Ch 3 Linear Regression

1. (i) Key in data into GC.

The equation of the regression line of y on x is y = 767 − 2740 x .

(ii) When y = 350 , x = 0.1520 ≈ 0.152 .
(ii) Since r = −0.985 ≈ −1 , hence the regression line of y on x is almost identical to the
regression line of x on y . Hence it is reliable to use the regression line of y on x to
estimate x when y = 350 .
(iv)

Based on the scatter diagram, the linear model is not suitable.

b
(v) Choose Model D: y = a + because as x increases, y decreases.
x

We calculate the new product moment correlation coefficient, r = 1.00 . Hence Model D is
 appropriate.

2(a) (i) 20 y + 9 x = 104 and x + 2 y = 11  x = 6 ; y = 2.5

(ii) Given y = 4, use x + 2 y = 11 to find x = −2(4) + 11 = 3 hours .
This value is reliable as the correlation coefficient provides a strong linear relationship
between x and y.
(b) (i) y = A x B  ln y = ln A + B ln x
By GC, Regression line ln y on ln x is:
ln y = 4.9416508 + 0.89804348ln x
 B = 0.89804348 ≈ 0.898 (3 s.f.)
ln A = 4.9416508  A = 140.001... ≈ 140
(ii) Do not agree. Although product moment correlation coefficient ( r = 0.986 )
suggested a strong positive linear relation between the CPI and the price of gold, it does not
serve as an evidence to conclude the cause of increase in the price of gold is due to the high
CPI.
3.(i)
y
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 x

The scatter diagram shows a strong positive linear correlation between x and y.
(ii) r = 0.955
ax
y=
b+ x
1 b+x
=
y ax
1 b1 1
=  +
y a x a
1 1
∴relationship between and is linear
y x
1 1
= 0.268755  + 0.76850272
y  x
(iii) 1
= 0.76850  a = 1.30124
a
b
= 0.268755  b = 0.34972
a
1  1 
= 0.268755  + 0.76850272
y  0.02 
(iv)
y = 0.0704
 The calculated growth rate is not reliable as it lies outside the data range and the
1 1
relationship between and may not be linear outside the data range.
y x
4(a) False
(i) Method 1: The linear relation holds only for the sample. The population may not have a
linear relationship.
Method 2: Use a diagram

sample

(ii) False
r = 0  an absence of linear correlation between X and Y but there might be some
curvilinear relationship. Thus X an Y may be correlated.

(b)(i) Least square line of regression of y on t is y = − 2.88112t + 1.65431

i.e y = − 2.88 t + 1.65 ( to 3 sf)

ln x = − 2.88112t + 1.65431
x = e1.65431e-2.88112t

Hence x0 = e1.65431 = 5.23 (to 3 sf)

k = 2.88 (to 3 sf)

(ii) When t increases by 1, y decreases by 2.88.

ln 1.5－1.65431
(iii) x = 1.5, y = ln1.5, t = = 0.433
− 2.88112
Use y on t because
(1) t is the independent variable and y is the dependent variable; or
(2) t is exact
5. ( )
(i) The coordinate of the point that passes through both regression lines is x, y .
From GC, x = 34.857 = 34.9 (3 s.f.)

y=
 y = 600 + k
n 7
 600 + k 
Therefore, point required is  34.9, .
 7 
 600 + k 
(ii) Since the regression line of y on x passes through  34.857, ,
 7 
600 + k
= −12.6 + 2.92 ( 34.857 )
7
k = 24.277 = 24 (to the nearest integer)
 (iii) Annual increase in myopia, y

No. of hours playing computer games per week, x

Linear product moment correlation coefficient r = 0.978

Since shape of graph follows the shape of an exponential graph, a suitable

x 7 12 34 25 43 57 66
z = ln y 3.2189 3.1781 4.3175 3.912 4.6052 5.0106 5.2983
transformation is z = ln y OR z = lg y
(iv)
Linear regression line of z on x: z = 2.9216 + 0.037252 x
 ln y = 2.92 + 0.0373x
Linear product moment correlation coefficient r = 0.991

OR (if using z = lg y )

x 7 12 34 25 43 57 66
z = lg y 1.3979 1.3802 1.8751 1.699 2 2.1761 2.301

Linear regression line of z on x: z = 1.2688 + 0.016178 x

 lg y = 1.27 + 0.0162 x
Linear product moment correlation coefficient r = 0.991

(v) Researcher A obtains y = −12.6 + 2.92 ( 50 ) = 133.4 = 133 (3.s.f.)

Researcher B obtains ln y = 2.9216 + 0.037252 ( 50 ) = 4.7842
 y = 120 (3 s.f.)

OR (if using z = lg y )

Researcher B obtains lg y = 1.2688 + 0.016178 ( 50 ) = 2.077

 y = 120 (3 s.f.)

Researcher B’s value is more accurate as the product moment correlation for the model
used by B is closer to 1 than the product moment correlation for the model used by A.

6. (i) At (33.9, 74.3), 74.3 = 52.244 + b(33.9)  b = 0.65062

Since line passes through (33.9, 74.3),

 y = 74.3
 y+a
 = 74.3
8
531.8 + a
 = 74.3
8
 a = 62.6
(ii) Using y on x to predict x when given y is not appropriate because r ≈ 0.663 which is
not close to 1. Hence, the line of y on x does not coincide with that of x on y.
OR
Since the sales figure y is given, y is taken to be the independent variable, hence the
line y on x is inappropriate.

Use line of x on y:
x = −15.896180 + 0.6698678 y
When y = 80, x = 37.6932, i.e. $37700.
(iii) Based on the transformed data (ln x, y) , r ≈ 0.748 > 0.663. Thus,
y = c + d ln x provides a better model.

Using the data (ln 195000,55500), (ln 23000,62600) etc., and from GC,
c = −175949.3 = −176000 (3 sf)
and d = 24094.93 = 24100 (3 sf)

OR using the original data, obtain c = −9.51 and d = 24.1

7 (a) 7 y + 2 x = 25 eqn (1) 3 y + x = 11 eqn (2)
eqn (1) – 2eqn (2) y = 3
From eqn (2) x = 2

b(i) x

Based on r = −0.9203 , there is some degree of negative linear

correlation between x and t. However, the scatter diagram shows that
there is a non – linear relationship between x and t.

b(ii) x = at b , where a > 0 and b < 0 is the appropriate model

lg x = lg a + b lg t , where a > 0 and b < 0
Since b < 0, the model correspond with the scatter plot which shows
negative correlation between x and t.

x = a + bt 2 , where a > 0 and b < 0

Since b < 0, the graph of the model is concave downward, which is not
appropriate as the scatter diagram shows that the points fall on a graph
that is concave upward.

b(iii)
x t lg x lg t
22.5 44.0 1.3522 1.6435
25.0 42.0 1.3979 1.6232
28.0 33.5 1.4472 1.525
30.5 28.0 1.4843 1.4472
38.0 18.0 1.5798 1.2553
40.5 13.6 1.6075 1.1335
42.5 15.0 1.6284 1.1761
48.0 10.3 1.6812 1.0128
54.5 9.0 1.7363 0.95424
55.0 6.3 1.7404 0.79934
70.0 4.0 1.8451 0.60206

From GC, LinReg(a+bx) L4, L3, r = −0.990

lg x = lg a + b lg t , where a > 0 and b < 0

lg x = 2.1339 − 0.4534 lg t
b = −0.45 a = 10(2.1339) = 136.1