6653_AWLThomas_EPp01-07 7/29/09 7:30 PM Page 3

BASIC ALGEBRA FORMULAS

Arithmetic Operations
a#c ac
asb + cd = ab + ac, =
b d bd
a c ad + bc a>b a d
+ = , = #c
b d bd c>d b
Laws of Signs
-a a a
-s -ad = a, = - =
b b -b
Zero Division by zero is not defined.
0
If a Z 0: a = 0, a 0 = 1, 0a = 0

For any number a: a # 0 = 0 # a = 0

Laws of Exponents

A2 aBm
n n
a ma n = a m + n, sabdm = a mb m, sa m dn = a mn, a m>n = 2a m =
If a Z 0,
am 1
= a m - n, a 0 = 1, a -m = .
an am

The Binomial Theorem For any positive integer n,

nsn - 1d n - 2 2
sa + bdn = a n + na n - 1b + a b
1#2
nsn - 1dsn - 2d n - 3 3
+ a b + Á + nab n - 1 + b n .
1#2#3
For instance,
sa + bd2 = a 2 + 2ab + b 2, sa - bd2 = a 2 - 2ab + b 2

sa + bd3 = a 3 + 3a 2b + 3ab 2 + b 3, sa - bd3 = a 3 - 3a 2b + 3ab 2 - b 3.

Factoring the Difference of Like Integer Powers, n>1
a n - b n = sa - bdsa n - 1 + a n - 2b + a n - 3b 2 + Á + ab n - 2 + b n - 1 d
For instance,
a 2 - b 2 = sa - bdsa + bd,
a 3 - b 3 = sa - bdsa 2 + ab + b 2 d,
a 4 - b 4 = sa - bdsa 3 + a 2b + ab 2 + b 3 d.
Completing the Square If a Z 0,

au = x + sb>2ad, C = c - b
b2
ax 2 + bx + c = au 2 + C
4a
The Quadratic Formula If a Z 0 and ax 2 + bx + c = 0, then
-b ; 2b 2 - 4ac
x = .
2a
6653_AWLThomas_EPp01-07 7/29/09 7:30 PM Page 4

GEOMETRY FORMULAS

A = area, B = area of base, C = circumference, S = lateral area or surface area,

V = volume

Triangle Similar Triangles Pythagorean Theorem

c c' a' a c
b
h b'

b b a
a' b' c'
abc a2  b2  c2
A  1 bh
2

Parallelogram Trapezoid Circle

a
h
h
r A  ␲r 2,
b C  2␲r
b
A  bh
A  1 (a  b)h
2

Any Cylinder or Prism with Parallel Bases Right Circular Cylinder

r

h
h
h

B V  Bh
B
V  ␲r2h
S  2␲rh  Area of side

Any Cone or Pyramid Right Circular Cone Sphere

h h
h s
r

V  1 Bh B V  1 ␲r2h V  43 ␲r3, S  4␲r2

3 3
B S  ␲rs  Area of side
6653_AWLThomas_EPp01-07 7/29/09 7:30 PM Page 5

LIMITS

General Laws Specific Formulas

If L, M, c, and k are real numbers and If Psxd = an x n + an - 1 x n - 1 + Á + a0 , then
lim Psxd = Pscd = an c n + an - 1 c n - 1 + Á + a0 .
lim ƒsxd = L and lim gsxd = M, then x:c
x:c x:c

Sum Rule: lim sƒsxd + gsxdd = L + M

x:c

Difference Rule: lim sƒsxd - gsxdd = L - M If P(x) and Q(x) are polynomials and Qscd Z 0, then
x:c

Product Rule: lim sƒsxd # gsxdd = L # M Psxd Pscd

x:c lim = .
x:c Qsxd Qscd
Constant Multiple Rule: lim sk # ƒsxdd = k # L
x:c

ƒsxd L
Quotient Rule: lim = , M Z 0
x:c gsxd M
If ƒ(x) is continuous at x = c, then
The Sandwich Theorem
lim ƒsxd = ƒscd.
x:c
If gsxd … ƒsxd … hsxd in an open interval containing c, except
possibly at x = c, and if

lim gsxd = lim hsxd = L,

x:c x:c sin x 1 - cos x
lim x = 1 and lim x = 0
then limx:c ƒsxd = L. x:0 x: 0

Inequalities L’Hôpital’s Rule

If ƒsxd … gsxd in an open interval containing c, except possibly If ƒsad = gsad = 0, both ƒ¿ and g¿ exist in an open interval I
at x = c, and both limits exist, then containing a, and g¿sxd Z 0 on I if x Z a, then

lim ƒsxd … lim gsxd. ƒsxd ƒ¿sxd

x:c x:c lim = lim ,
x:a gsxd x:a g¿sxd

Continuity assuming the limit on the right side exists.

If g is continuous at L and limx:c ƒsxd = L, then

lim g(ƒsxdd = gsLd.

x:c
6653_AWLThomas_EPp01-07 7/29/09 7:30 PM Page 6

DIFFERENTIATION RULES

General Formulas Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Assume u and y are differentiable functions of x. d 1 d 1
ssin-1 xd = scos-1 xd = -
d dx 21 - x 2 dx 21 - x 2
Constant: scd = 0
dx
d du dy d 1 d 1
Sum: su + yd = stan-1 xd = ssec-1 xd =
dx dx
+
dx dx 1 + x2 dx ƒ x ƒ 2x 2 - 1
d du dy d 1 d 1
Difference: su - yd = - scot-1 xd = - scsc-1 xd = -
dx dx dx dx 1 + x2 dx ƒ x ƒ 2x 2 - 1
d du
Constant Multiple: scud = c
dx dx
d dy du Hyperbolic Functions
Product: suyd = u + y
dx dx dx d d
ssinh xd = cosh x scosh xd = sinh x
du dy dx dx
y - u
a b =
d u dx dx d d
Quotient: stanh xd = sech2 x ssech xd = -sech x tanh x
dx y y2 dx dx
d n
Power: x = nx n - 1 d d
dx scoth xd = -csch2 x scsch xd = -csch x coth x
dx dx
d
Chain Rule: sƒsgsxdd = ƒ¿sgsxdd # g¿sxd
dx
Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
Trigonometric Functions
d 1 d 1
ssinh-1 xd = scosh-1 xd =
d d dx 21 + x 2 dx 2x - 1
2
ssin xd = cos x scos xd = -sin x
dx dx
d 1 d 1
d d stanh-1 xd = ssech-1 xd = -
stan xd = sec2 x ssec xd = sec x tan x dx 1 - x2 dx x21 - x 2
dx dx
d d d 1 d 1
scot xd = -csc2 x scsc xd = -csc x cot x scoth-1 xd = scsch-1 xd = -
dx dx dx 1 - x2 dx ƒ x ƒ 21 + x 2
Exponential and Logarithmic Functions Parametric Equations
d x d 1 If x = ƒstd and y = gstd are differentiable, then
e = ex ln x = x
dx dx
dy dy>dt d 2y dy¿>dt
d x d 1 y¿ = and .
a = a x ln a sloga xd = dx
=
dx>dt dx 2
=
dx>dt
dx dx x ln a
6653_AWLThomas_EPp01-07 7/29/09 7:30 PM Page 7

INTEGRATION RULES

General Formulas
a
Zero: ƒsxd dx = 0
La
a b
Order of Integration: ƒsxd dx = - ƒsxd dx
Lb La
b b
Constant Multiples: kƒsxd dx = k ƒsxd dx sAny number kd
La La
b b
-ƒsxd dx = - ƒsxd dx sk = -1d
La La
b b b
Sums and Differences: sƒsxd ; gsxdd dx = ƒsxd dx ; gsxd dx
La La La
b c c
Additivity: ƒsxd dx + ƒsxd dx ƒsxd dx =
La Lb La
Max-Min Inequality: If max ƒ and min ƒ are the maximum and minimum values of ƒ on [a, b], then
b
min ƒ # sb - ad … ƒsxd dx … max ƒ # sb - ad.
La
b b
Domination: ƒsxd Ú gsxd on [a, b] implies ƒsxd dx Ú gsxd dx
La La
b
ƒsxd Ú 0 on [a, b] implies ƒsxd dx Ú 0
La

The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

x
Part 1 If ƒ is continuous on [a, b], then Fsxd = 1a ƒstd dt is continuous on
[a, b] and differentiable on (a, b) and its derivative is ƒ(x);
x
d
F¿(x) = ƒstd dt = ƒsxd.
dx La
Part 2 If ƒ is continuous at every point of [a, b] and F is any antiderivative of ƒ
on [a, b], then
b
ƒsxd dx = Fsbd - Fsad.
La

Substitution in Definite Integrals Integration by Parts

b gsbd
ƒsxdg¿sxd dx = ƒsxdgsxd D a -
b b
ƒsgsxdd # g¿sxd dx = ƒsud du b
ƒ¿sxdgsxd dx
La Lgsad La La