Chapter 3 Heat Transfer

Problem 3.4 page 37

A longitudinal steel fin 1 in. high and 1/8” thick is exposed to an air stream at 70°F . The
air moving past the fin has a uniform convection h= 15 BTU/hr-ft2-oF. The fin has a
thermal conductivity of 25 BTU/hr-ft2-oF and a base temperature of 250 °F. Calculate the
heat flow per liner foot assuming that all temperature gradients in planes parallel to the
base of the fin are negligible. What is the fin efficiency? Source: Bennett and Myers

Chapter 4.4
A. A billet of steel 1 ft in diameter by 2 ft in length , initially at 700 °F, is immersed in an
oil bath maintained at 100 °F . If the surface coefficient of heat transfer is 7.33 BTU/hr-
ft2-°F, determine the temperature at the center of the billet after 1 hr. Use solution in
terms of local temperature. αsteel= 0.408 ft2/hr

B. A large sheet of glass 2 in. thick is initially at 300 oF throughout. It is plunged into a
stream of running water having a temperature of 60 °F. How long will it take to cool the
glass to an average temperature of 100 °F? For glass, K= 0.40 BTU/hr-ft- °F; P = 155
lb/ft3; and Cp = 0.20 BTU/lb-oF (McCabe @Smith)

C. Lead ball with 0.1 inch diameter is cooled by allowing it to fall freely through a
glycerol bath whose temperature is maintained constant at 160 °F. The initial temperature
of the ball is 450 °F. Determine the temperature at the center of the ball after it has
travelled 5 ft from the surface (h= 25 BTU/hr ft2- °F)

Use free falling velocity

Ut = D2(Ps-PL)g/18 μ

For glycerol at 160 C: μ = 75 cp; P= 1.255 g/cc

D. Soil, having a thermal diffusivity of 5.16 x 10-7 m2/s, has its surface temperature
suddenly raised and maintained at 1100 oK from its initial uniform value of 280 oK.
Determine the temperature at a depth of 0.25 m after a period of 5 hr. has elapsed at this
surface condition .

Chapter 5 Heat transfer by convention

It is proposed to heat 140,000 lb/hr of a non-volatile oil from 60 oF to 400 oF by means of
a vapor condensing at 500 oF. The heat exchanger will consist of a bundle of 1” ID copper
tubes inside a steel shell with oil flowing through the tube. Calculate the heat transfer
area required for the exchanger. Values of the overall heat transfer coefficient , and
specific heat of the oil are tabulated below:

Temperature(oF) Cp (BTU/lb-oF) U (BTU/hr-ft2- oF)

60 0.48 470
100 0.50 540
200 0.56 680
300 0.62 880
400 0.68 1184

B. A shell and tube heat exchanger aving 2 shell passes and four tube passes is being used
for cooling. The shell side fluid enters at 400 oF and leaves at 200 oF. The tube side fluid
enters at 100 oF and leaves at 200 oF. What is the mean temperature difference between
the hot fluid and the cold fluid?

C. Calculate the overall heat transfer coefficient based on both inside and outside areas if
water at 50 oF flowing in a ¾ in 16 BWG condenser tube at a velocity of 15 ft/s and
saturated steam at 220 oF condensing on the outside. h= 2150 , ho=2500 and km =69
(McCabe and Smith)

D. Calculate the temperature of the inside and outside surfaces of the metal tubing in C.

E. A water flow rate of 13.85 kg/s is to be heated from 54.5 to 87.8oC in a heat exchanger
by 54,430 kg/h of hot gas flowing counterflow and entering at 427OC (Cp= 1.005kj/kg-
K). The overall Uo =68.1 W/m2-K). Calculate the exit gas temperature and the heat
transfer area.

F. A shell and tube heat exchanger with 2 shell passes and 4 shell passes is used to
exchange energy between two pressurized water streams. One stream flowing at 5000
lbm/hr and enters at 75oF and leaves at 220oF. Another steam enters at 400 oF at a rate of
2400 lb/hr. If the overall heat transfer coefficient is 300 W/m2-K, determine the required
surface area.

G. For the heat exchange in (F), it is observed after a long period of operation that the
cold stream leaves at 184 oF instead of at a design value 220 oF. This is for the same flow
rates and entering temperature of both streams . Evaluate the fouling factor that exists at
the new condition.

Chapter 6
6.8 A
Nitrogen at 30 psig is flowing in the annulus of a double pipe heat exchanger made from
a sch. 40, 2-in. steel pipe and a 1-in, 16 BWG copper tube. The gas flow is 6500 cu.
Ft./hr, measured a 60oF, 760 mmHg. Water flows in the tube at a velocity of 2 ft/s,
entering at 50oF. The nitrogen is to be cooled from 250 to 60oF. How long should the
exchanger be? (Foust)

B.It is desired to preheat 30000 lbs of air from 70 to 200oF at constant pressure of 1 atm
by steam condensing at 220oF inside a vertical 1 in. sch. 40 steel pipe. The heater consists
of a staggered bank of pipes , each 4 ft long, spaced on 2.5 ” equilateral centers. The
heater is 40 pipes wide. What is the number of pipe rows required?

C. A hydrocarbon oil at 150 oF enters inside a pipe with an inside diameter of 0.0303 ft
and a length of 15 ft with a flow rate of 80 lbm/hr. The inside pipe surface is assumed
constant at 350 oF since steam is condensing outside the pipewall and has a very large
heat transfer coefficient. The properties of oil are Cpm = 0.5 BTU/lbmoF and Km = 0.083
Btu/hr-ftOF. The viscosity of oil varies with temperature as follows:
o
F cp
150 6.5
200 5.05
250 3.80
300 2.82
350 1.95

Predict the heat transfer coefficient and the oil outlet temperature.

D. Saturated steam at 10psia is condensing on a vertical tube 4 ft long aving an OD of 1.0

in and a surface temperature of 187oF. Calculate the average heat transfer coefficient of
steam.

E. A horizontal tube carrying hot water has a surface temperature of 355.4 oK and an
outside diameter of 25.4 mm. The tube is exposed to room air at 294.3 K. What is the
natural convection heat loss for a 1 m length of pipe?

Chapter 7
A. Three parallel aluminum sheets, each with an emissivity of 0.2 are large enough so
that they may be assumed to be infinite in extent. The outer sheets are held at
temperatures of 2000 and 1000oF . Find the temperatures of the center sheet and the heat
flow through the system in BTU/hr-ft2. Each sheet may be assumed to be at a uniform
temperature throughout , and the space between sheets may be considered to be a
vacuum.

B. A room measuring 12 ft. by 12 ft. by 8 ft. has its floor and ceiling temperatures at 85
and 65oF , respectively. Assuming te walls to be reradiating and all surfaces to have an
emissivity of 0.8 , determine the net energy exchange between the floor and the ceiling.

C. The aluminum roof of a building has an emissivity of 0.9 and an absorptivity for solar
radiation of 0.5. The sun beats down at noon with an intensity of 300 BTU/hr-ft2.
a) If the temperature of the air and of the surroundings is 80oF , if the wind velocity is
negligible , and if no heat penetrates the roof, what is the equilibrium temperature of the
roof? For the rate of heat transfer by conduction-convection, use q/A = 0.38 (ΔT)1.25,
where ΔT is the temperature drop between the roof and air in oF.

b) What is the fraction of the heat from the roof that is lost by radiation? (McCabe and
Smith)

D. Determine the total emissive power of a surface at 1000oF if it were a) a black body
and b)an oxidized aluminum.
E. The return line to the ammonia compressor in a refrigeration system is a 4-in. sch. 80
steel pipe covered with 1.7 inch of molded cork insulation. At a given point in this line,
the ammonia vapor is at a temperature of -10oF and a pressure of 20 psia. The
temperature of the air and the surroundings is 80oF. Calculate the heat transferred from
the surroundings to the ammonia vapor per foot length of the line for a velocity of
ammonia vapor of 6000 fpm at the stated point in the line. (Felix T. Hoanchay)

F. Two rectangular plates both 6 by 3-in are placed directly opposite one another with a
plate spacing of 2-in. One plate is at 240oF, and has an emissivity of 0.5. The other plate
is at 110oF and has an emissivity of 0.33. If there are no other surfaces present, what is
the radiant heat flow?

Chapter 8

A.) A forced-circulation evaporation is to be designed to concentrate 50% NaOH solution

to 70 % NaOH. A throughput of 50 tons NaOH (100 percent basis) per 24 h is needed.
Steam at 50 psig and 95 % quality is available, and the condenser temperature is 100 oF.
Feed enters at 100 oF . Condensate leaves the heating element at a temperature 20oF
below the condensing temperature steam. Radiation is estimated to be 1 ½ percent from
the heating element and 2 % from the vapor head , both based on the enthalpy difference
between steam and condensate. Concentrated liquor leaves the boiling temperature of the
liquid in the vapor head. The overall coefficient, based on the outside area, is expected to
be 350 BTU/ft2-h- oF. The boiling point elevation of the 70 percent liquor is 150oF .
Calculate
a) the steam consumption in lbs/hr
and b) the number of tubes required if 8 ft by 7/8 in 16 BWG tubes are specified.

b) 500 metric tons of cane juice is to be concentrated every 24 hrs from 14 % to 70%
total solid in a single or multiple effect evaporator. The factory operates 200 days per
year. The installed cost for the first effect is P500,000 and each succeeding effect costs
P450,000. Pound of water evaporated per pound of steam is 0.80N where N is the number
of effects. Steam costs P15 per metric ton. The evaporator has a useful life of 10 years
with no salvage value. Maintenance and repair costs are 5% of first cost. Taxes, insurance
and other fixed annual cost are 5% of the initial cost. Determine the optimum number of
effects.

C. A triple effect evaporator system is to be used to concentrate 5% NaOH to 50%

NaOH. Forward feed is to be used with feed entering at 60 oF. Overall coefficient of 800,
500 and 300 BTU/hr-ft2-oF are expected for the effects in the given order. Steam is
available at 125 psia, and ejectors capable of maintaining a pressure of 1 psia will be
used. The heating areas of each effect are to be equals and large enough to produce 10
tons/hr of concentrate. What heating area is needed for each effect? What will be the
steam consumption and the economy?

Chapter 9
Crude oil at the rate of 300,000 lb/hr is to be heated from 70 to 136 oF by heat exchange
with the bottom product from a distillation unit. The product at 257,500 lb/hr is to be
cooled from 295 to 225oF. There is a tubular exchanger available with steel tubes with an
inside shell diameter of 23 ¼ in., having one pass on the shell side and two passes on the
tube side. It has 324 tubes ¾ in.OD, 14 BWG , 12 ft long arranged in a 1 in. square pitch
and supported by baffles with a 25 % cut, spaced at 9-in. intervals. Would this be a
suitable exchanger, i.e. , what is the allowable fouling factor? The average properties are
shown in the next table.

Product (outside tubes) Crude(inside tubes)

o
Cp, BTU/lb- F 0.525 0.475
μ, cP 5.2 2.9
ρ, lb/ft3 54.1 51.5
k,BTU/ft-h-oF 0.069 0.00789