inter na ti ona lj ou r na lof hy dr og enenergy 4 4 (2 0 1 9) 1 4 5 7 1 mi 1 4 5 7 9

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Aplicación del método ANOVA para estudiar la energía solar para la

producción de hidrógeno

MS Hossain un , * , NA Rahim un , segundo , MM Aman C , Jeyraj Selvaraj un , **

un Centro avanzado dedicado de UM Power Energy (UMPEDAC), nivel 4, Wisma R&D, Universidad de Malaya, 59990 Kuala Lumpur, Malasia

segundo Grupo de Investigación de Energía Renovable, Universidad King Abdulaziz, Jeddah 21589, Arabia Saudita

C Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica, Universidad de Ingeniería y Tecnología de NED, 75270, Karachi Pakistán

información del artículo abstracto

Historia del artículo: Este estudio está dirigido a aclarar específicamente el efecto paramétrico de los datos sobre la producción de hidrógeno utilizando la

Recibido el 7 de febrero de 2019 Recibido energía solar a través de la electrólisis del agua. La técnica de Análisis de Varianza (ANOVA) se utiliza para verificar y verificar los

en forma revisada el 19 de marzo de potenciales de otros dispositivos demostrativos fácticos con respecto a la calidad real y anticipada, la reacción en el medio de los

2019 residuos y la investigación anticipada de la superficie y la forma en 3D. La base de datos del modelo creado fue creada en vista del

Aceptado el 5 de abril de 2019 profundo estudio a realizar. Se elaboró un modelo fáctico y se estableció una aceptación exploratoria de la investigación de

On-line el 3 de mayo de 2019 polinomios aplicando la Metodología de Superficie de Respuesta (RSM).

Palabras clave:

Modelo estadístico

Método ANOVA

Producción de hidrógeno

Energía solar © 2019 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Publicado por Elsevier Ltd. Todos los derechos reservados.

como película delgada de disulfuro de indio, cobre, monocristalino, silicio amorfo, heterounión
Introducción que incorpora película delgada, etc. para realizar experimentos al aire libre para producir energía

y suministrar a la red alrededor de 20 kW por año en la Universidad de Ciencia y Tecnología de

Las demandas cada vez más progresivas de energías renovables y sus aplicaciones están
Nkrumah, Ghana [4,5] . Los sistemas basados en baterías solares fotovoltaicas, turbinas eólicas
aumentando a pasos agigantados en la búsqueda científica de alternativas limpias renovables y
y de almacenamiento de energía están produciendo energía y suministrando la microrred
un abundante suministro eterno de energías para uso global en un futuro cercano y lejano en el
inteligente utilizando la tecnología de optimización de búsqueda de cuco híbrida basada en
que la energía solar es la mayor fuente disponible de energía. el suministro de energía
clasificación no dominada (NSHCSO) [6] . La energía solar fotovoltaica utilizada para producir
abundantemente gratuito en el sector de las energías renovables [1] . Para aumentar la fiabilidad
hidrógeno puede mejorar enormemente y contribuir enormemente a nuestro sector energético
de un suministro de energía más su fi ciente, se utilizan fuentes de energía combinadas. En la
para el que el principal material de esta producción es el agua que, por cierto, está disponible
actualidad, las instalaciones de los intereses del área de investigación se han habilitado
gratuitamente [7,8] , de ahí la necesidad de utilizar el equipo adecuado para producir hidrógeno,
vigorosamente para trabajar con fuentes híbridas renovables de energía limpia. [2,3] . Los
que es una molécula fuerte y muy
investigadores están utilizando diferentes células solares, como

* Autor correspondiente.
* * Autor correspondiente.
Correos electrónicos: shouquat64@gmail.com , engi.shouquat@um.edu.my (MS Hossain), jeyraj@um.edu.my (J. Selvaraj).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.04.028
0360-3199 / © 2019 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Publicado por Elsevier Ltd. Todos los derechos reservados.
14572 inte rna ti ona lj ou r na lof hy drogenenergy 4 4 (2 0 1 9) 1 4 5 7 1 mi 1 4 5 7 9

sistema de hidrógeno que se denominó celda de combustible de membrana de intercambio de

Nomenclature protones (PEM) [13] . Investigaron el voltaje y la corriente de salida utilizando el modelo adquirido

para diferentes cargas de energía. Abdulhamid El-sharif (2013) realizó otra simulación de
A ideal factor of PV cell
hidrógeno solar [14] . Construyó un modelo utilizando el software IPSEpro para un efecto de
ANOVA analysis of variance
sistema de generación de hidrógeno solar a escala comercial. Los principales componentes de
CV coefficients of variation
sus estudios son el sistema de hidrógeno renovado, los datos climáticos y energéticos. Otro
D g F model degree of freedom of model
investigador (Jinsheng et al.,
D g F residual degree of freedom of residual

F- value F-statistic

I current (A)
2013) presentó un modelo geométrico para el sistema de almacenamiento de hidrógeno [15] . Su
ID diode current (A)
modelo se basó en Matlab y el software de dinámica de fluidos computacional (CFD). Analizó el
IL photovoltaic generated current (A)
efecto de la transferencia de calor y masa específica variable y el fl ujo de fluido en un sistema
I0 diode saturation current (A) shunt leakage
de almacenamiento de hidrógeno crioadsortivo. El almacenamiento de hidrógeno como
I SH current (A) constant (Boltzmann's)
combustible o gas se puede utilizar para generar electricidad para la conexión a la red,
K
generación de energía para automóviles, que son todas las alternativas disponibles como
Mn 2 RG mean of square regression mean of
aplicación de energía de hidrógeno renovable. [dieciséis] .
Mn 2 RD square residual Mean square error

Mn 2 er
En esta investigación, está claro que el concepto de producción de hidrógeno está
n number of experiments
disponible mediante el uso de estas dos variables, a saber, el tiempo y la potencia fotovoltaica,
Nm 3 normal meter cube
en las que este modelo estadístico ayudaría a identificar los pasos cruciales necesarios en la
P model parameters
configuración experimental. Este tipo de modelo está relacionado principalmente con la
p-value the p-value
ingeniería química, que involucra cinética, propiedades físicas, balances de masa y energía en
q electronic charge ( c)
el procesamiento de las ecuaciones algebraicas diferenciales y las ecuaciones algebraicas de
R2 determination coefficient
estado estable tanto para los procesos dinámicos como para los de estado estable. [17,18] .
R 2 adj adjusted coefficient of determination cell series resistance
También es un desafío bastante emocionante generar los modelos matemáticos precisos para
RS ( U)
realizar todas las operaciones necesarias para representar un aspecto de diseño adecuado para
S RG sum of squares
su consideración en un proceso de polimerización tan complejo. [19] .
S RD sum of residual

SD standard deviation

Ʃ S2 sum of squares

Ʃ S 2 model sum of squares of model

Otro modelo factible de enfoque ANOVA se ejecuta mediante técnicas estadísticas que
Ʃ S 2 resideal sum of squares of residual
pueden ser aplicadas por investigadores interesados con el propósito de predecir la condición
TC cells working temperature ( K)
óptima de los procesos químicos para identificar el valor de brillo más alto de un producto
V solar cell terminal voltage (V)
deseado. [20] . El análisis de varianza (ANOVA) es una combinación de modelo estadístico, que

son los procedimientos estimados asociados que se utilizan para analizar las diferencias entre

suitable option to be used as a fuel to generate a reliable source of energy for almost every las medias de los grupos en una muestra. Básicamente, el método ANOVA se utiliza para

application that fossil fuel can generate [9] . Furthermore, hydrogen can also be converted into comparar una respuesta continua en los niveles de un factor. [21] . In fact, the response surface

other types of energy more efficiently than all the fossil fuels put together. methodology (RSM) is a functional statistical tool for determining the optimumprocessing

parametric calibration from a laboratory scale to an industrial scale as pointed out by various

workers in the solar energy sphere. The design of experiment (DoE) is considered as very vital

Recently, many studies have been conducted to use renewable energy as an alternative for a fruitful experimental study [22] . As a result, some classical factors and central responses

source of hydrogen production. For example; Ghenai et al. (2018), did a technicoeconomic from the tools can produce a composite unique design that can be utilized to investigate the

analysis of off grid solar PV/Fuel cell energy supply system for the residential community. interactions of process factors depending on the polynomial models obtained by this method.

Authors designed the hybrid system to meet the energy demand of 4500 kWh/day in 150 houses

and found 52%energy coming fromthe solar PVand 48% fromthe fuel cell, which is economically

lowcost of energy of 145 $/MWh with zero carbon dioxide emission [10] . Khalilnejad and Riahy

(2014) used a hybrid wind and solar energy for hydrogen production. The study investigated the

performance of maximumhydrogenproduction and storage using an advanced alkaline

electrolyzer. The study showed that the wind turbine was most effective for hydrogen production

due to the availability of free wind resources [2,3,11] . Ghridi et al. (2013), has been introduced a It is to be intrinsically noted that the objective of this work is predominantly to investigate the

technique for producing hydrogen from the solar PV/proton exchange membrane (PEM) production of hydrogen relationship between the PV power and the time involved as well as to

electrolyzer system, wherein the total annual production of hydrogen is estimated around 20 e 29m find out the optimum process parameters for the hydrogen polymerization in a solar photovoltaic

3 by using 60Wsolar PV modules [12] . Zehar and Muhsin, (2013), modeled a solar process using the RSM modeling and the Central Composite Design (CCD) technique. This

statistical model will contain all the basic models for producing hydrogen by using any solar

photovoltaic panel or solar hybrid system, hence, it will be more advantageous to predict the

result before the experiment is performed, thus, in one way or another, saving on time and
 i n t e r na t i ona l j ou r na l o f hy d r og e n e n e r g y 4 4 ( 2 0 1 9 ) 1 4 5 7 1 e 1 4 5 7 9 14573

cost should not be overlooked. We can also compare the actual and predicted values from the

results.

Experimental overview

This is an example of a 2-Dmodel for the solar PV power using the water electrolyzer

systemwhich is as shown in Fig. 1 . The specifications of the PV module maximum components

are: voltage is 24.5 V, power is 200 Watts and the current is 8.16 A. The PV module is a 50-call

design specification for large and small PV systems. The total area selected for the PVmodule is

Fig. 2 e Equivalent circuit diagram of PV model.

1.406 m 2. The range of the power and radiation data is from low to high because this is the period

to measure the interphase of the water electrolysis points. The experimental period is from 24 h

to 8,760 h, which means from one day to 356 days. The PV modules circuit diagram and all the

related equations are not affected. The PV power output range is 500 e 6000 W and the voltage is
V is the solar cell terminal voltage (V).
from 61.28 to 735.30 V. The solar radiation is calculated on a 200 W/m 2 as the minimum value
R S is the cell series resistance ( U).
and 1200 W/m 2 as the maximum value The PV panel average slope from the three sites, namely,
A is the ideal factor of PV cell.
Novi Sad city, Belgrade city and national park Kopaonik, was found to be above 20 [16] .
k is the constant (Boltzmann's) and.

T C is the cells working temperature (K)

The shunt leakage current can be obtained by the following expression:

To determine the equivalent circuit through the PV cell and electrolyzer system. The PV cell
I SH ¼ V þ IR s (3)
has one diode model, as shown in Fig. 2 . This is a simple way to depict, based on the Kirchhoff's R SH

current law. The voltage and current generated from the cell are directly proportional to the solar
An Electrolyzer is amachine that uses electrical energy and water to generate hydrogen and
irradiation. The purposed characteristic of the cell by diode is given by the following expression [2]
oxygen through the process of electrolysis. This hydrogen so obtained is stored in a tank at a
:
high pressure. The PV panel positive terminal is connected across the anode, and the negative

terminal is connected to

the cathode after which, water ( H 2 O) particles will be separated into hydrogen ( H 2) and Oxygen ( O
I ¼ IL ID I SH (1)
2) as shows in Fig. 3 .
The total (output) current is equal to the difference of the

photovoltaic generated current I L, from the diode current I D

and the shunt leakage current I SH. I D and is defined by this Eq.

(2) :

ID¼ I0 e q ð AkTc
V þ IRs Þ 1 (2)

where I 0 is the diode saturation current (A)

q is the electronic charge ( c)

Fig. 1 e 2-D diagram of the PV panel and Electrolyzer.

Fig. 3 e Water electrolysis system [23] .
14574 i n t e rna t i ona l j ou r na l o f hy d r o g e n e n e r g y 4 4 ( 2 0 1 9 ) 1 4 5 7 1 e 1 4 5 7 9

Design and optimization of the model

SD
CV ¼ 100 (8)
In this study, the statistical model of the solar PV water electrolysis can produce the required mean
results by using the Stat-Ease software, where the CCD will help to analyze the interactive
If this coefficient of variation ( CV) result does not exceed 10% of any model, the model will
processes between the variables and to point out the optimum process condition [24] . After
be reproducible.
computing the experimental data of the total the PV power and the radiation with the design
procedures, an idealistic model has been completed according to the RSM methods. During this
material time, the polynomial function has been adjusted with the statistical data at the initial
stage after which the factor values will then identify the optimization of the real objective formula. Result and discussion
The exactness of the polynomial model will be determined by the coefficient values of R 2 and R 2
Statement of statistical models

The model variables are used to consider the experimental importance of the dispute between

the time ( A) and the PV power ( B). Themain variable will always be the PV power used in the

water electrolysis system during the experimental period, because this system uses a

combination of the PV power and the hydrogen electrolyzer. Table 1 shows the range of the low
adj as given by Eqs. (4) e( 6) respectively
and the high coded values ( 1, þ 1), the actual low and high values, and the type of experiment
[21,25 e 29] :
(Numeric) as well as the unit used.
Eqs. (4) and (5) :

P
S2P
R2 ¼ 1 P2 (4)
S model þ residualS residual
2

Depending on the CCD, the experiment runs about 13 number of times. Table 2 shows, the
P2
factor's values and responses of the hydrogen represented in Nm 3. The polynomial method of
S residual D F
g residual þ D g F residual
R 2 adj ¼ 1 P P (5) equation has been used for plotting the three dimensional (3-D) surface and the two-dimensional
S mod
2 þ S residual
2 D g F mod el
el (2-D) contours to identify individual factors, their points of intersection, reactions and responses

The composite model of the system has now been created by analyzing the response of the respectively. This model

Nm 3 of the hydrogen conversion per mass given by the following Eq. (6) .

means square error ( Mn 2 er) value is 0.0075 which is very

X X XX k
negligible and which also shows that the model accuracy justifies the taking of data points to
2þ k1
Y Response 1 ¼b þk bi ci þ k b ii c i b ij c i c j þ ε (6)
obtain the model symbiotic data as in Eq. (9) .
i¼
1 i¼
1 i¼
1ji1 ¼þ

In Eq. (6) , Y is the total response vector and taking the model into the Linear, two-factor,
The result of response 1 showed that the hydrogen productions ranged from 20 to 75 Nm 3 in
Quadratic and Cubic interactive effects, where ε is the error vector. These experimental data,
which the maximum response of 75 Nm 3 has been found on the condition that A is 8760 h and B is
design, evaluation statistical model and various equations have been carried out by the
6000 Watts. It is very clear that the experimental parameters for the hydrogen electrolysis system
regression and graphical analyses. The ideal preparatory condition has evaluated the
can achieve an optimum process condition.
three-dimensional plot surface and regression analysis of the independent variables with each

dependent variable. These independent variables are level controlled by

Fitting test

p- value. At the same time it signifies the interaction intensity between all the independent Themodel fitting analysis uses the ANOVAmethod, where the
variables interface for small p- F- value and p- value analyses have been utilized. Table 3
value where it points out the higher level of significance of the related variable. The second-order shows the results of using the Linear, 2FI (2-Factor Interaction), Quadratic and Cubicmodels
models have been tested by using the ANOVA and F- value methods analyses aswell as the final results of using the Sumof Squares, Linear ( A, B), 2FI ( AB, BA), Quadratic ( A 2,

B 2) and Cubic ( A 3, B 3) models. It is seen that the linear and cubic models are the best for this
[21] . This F- value equation can be obtained by the following expression: significance and experimental design. The small p- value (Prob > F) indicates (as in

2
Mn RG
F¼
2
(7) Table 4 ) that the selected model can improve its performance significantly.
Mn RD

To find out the particular points of F- values, it is necessary to complete the residual and The large F- values also indicate that the small variance of the experiment and the lesser
regression steps with the help of the application of the Degree of Freedom (DOF) based on the F number may be less to be harmonic [30,31] . The ratio between the mean square and the sum of
distribution method from which regression coefficients have been displaced with the help of the p- square as shown in Table 4 is called F- value. The mathematical model shows that when the
values. response of hydrogen is established, the F- values will be distributed normally [21] . The proposed

model quadratic equation is important for identifying the independent variations which are

This model error will represent the variation which indicates the coefficient as formulated by

this Eq. (8) :

 i n t e r na t i ona l j ou r na l o f hy d r og e n e n e r g y 4 4 ( 2 0 1 9 ) 1 4 5 7 1 e 1 4 5 7 9 14575

Table 1 e Coded levels for experimental design.

Factor Name Units Type Low Coded High Coded Low Actual High Actual

A Time hr Numeric 1.000 1.000 24 8760

B PV power W Numeric 1.000 1.000 500 6000

accidental. Another coefficient value of R 2 adj is 0.9962, which

Table 2 e CCD experimental design and results of the response surface.
shows a relationship with the independent variables. The coefficient of variation ( CV) in this

model is very low at 1.88%, which indicates a high performance and excellent model from the
Run Factor A Factor B Response 1
experimental results. The model results are shown in
Time hr PV Power Hydrogen
Watt Nm 3
Table 4 indicating the evidence of all linear and quadratic terms due to their small p- values.
1 4392 3250 45

2 1056.3 3250 59
The polynomial equation is used with the help of multiple regression and squares methods
3 1785.28 3250 44
which are a second order equation. From the study of the variation data, the following equation
4 24 500 20

5 4392 3250 46.5 can be created:

6 6392 7139.09 70.5

7 4392 639.087 40.5

8 3392 2250 39.8

Hydrogen (Y) ¼ ( 40.24 A 2)- ( 19.35 A)-(19.55 B) þ ( 4.23 A B) þ ( 17.37
9 5392 4250 47
B 2) þ ( 25.93 A2 B) þ ( 51.46 A B 2)-( 77.44
10 4392 3250 45
A 3) þ ( 6.87 B 3) þ 45.21 (9)
11 8760 500 40

12 8760 6000 75

13 24 6000 38 where Y is the response of hydrogen production in Nm 3 and

A, B are independent coded variations.

tested to fit. This fitted model outcome and numerous results are shown in Table 4 . For more Ideography for the model quality
appropriate model, the R-

Squared ( R 2), the R-Squared adj ( R 2 adj), the CV and F-value have The graphical representation of this model will contain more identifications of the experimental

been used [32] . From Table 4 , it is also shown that themodel F- results which come out with the probability of residual points, actual and predicted values on this

value is 350.92 which is significant for this model with respect to its negligible p- value (0.0002) statistical experimental model. In this model, several ideographic tools have been used to check

and it indicates that themodel terms chosen are important. The coefficient of the model can be the adequacy of the parameters. The appropriate model is very important because not only has

utilized to identify the precision and accuracy of performance. The model accepted value of the influence line to be plotted but also the residual effects as well the difference between the

0.9991 which is 99.91% validity and 1.5% overall cannot be accepted as purely

Table 3 e Statistical values for sequential models (Fit tests).

Source Sum of Squares Degrees of freedom Mean Square F- Value p- value

Linear 679.79 8 84.97 113.30 0.0088

2FI 608.71 7 86.96 115.94 0.0086

Quadratic 573.55 5 114.71 152.95 0.0065

Cubic 0.83 1 0.83 1.10 0.4042

Table 4 e Resultant vales of the sequential and experimental models.

Source Sum of Squares df Mean Square F- Value p- value (Prob > F)

Model 2448.23 9 272.03 350.92 0.0002

A- Time 50.07 1 50.07 64.59 0.0040

B- PV power 19.14 1 19.14 24.69 0.0157

AB 71.73 1 71.73 92.54 0.0024

A2 48.46 1 48.46 62.51 0.0042

B2 55.28 1 55.28 71.31 0.0035

A2 B 143.06 1 143.06 184.56 0.0009

AB 2 329.16 1 329.16 424.63 0.0002

A3 100.93 1 100.93 130.20 0.0014

B3 6.21 1 6.21 8.02 0.0661

Lack of Fit 0.83; R-Squared 0.9991; Adj R-Squared 0.9962; C.V. % 1.88.
14576 i n t e rna t i ona l j ou r na l o f hy d r o g e n e n e r g y 4 4 ( 2 0 1 9 ) 1 4 5 7 1 e 1 4 5 7 9

response and the actual values should be portrayed. These residual effects are considered as a
Table 5 e t- test result for testing the significance of individual parameters.
component of variations which exactly fit in this model [33 e 35] . The normal distribution of

residuals is indicated in Fig. 4 , which is plotted with respect to the predicted values. The straight
One-Sample Test (Individual Parameter) Factor
line is rationally closed and the square points are tacking of the overlooks and the data is

supported by the normal path as shown by the straight line. However, this drift model has been t DgF p- value

applied to calculate the prediction results of the hydrogen production and is compared with the Factor, A 92.466 19 0.00001

actual experimental results as shown in Fig. 5 . It further clearly shows the magnitude of the Factor, B 90.822 19 0.00001

difference between the actual and the predicted values. These results are suitable because the

output results are

Fig. 6 e Residuals vs. predicted hydrogen production.

comparatively close to the straight trend line. Fig. 5 proves more confidently that the equations

and data used for fitting have been quite appropriate. The CCD method has been conducted with

the experimental output design which functions in converting the hydrogen response in Nm 3.

In order to show the fitness of significant data towards the normality line, t- test is an effective
Fig. 4 e Normal plot of residuals.
statistical tool. The t- test can show the validity of the parameter selected for analysis.

Fig. 5 e Predicted vs. actual hydrogen production in Nm 3.

Fig. 7 e Residuals vs. number of test run.

 i n t e r na t i ona l j ou r na l o f hy d r og e n e n e r g y 4 4 ( 2 0 1 9 ) 1 4 5 7 1 e 1 4 5 7 9 14577

any time to disrupt the data arrangement [36] . The amount of hydrogen production rate in Nm 3 shown

in the t plot outlier is as shown in Fig. 7 . The plot represents the outlier of t which calculates the

degree of intensity, and the intentional deviation of actual value comes from the predicted values.

From

Fig. 6 , two side lines are the standardmaximumresidualswith a range of ± 3 and the values inside

are totally related to the experimental responses [37] . It is seen that the fitted model is created

based upon the response values without unknown error.

Fig. 8 shows the hydrogen production rate with the help of two factors in the perturbation

plot. This is a process for starting and ending points on the restricted variables, in which the

method shows that the responses ( Hydrogen)

display only single variables. While at the same time, the additional process indicates that all the

variables go through a centre point, which has a constant value. It is observed that the slope line

is a factor, which represents the response (hydrogen production) and the flat line shows

irresponsibility for the response. From the diagram, it is clear that the PV power ( B) is more

effective for the output response. The perturbation diagramalso shows all factors of parameters

and their response coefficients ( Y), which is indicated in Eq. (9) .

Fig. 8 e Deviation plot for perturbation parameters.

From Table 5 , it can be noticed that the p- value obtained from the t- test analysis ismuch lower

than 0.05 for every individual factor A (time) and B (PV power) taken into consideration is a Model response in 3-D outlook analysis
highly correlated factor to hydrogen production.
The output result of this model has been involved in a 3-D form which will make a clearer

Fig. 6 shows the reaction between the residuals vs the predicted data optimization for the identification for the factors and the responses. The benefits of the RSMmethod is that it is

hydrogen response. This is the stage for observing the low to high production levels with the capable of observing the interactions between the independent parameters, and their effects

production of hydrogen being shown in different colors. The output results show that the which look like a secondary combination of the factors. In this study, the factors and their

variables used for thismodel are quite appropriate, hence, there is no need for any modification graphical presentation are important for understanding the interactive activities between the

until the results show a big error from the experimental side. Further details can be obtained responses and the independent values [38] . In Fig. 9 , two 3-D plots are indicated. With the help

from Table 2 . During the experimental period, the outliers are tested for the occurrence of errors of Eq. (9) , these 3-D responses (hydrogen production rate) are created. The first one is a high

because a severe error can occur at time power factors and

Fig. 9 e 3-D plotted for hydrogen production (Nm 3). PV power vs. Time.
14578 i n t e rna t i ona l j ou r na l o f hy d r o g e n e n e r g y 4 4 ( 2 0 1 9 ) 1 4 5 7 1 e 1 4 5 7 9
the hydrogen production. Another plot is approximately PV power, time and hydrogen production.
Graphical lines and colors show which levels are integrating during the period of the production
of hydrogen. The interaction level between two parameters has been explained by the response
surface and other response which are constantly at their middle points.
From the 3-D plot of Fig. 9 , it can be conveniently observed
that hydrogen production is 77 Nm 3, where the PV power is 6000 Watts and the time consumed
is 8760 h. However, at 24 h, the two production can be viewed 20 Nm 3 and 38 Nm 3
respectively. Because production is dependent on PV power and time. Those differences show
that even the power is high, but because of less time spend the production will be low. It is very
clear that, at the starting point, the production was of a low amount but when the time increased
up to that level, the production of hydrogen also increased correspondingly.
The two plots are the combination of the factors and relation between the PV powers ( B) and
the time ( A) for the hydrogen production ( Y) which basically is a solar photovoltaic power
analysis with hydrogen production, hence, the environmental effect is a very helpful part in this
experiment
[39] . Founded on the basic concept, without sunlight radiation cannot generate any solar power.
This statistical model is the first of its kind to analyze the production of hydrogen using solar PV
power which is also considered as a clean technology and can thus reduce the use of fossil fuel
quite considerably.
Conclusion
Photovoltaic (PV) electrical operate hydrogen electrolyzer experimental system has been studied
in the present study. The experimental model setup in the range of the lower and the higher
coded values ( 1, þ 1), whereas the actual PV power and time limitation has been applied to the
production of Hydrogen. Hydrogen production by using a statistical model is a reliablemethod to
have been described in this literature. The experimental results were entered in the same
predicted values and equations from the statistical model. This study identifies the independent
variables ( A and B), which are the most critical parameters for the hydrogen production. The
minimum hydrogen response is found at 20 Nm 3, where the solar photovoltaic power was 500
Watts and a period of 24 h. On the other, the maximum hydrogen response is found at 75 Nm 3, where
the solar photovoltaic power of 6000 Watts and a period of 8760 h respectively. Hydrogen output
varies in tandem with the solar radiation variations during the day. Furthermore, the best part of
this model has produced the actual and predicted values. There are four methods such as:
Linear, 2FI, Quadratic and Cubic has been studied in this model. Based on the model
performances, it is suggested that the Quadratic and Cubic methods are suitable for analyzing
the experimental data.
Hydrogen is very well perceived for its trade as a chain reaction in commercial scale
production. The primary addition of hydrogen production decreases because of solar power
production. It has additionally been accounted that
the nature of the compound, monomer, and response conditions can likewise essentially
influence the hydrogen with less impact [40,41] . For future studies, a hybrid photovoltaic thermal
and photovoltaic wind system with an optimized water flow cooling system for reducing cell
temperature can be added to get more electrical power from the conventional system.
Acknowledgments
The authors are thankful to the UM Power Energy Dedicated Advanced Centre (UMPEDAC) and
the Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE) Program Research Grant, UMPEDAC - 2018
(MOHE HICOE - UMPEDAC) and RU007-2018 for supporting this research project
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