Module 5 Anatomy I Splanchnology 1

G e n e r a l V e t e r i n a r y M a c r o s c o p i c A n a t o m y : S P L A N C H N O L O G Y | 71
 SPLANCHNOLOGY- is the study of the organs responsible for the maintenance and perpetuation of the individual.
o Under maintenance- digestive system, respiratory system and excretory (urinary system)
o Under perpetuation of the individual- reproductive system.
THE DIGESTIVE APPARATUS AND ABDOMEN
 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM- is concerned with nutrition of the body and this includes prehension of food, mastication,
digestion, absorption, storage of nutrients and excretion of unabsorbed portion of the food.
o The digestive apparatus consists of:
 Oral cavity
 Pharynx
 Alimentary canal (esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine)
 Accessory organs
o The accessory organs include:
 Salivary glands
 Liver
 Gall bladder
 Pancreas
 Anal sac
The Mouth and Associated Structures

 THE MOUTH
o It designates the oral cavity and its walls.
o Oral cavity- and its accessory organs (tongue, teeth and
salivary glands) are concerned with prehension, selection,
mastication and insalivation of food; in short, with the
conversion of food to a bolus that can be swallowed by the
individual.
o The oral cavity extends from the lips to the entrance of the
pharynx.
o The oral cavity is divided into:
 Vestibule- the space external to the teeth and gums
and internal to the lips and cheeks.
 Oral cavity proper- it assists in sucking and in
prehension of food; it is bounded by:
1. Lips (rostrally)
2. Cheeks, teeth, gums, and margins of the jaw
(laterally)
3. Hard palate (dorsally)
4. Tongue and reflected mucosa (ventrally)
o When the mouth is closed, the two divisions communicate
via the interdental spaces, especially the large space
(diastema) between the incisors and the cheek teeth.
o Other structures:
 Oral fissure- a U-shaped slit between the lips where
the vestibule opens to the outside anteriorly; the
external opening of the oral cavity.
 Openings of the parotid and zygomatic salivary ducts
(parotid papilla)
 Sublingual caruncle- the inconspicuous opening of
the sublingual and mandibular ducts located under the
body of the tongue.
 Sublingual fold- a low ridge of mucosa extending
caudally from the caruncle to about a transverse plane
through the lower shearing teeth.
 Incisive papilla- caudal to the upper central incisor, it General view of the oral cavity of the dog. 1,
is a rounded eminence extending caudally to blend Vestibule; 2, canine tooth; 2’ philtrum; 3, hard
with the first transverse ridge of the hard palate palate; 4, soft palate; 5, tongue; 6, sublingual
mucosa. caruncle; 7, palatoglossal arch; 8, palatine tonsil; 9,
 Incisive duct- opens on each side of the papilla. It frenulum. (Dyce, Sack & Wensing, 2010)
connects the oral cavity to the nasal cavity and Aside from its main functions (prehension,
vomeronasal organ. mastication, and insalivation of food), the mouth
o The oral cavity is continuous caudally with the isthmus of may also play a role in aggression and defense. In
the fauces and with the oral pharynx. most species, it functions as an airway when flow
through the nose is impaired.
 LIPS (Labia oris)
o Bounding the oral fissure, it forms the rostral and most of the lateral boundaries of the vestibule. The lips of the dog
are extensive but thin, and are not capable of purposeful movements.
KHAN LAMANERO JUNATAS, DVM

Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, CVM-USM
o Upper and lower lips meet at the angles of the mouth forming the commissures of the lip. The lower lip is noticeably
smaller than upper lip.
o Philtrum (‘nose leather’)- a deep, straight, narrow median The lips are composed of skin, an intermediate
cleft marking the union of the two halves of the upper lip, layer of muscle, tendon, and glands, and the oral
anteriorly. mucosa. The muscles that make up the greater part
o Tactile hairs- thinner and shorter in front, longer and of the lips belong to the mimetic musculature
thicker farther back. On the upper lip and adjacent part of (orbicularis oris).
the muzzle, these are arranged in four rows.
 CHEEKS (Buccae)
o They form the caudal portion of the lateral walls of the vestibular cavity. The principal support is the buccinator
muscle (important function of returning to the central cavity any food that has escaped into the vestibule).
o The cheeks are small in the dog, lie medial to the masseter and extend as far as the attachment of the buccinator
muscles on the mandible and maxilla opposite the last two cheek teeth and of the coronoid process.
o Also associated with the zygomatic gland, concealed below the zygomatic arch.
o Consist of three layers (continuous with lips):
1. External layer- the hairy integument
2. Middle layer- muscle (buccinator) and fibroelastic tissues
3. Inner layer- mucosa
o Two coarse tactile hairs project caudolaterally from the caudal part of the skin.
o Buccal glands (dorsal and ventral) are also located between the musculature and mucosa of the cheek.
o The mucosa is thinly cornified and can be partly or wholly pigmented. It must be sufficiently loose to allow the
occasional opening of the mouth while avoiding large folds that at would other times cause injury from the teeth.
 PALATE (Palatum)
o It is a partly bony, partly membranous partition separating the respiratory and digestive passages of the head.
o The nasal fossa and nasal pharynx lie above it; the oral cavity and oral pharynx below it.
 Bony hard palate- in front
 Membranous soft palate- lies behind
o Hard Palate (Palatum durum) - represents the osseous palate and the mucosa that covers its oral surfaces. It is larger
and nearly flat, inclined slightly ventrally on its lateral and rostral portions.
 It is formed by the palatine processes of:
1. Palatine
2. Maxilla
3. Incisive
 The mucosa is thrown into two rows of transversely oriented palatine ridges, the rugae palatini (6-10 pairs)
which meet at the median palatine raphe. The rugae may guide the food backward.
o Soft Palate (Palatum molle/Velum palatinum)
 It is a substantial musculomucosal shelf which forms the caudal continuation of the hard palate.
 It is long in dog and the epiglottis is usually seen lying above the thick caudal border of the soft palate.
 In brachycephalic breeds, the soft palate is so long as to interfere with the passage of air into the larynx.
 Palatopharyngeal arch- or the caudal pillar of the soft palate formed by the palatopharyngeal muscle and the
mucosa.
 Palatoglossal fold- a fold formed on the side of the mouth running from the body of the tongue to the initial part
of the soft palate.
 Palatine veil- the portion of the soft palate caudal to a transverse plane through the caudal borders of the
pterygoid bones.
 Layers:
1. Stratified squamos epithelium
2. Palatine glands- form the thickest layer of the organ.
3. Muscles of the soft palate
 THE MASTICATORY APPARATUS - comprises the teeth and gums, the temporomandibular and symphysial joints of
the jaws, and the masticatory muscles.
 TEETH (Dentes)
o The teeth are highly specialized structures for mastication (procuring, cutting, and cutting of food) and as formidable
weapons of offense and defense.
o Each tooth is divided into three parts (Brachydont type):
 Crown- the exposed distal part which protrudes above the gums and is covered by the shiny white enamel (a
very resistant, calcified, slightly opalescent, white material). All the crowns, except the canines, end in
tubercles.
 Neck- the slightly constricted part located at the gum line, where the enamel ends.
 Root- is the portion below the gum line, and for the most part is embedded in the alveoli of the incisive,
mandible or maxillary bones. The root is encased in cement (a softer, less shiny, yellowish tissue).
o Each tooth is implanted in a separate socket in the margin of a jaw by means of the tough fibrous periodontal
ligament.

o Structure of Teeth- the three substances comprising the mammalian teeth:

 Enamel- the dense, calcified pearly brilliant white in color outer layer of the crown; the hardest part in the tooth
and the hardest substance in the body. It is acellular and therefore unable to react to injury; it cannot regenerate.
 Dentin- forms the bulk of the tooth, enclosing the pulp cavity
internally and underlying the enamel externally; known as
‘ivory’ and is yellowish-white in color.
 Cementum- thin covering of the root of the teeth. It is the least
hard of the calcified tissues but relatively immune to pressure
erosion
 Pulp cavity- the central space of the tooth containing the pulp.
 Pulp- the only soft tissue contained in a tooth is composed of
sensory nerves, arteries, veins, lymphatic capillaries, and a
primitive connective tissue holding those structures together.
 Cusps- the individual bumps on the occlusal, chewing surface of
teeth.
 Alveoli- the bony sockets of the incisive, mandible, and
maxillary bones in which the roots of teeth are embedded.
 Lamina dura- the thin shell of dense bone lining the alveoli.
Radiographic loss of the lamina dura indicates problems.
 Periodontal membrane- the dense fibrous connective tissue
connecting the wall of the alveoli and the cementum covering
the teeth.
o Dentition- it pertains to the development of the teeth and their arrangements. The dentition of the dog, although
relatively simple, is well adapted to the feeding habits of the animal.
 Dogs are diphyodonts— they have two successions of teeth (deciduous and permanent).
 They are also classified as heterodonts—their teeth undergo differentiation into molars, premolars, canines and
incisors.
 They are specifically of a tubulosectorial type— the dual-purpose structure of the dog’s molars. It is a
characteristic multitubercular tooth which is capable with its antagonist of shearing or cutting the food.
o Replacement of Teeth
 Deciduous (Temporary) - the ‘baby teeth’ (milk teeth) developing early in life, fully erupted and functional in
the second month after birth. They are smaller and fewer in number than the permanent dentition.
 Permanent- the second set of teeth replacing the deciduous dentition as the jaws have become longer and larger.
They last throughout the adult life.
o Dental arches- the arrangement of teeth into two opposing superior (upper) and inferior (lower) arches.
 The lower arch is narrower and usually shorter than the upper.
 The teeth composing the arches are anchored in sockets, or alveoli, of the upper and lower jaws.
o Tooth Surfaces
 Occlusal (masticatory) surface-
grinding (table) surface makes contact
with a tooth from the opposite jaw and
is the principal wearing surface.
** In dogs the food is bolted rather
than masticated, and a complete
occlusal surface is not necessary.
 Contact surface- is next to a
neighboring tooth of the same arcade
(row).
**Mesial contact surface- faces the
median plane on the incisors, and
36- Contact surface; 37- Distal contact surface; 38- Mesial contact
rostrally on the canine and cheek teeth.
**Distal contact surface- faces away surface; 39- Vestibular surface; 40- Occlusal surface; 41- Lingual surface
from the median plane on the incisors, and caudally on the canine and cheek teeth.
 Vestibular surface (Outer surface) - the surface of the tooth which faces the lip or cheek.
** Labial surface- if next to the lung.
**Buccal surface- if next to the cheek.
 Lingual surface- the surface which faces the tongue.
o Tooth Groupings
 Incisors (I) - CUTTERS/NIPPERS,
most forward teeth in the mouth,
embedded in the incisive bone (upper-
trilobed crown) and incisive part of the
mandible (lower- bilobed crown) and
are principally used for cutting. They
are long, slender teeth, arched slightly
forward and laterally compressed.
 Incisor I or Central incisor
 Incisor II or Intermediate incisor

 Incisor III or Corner incisor
** They increase in size from the central to the corner incisor.
**In dogs, the incisors are employed mainly in nibbling and grooming
 Canines (C) - PIERCERS, caudal to
the corner incisors and are separated
by an interdental space; they are the
longest teeth in dog, are well-
developed with large roots. The
shape of canines (large, curved, and
laterally compressed) permits their
use for tearing and separation of a
food mass. It is capable of inflicting
wound; they are also used for
aggressive and holding purposes.
 The canine teeth of the
upper jaw are about the
same length as the lower
ones, but are more massive.
 The crowns are conical and
curved somewhat caudally.
 Cheek Teeth- GRINDERS, all teeth
caudal to the canines. They are
divided into: Premolars and Molars
(characterized by multiple roots
which provide firmer anchorage but
make extraction difficult). Lateral view of the permanent dentition of the dog (Dyce, Sack & Wensing,
 Premolars (P) - the rostral cheek 2010)
teeth located caudal to the canines; 4 in number on each side of the jaw.
 The first premolar is not replaced and remains throughout life (erupting between the 4 th- and 5th-
postnatal months).
 The first premolar is the smallest and has a single tubercle; the fourth is the largest.
 Carnassial or Sectorial Teeth- the upper fourth premolar teeth (upper P4) are the largest cutting teeth
of the upper jaw; sometimes referred as the ‘shearing teeth’.
 Number of roots for each premolar:
Arcade P1 P2 P3 P4
UPPER 1 2 2 3
LOWER 1 2 2 1
 Molars (M) - the caudal cheek teeth and have no deciduous predecessors; there are 2 on each side of the upper
jaw and 3 on each side of the lower jaw.
 In each jaw, the first are the largest and the last are the smallest.
 The masticatory surfaces of the upper and lower molars are multituberculate.
 Carnassial or Sectorial Tooth of the lower jaw- the first molar teeth (lower M1) which are about twice
as large as the other two together and are adapted for crushing and grinding (the strongest of any teeth
in the lower arcade).
 Number of roots for each molar:
Arcade M1 M2 M3
UPPER 3 3 --
LOWER 2 2 1
o Dental Formula- is an abbreviated statement of the number of teeth and their arrangement. The abbreviation
representing the particular teeth (I, incisor; C, canine; P, premolar; M, molar) is followed by the number of such teeth
on one side of the upper and lower jaw. The numerator of the fraction represents the teeth in the upper jaw and the
denominator represents the teeth in the lower jaw.
 The first appearance of a tooth is referred to as eruption.
 The dental formula for the dog:
DECIDUOUS DENTITION PERMANENT DENTITION

2 (Di3/3 Dc1/1 Dp 3/3 = 28 2 (I3/3 C1/1 P4/4 M2/3) = 42
o Eruption of Teeth (**Reading assignment)
 GUMS (Gingiva)
o Composed of dense fibrous tissue covered by smooth, heavily vascularized mucosa.

o It is the part of the mucosa that is intimately united to the periosteum of the alveolar processes of the jaw.
o It extends from the neck of the teeth and down into the alveoli.
o They are continuous externally with the mucosa of the vestibule, and internally with that of the floor of the oral cavity
proper or of the hard palate.
o In those breeds with pigmented oral mucosa the gums are likewise pigmented.
 TONGUE (Lingua)
o It fills the oral cavity when the upper and lower teeth are in
contact. It is supported caudally by the hyoid bone.
o It is composed primarily of skeletal (striated) muscle, adipose
tissue, some glands and externally of a thick mucous membrane.
o The tongue of the adult dog is an elongated, mobile, muscular
organ covered by cornified stratified squamos epithelium. It
extends from its attachment on the basihyoid bone to its free tip at
the mandibular symphysis.
o Functions:
 Sorting of solid foods
 Intake of liquid
 Sucking of the newborn
 Tactile organ
 Chemical selection of food (taste buds)
 Grooming and getting insects
 Heat dissipation
o The tongue has:
 Dorsum linguae- the surface of the tongue opposite to the
palate where the wear of the tongue is the greatest.
 Lingual mucosa- It is rough compared to the ventral
surface due to the presence of lingual papillae.
 Median groove (median sulcus) - divides the
dorsum linguae into two lateral halves, extending
from the tip of the tongue to the level of the caudal
pair of vallate papillae.
 Margin of the tongue (Margo linguae) - separates the
dorsal and ventral surfaces of the tongue.
 Apex- free rostral portion of the tongue; the thinnest and
narrowest end of this muscular organ formed by the rostral formation of the two margins.
 LYSSA- a median filiform structure embedded in the musculature along the ventral surface of the apex.
 Body (Corpus linguae) - caudal to the apex and represents the bulk of the tongue; it is long and slender.
 Root (Radix linguae) – the caudal one-third, sloping ventrally toward the base of the epiglottis.
o Lingual frenulum- an unpaired, median mucosal fold on the ventral surface of the tongue which primarily connects
the body of the tongue to the floor of the mouth.
o Fimbriated plica- a rounded fold of mucosa protruding on each side of the lingual frenulum on the ventral surface of
the tongue.
o Sublingual vein- can be used for venipuncture, is located between the lingual frenulum and the lateral border of the
fimbriated plica.
o Nerve supply of the tongue:
SENSORY Trigeminal (V), Facial (VII), Glossopharyngeal (IX), Vagus (X)

**For pain, temperature, tactile and touch and taste (gustatory)
MOTOR Hypoglossal (XII)
**The only motor nerve of the tongue
o Lingual papillae- filiform and conical function in mechanical; fungiform, vallate and foliate function mainly for
gustatory.
 Filiform papillae- are the smallest in size and the most numerous of all lingual papillae; soft, thorny serrations
giving the mucosa a velvety appearance.
 Located in the dorsum of the rostral two-thirds of the tongue, composed of primary, secondary and
tertiary filiforms.
 Their tips point caudally, the surface well-cornified to aid in licking and to protect deeper structures
from injury.
 Innervation: Lingual nerve from trigeminal nerve.
 Eight to ten filiform papillae surround a single fungiform papillae.
 Fungiform papillae- are mushroom-shaped papillae on the rostral two-thirds of the tongue; larger, broader but
shorter and less numerous than filiform papillae and gustatory (contain taste buds).
 Second most numerous and are most concentrated at the tip and sides of the tongue.
 The median sulcus is devoid of fungiform papillae.
 The blood they contain gives them a dark pink appearance making them prominent.
 Contain taste pores through which taste fluids reach the taste buds.
 Innervation: Chorda tympani (facial nerve) and lingual nerve (trigeminal nerve)
 Vallate papillae- are located on the caudal-third of the dorsum of the tongue; mark the boundary between the
filiform papillae of the oral part and the conical papillae of the pharyngeal part of the tongue.
 Three to six (mostly four) papillae are present arranged in the form of a V along both sides of the
median sulcus.
 Also contain taste buds and central deeper moats.
 Serous gustatory glands or von Ebner’s gland- exists at the base of the vallate papillae; associated with
the ducts of these glands are lymphoid aggregates.
 Foliate papillae- two groups in the dog, each located on the dorsolateral aspect of the caudal third of the tongue
rostral to the palatoglossal arch.
 Each group contains 813 papillae, alternating with 914 crypts that parallel the papillae and separate
them from one another in a leaflike arrangement.
 Also contain taste buds, taste pores, and von Ebner’s gland.
 Innervation: Glossopharyngeal nerve
 Conical papillae- found on the dorsum of the caudal one-third of the tongue
 Each stands on a wide circular base and narrows to a thin, hard
point at its apex.
 Are mechanical and tactile.
 Innervation: Glossopharyngeal nerve
 Marginal papillae- threadlike and narrower, function in suckling and are

present in newborn dogs; they disappear as the pups change from liquid to
solid diets.
 They help in preventing milk from spilling over the tongue and aid
in sealing the lips around the nipple for suction.
 Distributed along the margins of the rostral half of the pup’s
tongue and best developed at the margins of the tongue in the
premolar carrying space; least developed at the margin of the tip
and absent at the margins of the caudal half of the tongue.
 Premolar carrying space- is the area of lack of occlusal contact
which extends from the canine teeth to the third premolars.
 Mechanical and tactile in function.
o Taste Buds
 A taste bud is a pear-shaped group of epithelial cells located in the
gustatory papillae: fungiform, vallate, and foliate papillae.
 They are broad basally and narrow apically where they communicate with
the oral cavity through an apical taste pore.
 Four types of cells:
1. Dark or Type I cell- most numerous
2. Light or Type II cell
3. Type III cell- involved in the transmission of stimulus to
the sensory nerves that serve the taste buds.
4. Basal cell
 The growth and maintenance of taste buds depend upon intact
sensory nerves.
 Map of Qualities of Taste Sensitive Fibers:
1. Sweet-taste sensitivity rostral margins and tip of the
tongue
2. Salt-taste sensitivity lies within the distribution of the
chorda tympani (Facial nerve)
3. Sour-taste sensitivity almost evenly distributed over the
dorsum of the tongue
 Fungiform area- sensitive to sweetness, sourness and
saltiness.
 Areas innervated by glossopharyngeal- insensitive to
sweet and salt tastes
 Areas innervated by chorda tympani- sensitive to
sweetness, sourness and saltiness.
 The tip of dog’s tongue is also sensitive to water taste.
 SALIVARY GLANDS
o All glands pouring their secretions (saliva) into the oral cavity.
o The saliva can be serous or mucous in character, which helps in the formation of bolus and acts as a lubricant during
swallowing.
o The salivary glands can be divided into:
 Major salivary glands- parotid, sublingual, mandibular and zygomatic (dorsal buccal/orbital)
 Minor salivary glands- these are the glands inside the oral cavity: labial, buccal, lingual and palatine

o MAJOR SALIVARY GLANDS:

o Parotid Gland
 It lies at the junction of the head and neck
overlying the basal portion of the auricular
cartilage.
 Its outline is V-shaped as viewed from the
surface with the apex directed ventrally.
 It is unencapsulated, lobular and lighter red
than the adjacent skeletal muscle and fills
more or less the retromandibular fossa.
 Boundaries:
1. Sternomastoideus and cleidocervicalis
(caudally)
2. Masseter muscle and
temporomandibular joint (rostrally)
 It is divided into two portions:
1. Superficial portion- consists of two
limbs of the V and the dorsally
concave, thin-edged portion which
connects the two limbs.
2. Deep portion- is wedge-shaped and lies ventral to the cartilaginous external ear; related to the facial nerve,
maxillary and superficial temporal arteries
**The internal maxillary vein is related to the parotid gland at a more ventral and superficial level than
are nerves and arteries.
 Three angles: pointing dorsorostrally, dorsocaudally, and ventrally.
1. Ventral angle- internal maxillary vein
 Three borders: dorsal, rostral and caudal.
1. Dorsal border- external ear canal
2. Rostral border- palpebral, auriculotemporal and dorsal and ventral buccal nerves; parotid lymph node;
rostral auricular artery and vein, transverse facial artery
3. Caudal border- intermediate auricular blood vessels
Summary of Topographical description and associated structures of the Parotid Gland:
Parotid Gland Associated Structures

Boundaries Caudal Sternomastoideus & Cleidocervicalis
Rostral Masseter & Temporomandibular joint
Portions Superficial Internal maxillary vein
Deep Facial nerve
Maxillary and Superficial temporal arteries
Angles Dorsorostral
Dorsocaudal
Ventral Internal maxillary vein
Borders Dorsal External ear canal
Rostral Palpebral, auriculotemporal and dorsal and
ventral buccal nerves
Parotid lymph node
Rostral auricular artery and vein
Transverse facial artery
Caudal Intermediate auricular blood vessels
 Parotid Duct
 It is formed by two or three converging radicles which leave the ventral third of the rostral border of the
gland and unite with each other on the masseter muscles.
 It is related to the lateral surface of the masseter as it runs straight forward to the cheek, parallel, or
nearly parallel, to the fibers of the muscle.
 It opens into the buccal cavity at the rostral end of a blunt ridge of mucosa by a small papilla located
opposite the caudal margin of upper P4.
 Accessory Parotid Glands- usually are present on one or both sides, lying above the parotid duct.
 Parotid artery- a branch of external carotid artery; it is the main blood supply in the parotid gland. Other supply
comes from: caudal auricular, masseter, transverse facial and rostral auricular arteries.
 Superficial temporal and Great auricular veins
 Parotid and Medial retropharyngeal lymph nodes
 Auriculotemporal branch of the Trigeminal nerve
o Mandibular Gland
 The encapsulated, round or oval gland lying largely between the external and internal maxillary veins just
caudal to the angle of the jaw.
 It has cranial and caudal poles; superficial and deep surfaces

1. Cranial pole- truncate and related to the major portion of the sublingual gland.
2. Caudal pole- forms an arc as it unites the superficial and deep surfaces at an acute angle.
3. Superficial surface- slightly rounded and grooved dorsally by the internal maxillary vein; dorsocranially
overlapped by the parotid gland; ventrally related to the mandibular lymph nodes lying dorsally to the
external maxillary vein.
4. Deep surface- further subdivided into:
 Sternomastoideus (Dorsocaudal)
 Medial retropharyngeal lymph node and larynx (Medial)
 Digastricus and Stylohyoid (Cranial)
Summary of Topographical description and associated structures of the Mandibular Gland:
Mandibular Gland Associated Structures

Poles Cranial Major portion of sublingual gland
Caudal
Surfaces Superficial Internal maxillary vein
Parotid gland (dorsocranially)
Mandibular lymph nodes (ventrally)
Deep Sternomastoideus (dorsocaudal)
Medial retropharyngeal lymph nodes and
larynx (medial)
Digastricus and Stylohyoid muscles (cranial)
 Mandibular Duct
 It leaves the medial surface of the gland near the ventromedial part of the impression formed by the
sublingual gland.
 The initial part is related to the medial surface of the sublingual gland.
 The duct lies between the masseter muscle and mandible laterally, and the digastricus medially.
 The remaining part is closely related to the sublingual duct and opens on the sublingual caruncle on the
floor of the oral cavity.
 Facial artery- the largest artery supplying the mandibular gland; it enters the gland where the mandibular duct
leaves.
 Lingual vein- the chief vein draining the gland.
 Medial retropharyngeal lymph nodes
o Sublingual Gland
 It is the smallest of the four pairs of major salivary glands, lying under the mucosa of the lateral sublingual
recess and of the lateral surface of the tongue.
 The posterior surface (largest division) is closely related to the blunt anterior end of the mandibular gland; both
glands are enclosed in the same fibrous capsule, the sublingual is slightly darker in color.
1. Monostomatic part of the sublingual gland- empty into the major sublingual duct (sublingual caruncle).
2. Polystomatic part of the sublingual gland- smaller and rostral to the monostomatic; discharges its secretion
directly into the oral cavity in the lateral sublingual recess.
 Sublingual duct- lies ventral to the gland.
 Major sublingual duct- is closely related dorsally to the mandibular duct in its course in the intermandibular
space. The ducts open on a small sublingual caruncle.
 Facial artery- supplies the monostomatic portion.
 Sublingual artery- supplies the polystomatic portion.
 Medial retropharyngeal lymph nodes
o Zygomatic Gland
 Also known as Orbital Gland, it is located ventral to the zygomatic arch.
 It is globular to pyramidal in shape.
 It has one major duct and four minor ducts.
 The major duct opens on the ridge of mucosa that extends to a plane through the caudal surface of the last upper
cheek tooth.
 The smaller, minor ducts open on this ridge, caudal to the opening of the major duct.
 Infraorbital artery- supplies the zygomatic gland
 Deep facial vein
 PHARYNX
o It is the common passageway for food and air.
o It extends from a transverse plane through the head at the level of orbital openings to a similar plane through the
second cervical vertebrae.
o It connects the oral cavity with the esophagus and the nasal cavity with the larynx.
o It is divided into three parts:
1. Nasopharynx
2. Oropharynx
3. Laryngopharynx

o The pharyngeal cavity has the

following openings:
1. Paired choanae (posterior
nares) - rostrodorsally, they
connect the nasopharynx
with the nasal cavity.
2. Paired pharyngeal openings
of the auditory
(Eustachian) tube- these
openings connect the
nasopharynx with the middle
ear cavities.
3. Isthmus faucium- slit-like,
leading from the oral cavity
into the oropharynx;
bounded laterally by the
palatoglossal arches,
dorsally by the soft palate
and ventrally by the root of
the tongue.
4. Aditus larynges-
caudoventrally, when the animal swallows, the aditus is closed by the epiglottis.
5. Entrance to the esophagus- at the caudal end of the laryngopharynx.
 Nasopharynx- is part of the respiratory channel. It lies dorsal to the soft palate and extends from the choanae to
the intrapharyngeal opening (pharyngeal isthmus/pharyngeal chiasma).
 Oropharynx- is part of the digestive tract, although air passes through it when the animal coughs or breathes
orally. Its roof is formed by the soft palate, its floor is the root of the tongue and its lateral wall by the fauces
(contains the palatine tonsil).
 Laryngopharynx- it is common to the respiratory and digestive channels; chief importance in deglutition. It is
the caudal continuation of the oropharynx and extends from the base of epiglottis to about the level of cricoid
cartilage of the larynx.
 Limen pharyngoesophageum (formerly the annular fold) - an annular ridge of tissue marking the
pharyngoesophageal junction in dogs.
 Tonsil
o Aggregation of lymphatic tissue in the pharyngeal mucosa. Some are distinct accumulations and others are diffuse
and difficult to see.
o Named according to their locations (lingual, palatine, pharyngeal, tubal, tonsil of the soft palate.
o They help to protect the openings of the pharynx against microorganisms and toxic substances.
Carnivores
Lingual tonsil *
Palatine tonsil +
Tonsil of soft palate *
Pharyngeal tonsil +
Tubal tonsils 
Paraepiglottic tonsil *
+ Identifiable; * Diffuse, difficult to identify;  Absent;

Alimentary Canal
 It consists of:
o Esophagus
o Stomach
o Small intestine
o Large Intestine
o Anal canal
 Two large glands associated with the alimentary canal:
o Liver
o Pancreas
 Esophagus
o The first part of the alimentary canal; the musculo-
membranous connecting-tube between the laryngopharynx
and the stomach; it is capable of great dilatation.
o It is divided into three portions:
1. Cervical
2. Thoracic
3. Abdominal (shortest)
o It begins opposite the middle of the axis (dorsally) and the
caudal border of the cricoid cartilage (ventrally); it ends in
the cardia of the stomach.
 Limen laryngoesophageum- the internal demarcation
between the pharynx and esophagus.
o It varies in diameter, where the diameter is narrow, the
muscular wall is thick; where the diameter is wide, the
muscular wall is thin.
o Cervical Portion (Pars cervicalis)
 Related mainly to the left longus colli and longus
capitis muscles dorsally; to the trachea ventrally and to
the right.
 It runs through the ventral surface of cervical vertebrae and the trachea but as it approaches the thoracic inlet it
shifts from its median position and passes to the left side of the trachea.
 Important structures related to the cervical part:
1. Common carotid artery
2. Internal jugular vein
3. Tracheal duct
4. Cervical lymph node
5. Vagosympathetic trunk
6. Recurrent laryngeal nerve
7. Thymus (in young pups)
o Thoracic Portion (Pars thoracica)
 It begins at the thoracic inlet, on the left side of the trachea and returns to its position dorsal to the trachea.
 It runs caudally in the dorsal mediastinum, passes dorsal to the tracheal bifurcation and crosses the right side of
the aortic arch.
 It ends to the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm.
 It is accompanied by the vagus nerves (initially) and by the vagal trunks (near the diaphragm) and it is related on
the right side to the Cavum mediastinum serosum.
o Abdominal Portion (Pars Abdominalis)
 The wedge-shaped terminal part located at the cardia of the stomach.
o Coats of the esophagus
1. Fibrous (Adventitia)-
2. Muscular- two oblique layers of striated muscle fibers
3. Submucous- contains blood vessels, nerves and mucous glands
4. Mucous- cornified stratified squamos epithelium
o Arterial Blood Supply:
 Cervical Part- branches of the right and left common carotid artery
 Thoracic Part- bronchoesophageal artery
 Remaining part- dorsal intercostal arteries and left gastric artery
o Veins:
 The veins of the cervical part enter the external jugular vein while the thoracic part is drained by a pair of
esophageal veins that empty into the azygous veins.
o Innervation:
 Vagus and sympathetic trunk
 STOMACH (Gaster/Ventriculus)
o The largest dilatation of the alimentary canal is a musculoglandular organ between the esophagus and the small
intestine.
o It receives the insalivated food boluses from the esophagus and temporarily stores and partly mixes the food.
o Gastric enzymes, together with mucus and hydrochloric acid are secreted by the intrinsic glands in the stomach wall.
o In a transverse position, more to the left of the median plane.
o Capacity: from 0.5 to 8 liters
o Classification of Stomach based on Epithelial Lining:
1. Glandular- is a simple columnar epithelium that continues into the duodenum.
2. Non-glandular- is the continuation of the stratified squamos epithelium of the esophagus.
 Dogs have simple stomach lined with entirely glandular epithelium; when the stomach is moderately full, it is J-
shaped, when it is empty, it is U-shaped;
o Parts of the stomach:
1. Openings (Sphincter)- cardiac, pyloric

2. Surfaces- visceral, parietal
3. Curvatures- greater, lesser
4. External divisions- cardiac portion, fundus, body, pyloric part
 Openings:
1. Cardiac opening- stomach
inlet; the opening of the
esophagus into the stomach.
2. Pyloric opening- stomach
outlet; the opening into the
duodenum surrounded by the
muscular part known as the
pyloric sphincter.
 Surfaces:
1. Visceral- facing dorsally; it lies
in contact with the visceral
organs.
2. Parietal- facing cranially and
ventrally to the left; it lies in
contact with the diaphragm.
 Curvatures:
1. Greater curvature- the long,
convex surface of the stomach
extending from the cardia to the
pylorus; it is where the greater
omentum is attached.
2. Lesser curvature- the short, concave surface of the stomach, also extending from the cardia to the pylorus;
it is where the lesser omentum is attached.
 External major divisions:
1. Cardiac portion (G. kardia heart) - the opening of the part of the stomach; the portion that blends with the
esophagus.
 Ostium cardiacum- the opening into the stomach.
2. Fundus (L. bottom) – thick and red brown; the blind expanded portion of the stomach’s left side,
immediately adjacent to the cardia; it is often filled with gas that can be seen in radiographs.
 Cardiac notch- formed between the cardia and the bulging fundic part on the left side.
3. Body (Corpus) - the largest part of the stomach extending from the fundus on left to the pyloric portion on
the right; capable of greatest dilatation
4. Pyloric part (G. Pyloros, gatekeeper) - thinner and lighter; the distal-third of the stomach, sacculated and
unites the body of the organ to the duodenum; chiefly functions as an ejection mechanism by which the
chyme (partly digested stomach contents) is forced into the duodenum.
 Pyloric antrum- the wide proximal part of the pyloric part.
 Pyloric canal- the narrow passage through the pyloric part.
 Pyloric sphincter- the strong band of circular muscle surrounding the opening and through which the
stomach contents are emptied into the duodenum.
 Ostium pyloricum- the lumen of the pylorus.
o Coats of the Stomach
1. Serous coat (Tunica serosa) - completely covers the stomach.
2. Muscular coat (Tunica muscularis) - consists of an outer longitudinal and an inner circular layer of smooth
muscle fibers plus an oblique layer.
3. Submucous coat (Tela submucosa) - thin elastic layer of areolar tissues.
4. Mucous coat (Tunica mucosa)- columnar surface epithelium, glandular lamina propria, lamina muscularis
mucosae.
 Plicae gastricae- folds in the mucosa in a contracted empty or even a moderately distended stomach.
o Glands of the Stomach
 Gastric glands- gland of the stomach.
1. Cardiac glands- found in the narrow zone around the cardia; also scattered along the lesser curvature.
2. Gastric glands proper/Fundic glands- occupy about two-thirds of the gastric mucosa; in the left
extremity, fundus and the body of the stomach; it produces hydrochloric acid and pepsin.
3. Pyloric glands- in the pyloric part of the stomach.
4. Intermediate glands- between the pyloric and gastric glands.

 Four types of glandular cells:
1. Chief/Zymogenic cells- contain pepsinogen pepsin
2. Parietal cells- source of hydrochloric acid of the gastric juice
3. Mucous neck cells- produce mucus
4. Argentaffin cells-
o Vessels and Nerve supply of the Stomach
 Left and Right Gastric Arteries- the main arteries to the lesser curvature of the stomach.
 Right Gastroepiploic Arteries- the main arteries to the greater curvature of the stomach.
 Gastrosplenic vein and Gastroduodenal vein
 The blood from the stomach enters the liver through the PORTAL VEIN
 Hepatic lymph nodes.
 Innervation- from the vagus and the celiac plexus.
 SMALL INTESTINE
o The principal site of digestion and absorption, extending from the pylorus of the stomach to the ileocolic orifice
leading to the large intestine.
o It is the longest portion of the alimentary canal.
o It is divided into:
1. Duodenum (Descending and Ascending parts)- the fixed and short proximal loop
2. Jejunum- freely movable, long, distal portion
3. Ileum- very short terminal part
o Duodenum
 The first and most fixed part of the small intestine; about 10 inches long, it receives ingesta from the stomach.
1. Cranial flexure- separates the descending duodenum from the pyloric end of the stomach
2. Caudal flexure- separates the descending duodenum from the ascending duodenum
3. Duodenojejunal flexure- separates the ascending duodenum from the jejunum.
 Descending duodenum- continues caudally on the abdomen’s right side, in contact with the right abdominal
wall. The bile and pancreatic ducts empty into the descending duodenum.
 Ascending duodenum- travels on the right of the root of the mesentery and terminates in the duodenojejunal
flexure.
 Duodenocolic ligament- connects the caudal flexure of the duodenum and the ascending duodenum to the
descending colon.
o Jejunum
 The longest part of the small intestine.
 It begins at the duodenojejunal flexure, and occupies the ventral part of the abdominal cavity and covered by the
greater omentum.
 It has a long mesentery, allowing great range of motion.
o Ileum
 It is the short terminal part of the small intestine, indistinguishable grossly from the jejunum.
 It terminates at the cecocolic junction of the large intestine forming the ileal orifice.
o Coats of Small Intestine
1. Mucous coat (Tunica mucosa)- villi, glands, lymphoid follicles, duodenal glands
2. Submucous coat (Tela submucosa)
3. Muscular coat (Tunica muscularis)- thin outer longitudinal layer and thicker inner circular layer
4. Serous coat (Tunica serosa)- composed of peritoneum
o Vessels and Nerve supply of Small Intestine
 Jejunal arteries- to the large middle portion of the small intestine (jejunum).
 Cranial and caudal pancreaticoduodenal arteries- to the duodenum.
 Accessory cecal and Ileocecal arteries- to the ileum.
 Lymph vessels drain to the left mesenteric lymph nodes, hepatic lymph nodes, duodenal lymph node and colic
lymph node.
 Innervation: Vagus and Splanchnic nerves
 LARGE INTESTINE
o It is a simple, unspecialized tube, extending from the ileum (ileal sphincter) to the anus.
o It functions to dehydrate fecal contents by absorbing water.
o It consists of:
1. Cecum
2. Colon (Ascending, Transverse and Descending Colon)
3. Rectum
4. Anal Canal
o CECUM
 The initial blind part of the large intestine; small, tubular and coiled.
 It is located on the RIGHT side of the abdominal cavity.
 Generally, it is described as having a:
1. Apex- blunt and usually points caudoventrally or is located transversely.
2. Body- the large middle portion of the organ
3. Base
 Cecocolic orifice- the only communication of the cecum which is at the beginning of the ascending colon.
 Cecocolic sphincter- the specialized inner circular muscular coat which guards the cecocolic orifice.
 Ileocecal fold- attaches the cecum to the ileum.
o COLON
 It lies in the dorsal part of the
abdominal cavity and is shaped
like a shepherd’s crook or
question mark.
 It is divided into the :
1. Ascending
2. Transverse
3. Descending
 Connected with each other by
flexures, they are fixed into the
dorsal abdomen by short
mesentery.
1. Right colic flexure- the
flexure which unites the
ascending and transverse
colons.
2. Left colic flexure- the
flexure which unites the
transverse and descending
colons.
 Ascending colon- the first part
of the colon; begins at the
ileocolic sphincter and ends at the right colic flexure; associated with the stomach.
 Transverse colon- the middle colon arching cranially around the mesenteric root from right to left; associated
with the stomach and pancreas.
 Descending colon- the longest segment, from left colic flexure to the left side of the dorsal abdomen to the
pelvic inlet. Associated structures:
1. Left kidney
2. Left ureter
3. Spleen
4. Bladder
5. Uterus
6. Prostate gland (in males)
o RECTUM (L. Rectus, straight)
 The large intestine within the pelvic cavity, extending from the descending colon to the anal canal.
 It begins at the pelvic inlet and ends ventral to the second or third caudal vertebra.
 Rectal ampulla- the dilated terminal of the rectum.
o ANAL CANAL
 The short terminal, specialized part of the large intestine
 It lies ventral to the fourth caudal vertebra and is surrounded by smooth and striated anal sphincter muscles.
 The mucosa is divided into:
1. Cutaneous zone- most caudal, divided into external and internal portions; ANUS- the terminal opening of
the alimentary canal.
2. Intermediate zone- anocutaneous line
3. Columnar zone- anal columns
 Anal sacs- are pouches, one on each side of the anal canal, between the inner and outer sphincter muscles.
 Clinical Importance: They frequently become enlarged, owing to accumulated secretion, or they may
become abscessed and painful causing constipation. Infrequently they rupture to the outside, lateral to
the anus, producing ANAL FISTULAS.
 Glands of the Anus
1. Circumanal glands
2. Anal glands
3. Glands of the anal sacs
o Coats of the Large Intestine
 Mucous coat
 Submucous coat
 Muscular coat
 Serous coat
 PERINEUM
o It is the region of the pelvic outlet.
o The surface is bounded by the tail (dorsally), scrotum/vulva (ventrally) and by the skin which covers the superficial
gluteal and internal obturator muscles (laterally).
o The deep portion is bounded by the Cd3 (dorsally), the sacrotuberous ligaments (laterally) and ischial arch
(ventrally).

Accessory Glands of the Alimentary Canal

 LIVER (G. Hevar)
o It is the largest gland in the body.
o It is an extramural digestive gland having both exocrine and endocrine functions (important in metabolism).
o It is in the abdominal cavity, abutting the diaphragm.
o The fresh liver is deep red in color, firm in consistency, but friable.
o The three distinct landmarks:
1. Caudal vena cava- dorsal portion

2. Porta of the liver- area where the vessels and nerves enter the organ on the visceral surface
3. Renal impression- indentation for the right kidney on the liver’s right side (caudate process of the caudate
lobe)
o Surfaces: Diaphragmatic and Visceral

 Diaphragmatic/Parietal- convex surface in contact with the diaphragm; can be divided into:
 Right part- the largest
 Left part
 Cranial part- marked by a shallow, broad, indistinct cardiac impression
 Dorsal part- deeply notched by the caudal venal cava and the esophagus
 Ventral part
 Visceral- concave surface in contact with the abdominal viscera (stomach, duodenum, pancreas, and right
kidney). All but pancreatic pancreas produce impressions on the organ.
 Papillary process- the most prominent feature of the visceral surface.
 Gastric impression- occupies the whole left half of the visceral surface.
 Duodenal impression- the most cranial indentation of the visceral surface.
 Renal impression- in the most caudodorsal portion of the liver.
PORTA OF THE LIVER

 The hilus of the organ.
 The hepatic vessels and nerves and bile duct communicate with the gland through the porta.
 The nerves and arteries enter the porta dorsally, the biliary duct leaves ventrally, and the portal vein enters
between the two.
o Borders: Dorsal, Ventral, Right and Left

 Sharp-edges and continuous around the
periphery of the organ except dorsally.
o Lobes and Processes: Left, Right, Quadrate
and Caudate Lobes
 Left hepatic lobe - lies to the LEFT of
the median plane; divided into:
 Left lateral hepatic lobe
 Left medial hepatic lobe
 Right hepatic lobe- smaller and lies to
the RIGHT of the median plane; divided
into:
 Right medial hepatic lobe- is
fused to the quadrate lobe; the
right half of the fossa for the
gall bladder is on its medial
face.
 Right lateral hepatic lobe
 Quadrate lobe- between the right and
left lobes and ventral to the porta of the
liver; the middle of its right surface is
excavated by the left half of the fossa
for the gall bladder.
 Caudate lobe- dorsal to the porta of the liver, consisting
of caudate and papillary process and the isthmus
which connects them.
 Papillary process- Points to Remember:
pyramidal to tongue- (1) The RIGHT HALF of the fossa for the
shaped; the part to the left gall bladder is on the RIGHT MEDIAL
of the median plane lying hepatic lobe while the LEFT HALF of the
on the lesser curvature of fossa is on the QUADRATE hepatic lobe.
the stomach. (2) The caudate process of the CAUDATE
 Caudate process- forms
hepatic lobe contains the renal fossa for the
the most caudal region
cups the cranial end of the right cranial end of the RIGHT KIDNEY.
kidney.

o Ligaments of the Liver

 Coronary ligament- connects the
diaphragmatic surface of the liver to
the diaphragm.
 Right triangular ligament- attaches
the dorsal part of the right lateral
hepatic lobe to the right crus of the
diaphragm.
 Left triangular ligament-attaches the
dorsal part of the left lateral hepatic
lobe to the left crus and tendinous
center of the diaphragm.
 Falciform ligament- connects the
ventral liver to the sternal part of the
diaphragm and ventral abdomen.
 Round ligament- contained in the free
border of the falciform ligament, is a
vestige of the umbilical vein of the
fetus.
 Hepatorenal ligament- extends from
the medial portion of the renal fossa to
the ventral surface of the right kidney.
o Blood and Lymph vessels and Nerve
supply
 Central veins interlobular veins
hepatic veins
 Portal vein- brings the functional
blood to the liver from the stomach, intestines, pancreas, and spleen.
 Proper hepatic arteries- furnish the liver with the blood which nourishes its cells (nutritional supply).
 Hepatic and splenic lymph nodes
 Innervation: Vagus and celiac plexus
 GALL BLADDER (Cholecyst)

o The sac storing and concentrating bile; its mucoid secretion is for lubrication and protection.
o It is a pear-shaped vesicle located on the fossa between the quadrate and right medial hepatic lobes of the liver.
o It consists of:
 Fundus- the blind, rounded, cranial end
 Body- the large middle portion
 Neck- slender, tapering caudodorsally directed extremity
o Bile- produced by the liver cells is discharged into bile canaliculi interlobular ducts lobar or bile ducts.
 Extrahepatic bile passageways consist of:
1. Hepatic duct- from the liver
2. Cystic duct- to the gall bladder; regarded as the beginning of the biliary duct system. It connects the gall
bladder with the hepatic ducts.
3. Bile duct- the main excretory channel for bile to the duodenum formed by the union of the common bile
duct and cystic duct. It opens particularly to the major duodenal papillae together with the pancreatic duct.
 PANCREAS (G. Pan, all + Kreas, flesh)

o The V-shaped gland
composed of two lobes
joined by the body.
o It is yellowish gray when
preserved and pinkish gray
in life; coarsely lobulated,
elongated gland.
o It has both endocrine and
exocrine functions:
 Endocrine pancreas
(Pancreatic Islets or
Islets of Langerhans) -
secretes glucagon
(alpha cells) and
insulin (beta cells).
 Exocrine pancreas-
secretes the pancreatic
juice conveyed to the
duodenum by the
pancreatic ducts.
o Parts of the pancreas:
 Body- the middle portion connecting the two lobes
 Right lobe- the right portion of pancreas in the mesoduodenum next to the descending duodenum.
 Left lobe- lies in the deep leaf of the greater omentum, along the dorsal abdomen toward the cranial pole of the
left kidney.
1. Dorsal surface- related to the caudate process of the liver, portal vein, caudal vena cava and aorta; to the left
kidney and spleen.
2. Ventral surface- related ventrocaudally to the transverse colon and ventrocranially to the dorsal wall of the
stomach.
o Ducts of Pancreas
 Pancreatic (Wirsung’s) Duct- the smaller duct, associated with the opening of the bile duct and usually enters the
duodenum on the major duodenal papilla alongside the common bile duct.
 Accessory Pancreatic (Santorini’s) Duct- the largest excretory duct which opens into the duodenum as the minor
duodenal papilla.
o Blood and Lymph Vessels
 Cranial and Caudal Pancreaticoduodenal Arteries- the main vessels to the right lobe of the pancreas.
 Splenic Artery- to the left lobe of the pancreas.
 Caudal Pancreaticoduodenal Vein- the principal vein from the right pancreatic lobe.
 Duodenal, hepatic, splenic and mesenteric lymph nodes,
 Innervation: Celiac plexus
 SEROUS MEMBRANES or
SEROSA
o A thin continuous
membrane lining the closed
cavity of the body and
covering the cavity’s
organs.
o Secretes lubricating fluid,
allowing movement of the
organs without friction.
 Peritoneum- serous
membrane of
abdominal cavity.
 Pleura- serous
membrane of pleura.
o Parietal serosa: lines
cavity wall.
o Visceral serosa: invest the
organs within cavity.
o Connecting serosa: two
layers of serosa uniting
parietal and visceral serosal
layers.
 PERITONEUM
o The serosa lining the abdomen and covering its organs.
 Parietal: the serosa lining the inner wall of the abdominal, pelvic, and scrotal cavities.
 Visceral: the serosa covering the organs of the abdominal and pelvic cavities.
 Connecting: the double-layered serosa connecting parietal and visceral peritoneum, or between visceral
peritoneum. It includes: Mesenteries, omentum, ligaments, and folds.
 Mesenteries
o Between the intestinal and reproductive tracts to the abdominal wall.
o Contain blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves.
o Named according to the organs they suspend.
1. Mesoduodenum- suspending the duodenum from the dorsal body wall
 The descending mesoduodenum encloses the right lobe of the pancreas.
2. Mesojejunum and mesoileum- the continuation of the mesoduodenum that is very long and wide to support
the jejunum and ileum.
 Root of mesentery: attachment to the dorsal wall of the abdominal cavity.
3. Mesocolon- the serosal fold suspending the colon.
 Can be divided into ascending, transverse and descending mesocolons.
4. Mesorectum- the short mesentery suspending the rectum from the dorsal wall of the pelvic cavity.
 Omentum
o A double-layered connecting peritoneum between the stomach and abdominal organs or abdominal wall.
1. Lesser omentum- connects the lesser curvature of the stomach and the first part of the duodenum to the
porta of the liver; continuous with the mesoduodenum.
2. Greater omentum- connects the greater curvature of the stomach to the dorsal abdominal wall.
o Omental bursa- the space between the two layers of the greater omentum (superficial and deep).

 Ligaments- connecting peritoneum between visceral peritoneum surrounding some organs and parietal peritoneum, or
between visceral peritoneum of two organs.
 Fold- connecting peritoneum between two visceral organs.
1. Duodenocolic ligament- a peritoneal fold connecting the ascending duodenum to the descending colon.
2. Ileocecal fold- connecting peritoneum between the ileum and cecum.
3. Gastrohepatic ligament- portion of lesser omentum connecting the lesser curvature of the stomach with
the liver.
4. Gastrophrenic ligament- connects the stomach to the diaphragm.
5. Gastrosplenic ligament- connects the stomach to the spleen.
6. Hepatoduodenal ligament- portion of lesser omentum connecting the liver to the duodenum.
7. Phrenicosplenic ligament- connects the spleen to the diaphragm.
Left lateral view of thoracic, abdominal and pelvic viscera (above)

Right lateral view of thoracic, abdominal and pelvic viscera (below)


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G e n e r a l V e t e r i n a r y M a c r o s c o p i c A n a t o m y : S P L A N C H N O L O G Y | 71

THE DIGESTIVE APPARATUS AND ABDOMEN

The Mouth and Associated Structures

KHAN LAMANERO JUNATAS, DVM

KHAN LAMANERO JUNATAS, DVM

o Structure of Teeth- the three substances comprising the mammalian teeth:

 Incisor II or Intermediate incisor

DECIDUOUS DENTITION PERMANENT DENTITION

o Composed of dense fibrous tissue covered by smooth, heavily vascularized mucosa.

SENSORY Trigeminal (V), Facial (VII), Glossopharyngeal (IX), Vagus (X)

 Marginal papillae- threadlike and narrower, function in suckling and are

KHAN LAMANERO JUNATAS, DVM

o MAJOR SALIVARY GLANDS:

Summary of Topographical description and associated structures of the Parotid Gland:

Parotid Gland Associated Structures

KHAN LAMANERO JUNATAS, DVM

Summary of Topographical description and associated structures of the Mandibular Gland:

Mandibular Gland Associated Structures

KHAN LAMANERO JUNATAS, DVM

o The pharyngeal cavity has the

+ Identifiable; * Diffuse, difficult to identify;  Absent;

KHAN LAMANERO JUNATAS, DVM

1. Openings (Sphincter)- cardiac, pyloric

4. Intermediate glands- between the pyloric and gastric glands.

KHAN LAMANERO JUNATAS, DVM

Accessory Glands of the Alimentary Canal

1. Caudal vena cava- dorsal portion

o Surfaces: Diaphragmatic and Visceral

PORTA OF THE LIVER

o Borders: Dorsal, Ventral, Right and Left

KHAN LAMANERO JUNATAS, DVM

o Ligaments of the Liver

 GALL BLADDER (Cholecyst)

 PANCREAS (G. Pan, all + Kreas, flesh)

KHAN LAMANERO JUNATAS, DVM

Left lateral view of thoracic, abdominal and pelvic viscera (above)

KHAN LAMANERO JUNATAS, DVM

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