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UNIT – I
time
2. What is an algorithm?
particular task.
1) Input
2) Output
3) Definiteness
4) Finiteness
5) Effectiveness
4. Define Program.
synonymously
program.
Step do
<statement 1>
<statement n >
to be
to run
to completion.
8. What is time complexity?
needs
to run to completion.
The best-case step count is the minimum number of steps that can be
executed
The worst-case step count is the maximum number of steps that can be
instances
The function f(n) = O(g(n)) iff there exist positive constants C and no such
that f(n)£ C * g(n) for all n, n ³n0.
The function f(n) =W (g(n)) iff there exist positive constant C and no such
that
The function f(n) =q (g(n)) iff there exist positive constant C1, C2, and no
n - μ g(n)
iff
Lim f(n) = 0
n - μ g(n)
numbers.
Algorithm sum(a,n)
S : = 0.0
For i=1 to n do
S : - S + a[i];
Return S;
numbers.
If(n_ 0) then
Return 0.0;
Constant:1
Logarithmic: log n
Linear: n
N-log-n: n log n
Quadratic: n2
Cubic: n3
Exponential:2n
Factorial:n!
22. Define Time Space Tradeoff.
Time and space complexity can be reduced only to certain levels, as later
on
Time-space
trade-off.
If the program is run on a large data set, then the running time
becomes an
issue.
24. List the factors which affects the running time of the
algorithm.
A. Computer
B. Compiler
C. Algorithm used
function in
1. Homogeneous
2. Inhomogeneous
12 mark Questions
Unit I
1. Define the asymptotic notations used for best case average case and
worst case
analysis of algorithms.
best , worst
worst and
average
algorithms.
inputs)
UNIT II
strategy
suggests splitting the inputs in to’k’ distinct susbsets, 1<k <n, yielding ‘k’
be found
are still
reapplied.
but
undefined.
else
One of the methods for solving any such recurrence relation is called the
substitution method.
If ‘q’ is always chosen such that ‘aq’ is the middle element(that is,
search.
The computing time of binary search by giving formulas that describe the
best,
average and worst cases. Successful searches q(1) q(logn) q(Logn) best
average worst
of all
The internal path length ‘I’ is the sum of the distances of all internal nodes
The problem is to find the maximum and minimum items in a set of ‘n’
allows us to
n quicksort, the division into subarrays is made so that the sorted sub
arrays do
operations is of
minimum>
for i = 2 to n do
T(n) = g(n)
Algorithm BinSearch(a,n,x)
{
low : = 1;
high : = n;
mid : = [(low+high)/2];
return 0;
computing
n = 1, a a constant
T(n) = a
Given n inputs and we are required to form a subset such that it satisfies
some
set of
candidates.
o As the algorithm proceeds, two other sets get accumulated among this
one set
contains the candidates that have been already considered and chosen
while
the other set contains the candidates that have been considered but
rejected.
function
A bag or sack is given capacity n and n objects are given. Each object has
0<=xi<=1 .If
fraction is 1 then entire object is put into sack. When we place this
In places where the loss exceeds the tolerance level boosters have to the
placed. Given a network and loss tolerance level the tree vertex splitting
problems is
but it
choice
that looks best at that moment. A given ‘n’ inputs are required us to
obtain a subset
method suggests
that one can device an algorithm that works in stages considering one
input at a time.
greedy
choice.
Show that all but one of the sub problems induced by having made the
greedy
The ‘n’ task will be given with starting time si and finishing time fi.
Feasible
Solution is that the task should not overlap and optimal solution is that
V_ vertex set
E_ edge set
<i,j> _
E.
Collection of sub trees that are obtained when root node is eliminated is
known as forest
Given a set of ‘n’ jobs each job ‘i’ has a deadline di such that di>=0
and a
Processing the job on the machine is for 1unit of time. Only one
machine is
available.
The order in which the TVSP visits the nodes of the tree is called the post
order traversal.
32. Write the formula to calculate delay and also write the
To calculate delay
d(u)=max{d(v)+w(u, v)}
v _ c(u)
The network can tolerate the losses only up to a certain limit tolerance
limit.
A task is said to be late in any schedule if it finishes after its deadline else
abstraction.
solution=0;
for i=1 to n do
x= select(a);
if feasible(solution ,x) then
solution=Union(solution ,x);
return solution;
sequencing
with deadlines.
Dynamic programming.
generated. generated1.
12 mark Questions
Unit II
1. Sort the following set of elements using Quick Sort. (24,8,71, 4,23,6)
Method, Give an
example.
Prim's algorithm.
UNIT III
when a
recomputing
their values.
not
considered.
Time and space requirements are high, since storage is needed for all
level.
sequence of 4 steps.
whenever
regard to
to
We have
to decide the value of xi for 1<i<n. First we make a decision on x1 and
then on x2
obtain one merged file. When more than 2 files are to be merged
merge
pattern tells which pair of files should be merged at each step. An optimal
sequence
is to
decide which vertex should be the second, which is the third, which is the
fourth, and
that results
sequence of
value 0 or 1
maximum Spi
capacity.
knapsack problem?
g0(m)=max{g1, g1(m-w1)+p1}.
includes every vertex in V. The cost of a tour is the sum of the cost of the
edges on
cost.
sites.
an
assembly line.
Production environment in which several commodities are
manufactured on
salesperson
problem.
flow shop we have n jobs each requiring n tasks i.e. T1i, T2i,…...Tmi,
1<i<n.
Let Tji denote jth task of the ith job. Task Tij is to be performed on Pj
number of
number of
task
No processor can have more than one task assigned to it at any time.
completed.
on
any
The finish time fi (S) of job i is the time at which all tasks of job i have
been
F(S)=max{ fi
(S)} 1<i<n
n 1<i<n
S.
21. Define preemptive optimal finish time.
schedules S.
22. What are the requirements that are needed for performing
Backtracking?
To solve any problem using backtracking, it requires that all the solutions
i. Explicit constraints.
They are rules that restrict each xi to take on values only from a give set.
They
depend on the particular instance I of the problem being solved. All tuples
that
They are rules that determine which of the tuples in the solution space of I
satisfy the criteria function. It describes the way in which the xi must
relate to
each other.
tree.
All the paths from the root of the organization tree to all the nodes is
called as
Answer states are those solution states s for which the path from the root
to s
being
being
A node which has been generated and all of whose children have not yet
been
E – node (or) node being expanded. Any live node whose children are
further all
Unit III
using dynamic
programming.
subset-sum
problem.
4 How will you find the shortest path between two given vertices using
Dijkstra's
algorithm? Explain.
UNIT IV
1.,What are the factors that influence the efficiency of the
backtracking algorithm?
The term Branch-and-Bound refers to all the state space methods in which
all
children of the E-node are generated before any other live node can
Branch-and-Bound
method.
method
are:
i. FIFO
ii. LIFO
iii. LC
queen
“attack” that is, so that no two of them are on the same row, column or
on the diagonal.
G can be colored in such a way that no two adjacent nodes have the same
A graph is said to be planar iff it can be drawn in such a way that no two
other.
polynomials of small
degree.
Any problem for which the answer is either zero or one is called decision
problem.
called
approximate solution.