the authors before the title of the paper, when
using abbreviations for the title of the journal than do not use FULL STOP,
6. after the name of the journal put COMMA and give VOLUME NO. Than COLON
and PAGE NUMBERS.
7. do not give any separate subheading/s for Journals/Books/Newspapers,
Magazines etc.
8. Internet references should be mentioned when retrieved;
9. do not use OP. CIT.
56
Subscription Form
Name........................................................................................................................................................
Father’s Name.........................................................................................................................................
Designation..............................................................................................................................................
Office Address...........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................
Home Address........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
Contact details
Phone................................................ (o).............................................................................. (R)
Mobile...................................................................................................................................................
Email....................................................................................................................................................
Annual Subscription
Individual Institutional Foreign

Rs. 1000/- Rs. 1500/- $50
Please send your subscription in the form of DD/Cheque or Cash to:

The Editor-in-Chief
568/9, Kailashpuri, Alambagh,
Lucknow- 226005
For Office Use Only

Received with thanks a DD/Cash/Cheque ...................................................... no. ...................
Amount.................... dated ........................ from Mr./Ms./Dr ........................................................
Membership Number .................................. Period ...........................................................................
Authorized Signatory
COPYRIGHT TRANSFER FORM
(To be completed by author/authors)
I/ We, the undersig ned author (s) of the article entitled

_____________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ hereby,
declare that the paper which is submitted for publication in the Journal “International
Journal of Social Studies” is not published in any journal or magazine, and, is not
under consideration for publication elsewhere.
I am handing over all the publication rights of this article to the Editor-in-Chief of
this Journal. I will never claim any kind of royalty from any publisher or from the
editorial board.
I/We have read the final version of the article and am/are responsible for the
thought contents embodied in it. The work dealt in the article is my/our own
contribution.
1. First Author’s Name _________________________________________________
Signature: __________________________________________________________
2. Second Author’s Name _______________________________________________
Signature: __________________________________________________________
3. Third Author’s Name _________________________________________________
Signature: __________________________________________________________
Mobile Number of the corresponding author: _________________________________
Please return the completed Form to:

Editor-in-Chief

International Journal of Social Studies-V-2 PDF

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

International Journal of Social Studies-V-2 PDF

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Vol. 2. No.

3 & 4 January - December, 2015 ISSN: 2349-1086

A Biannual Referred Journal

Cite this Volume as 2 Vol. 3&4 International Journal of Social Studies

Please send your subscription in the form of DD/Cheque or Cash to:

Executive Assistant Editors

Prof. Balraj Chauhan,

Ms Ana Rita Fnery

Mr. Ashish Kumar, IES

Mr. Chandra Prakash, IPS

Mr. Dheeraj Kumar, IAS

Mr. Jawahar Lal,

Mr. Mithilesh Kumar Mishra

Mr. Nikhil Maurya

Dr. Surendra Kumar Yadav

Mr. Rajesh Sahni

Article Review Board

Dr. Anand Shanker Singh

Prof. A.N. Singh

Dr. Indira Srivastava

Dr. Mridul Srivastava

Dr.Anand Shanker Singh

Dr. Geetanjali Srivastava

International Journal of Social Studies

S.No Title of the Paper and Author Page No.

1. Domestic Violence: An Inhumane Cruelty Against Women 1

2. Right to Information : A Boom to Governance 8

3. Psychological Interpretation of Violence 16

4. The Application of Business Techniques to the Administration 20

5. Delinquency Control : The Institutional Strategy 30

6. Public Participation in The Prevention of Crime 40

7. Animal Rights in contravention with Human Rights 49

Domestic Violence: An Inhumane Cruelty

Domestic violence is a pattern of assault and coercive behaviour including physical,

Causes of Domestic violence:

country .Woman is always treated as supporting identity for man hence it is

Cruelty by Husband or his relatives in India

(Source: NCRB, Rate per lakh of total population)

a. Marriage embraces physical, emotional, psychological, economic and social

Immediate action to be taken by sufferer:

Right to Information: A Boom to Governance

Right to Information is a strong weapon in the hands of people for ensuring

What is Right to Information Act?

Important Features of RTI

Ten Years of RTI- Where Do We Stand?

accountability seem to be under threat in India. Problems posed by missing files in

Impact of RTI: Boom to Governance

process for submitting a RTI request. That results in improper implementation of

Psychological Interpretation of Violence

The vastness of a multi-cultured country like India, its heterogeneity, multiple

Reducing violence among ‘subcultures of violence’ is a difficult process, and our

Strategies for Change:

The Application of Business Techniques to the

Business techniques are, of course, currently applied extensively in both public

Planning, Organization and Co-ordination

aspects of the program as a measure of accomplishment and means of control?

Methods and Procedures

Budget and Fiscal Management

payments. However, a comparison among jurisdictions on a percentage basis is not

Communication and Supervision

Personnel Administration and Training

The research of the psychologist, particularly the psychometrician, has built up

Management Analysis and Services