Sequences and Series: Chapter - 4

CHAPTER – 4
SEQUENCES AND SERIES

PROGRESSIONS terms of the A.P.
Arithmetic Mean can also be obtained by taking the
In this chapter, we will look at the problems on average of any two terms which are EQUIDISTANT from
sequences or progressions of numbers, where the terms the two ends of the A.P. i.e.,
of the sequence follow a particular pattern - either addition
- The average of the second term from the beginning
of a constant (Arithmetic Sequence or Arithmetic
and the second term from the end will be equal to
Progression) or multiplication by a constant (Geometric
the A.M.
Sequence or Geometric Progression). A third type of
- The average of the third term from the beginning
progression–Harmonic Progression–has also been
and the third term from the end will also be equal to
defined later.
the A.M. and so on.
ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION (A.P.) In general, the average of the kth term from the beginning
and the kth term from the end will be equal to the A.M.
An arithmetic progression is a sequence of numbers in
which any number (other than the first) is more Conversely, if the A.M. of an A.P. is known, the sum to n
(or less) than the immediately preceding number by terms of the series (Sn) can be expressed as
a constant value. This constant value is called the Sn = n × A.M.
common difference. In other words, any term of an
arithmetic progression can be obtained by adding the (a + b )
For two numbers a and b their A.M. = .
common difference to the preceding term. 2
Let a be the first term of an arithmetic progression, d the If three numbers are in arithmetic progression the middle
common difference and n the number of terms in the number is called the Arithmetic Mean, i.e., if a, b, c are in
progression. a+c
The nth term is normally represented by Tn and the sum A.P., then b is the A.M. of the three terms and b = .
2
to n terms is denoted by Sn
If three numbers are in A.P., we can represent the three
Tn = nth term = a + (n – 1) d numbers as (a – d), a and (a + d).
n
Sn = Sum of n terms = × [2a + (n – 1)d]. If four numbers are in A.P., we can represent the four
2
The progression can be represented as a, a + d, a + 2d, numbers as (a – 3d), (a − d), (a + d) and (a + 3d); (in this
……..., [a + (n – 1)d]. Here, quantity d is to be added to case, 2d is the common difference).
any chosen term to get the next term of the progression.
If five numbers are in A.P., we can represent the five
The sum to n terms of an arithmetic progression can also numbers as (a – 2d), (a – d), a, (a + d) and (a + 2d).
be written in a different manner.
n Examples
Sum of first n terms = × [2a + (n – 1)d]
2
n 4.01. The first term and the common difference of an
= × [a + {a + (n – 1)d}] arithmetic progression are 4 and 3 respectively.
2
Find the 11th term.
But, when there are n terms in an arithmetic progression,
Sol: The nth term of A.P = a + (n – 1) d
a is the first term and {a + (n − 1)d} is the last term.
11th term = 4 + 10 (3) = 34
n
Hence, Sn = × [First Term + Last Term]
2 4.02. Find the number of terms in an arithmetic
Arithmetic Mean (A.M) is the average of a set of numerical progression in which the first and last terms are
values. Since average is equal to {sum of all the 7 and 45 respectively and the common
quantities/number of quantities}, arithmetic mean of an difference is 2.
A.P is equal to the sum of the terms of the arithmetic
progression divided by the number of terms in the Sol: Let the number of terms be n.
arithmetic progression. Given a = 7, d = 2 and a + (n – 1) d = 45
Arithmetic Mean of n terms in arithmetic progression ⇒ 45 = 7 + (n − 1) 2
Sn 1 ∴n = 20
= = {2a + (n – 1)d}
n 2
4.03. The sixth and the tenth terms of an arithmetic
1
= × (First Term + Last Term) progression are 22 and 38 respectively. Find
2 the first term and the common difference.
(First Term + Last Term)
= Sol: Let the first term and the common difference be
2
i.e., A.M. of a A.P is the average of the first and the last a and d respectively.
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a + 5d = 22 --- (1) Sol: Let the terms be a − d, a and a + d.
a + 9d = 38 --- (2) a − d + a + a + d = 45
Subtracting (1) from (2), a = 15
4d = 16, d = 4 (a − d) a (a + d) = 3240
Substituting d in (1) or (2), 152 − d2= 216
we get a = 2 d=±3
If d = 3 the terms are 12, 15 and 18. If d = −3,
4.04. The 12th term, the 14th term and the last term of the terms are same but in the descending order.
an arithmetic progression are 25, 31 and
37 respectively. Find the first term, common 4.09. The first term and the last term of an arithmetic
difference and the number of terms. progression are 9 and 69 respectively. If the
sum of all the terms is 468, find the number of
Sol: Let the first term, the common difference and terms and the common difference.
the number of terms be a, d and n respectively.
Sol: Let the number of terms and the common
Given that
difference be n and d respectively,
a + 11d = 25 → (1)
Sn = [9 + 69] = 468 ⇒ 39n = 468
n
a + 13d = 31 → (2)
Subtracting (1) from (2), 2
2d = 6 n = 12
d=3 tn = 9 + 11d ⇒ 11d = 60
Substituting d = 3 in (1) or (2), 60
⇒d=
a = −8 11
given, tn = − 8 + (n − 1) 3 = 37
n = 16 4.10. The 17th term and the 28th term of an arithmetic
progression are 66 and 110 respectively.
Find the 33rd term.
4.05. Find the sum of the first 20 terms of an
arithmetic progression in which the first term is
Sol: Let the first term and the common difference be
6 and the common difference is 2. a and d respectively.
Sol: The sum of the first n terms of an A.P a + 16d = 66 → (1)
a + 27d = 110 → (2)
n
= (2a + (n – 1) d) Subtracting (1) from (2),
2 11d = 44
Sum of the first 20 terms d=4
=
20
[2(6) + 19(2)] = 500 Substituting d = 4 in (1) or (2),
a=2
2
33rd term = 2 + 32 (4) = 130.
4.06. Find the arithmetic mean of the first 31 terms of 4.11. The sum of three numbers which are in
an arithmetic progression in which the first term arithmetic progression is 24. The sum of their
is 3 and the common difference is 5. squares is 200. Find the numbers.
Sol: Arithmetic mean of the terms of an A.P Sol: Let the numbers be a − d, a and a + d.
Given, a − d + a + a + d = 24
n
(2a + (n − 1) d) 2a + (n − 1) d ∴a = 8
= 2 = (a − d)2 + a2 + (a + d)2 = 200
n 2
3a2 + 2d2 = 200
2(3 ) + (30 )(5 ) ⇒ d2 = 4
∴ arithmetic mean = = 78 ∴d = ± 2
2
If d = 2, the numbers are 6, 8 and 10. If d = −2, the
4.07. Divide 100 into four parts which are in arithmetic numbers are same, but in the descending order.
progression such that the product of the second
part and third part is 72 more than the product GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION (G.P.)
of the other two parts. Numbers taken in a certain order, are said to be in
Geometric Progression, if the ratio of any term (other
Sol: Let the four parts be a − 3d, a − d, a + d and a + 3d
than the first) to the preceding one is the same. This
Given, a − 3d + a − d + a + d + a + 3d = 100
ratio is called the common ratio. In other words, any term
∴a = 25 of a geometric progression can be obtained by
Given (a − d) (a + d) = (a − 3d) (a + 3d) + 72 multiplying the preceding number by the common ratio.
a2 − d2 = a2 − 9d2 + 72
d=±3 The common ratio is normally represented by r. The first
If d = 3, the numbers are 16, 22, 28 and 34. If term of a geometric progression is denoted by a.
d = −3, the numbers are same but in the
descending order. A geometric progression can be represented as a, ar,
ar2, ..... where a is the first term and r is the common
4.08. Three terms in arithmetic progression have a ratio of the geometric progression.
sum of 45 and a product of 3240. Find them. nth term of the geometric progression is arn – 1.
Sum to n terms : SOME IMPORTANT RESULTS
(
a 1 − rn
or
)
a rn − 1 ( )
1− r r −1 The results of the sums to n terms of the following series
n −1 are quite useful and hence should be remembered by
rar −a r × Last term − First term students.
= =
r −1 r −1
Thus the sum to n terms of a geometric progression can Sum of the first n natural numbers
also be written as n(n + 1)
= ∑n =
2
r × Last term − First term
Sn =
r −1 Sum of squares of the first n natural numbers
n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
∑n =
2
If n terms a1, a2, a3, ......... an are in G.P., then the
6
Geometric Mean (G.M.) of these n terms is given by
n a1 ⋅ a2 ⋅ a3 ⋅ ........... ⋅ an Sum of cubes of first n natural numbers
2
 n(n + 1)  n2 (n + 1)2
If three terms are in geometric progression then the ∑n = 
3
 = = [∑ n]2
 2  4
middle term is a Geometric Mean of the other two terms,
i.e., if a, b and c are in G.P., then b is the Geometric
Mean of the three terms and b² = ac. 4.12. Find the 7th term of the geometric progression
whose first term is 6 and common ratio is 2.
If there are two terms a and b, their Geometric Mean
Sol: nth term of a G.P = arn – 1
(G.M.) is given by ab . 7th term = 6 (26) = 384
When there are three terms in geometric progression, 4.13. A geometric progression has its first term as
we can represent the three terms to be a/r, a and ar 1
64 and its common ratio as . Find the sum of
2
When there are four terms in geometric progression, we its first five terms.
a a
can represent the four terms as 3 , , ar and ar3.
r r Sol: Sum of the first n terms of a G.P =
(
a 1− r n )
1− r
(In this case r2 is the common ratio)
  1 5 
64 1 −   
INFINITE GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION  2 
Sum of its first five terms =   = 124
1
If –1 < r < +1 or | r | < 1, then the sum of the terms of a 1−
geometric progression does not increase infinitely; it 2
"converges" to a particular value. Such a G.P. is referred
to as an infinite geometric progression. The sum of an 4.14. Find the common ratio of the geometric
progression whose first and last terms are 5 and
infinite geometric progression is represented by S∞ and
is given by the formula 1 624
respectively and the sum of its terms is .
a 25 100
S∞ = .
1− r
Sol: Sum of the terms of a geometric progression
whose common ratio is r, is given by
HARMONIC PROGRESSION (H.P)
If the reciprocals of the terms of a sequence are in r (last term) − (first term)
arithmetic progression, the sequence is said to be a r −1
1 1 1  1 
harmonic progression, For example, 1, , , ,........ is r −5
2 3 4  25  624
a harmonic progression. In general, the sequence =
r −1 100
1 1 1 ⇒ 4 r – 500 = 624r – 624
, , ,....... is a harmonic progression.
a a + d a + 2d 1
⇒ r= .
5
For two numbers a and b, their Harmonic Mean (H.M) is
2ab 4.15. In the previous example, find the number of terms.
given by .
a+b
Sol: Let the number of terms be n.
For any two positive numbers a and b, n−1
1  1
= 5  
A.M ≥ G.M ≥ H.M 25 5
3 n−1
If a, b, c are in harmonic progression, b is said to be the  1  1
harmonic mean of a and c. In general, if x1, x2, ……xn   =  
5 5
are in harmonic progression, x2, x3,….xn – 1 are the n – 2
Comparing both sides, n − 1 = 3
harmonic means between x1 and xn.
∴n = 4
4.16. Three numbers in geometric progression have a a
sum of 42 and a product of 512. Find the progression =
1− r
numbers.
1
Sol:
a
Let the numbers be , a and ar. ∴Sum of the series = =3
2
r 1−
a 3
+ a + ar = 42
r 4.20. If (13 + t1) + (23 + t2) + (33 + t3) + (43 + t4) +
a n2 (n + 6 )
  (a )(ar ) = 512 ……….. + (n3 + tn) = , find t10.
r 4
a=8
Sol: (13 + 23 + 33 + ………n3) + (t1 + t2 + …….tn)
8
+ 8 + 8r = 42 n2 (n + 6 )
r =
8r − 34r + 8 = 0
2 4
8r2 − 32r − 2r + 8 = 0 ⇒ t1 + t2 + …………..tn
(r − 4) (4r − 1) = 0 n2 (n + 6 )
= − (13 + 23 + 33 + …..n3)
1 4
r = 4 or
n2 (n + 6 ) 1
4
1
=
4 4
(
− n(n + 1) =)
2 n 2 [ −n 2 − n + 5]
4
If r = 4, the numbers are 2, 8 and 32. If r = , the
4 Let Sn = t1 + t2 + …….tn
numbers are same, but in the descending order. t10 = S10 – S9
10 2 [− 100 − 10 + 5]
4.17. The sum of the terms of an infinite geometric S10 = = –2625
progression is 27. The sum of their squares is 4
364⋅5. Find the common ratio. 81[ − 81 − 9 + 5] − 6885
S9 = =
4 4
Sol: Let the first term and the common ratio be a and r
respectively.  − 6885  − 3615
∴ t10 = – 2625 –   =
a  a 
2  4  4
Given that = 27 ⇒   = 729
1− r  1− r 
SEQUENCES AND SERIES
a2
And = 364 ⋅ 5
1− r 2 Any function for which the domain is the set {1, 2, ….n}
⇒ a2 = 729 (1 − r)2 = 364⋅5 (1 − r2) is called a sequence (or a finite sequence). If the domain
is N = { 1, 2, 3, ….}, it is an infinite sequence. Thus,
729 (1 − r)2 −
729
(1 − r )(1 + r ) = 0 1 1 1 1 1
2 1, , , …. is a finite sequence, while 1, , ,
2 3 1000 2 3
729
(1 − r ) [2(1 − r ) − (1 + r ) ] = 0 1 1
2 …. or 1, , …. are infinite sequences.
⇒ (1 − r) (1 − 3r) = 0 22 3 2
r ≠ 1 (∵ | r | < 1)
An expression of the kind x1 + x2 + …. + xn is a series (or
1 a finite series) while expressions of the kind
∴r =
3 x1 + x2 + …. are infinite series.
Consider the infinite sequences A and B and infinite
4.18. If |x| < 1, find the value of 3 + 6x + 9x2 + 12x3 +…… series C and D given below.
A : 1, 2, 3,….
Sol: Let S = 3 + 6x + 9x2 + 12x3 + …. → (1)
1 1 1
xS = 3x + 6x2 + 9x3 + → (2) B:1+ , 1 + ,1 + ,.....
1 2 3
Subtracting (2) from (1)
S (1 − x) = 3 (1 + x + x2 + ………….)
A is said to be a divergent sequence while B is a
 1  convergent sequence. This is because there is no finite
3 
1− x 
As |x| < 1, S = 
3 number to which the terms of A tend to, while in the case
=
1− x (1 − x )2 of B, the terms tend to 1, i.e., if tn denotes the nth term,
we can make sure that tn is as close to 1 as we please,
2 4 8 by taking any value of n, which is sufficiently large. (The
4.19. Find the sum of the series 1, , , ,..........∞ condition is stated quantitatively as follows. For any
3 9 27 value of δ, no matter how small, we can find a number N,
Sol: The series is an infinite geometric progression such that if n ≥ N, then |tn – 1| < δ.)
1 1
2 C : 1+ + + ....
with first term as 1 and common ratio as . 2 3
3
1 1 1
Sum to infinity of an infinite geometric D : 1 + + + + .....
2 4 8
Similarly C is a divergent series while D is a In general, if a relation of the type tn+1 = rtn + cn
convergent series. This is because there is no finite + b is given, where c = b(1 – a), then tn is given
value to which C tends while D tends to 2, i.e. we can by (1).
ensure that the sum upto the nth term of D say Sn, is as
close to 2 as we please, by taking any value of n which 1 1 1 1
is sufficiently large. (This condition is stated 4.22. Evaluate + + + …+ .
quantitatively as follows. For any value of δ, no matter 1( 2) 2(3) 3( 4) 99(100 )
has small, we can find a number N such that if n ≥ N,
then |sn – 2| < δ.) Sol:
1
=
1
–
1
1(2) 1 2
We shall look at some useful models on series/sequence
which have appeared in management entrances. The 1 1 1
= –
series could include AP, GP or other patterns of 2(3) 2 3
summations which involve concepts of progressions.
1 1 1
There could also be other series which appear to be Finally = –
related to progressions, but actually involve techniques 99(100 ) 99 100
of mathematical manipulation. These techniques are 1 99
best illustrated or learned using examples. But for most The given expression is 1 – =
100 100
questions observing the pattern proved to be a useful
method for arriving at the answer. 4.23. Find the sum of
1 1 1 1 1 1
x 2 x3 1+ + , 1+ + ,…, 1 + +
Note: ex = 1 + x + + + ……. 12 22 22 32 202 212
2! 3!
Sol: The general term is given by
4.21. In a certain sequence,
t1 = 5 and tn + 1 = 2tn – 3n + 3. Find t100 1 1
tn 2 = 1 + 2 +
n (n + 1)2
Sol: To get any term, we need to multiply the
n2 (n + 1)2 + (n + 1)2 + n2
preceding one by 2. =
∴ We should try to relate the nth term tn to 2n n 2 (n + 1)2
t1 = 5 = 2 + 3
t2 = 2(5) – 3(1) + 3 = 10 = 22 + 3(2) =
[n(n + 1)]2 + 2n(n + 1) + 1 = (n 2
)
+ n +1
2
t3 = 2(10) – 3(2) + 3 = 17 = 23 + 3(3) [n(n + 1)] 2 n 2 (n + 1) 2

t4 = 2(17) – 3(3) + 3 = 28 = 24 + 3(4) n +n +1
2
1
We can guess that tn = 2n + 3n. ∴ tn = = 1+
n(n + 1) n(n + 1)
∴ t100 = 2100 + 3 (100)
We shall consider this general problem in 1
t1 = 1 +
reverse, i.e., we start with the answer (tn = rn+ 1(2)
bn) and obtain the question (the way tn + 1 is 1
related to tn) t2 = 1+
2(3)
Let tn = arn + bn ---- (1)
⇒ rtn = arn+1 + brn 1
And finally t20 = 1+
∴ tn + 1 = a . rn+1 + bn + b = rtn – brn + bn + b 20( 21)
= rtn + b (1– r) n + b. ……. (2) 1 20
Let us compare this with the relation given in ∴S = 20 + 1– = 20
21 21
the example above
tn + 1 = 2tn – 3n + 3
i.e., r = 2, b = 3 and b(1 – r) = 3(1– 2) = –3
We see that the relation between tn + 1 and tn is
of the kind (2) where r = 2, b = 3
∴ tn = 2n + 3n
Concept Review Questions
Directions for questions 1 to 30: For the Multiple Choice Questions, select the correct alternative from the given
choices. For the Non-Multiple Choice Questions, write your answer in the box provided.
1. Find the 22nd term of the arithmetic progression 13. The sum to n terms of an arithmetic progression is
whose first term is 20 and common difference is 1/3. 5n2 + 2n. Find the nth term.
(A) 27 (B) 271/3 (C) 272/3 (D) 28 (A) 10n + 5 (B) 10n – 3 (C) 5n – 1 (D) 5n – 2
2. Which term of the arithmetic progression 2, 6, 10, 14. Find the sum of all the two-digit numbers which leave
a remainder of 1 when divided by 4.
…… is 106? (A) 1201 (B) 1012 (C) 1210 (D) 1021
3. Find the 10th term of the arithmetic progression 15. (a) The sum of the first 71 terms of an arithmetic
whose 4th term is 7 and whose 17th term is 72. progression is 0. Which of the following terms must
(A) 32 (B) 37 (C) 42 (D) 47 be 0?
(A) 18th (B) 19th (C) 36th (D) 37th
4. The sixth term and the eleventh term of an
(b) The sum of the first 30 terms of an arithmetic
arithmetic progression are 30 and 55 respectively.
progression is 40. The sum of its first 60 terms
Find the twenty-first term of the arithmetic
is also 40. Find the sum of its 31st and 60th
progression.
terms.
(A) 881/3 (B) 105 (C) 110 (D) 921/2
(A) 0 (B) 600 (C) 40 (D) 1200
5. Thirteen times the thirteenth term of an arithmetic 16. Which term of the geometric progression
progression is equal to seven times the seventh
term of the arithmetic progression. What is the 4, 4 2 , 8 ..… is 64 2 ?
twentieth term? 17. Find the first four terms of a geometric progression
whose nth term is 4(–5)n.
6. What is the 15th term of an arithmetic progression (A) –20, 100, –500, 2500
whose first term is equal to its common difference (B) 20, –100, –500, 2500
and whose 3rd term is 9? (C) –20, –100, –500, –2500
(A) 15 (B) 30 (C) 45 (D) 60 (D) 20, 100, 500, 2500
7. If x + 4, 6x – 2 and 9x – 4 are three consecutive 18. Find the sixth term of the geometric progression
terms of an arithmetic progression, then find x. whose first term is 2 and common ratio is 3.
(A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 6 (D) 8 (A) 96 (B) 486 (C) 1458 (D) 162
8. Find the number of terms and the sum of the terms 19. The sum of the first n terms of the geometric
respectively of the arithmetic progression 32, 28, … 4. progression, whose first term is 4 and the common
(A) 8; 144 (B) 7; 126 (C) 14; 252 (D) 15; 270 ratio is 3, is 4372. Find n.
9. Find the sum of the first 31 terms of the arithmetic 20. The fourth term and the eighth term of a geometric
progression whose first term is 6 and whose progression are 3 and 1/27 respectively. Find the
8 12th term.
common difference is . (A) 1/243 (B) 1/729 (C) 1/2187 (D) 1/6561
3
21. In a geometric progression, the 2nd term is 9 and the
10. Find the sum of the terms of the arithmetic 6th term is 729. What is the 4th term?
progression whose first term, last term and common (A) 81 (B) –81 (C) 27 (D) −27
difference are 3, 101 and 7 respectively.
(A) 750 (B) 720 (C) 780 (D) 810 22. (a) Find the sum of the first 4 terms of a geometric
progression whose first term is 6 and whose
11. Find the sum of the terms of an arithmetic common ratio is 2.
progression whose first term, last term and number (A) 90 (B) 84 (C) 96 (D) 102
of terms are –9, 51 and 21 respectively.
(A) 420 (B) 441 (C) 462 (D) 483 (b) What is the sum of the first 7 terms of a
geometric progression whose first term is 1 and
12. (a) Three terms are in arithmetic progression such 4th term is 8?
that their sum is 36 and product is 1296. Find (A) 129 (B) 128
the three terms. (C) 127 (D) None of these
(A) 4, 12, 20 (B) 6, 12, 18
(C) 9, 12, 15 (D) 8, 12, 16 23. How many terms of the series 5, 5 5 , 25, ..… add
up to 155 + 155 5 ?
(b) The sum of five terms in arithmetic progression
is 70. The product of the extreme terms is 132.
24. Find the common ratio of a geometric progression,
Find the five terms.
whose first term is 3, last term is 2187 and the sum
(A) 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 (B) 10, 12, 14, 16, 18
(C) 6, 10, 14, 18, 22 (D) 8, 12, 16, 20, 24 of the terms is 3279.
25. Three terms in geometric progression are such that (A) arithmetic progression
their sum is 26 and their product is 216. Find the (B) geometric progression
terms. (C) not necessarily in arithmetic progression or
(A) 4, 8, 16 (B) 2, 6, 18 (C) 2, 8, 16 (D) 3, 6, 12 geometric progression.
(b) If x, y and z are three natural numbers in
3 9 27
26. Find the sum to infinity of 1, , , ..., arithmetic progression, then the xth term, the yth
4 16 64 term and the zth term of any geometric
progression G, are in
27. In an infinite geometric progression each term is (A) arithmetic progression
equal to seven times the sum of the terms that (B) geometric progression
follow it. What is the common ratio of the (C) not necessarily in arithmetic progression or
progression? geometric progression.
(A) 1/6 (B) 1/7 (C) 1/8 (D) 1/9
30. If 3 positive numbers are in geometric progression,
28. (a) What is the arithmetic mean of the arithmetic their logarithms will be in
progression 3, 7, 11, 15, 19, 23, 27, 31? (A) arithmetic progression
(B) geometric progression
(C) not necessarily in arithmetic progression or
geometric progression.
(b) Find the geometric mean of the geometric
progression 3, 9, 27, 81.
(A) 9 (B) 9 3 (C) 243 (D) 18
29. (a) If x, y and z are three natural numbers in

arithmetic progression, then the xth term, the yth
term and the zth term of any arithmetic
progression A are in
Exercise – 4(a)
1. The 67th term of an arithmetic progression is 15 times 14. There are 30 terms in an arithmetic progression.
the fourth term. Find the 21st term, if the 11th term is The second and third terms are distinct integers.
The ratio of the sum of first 20 terms and the sum of
23. the first 10 terms equals twice the ratio of the
second and first terms. Which of the following can
2. Find the smallest of the three numbers in arithmetic be the sum of all its terms?
progression, if the product of the first and the (A) 1120 (B) 1560 (C) 2020 (D) 3750
third numbers is 252 and the sum of the three
15. How many terms of the A.P. 2, 4, 6, . . . must be
numbers is 48.
taken so that the sum is 156?
(A) 10 (B) 12 (C) 14 (D) 16
(A) 13 (B) 12 (C) 11 (D) 20
3. Find the expression for the sum of n terms of an
16. 73 times the 73rd term of an arithmetic progression is
arithmetic progression, if the tenth term is 40 and the equal to 37 times the 37th term. What is the value of
12th term is 44. the 110th term?
(A) 10n + 25n2 (B) 20n + 20n2 (A) 73 (B) 36 (C) 110 (D) 0
(C) 25n + 15n2 (D) n2 + 21n
17. The sum of four positive terms in arithmetic progression
4. If the sum to 37 terms of an arithmetic progression is is 60 and the ratio of the product of the first and the
703, then find the middle term of the arithmetic third terms to the product of the second and the
progression. fourth terms is 3 : 8. Find the four terms.
(A) 9, 12, 15, 18 (B) 6, 12, 18, 24
5. Find the least value of the number of terms of the (C) 8, 12, 16, 24 (D) 5, 10, 15, 20
series 20, 18, 16, … for which the series has the
18. A person is employed in a company for a salary of
maximum sum.
`6000 per month. If he gets an increment of `300
(A) 9 (B) 10 (C) 11 (D) 12
on his monthly salary every year, what will be the
6. If the sum of the fifth, thirteenth and eighteenth total amount he receives in a period of 30 years?
terms of an A.P is zero, find the 12th term. (in `)
(A) −2 (B) 1
(C) 0 (D) Cannot be determined 19. Find the sum of all the integers from 1 to 300 that
are divisible either by 3 or 5.
7. How many integers between 450 and 950 are (A) 21150 (B) 36250 (C) 35150 (D) 37350
divisible by both 3 and 7?
(A) 20 (B) 24 (C) 30 (D) 35 20. If log2x + log2x2 + log2 x3 + log2 x4 + ……… + log2 x10
= 220, then find x.
8. How many integers are there between 300 and 600 (A) 4 (B) 16 (C) 8 (D) 10
that are divisible by 9?
(A) 33 (B) 31 (C) 28 (D) 25 21. The product of three terms in geometric progression
is 1728 and the sum of the products of two of them
9. Find the sum of all two-digit numbers which leave a taken at a time is 1032. Find the smallest of the
remainder of 3 when divided by 7. three terms.
10. The sums of n terms of two series in A.P. are in the 22. The sum of the first eight terms of a geometric
ratio (7n − 17) : (4n + 16). Find the ratio of their progression is 510 and the sum of the first four
21st terms. terms of the geometric progression is 30. Find the
(A) 3 : 2 (B) 4 : 3 (C) 5 : 4 (D) 4 : 5 first term of the geometric progression, given that it
is positive.
11. The terms of an arithmetic progression are all (A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 6 (D) 8
positive. The square of fourth term equals the sum
of the squares of the previous two terms. The sum 23. What is the fifth term of an infinite geometric
of the first four terms is 14. Find the common progression whose first term is 4 and each term is
thrice the sum of all the terms following it?
difference.
1 1 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
12. Find the number of terms common to the progressions 8 64 32 256
7, 11, 15, …. 497 and 1, 6, 11, 16, ...., 501. 24. The sum of an infinite geometric progression is 12.
The sum to infinity of the squares of the terms is 48.
13. The first term of an arithmetic progression consisting
Find the first term.
of 30 terms is 10 and the common difference is 5.
Find the ratio of the sum of the 30 terms of the 25. Find the number of terms in a G.P. whose first term
arithmetic progression to the sum of the last is 5, sum of all the terms is 5115/512 and the
20 terms.
(A) 99 : 13 (B) 96 : 17 (C) 93 : 19 (D) 99 : 86 common ratio is 1/2.
26. In a G.P. with a negative common ratio, the 7th and 13th 1 1 1 1
terms are 57.5 and 513.5 respectively. What are the values 35. If X= + + + .... +
80 ( 41) 79 ( 42) 78 ( 43) 42(79)
of the common ratio and the first term respectively?
(A) −5; 51.5 (B) −5; 52.5 +
1
and Y = 1 −
1 1 1 1 1
+ − + − + ......
(C) -25; 50.5 (D) –25; 51.5 41( 80) 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 Y
27. A square T-2 is formed by joining the midpoints of + − , then find the value of .
the sides of another square T-1 of side 16 cm. 79 80 X
A third square T–3 is formed by joining the (A) 40.5 (B) 50.5
midpoints of the sides of T-2. Find the sum of areas (C) 60.5 (D) None of these
of all the squares (including T-1) formed by
36. Find the sum of the first 10 terms of the series
repeating this process indefinitely. (in sq cm)
3 (22) + 4 (32) + 5 (42) + ……..
37. Find the sum of the first 10 terms of the series

28. Find the integer value of y, if −x, 2y and 2(y + 3) are 1 1 1 1 1 1
1+ + + 1+ + + 1+ +
in arithmetic progression and (x + 2), 2(y + 1) and 12 22 22 32 32 42
(5y − 1) are in geometric progression.
1 1 1 1
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5 + 1+ 2
+ 2
+ ....... + 1 + 2
+
4 5 10 112
29. The first, second and third terms of a geometric
7 8 9 10
progression are equal to the first, seventh and twelfth (A) 7 (B) 8 (C) 9 (D) 10
terms respectively of an arithmetic progression. If the 11 11 11 11
first term and common difference have opposite signs,
find the 37th term of the arithmetic progression. 38. In a certain series, the nth term Tn=2 (Tn−1) + (n−2)
(A) –1 (B) 0 for n ≥ 2. If T1 = 2, then find the value of T100.
(C) 1 (D) Cannot be determined (A) 2(399) − 299 (B) 3(298) − 1
(C) 3(2101) − 103 (D) 3(299) − 102
30. Three numbers 5 + x, 5x + 1 and 8x form an
increasing arithmetic progression. If the third term is 39. Find the sum of the first 20 terms of the series
divided by 6, the resulting number and the first and 1 + 10 + 23 + 40 + 61 + 86 + .... .
second terms of the arithmetic progression taken in (A) 6290 (B) 6940 (C) 6980 (D) 6364
order would be in G.P. Find the common ratio.
40. Find the value of (50 × 1) + (49 × 2) + (48 × 3) + ….
(1 × 50).
31. The product of three numbers p, q and r which are in
geometric progression is 512. If p is increased by
1 1 1 1
14, r is decreased by 8 and q remains the same, the 41. + + + ..... =
2 2+4 2+4+6 2 + 4 + 6 + .... + 400
resulting values of q, p and r are in arithmetic
progression. What could be the initial value of r? 399 199 299 499
(A) (B) (C) (D)
(A) 28 (B) 32 (C) 36 (D) 40 400 200 300 500
32. A is an arithmetic progression of 13 terms. G is a 3 5 7 31

42. + + + ..... + =
geometric progression of 13 terms. The product of the 12 12 + 22 12 + 22 + 32 1 + 22 + 32 + ...15 2
terms of G is 8192. The sum of the terms of A is 26. 23 45 15
Find the sum of the seventh terms of A and G. (A) (B) (C) 6 (D)
(A) 6 (B) 4 4 8 2
(C) 8 (D) Cannot be determined
43. If a, b, 2a + b, 2a – 3b –7 are the first four terms of
2
33. Find the sum of the series 2 + 3x + 4x + 5x + …. to 3 an arithmetic progression, find the 97th term.
infinity, if |x| < 1. −193 −195 193 −123
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2−x 2+x 2 2 2 2
(A) (B)
(1 − x )2 (1 + x )2 44. There are N consecutive even integers in
2−x 2+x descending order. The first integer is N and the
(C) (D)
(1 + x )2 (1 − x )2 average of the first five is 1594 more than the last
integer. Find the value of N.
(A) 700 (B) 800 (C) 600 (D) 750
34. Find the value of
0.9 0.99 0.999 45. Find the 100th term of 1, 5, 11, 19, 29, 41, .....
1+ + + + ....... .
11 (11)2 (11)3
1089 1981 989 1189
(A) (B) (C) (D)
990 1090 990 1090
Exercise – 4(b)
1. The first term of an arithmetic progression is 6 and 13. Find the value of − 12 + 22 − 32 + 42 − 52 + 62 + ……
the common difference is 4. The nth term is 250.
− 192 + 202
Find the value of n.
12 + 2 2 + ..... + n 2 385
2. The sum of three numbers in an arithmetic 14. = .Find the value of
progression is 39 and the sum of the squares of the (n + 1)2 + (n + 2)2 + ....(2m)2 2485
three numbers is 515. Find the smallest of the m.
three numbers. (A) 10 (B) 20 (C) 25 (D) 30
(A) 9 (B) 10 (C) 11 (D) 12
15. 13 + 23 + 33 + …. + m3 = 3025. Find the value of m.
3. Find the sum of the squares of the first 10 even (A) 8 (B) 9 (C) 10 (D) 11
natural numbers. 16. The sum of first n terms of an arithmetic
progression. is given by 2n2 + 6n. Find the common
1 1
1+ + + ..... ∞
4. 7 2 4 evaluates to difference of the A.P.
17. The sum of the squares of three terms in arithmetic

5. The common difference of an arithmetic progression progression is 365. The product of the first and the
having seven terms is 3. If the product of the first term third terms is 120. Find the sum of the squares of
and the last term is 595, what could be the sum of all the second term and the common difference.
the terms of the arithmetic progression? (A) 145 (B) 170 (C) 122 (D) 197
(A) 108 (B) 216 (C) 432 (D) 182
18. Find the number of terms common to the progressions
6. An athlete runs a race and after every hour, his 2, 8, 14, 20,…. 98 and 6, 10, 14, 18, …., 102.
speed reduces to half the speed with which he (A) 7 (B) 6 (C) 8 (D) 9
travelled for the previous hour. Find the time taken
to cover the race, if the person started the race with 19. The sums of the first n terms of two arithmetic
a speed of 16 km/hr and the length of the race was progressions S1 and S2 are in the ratio
31.5 km. (in hours) 11n – 17 : 5n – 21.
Find the ratio of the 16th terms of S1 and S2.
(A) 3:2 (B) 162 : 67
7. The first three terms of an arithmetic progression are (C) 9:4 (D) 27:8
3x, 5x + 8 and 10x + 4. Find the sum of the
first 10 terms. 20. Find the sum of all the three-digit numbers which
leave a remainder of 1 when divided by 8.
8. Let A(N) denote the sum of the first N natural (A) 61472 (B) 61508 (C) 61488 (D) 61496
numbers and B (N) denote the sum of the squares
of the first N natural numbers. If B(N) is a multiple of 21. How many three-digit numbers less than 500 are
A(N), then which of the following could be true?
divisible neither by 4 nor by 6?
(A) N is divisible by 6
(B) N + 1 is divisible by 6
(C) N + 2 is divisible by 6 22. A person gets a starting salary of `5000 per month.
(D) N – 3 is divisible by 6 During the first year of his job, he receives a monthly
increment of `200 starting from the second month.
9. Find the least number of terms of the series During the second year, he receives a monthly
2, 6, 18 …. such that their sum exceeds 500. increment of `400, a monthly increment of `600 for
the third year and so on. Find the total amount
received by him at the end of 4 years. (Assume that
the salary he gets during the last month of a year is
10. If Sn is the sum of the first n terms of the series same as that during the first month of the next year).
40 + 38 + 36 + …., then find the maximum value of Sn. (A) `5.864 lakhs (B) `5.914 lakhs
(A) 450 (B) 420 (C) 390 (D) 410 (C) `5.964 lakhs (D) `6.36 lakhs
11. If the sum of the first 37 terms of an arithmetic
progression. is 703, then find the sum of the 23. If 7/12, −2m and 12/7 form a G.P., then what is the
first 10 terms of the arithmetic progression, given the value of m?
first term of the arithmetic progression is 1. (A) ±2 (B) ±1/2
(A) 55 (B) 65 (C) 75 (D) 85 (C) ±1/ 2 (D) None of these
12. The sum of four numbers in an ascending arithmetic
24. Find the sum of the terms of the sequence:
progression is 160 and the product of the extremes
(1) × (20), (2) × (19), (3) × (18), …(20) × (1).
is 1564. Find the smallest of the numbers.
(A) 1750 (B) 1640
(A) 28 (B) 34 (C) 42 (D) 43
(C) 1540 (D) 1430
25. If log3 x + log3 x + log5 x + ……+ log23 x = 432, 36. S = 2 + 4x + 6x2 +8x3 …………. where x < 1. Find
3 3 3
S.
then find x. 4 3
(A) (B)
(1 − x )2 (1 − x )2
26. The number of bacteria in a colony doubles every
minute. If there are 1024 bacteria after 5 minutes, 2 1
(C) (D)
find the number of bacteria present initially. (1 − x )2 (1 − x )2
1 1 1 1 1
37. If S = + + + + ........ + , then which of
27. If the sum of three numbers in a geometric 21 22 23 24 40
progression is 38 and their product is 1728, then find the following is/are equal to S?
the smallest number.
1 1 1 1 1
(A) 6 (B) 4 (C) 2 (D) 8 (A) 1 − + − + ........ + −
2 3 4 39 40
28. The common ratio of geometric progression is a  1 1 1 1 1 
(B) 30.5  + + + ... + + 
positive number less than 1. The first term is 18.  21(40) 22(39) 23(38) 39(22) 40(21) 
The difference of the third and second terms is 4.
1 1 1 1
Find the common ratio. (C) + + + ..... +
31 32 33 60
1 2 3 1 2
(A) (B) (C) (D) or (D) Both (A) and (B)
3 3 4 3 3
1 1 1 1 1
29. In a three digit number, the hundreds digit, the tens 38. If S = + + + + .... + , then the value
digit and the units digit are in ascending order and in 3 15 35 63 9999
geometric progression which has an integral of S is
common ratio. How many such numbers are there? 50 49 25 50
(A) (B) (C) (D)
101 99 51 99
39. The sum of the first 2013 terms of a geometric

30. If a, c and b as well as a2 + b2, a2 + c2 and b2 + c2
progression is 300. The sum of the first 4026 terms
are in geometric progression, then which of the
of the progression is 540. The sum of the first 6039
following is necessarily true?
(A) a = b (B) b = c (C) a = c (D) a = b = c terms of the progression is
31. In a geometric progression, each term is the sum of 40. Find the sum of the first nine terms of S, where S
all the terms following it. The sum to infinity of the 3 5 7
terms is 32. If all the terms are positive, then find the = + + + ..... .
4 36 144
first term.
80 52 119 99
(A) 16 (B) 16 2 (C) 64 (D) 8 2 (A) (B) (C) (D)
81 51 121 100
32. S1 is a square. By joining the midpoints of sides of
41. How many terms of the G.P. 2, 6, 18, . . . are
S1, another square S2 is formed. By joining the
needed to give a sum of 6560?
midpoints of sides of S2, another square S3 is
(A) 4 (B) 6 (C) 7 (D) 8
formed and so on. The side of S1 is 32 cm. Find the
sum of the perimeters of all the squares (in cm).
( 2 + 1) ( 2 + 1)
42. How many terms of the A.P. 3, 9, 15, . . . must be
(A) 48 2 (B) 128 2
2 ( 2 + 1) 2 ( 2 + 1)
taken so that their sum may be 2883?
(C) 72 (D) 36
33. If the second, third and first terms of a geometric 43. Find the sum of the first 12 terms of Sn, where
progression form an arithmetic progression, find the
first term of the geometric progression, given that Sn = 1 + 3 + 7 + 13 + 21 + 31 + 43 +..... .
the sum to infinity of the G.P. is 36. 44. Find the sum of the first 10 terms of the following
series 32(1) + 42(2) + 52(3) + 62(4)+.... .
34. In an arithmetic progression, the first term is a (A) 4675 (B) 4785 (C) 4875 (D) 4915
natural number and the common difference is a
whole number. If the first term is decreased by 2 and
1 1 1 1 1 1
the third term is increased by 10, the first three 45. If Sn = 1+ + + 1+ + + ...., + 1+ +
terms would be in geometric progression. The 12
22 2
2 2
3 2
n (n + 1)2
common difference can be then find the sum of S1 + S2 + S3 + S4 + S5.
(A) 4 (B) 8 (C) 16 (D) 14
11 3
(A) 12 (B) 17 (C) 18 (D) 21
35. Between 250 and 750, how many integers are 20 10
divisible by 11?
1 1 1 1 54. Find the sum of the first 100 terms of the series
46. + + + ... + =
3 +1 3+ 5 5+ 7 119 + 121 1 + 2 + 3 – 4, 2 + 3 + 4 – 5, 3 + 4 + 5 – 6, 4 + 5 + 6 –
7,…
_____ .
(A) 2 3 + 1 (B) 5 55. If S = 1 + 4x + 9x2 + 16x3 + 25x4 + 36x5 + 49x6 +

…… where |x| < 1, then S is equal to ____.
(C) 11 − 2 3 (D) 10
1 2x 1 x
(A) + (B) +
(1 − x )2 (1 − x )3 (1 − x )2 (1 − x )3
47. What could be the value of the 19th term of a G.P.
whose 16th and 11th terms are 37 2 18 ( ) and (C)
1+ x
+
3x
(D)
1 + 2x
+
x
( )
35 2 6 respectively?
(1 − x )2 (1 − x )3 (1 − x )2 (1 − x )3
(1) 3 8 2 (B) 9, 2 6 .3 Directions for questions 56 to 65: Each question is

followed by two statements, Ι and ΙΙ. Indicate your
(C) 2 2 · 3 9
(D) 2 6 ⋅ 3 9
responses based on the following directives:
48. In a series Ti, each term from the second term is Mark (A) if the question can be answered using one
obtained by subtracting 2 from three times the of the statements alone, but cannot be
preceding term. If T1 = 3, then find the value of T200. answered using the other statement alone.
(A) 3(2200) − 2 Mark (B) if the question can be answered using
(B) 3(2199) + 1 either statement alone.
(C) 2(3199) + 1 Mark (C) if the question can be answered using Ι and
(D) 2(3200) − 1 ΙΙ together but not using Ι or ΙΙ alone.
Mark (D) if the question cannot be answered even
49. Find the sum to n terms of the series using Ι and ΙΙ together.
2 + 22 + 222 + . . . . 56. What is the sum of the first 25 terms of an arithmetic
20(10n − 1) − n progression?
(A)
27 Ι. The first term of the progression is 3.
ΙΙ. The sum of the first 10 terms of the progression
 10(10n − 1)  is equal to the sum of the first 15 terms of the
(B) ( 2 / 9)  − n
 9  progression.
 
57. Three numbers are in geometric progression and
 20(10n − 1 
(C) (1/ 9)  −n the least of them is 1. Find the middle number.
 9  Ι. The sum of the numbers is 21.
 
ΙΙ. The product of the numbers is 64.
 10(10n − 1 
(D) ( 4 / 9)  −n 58. Are x, y and z in geometric progression?
 9 
  Ι. x + y = 20 and y + z = 60
ΙΙ. y/x = – 2
50. A ball is dropped from a height of 1250 m. It
rebounds to four fifths of the height from which it 59. What is the fourth term in the series?
falls. If it continues to fall and rebound this way, how Ι. First term of the series is 1.
much distance does the ball cover totally before ΙΙ. Starting from the second term, each term in the
series is obtained by squaring the number
coming to rest? (in m) obtained by adding one to the previous term of
the series.
51. If there are thirteen arithmetic means inserted
between 10 and 80, then find the fourth arithmetic 60. What is the arithmetic mean of x and y?
Ι. The geometric mean of x and y is 4.
mean. ΙΙ. The arithmetic mean of x, y, 4 and 8 is 5.
52. The number of terms in an A.P. is 20. The sum of 61. G is a geometric progression whose sum of the
the four middle terms is −22 and the sum of the first terms
four terms is 74. What are the values of the first term 38 − 1
and the common difference? is and whose product of the terms is 328. Find
2
(A) 23, −3 (B) −23, 3 its common ratio.
(C) 20, −6 (D) −20, 6 Ι. If each term in G is multiplied by its common
ratio, the resulting progression would have the
53. Find the sum of the first 20 terms of the series 1,
3 (3 8 − 1)
(1 + 2), (1 + 2 + 3), (1 + 2 + 3 + 4), (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + sum of its terms as .
5), … 2
(A) 1540 (B) 1435 ΙΙ. If each term in G is multiplied by its common
(C) 1450 (D) 1345 ratio, the resulting progression would have the
product of its terms as 336. Also G has 8 terms.
62. A geometric progression which has all positive terms 64. What is the middle term of an arithmetic progression
has a sum to infinity of 8. Find its first term. of 11 numbers?
Ι. The sum of the squares of all terms of the Ι. The average of 11 numbers is 63.
64 ΙΙ. The average of the first six numbers is 60 and
progression is . that of the last six numbers is 66.
3
ΙΙ. Each term equals the sum of all the terms
following it. 65. If a, b and c are in geometric progression, is the
common ratio negative?
63. An arithmetic progression has the sum of its terms Ι. b is less than a.
as 100. It has twelve terms. Find its common ΙΙ. abc is greater than ac.
difference.
Ι. The ratio of the sum of its odd numbered terms
and even numbered terms is 11 : 14.
ΙΙ. The sum of its even numbered terms is 12 more
than that of the odd numbered terms.
Key
Concept Review Questions
1. A 10. C 17. A 25. B
2. 27 11. B 18. B 26. 4
3. B 12. (a) B 19. 7 27. C
4. B (b) C 20. C 28. (a) 17
5. 0 13. B 21. A (b) B
6. C 14. C 22. (a) A 29. (a) A
7. A 15. (a) C (b) C (b) B
8. A (b) A 23. 6 30. A
9. 1426 16. 10 24. 3
Exercise – 4(a)
1. 43 13. D 25. 10 37. D

2. C 14. D 26. A 38. D
3. D 15. B 27. 512 39. A
4. 19 16. D 28. A 40. 22100
5. B 17. B 29. B 41. B
6. C 18. 3726000 30. 2 42. B
7. B 19. A 31. B 43. A
8. A 20. B 32. B 44. B
9. 676 21. 2 33. A 45. 10099
10. A 22. A 34. D
11. 1 23. B 35. C
12. 25 24. 6 36. 4860
Exercise – 4(b)
1. 62 18. C 35. 46 52. A
2. C 19. B 36. C 53. A
3. 1540 20. C 37. D 54. 10100
4. 49 21. 266 38. A 55. A
5. D 22. D 39. 732 56. A
6. 6 23. B 40. D 57. B
7. 840 24. C 41. D 58. C
8. C 25. 27 42. 31 59. C
9. 6 26. 32 43. 584 60. A
10. B 27. D 44. B 61. B
11. A 28. D 45. C 62. B
12. B 29. 3 46. B 63. B
13. 210 30. A 47. D 64. B
14. A 31. A 48. C 65. C
15. C 32. B 49. B
16. 4 33. 54 50. 11250
17. C 34. D 51. 30

Sequences and Series: Chapter - 4

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CHAPTER – 4

SEQUENCES AND SERIES

t3 = 2(10) – 3(2) + 3 = 17 = 23 + 3(3) [n(n + 1)] 2 n 2 (n + 1) 2

29. (a) If x, y and z are three natural numbers in

37. Find the sum of the first 10 terms of the series

32. A is an arithmetic progression of 13 terms. G is a 3 5 7 31

17. The sum of the squares of three terms in arithmetic

39. The sum of the first 2013 terms of a geometric

(A) 2 3 + 1 (B) 5 55. If S = 1 + 4x + 9x2 + 16x3 + 25x4 + 36x5 + 49x6 +

(1) 3 8 2 (B) 9, 2 6 .3 Directions for questions 56 to 65: Each question is

1. 43 13. D 25. 10 37. D

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