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Question: What is the difference between crystal structure and crystal system?
Answer: A crystal structure is described by both the geometry of, and atomic
arrangements within, the unit cell, whereas a crystal system is described only in
terms of the unit
cell geometry. For example, face-centered cubic and body-centered cubic are
crystal structures
that belong to the cubic crystal system.

The properties of metals suggest that their atoms possess strong bonds, yet the ease of
conduction of heat and electricity suggest that electrons can move freely in all directions in a
metal. The general observations give rise to a picture of "positive ions in a sea of electrons" to
describe metallic bonding.

What type of bonding would you expect for

each of the following materials?
A) Brass(a copper-zinc aloy)

B) Rubber

c)Barium Sulfide

D)Solid Xenon

E)Bronze

F) Nylon

G) Aluminuim phosphide

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Best Answer - Chosen by Voters

Brass and Bronze: metallic bonding
Barium Sulfide: Ionic Bonding
Aluminum phosphide: ionic
Nylon and Rubber: probably covalent bonding
Xenon: I'm not sure how the noble gases bond to each other.

Please keep in mind these are just the 3 classic types of atomic bonds. There are
several intermolecular bonds such as dipole-dipole, hydrogen, dispersion, etc. that
they may be asking for as well

An easy way to tell the atomic bond type:

Metallic: between metals
Ionic: between a metal and non-metal
Covalent: between a non-metal and non-metal

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The Element Groups

The periodic chart is made up of nine different element groups where a bunch of
elements that have something in common are clumped together. For instance, non-
metals are clumped together because the elements are all poor conductors of heat
and electricity. Here's a list of all nine element groups:

Alkali Metals - These are group one in the periodic table. They don't occur freely in nature and
are softer than most metals. Like all metals, they are great heat conductors and can even explode
if exposed to water.
Alkaline Earth Metals - These are group two in the periodic table. Because they're extremely
reactive, they aren't found freely in nature. An example of an alkaline earth metal is radium.
Transition Metals - The 38 elements in groups three to 12 are called transition metals. Three
interesting elements in this group are iron, cobalt and nickel. They're the only elements known
that produce a magnetic field.
Other Metals - There are seven elements considered "other metals" in groups 13 to 15. All these
elements are solid with a high density. Examples of them are tin, aluminum and lead.
Metalliods - These elements have both metal and non-metal properties. Some of them are semi-
conductors, which means they can carry an electrical charge under special conditions. Metalloids
are great for computers and calculators.
Non-Metals - These fall into groups 14 to 16 in the periodic table. They can't conduct heat or
electricity very well and are brittle. They also can't be made into wire or sheets. At room
temperature, non-metals turn into gasses and solids.
Halogens - All five halogens are non-metallic elements. "Halogen" means "salt former" so
compounds that contain halogen are called "salts." At room temperature, they are in three states
of matter: solid, liquid and gas.
Noble Gases - The six noble gases are in group 18. All of 'em have the maximum number of
electrons possible in their outer shell which makes them stable. Examples of noble gases are
helium, neon and krypton.
Rare Earth Elements - There are 30 rare earth elements. Many of them are synthetic or man-
made. They're found in group three of the periodic table and the sixth and seventh groups.
Now that you know how to read the periodic table, you shouldn't have any excuses for not
handing in your science homework or passing your chemistry test. If you come up with any
magical concoction, .
Need to study a little more? Head back to the first page right

Read more: The Periodic Table of Elements | Chemistry | Periodic Chart | Element
Groups http://www.kidzworld.com/article/2066-what-is-the-periodic-table-of-
elements-continued#ixzz1BzjaB5ql

The Element Groups

The periodic chart is made up of nine different element groups where a bunch of
elements that have something in common are clumped together. For instance, non-
metals are clumped together because the elements are all poor conductors of heat
and electricity. Here's a list of all nine element groups:

Alkali Metals - These are group one in the periodic table. They don't occur freely in nature and
are softer than most metals. Like all metals, they are great heat conductors and can even explode
if exposed to water.
Alkaline Earth Metals - These are group two in the periodic table. Because they're extremely
reactive, they aren't found freely in nature. An example of an alkaline earth metal is radium.
Transition Metals - The 38 elements in groups three to 12 are called transition metals. Three
interesting elements in this group are iron, cobalt and nickel. They're the only elements known
that produce a magnetic field.
Other Metals - There are seven elements considered "other metals" in groups 13 to 15. All these
elements are solid with a high density. Examples of them are tin, aluminum and lead.
Metalliods - These elements have both metal and non-metal properties. Some of them are semi-
conductors, which means they can carry an electrical charge under special conditions. Metalloids
are great for computers and calculators.
Non-Metals - These fall into groups 14 to 16 in the periodic table. They can't conduct heat or
electricity very well and are brittle. They also can't be made into wire or sheets. At room
temperature, non-metals turn into gasses and solids.
Halogens - All five halogens are non-metallic elements. "Halogen" means "salt former" so
compounds that contain halogen are called "salts." At room temperature, they are in three states
of matter: solid, liquid and gas.
Noble Gases - The six noble gases are in group 18. All of 'em have the maximum number of
electrons possible in their outer shell which makes them stable. Examples of noble gases are
helium, neon and krypton.
Rare Earth Elements - There are 30 rare earth elements. Many of them are synthetic or man-
made. They're found in group three of the periodic table and the sixth and seventh groups.
Now that you know how to read the periodic table, you shouldn't have any excuses for not
handing in your science homework or passing your chemistry test. If you come up with any
magical concoction, .
Need to study a little more? Head back to the first page right

Read more: The Periodic Table of Elements | Chemistry | Periodic Chart | Element
Groups http://www.kidzworld.com/article/2066-what-is-the-periodic-table-of-
elements-continued#ixzz1BzjaB5ql

BROWSE
ALPHABETICALLY
Integration Forms
int GO

ere follow the common

integration formulas for a
 LEVEL: real-valued function. In each case, u is understood to be a function of a
single real variable.
Elementary

Advanced

Both

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Section 1. Gravitational Field
vs. Electric Field

Let us have your opinion The concept of electric field was introduced by
about the attraction of an Michael Faraday. The electrical field force acts
object. between two charges, in the same way that the
gravitational field force acts between two masses.
We know about accelaration of the earth, i.e., the
gravity (g = 9.8 m/s2), but where does this number
come from?
It comes from Newton's law of universal gravitation. It
states that every matter which has a mass attracts other
matters with a force that is directly proportional to the
product of their masses and inversely proportional to the
square of the distance between the centers of gravity of the
two matters.

where:

• or
(constant),
• me = mass of the earth (kg),
• mo = mass of an object (kg), and
• d = distance between the earth and the
object (m).
We already studied about gravitational force of an object
on earth, which is F = m*g, where "m" is mass of the
object and "g" is the gravity of the earth. Then, we can say

that . Therefore, gravity (g) of the

earth is , where "me" is the mass of the earth and

"d" is its radius (we are talking about gravitational force on
 the surface of the earth.).

The electric field (E) is derived in the same way from

the equation (see right)

where:

• (constant),
• Q = electric force of one object (C),
• q = electric force of the other object (C), and
• d = distance between the two objects (m).
However, electric field E is a little bit different from
gravitational field g. Gravitational force depends on mass,
whereas electric force does not depend on mass. Instead,
electric force depends on charges on both objects.
By rearranging the formula, we get:

• Electric field (E) for Q:

• Electric field for q:

Let's divide the electric force (F) by charge q:

Therefore, the electric field tells us the force per unit charge.

Section 2. Electric Field Line

Electric field lines can be drawn using field lines. They are also called
force lines.
 The field
lines are The field lines
originated end up at the
from the negative
positive charge.
charge.
(Positive charge electric (Negative charge electric
field) field)

A positive charge exerts out and a negative charge exerts

in equally to all directions; it is symetric. Field lines are
drawn to show the direction and strength of field. The
closer the lines are, the stronger the force acts on an
object. If the lines are further each other, the strength of
force acting on a object is weaker.

Example problem 1.
What are the magnitude and direction of the electric field 1.5 m away from a
positive charge of 2.1*10-9 C?

(e.g. 1.0 N/C)

(e.g. "outward" or "inward")

Section 3. Gravitational Potential vs. Electric Potential

Any matter lifted from the surface of the earth has a potential energy.
This gravitational potential energy is given by the formula PE=mgh, and
the potential energy can be altered by changing its height. The electrical
potential energy also can be changed by changing distance between two
charges.
 Gravitational potential energy equals to product of
the mass of an object, gravitational field force, and
its height from the earth.
PEG = mgh
where:
• m is the mass of the ball (kg),
• g is the gravitational field force (g = 9.8
m/s2), and
• h is the distance between the ball and the
earth (m).

Electric potential energy equals to the electric potential

energy divided by charge.
PE = qEd (see right)
where:
• q is the charge of an object (C),
• E is electric field produced by Q (N/C), and
• d is the distance between the two charges. (see
right)

Electric potential is called Voltage, which can be derived

from above equation.

Voltage is also related to force.

V = Ed = (F/q)*d = Fd/q= W/q
(W = Fd -- force times displacement in the direction of force is work
(J))
A high voltage means that each individual charge is experiencing a
large force. A low voltage means that each individual charge is
experiencing a small force.
 "q" on A has smaller force than "q" on B. If the distance of B is one half
of that of A, the force acting on B is twice as large as A because the
force is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between two
charges.

Example problem 2.
From the diagram of A and B above, rA is 0.0005 m and rB is 0.0003 m. What is the
force acting on q at A and B, if the charge of q is 1.2 * 10-11 C and the charge of Q
is 1.5 * 10-11 C?

(e.g. 1.00*10^-10 N) A =

(e.g. 1.00*10^-10 N) B =

A has high potential energy because these

particles want to separate from each other.
B has high potential energy because these particles
want to come together. It is the same priciple as the
gravity.

C has lower potential energy compared to A because

the electric field force is inversely proportional to the
square of its distance.
D has lower potential energy compare to B for the same
reason.

When same charges are put close together,

we say we have a high voltage because it has
a high potential energy.
 Largeer the distance is, the smaller the force and
voltage are.

If the spheres are broght close together, the charge will try to get as far
away from each other as possible. As a result, the voltage becomes
equal on both sphere.

Charge will always move until the force acting on it is reduced to a

minimum or until the voltage becomes the same.

Section 4: Chapter Quiz

Try Chapter 12 Quiz and see how much you learned.

[Ch 11] - [Ch

The physical meaning of the gradient of a scalar function is that it's the steepness of the
slope. Imagine height being a scalar, then the gradient of the height would be a vector
pointing "uphill", the length of the vector is proportional to the steepness of the slope - in
civil engineering turns the gradient (note the similarity) of a road running directly
uphill/downhill.

Divergence of a vector field is asociated with conserved quantities, if the divergence is

zero there are no "sources" or "sinks".

Curl of a vector field is associated with it's rotation, if the curl is zero the field is
irrotational.

This may not be detailed enough - it's a tricky subject, but the book I quoted is really very
good at providing detailed examples and physical explanations.
Why we use Germanium over Silicon in Semiconductor?

Read more: Why we use Germanium over Silicon in Semiconductor? | Answerbag

http://www.answerbag.com/q_view/571308#ixzz1CB2EGs5b

Best Answer - Chosen by Voters

Ionic bond: it is also called "electrovalent bond". It is "a type of chemical bond that
can often form between metal and non-metal ions through electrostatic attraction";

Covalent bond is a form of chemical bonding, "characterized by the sharing of pairs

of electrons between atoms, or between atoms and other covalent bonds";

Metallic bond: "the chemical bond, which is characteristic of metals, in which mobile
valence electrons are shared among atoms in a usually stable crystalline".

For additional information, go to google "ionic bond", "covalent bond" and "metallic
bond" (my sources).

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