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INTRODUCTION :
1. INSPECTION:
2. SERVICING:
This refers to cleaning, adjustment, lubrication and other maintenance functions without
dismantling equipment.
3. EXAMINATION:
This refers to inspection with necessary dismantling, measurements and non-
destructive tests to obtain data regarding the condition of components/sub-assemblies.
4. OVERHAUL:
This refers to the work done with the objective of repairing/replacing worn-out parts and
defective parts. The equipment, sub-assemblies are dismantled partly or completely. The
condition of components is inspected. Dimensions of worn-out components are measured. The
components worn-out beyond acceptable limit are replaced. The assembly is followed by
functional checks and measurements to ensure satisfactory operation.
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MAINTENANCE OF SWITCHGEARS:
Thus maintenance schedule has to meet all the above requirements. The fixed parts
need regular inspection and servicing for removing dust, damp and corrosion etc.
The moving parts need regular inspection and periodic replacement of worn-out parts.
The functional readiness of switching devices should also be ensured.
The maintenance of switching devices is related mainly with the wearing out of
contacts, deterioration of quenching medium and mechanism components.
Table -1 below gives recommendation regarding the period of maintenance of contacts
and quenching medium in terms of number of load operations and number of short circuit
operations on rated short circuit breaking current.
TABLE-1
MAINTENANCE OF QUENCHING MEDIUM AND CONTACTS.
K=ΣI2n !
Maintenance of Quenching Replacement of contacts
Medium
Type of C.B. Load * Fault Load ** Fault
Operation operation Operation Operaion
Life of contacts becomes supposedly bad after certain operations on load and /or after clearing
faults on rated short circuit current an indication of which is shown in Table -2.
! K is the cumulative sum of the product of the number of breaking operation and square
of the breaking current in KA and is taken as a guide to the inspection of contacts internal
insulation and the quenching medium.
TABLE-2
MAINTENANCE OF CONTACTS
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Life of contacts
Type of C.B Number of load operations on Number of fault operations on
rated load current rated short circuit current
A.C.B. 10,000 50-100
M.O.C.B. 1,000 3-6
The check list of maintenance of switchgear gives the list of activities and there
periodicity. The periodicity of activities vary with:
Table 3, below, gives the periodicity of important checks on C.B. during routine
maintenance.
TABLE - 3
The check list and maintenance schedule for various types of circuits breakers are indi-
cated below in table 4. The following abbreviations have been used:
TABLE -4
Observe the C.B. visually. Note the cleanliness of terminals, earth connections, reading
of counters, levels of quenching medium (in case of oil C.B.) etc.
Inspect visually, carefully for signs of cracks, tracking or any other defects. It should be
free from electrical or mechanical damages. Finally, insulation resistance measurement gives
indication about the health of the insulation. The internal insulation should be cleaned
thoroughly by trichlorethylene, lint free cloth and air jet. Any deposition of sludge and carbon
particles, conducting dust particles etc. shall be removed before reassembly.
After cleaning and drying insulation resistance is measured by the help of Megger
between the terminal and earth.
Insulation resistance tests are strictly comparative in that for each item tested a rejection
value can only be fixed on the basis of experience by comparison with earlier results. For this
reason the test equipment and method used should be the same on each occasion.
The test values obtained should be logged on a standard form designed for the purpose,
together with the humidity and temperature at the time of the test, and in general a steady fall of
insulation resistance over a period of time is a more reliable indication of deterioration than is a
relatively low value which remains reasonably constant.
During overhaul of the electrical equipment the insulation surface should be cleaned
with trichloroethylene, clean cloth and compressed air.
Table - 5
Test Voltages
upto 1 KV 1
Above 1 KV to 3.6 KV 2
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Above 3.6 KV to 12 KV 5
Above 12 KV 5
Check that all the nuts and bolts are in their position and check their tightness. Check
circlips, split pins, oil dashpot (if any for current level and its operation. Also air dashpots
should be checked for current operation.
Clean, inspect and replace worn-out parts during overhauls., In case of spring operated
mechanism check the ratchet wheels and prawls for broken or chipped teeth.
The moving contacts of each phase should meet the fixed contact practically
simultaneously which can be easily checked with a simple practical arrangement as shown
below:
Battery Supply
LR LY LB
C.B.
Fig. : Method of checking simultaneous
contact meeting during slow closing
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This is extremely important because the breaking capacity is related with the time/travel
characteristics of moving contacts. No load characteristics give sufficient indication about the
health of mechanism linkages.
For satisfactory arc interruption the moving contact should open and travel with
optimum characteristic.
Slow movement of contact initially, during middle of stroke and during final part of the
stroke indicate excessive friction between sliding parts, very high dynamic loading during arc
quenching and excessive damping respectively.
A straight rod is connected to the moving contact or movable part. This rod is in turn
connected to the curvo-roller which is a specially designed motor driven drum mounted on the
top hood of the MOCB. The moving contact touches the paper on the drum. The motor is
driven electrically. The drum rotates at known speed. The graph sheet fixed on the drum has
definite circumferential speed. During the opening stroke and closing strokes, the pencil gives
the time/travel characteristic marking on the graph sheet on the curvo-roller.
Wherever required check for cleanliness, loose connection, dirt and moistures, tightness
of joints, proper contact matching and sequential operation of auxiliary switches and interlocks
etc. The following accessories must be properly attended :
Main connections,
Secondary wiring and fuses,
Earth connections ;
Heater,
Safety shutters (check for proper operation after de-energisation of bus)
Bus bars and bus chambers,
Auxiliary switches, Indicating devices and interlocks,
Isolating contacts,
Overload devices and protective relays,
Instrument transformers and instruments,
Contactors.
Particular attention must be paid to interlocks and locking devices especially those
associated with earthing and testing facilities . A defective or worn device may result in a
dangerous condition. Any incorrect operation must be rectified.
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Auxiliary contacts controlling the trip circuit shall also receive particular attention for
its operation within the required timing.
History card for each is kept. It may be recorded in the following from :
Maintenance schedule depends upon frequency of load operations, fault operations and
environment of operation and as such no uniform guide lines can be prescribed. However, for
indoor, dust free installation with infrequent load operations the following schedule may be
recommended :
Routine Maintenance
S. No. Maintenance Operation Post fault
Inspection Examination Maintenance
and Overhaul
1. Operational checks X X
2. Visual Inspection X X X
3. Cleaning X X
4. Insulation resistance X X
5. Circuit breaker enclosure X X
6. Main/arcing contacts X X
7. Arc control devices and inter-phase X
barriers
8. Mechanisms X
9. Auxiliary switches, indicating X
devices and interlocks
10. Isolating contacts X
11. Overload devices and protective X X X
relays
12. Instruments and instrument X
transformers
13. Contactors X
14. Main connections X
15. Secondary wiring and fuses X
16. Earth connections X
17. Shutters X X
18. Switchgear spouts X
19. Heaters X
20. Buses and bus bar chambers X
21. Maintenance of auxiliary equipment X
22. Diagnostic testing X
23. Final verification X X X
The following schedule may be followed for the purpose (O.C.B. installed outdoor and
in damp/rainy areas) :
(i) Under normal conditions for frequency operations, once in 6 months with maximum
period of 9 months.
(ii) After fault clearance : If fault level is high; inspect as early as possible. Otherwise after
fault opening operations.
(iii) Overhaul : Once in 5 years for normal and once in 3 years for repeated/frequenct fault
duty.
(iv) Following checks should be done during periodic check up :
(a) Level and condition of oil
(b) Condition of insulators; if required cleaning may be resorted to.
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(c) Contacts
(d) Operating mechanism
(e) Auxiliary switches
(f) Tighten nuts & bolts.
(g) Insulation resistance by megger (use 500 V megger for control circuits).
(v) When the breaker operates on faults, the internal and external inspection should be
carried out as soon as the operating schedule permits.
(a) Examine the oil; if badly deteriorated, change it.
(b) Check arcing contacts and take remedial measures.
(c) Inspect the insulation.
(d) Check the arc control devices and do the needful.
(e) Check the tripping circuit and operating mechanism.
(f) Be sure that no tools are left in the tank.
(g) Check the Dielectric property of oil. Limiting value for various properties of
Dielectric oil is tabulated below :
While using centrifugal separators for removing free water and fine solid
impurities, the oil is heated to about 700C by means of electric heater.
Hot oil should not be used to fill switchgear. There should be as little aeration of
the oil as possible during filling of the tank. A standing time should be allowed
after the tank is filled before commissioning the equipment.
(h) Silica-jel breather should also be maintained properly it the O.C.B. or transformer
contains it. When the colour of silica-jel changes from the blue to pink, it requires
reactivating. This is done by baking it at a temperature of about 2000C until the
whole mass has restored its original blue colour.
Depending upon the design and duty of the circuit breaker, inspection may be required
after about six fault operations or the number specified by the manufacturers and based on local
fault level. When such an inspection is necessary special attention shall be given to the points
tabulated below under table 8 :
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TABLE 8 :
The maintenance schedule (for transformer) as listed in Table 9 below may be followed
for outdoor unattended substations (though very less in our deptt.) :
TABLE 9
Period Items to be checked
Quarterly (i) Clean bushes of all dirt and oil
(ii) Examine condition of switches and tighten connections.
(iii) Look for any leaks
(iv) Check condition of silica-gel. See that the air passages in the
dehydrator are free.
(v) Check oil level and top up, if necessary.
(vi) Look for broken bushes.
Yearly (i) Check dielectric strength of oil
(ii) Check earth resistance
(iii) Check lightning arrestors.
Five yearly Open tank for cleaning and reassembly.
The following measures may be taken to keep observation on the transformer oil so far
as its acidity is concerned :
The acidity of oil should be checked every two years for transformers upto 1000 KVA
capacity and annually for transformers above this size.
Transformers will run practically trouble-free if proper maintenance is done. For this
purpose a maintenance schedule can be drawn. Though this schedule shall be only indicative in
nature and tests may be conducted at more frequent intervals depending upon the severity of
service. Such a maintenance schedule is given below in table 10.
TABLE 10
Inspecting Items to be inspected Remarks
Frequency
(I) Hourly Ambient temperature, winding Adjust load if temperature is
temperature, oil temperature, load high.
and voltage
(ii) Daily Oil level If low top up with dry oil
Relief diaphragm Look for any sign of leakages
Dehydrating breathers (check for Replace if broken
free air passages.
Check colour of silica-gel Change if colour is pink
(iii) Quarterly Lubricate bearings etc. of cooler
fans, circulating pumps etc., if any.
(iv) Half yearly Check oil for dielectric strength and Filter or replace if necessary
presence of moisture
Check bushes, insulators etc.
Check cable boxes etc.
(v) Yearly Check oil for acidity, sludge and Filter or change oil as
flash point, if possibly. necessary.
Check relays, alarms, contacts etc.
Maintenance of the trip circuit and battery supply is essential for the satisfactory
operation of all protective relays (for shunt trip type). Following care and maintenance of
batteries are required to be taken :
(i) Electrolyte level must be maintained 10 to 15 mm above the plates for the proper
reaction of the constituents,
(ii) Terminal voltage of the cell must not be allowed to fall below 1.8V,
(iii) Battery should be charged to its rated capacity to increase its efficiency,
(iv) Do not allow battery to remain in semi-discharged condition for long otherwise the life
of the battery will be reduced,
(v) Commercial sulphuric acid should not be used otherwise the active components will be
damaged soon,
(vi) Use distilled water for topping the level of electrolyte,
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Every relay should be tested once in six months, with suitable testing set and the
records of such tests should be logged in a maintenance register. During tests a check should be
made if any of the overload or time setting on the relay require change due to the increase or
decrease in the load condition since the date of last test.
Following defects are possible :
(a) Improper contact or misalignment of the contact prongs of the trip battery circuits,
between the cubicle and the draw-out truck
(b) Discharged battery,
(c) Wrong current transformer connections,
(d) Wrong relay settings for the load conditions, and
(e) Stiffness of circuit breaker operating mechanism due to dust, dirt, rust or lack of
lubrication.
(i) Check the earth resistivity during dry season half yearly and maintain and compare the
record with previous reading.
(ii) Water should be poured at regular intervals during dry season at the small substations.
(iii) When the system is expanded, the earthing system should also be expanded by using
additional earth electrodes and earth wire separately.
(iv) Electrodes should be placed in the earth in the up[right vertical position.
(v) The electrodes and the earth continuity conductor used in the circuit should be of same
material i.e. copper or G.I.
(vi) Check the earth connections and tighten them properly.
(vii) Pass the earth continuity conductor through the galvanised pipe from being damaged.
(viii) Inspect the broken or rusted earth continuity conductors and replace them with proper
size.
(ix) The earth resistance of the following equipments must be measured during the driest
part of the year :
The value of earth resistance should not be allowed more than 2 ohms.
(x) Mixture of salt and water may be added to improve the earth resistance.
(xi) In the corrosive earth, the steel electrode should be replaced by copper coated steel
electrode.
(xii) The earth continuity conductor should be properly welded with the earth electrode.
(xiii) Avoid any jointings from earthing conductor.