Crim 4

Republic of the Philippines
State Universities and Colleges

GUIMARAS STATE COLLEGE
Buenavista, Guimaras
Module 1
Introduction to Ethics and Values
Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, students are expected to:
» explain the difference between ethics and morality; character and personality
» have deep understanding of human existence.
Definition of Terms
Ethics
As a field of study, ethics is a branch of philosophy which studies the principles of right
or wrong in human conduct. Right or wrong are qualities assigned to actions, conduct, and
behavior. As such, ethicists inquire into the correctness of such acts as promise keeping,
truth telling, integrity, deception, and compassion. Good and bad, on the other hand are
qualities that characterize ends, goals, and purposes. As such, ethicists inquire into the
reasons for living and working; the goals that should be pursued in order to lead a successful
life; and the purposes that should motivate people in their life choices. (Porter, 1980). 1
Ethics or moral philosophy discusses the set of rules for human conduct. It comes
from the Greek word ethos which means custom, habit character, or disposition. It involves
systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong behavior. It is also
defined as the study of judgment of value, of good and evil, right and wrong. At its simplest,
ethics is a system of moral principles. They affect how people make decisions and their
lives.2
It derived from the Greek word “ethicos” or from the Latin word “ethicus” or that
pertains to “ethos”, which means a customary behavior or moral.
 Is the branch of philosophy that tries to determine the good and right thing to do
 Ethics is the practical science of the normality of human conduct.
 Ethics is the normative science of the conduct of human beings living in societies-
science which judges the conduct to be right or wrong, to be good or bad. 3
Police – Is defined as a body of civil officers, especially in a city, organized under the
authority to maintain order and enforce law; also, the whole system of internal regulation of a
state, or the local government of a city or town; that the department of government that
maintains and enforces law and order, and prevents, detects, or deals with crime. 4
Police Ethics – A practical science that treats the principles of human morality and duty as
applied to law enforcement.5
Discretion – Cautious and correct judgment unhampered by legal rule. The act or liberty of
deciding according to justice and propriety, and one’s idea of what is right and proper under
the circumstances, without willfulness or favor.6
1
Florendo, A, 2012, pp. 6
2
Angulo, J., et.al, 2019, pp. 1
3
Guerrero, Brian, et.al., 2016 pp. 23
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SHIELA MAE G. PALTIGUERA
Module 1
Virtue – Is a quality held to be of great moral value. It is also moral excellence, righteous or
goodness. A habit that inclines person to act in a way that harmonizes with his nature. 7
Moral Virtue – Is a quality held to be of great moral value. It is also moral excellence,
righteous or goodness. A habit that inclines person to act in a way that harmonizes with his
nature.8
Conscience - It is a voice of reason bending oneself to something right or avoids something

wrong.9
Value – is the concept that describes the beliefs of an individual or culture. A set of values
may be placed into the notion of a value system.
- Values are considered subjective and vary across people and cultures.
- Values are ideas and norms man considers relevant and good.
- It comes from the Latin word “valere” which means “to be strong or to be worth”.
UNDERSTANDING ETHICS
Etymologically, the word ethics is coined from the Greek word “ethicos”, or that which pertains
to “ethos”, the English translation of which is “custom” or “character”. From this etymological meaning,
ethics is taken to mean as a philosophical science that deals with the morality of human conduct or
human acts.
What do we mean by “morality of human acts?” Morality of human acts refers to the goodness
of the badness, the rightness or the wrongness of human acts.
Ethics is a philosophical science. This means that ethics is one of the many disciplines in
philosophy.
Four Disciplines / Divisions in Philosophy:

1. Descriptive or Speculative – a discipline in philosophy that posits the question: What is the
nature of reality? (Metaphysics)
2. Normative – a discipline in philosophy that posits the question: What is good and what is
bad? Or what is right action and wrong action? (Moral philosophy)
3. Practical philosophy – a discipline in philosophy which reflects upon truth in relation to
action. (Logic)
4. Critical philosophy – a discipline in philosophy that posits the question: What is truth?
(Epistemology)
CHARACTER VS. PERSONALITY

Character Personality
It is objective in nature. It is within a It is subjective. It changes at point in
person. time.
A particular system of trait that is A set of characteristics that each
permanent to each person. person possesses.
It is molded depending on his It influences how one behaves as
environment. well as one’s motivation.
One’s character shows on how the The image that one presents in front
person acts and reacts to his or her of other.
peers and how she or he deals with
Everything that happens around him
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or her.
UNDERSTANDING MORALITY
Moral integrity is the only true measure of what man ought to be. The most successful
professional, is nothing unless he too is morally upright. Thus, the philosophers speak of Ethics as the
“only necessary knowledge”.
Morality is the foundation of every human society. Without civic morality, communities perish;
without personal morality their survival has no value. Every culture admits the importance of morality
as a standard of behavior. When the moral foundation of a nation is threatened, society itself is
threatened.
Morality is the quality of human acts by which they are constituted as good, bad or indifferent.
ETHICS VS. MORALITY

Ethics Morality
What is it? The rules of conduct recognized Principles or habits with respect
in respect to a particular class of to right or wrong conduct. It
human actions or a particular defines how things should work
group, culture, etc. It defines how according to an individual’s
thing are according to the rules. ideals and principles.
Source Social system / External Individual / Internal
Why we do it? Because society says it is the Because we believe in something
right thing to do. being right or wrong.
Flexibility Ethics are dependent on others Usually consistent, although can
for definition. They tend to be change if an individual’s beliefs
consistent within a certain change.
context, but can vary between
contexts.
MORALITY AND HUMAN EXISTENCE

 There is morality because there is man.
1. Man is the only Moral Being by virtue of the following reasons.
a. Man is a being of action.
b. Man has intellect.
c. Man has will.
2. Man as an Animal
3. Man as a Rational Animal
4. Intellect compared with will
5. Concrete Basis of Morality10
Importance of Ethics
 Indispensable knowledge
 Without moral perception, man is only an animal.
 Without morality, man as rational being is failure.
Moral integrity is the only true measure of what man ought to be. The most successful
professional is nothing unless, he too is morally upright. Thus, the philosophers speak of
ethics as the “only necessary knowledge”
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https://phlconnect.ched.gov.ph/admin/uploads/5ef059938ba799aaa845e1c2e8a762bd/ETHICS-Module.pdf, Retrieved
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Morality is the foundation of every human society. Without civic morality, community
perish; without personal morality their survival has no value. Every culture admits the
importance of morality as a standard of behavior. When the moral foundations of a nation are
threatened, society itself is threatened.
Ethics and Law

Legal history confirms that customary ethics, rather than laws, have been the prime
source of social conformity. For instance:
1. The Code of Hammurabi (1726 – 1786 BC) did not in essence introduce new rules
but merely reaffirmed prevailing customs.
2. Plato in his Republic put little emphasis on laws per se and more on the
development of a polis a perfect city where laws would be unnecessary. Leaders of
the polis were expected to be “men of gold” endowed with collective rationality and
wisdom.
3. The Common Law that emerged under the Norman rule essentially to control
“ruffinas”.
4. The practice of chivalry, common among the English noble men at the time,
needed no legal support, because it was “law unto self”
5. The high level of social order among traditional Islamic societies in which relatively
very few positive laws exist
It is necessary to clarify the relationship between the areas of ethics and law.
The purpose of ethics is not to undermine the law or to replace it, but to complement it
by deferring to the spirit of the law and to rules of equity.
ETHICS LAW
Study of human motivation Concerned with what we do,
not what we feel.
Study of external actions. It Concerned with the
explores thoughts and externality of the act
feelings.
Requires that man desires Requires that we perform the
that of which is good and act
required action regardless of
in accordance with that our feelings towards such
desire. action.
Addresses all human Applies to behaviors that
activities lawmakers choose to
regulate
Seeks to change people from Attempt to change people
the inside outward from outside inward
Ethical principles are Laws are frequently
constant, universal and changing
everlasting.
Solidly based on the “Logical instrument” of social
reasoning process essential control that, for the most
to appropriate discretion. part, are not necessarily
products of wisdom
Prescriptive in nature Basically reactive instrument
Dependent upon knowledge, Dependent for their
rationality and goodwill effectiveness upon legal
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procedures and complex
rules of evidence.
Morality therefore, has a wider implication than law, because can either be moral or
immoral. Thus what is legal is not necessarily moral; but what is moral is worth legalizing.
Ethics is not simply a body of do’s and don’t’s in the manner laws are.
Ethics is a personal commitment to uphold what is true and good. Ethics aims to
develop “right disposition and inner spirit” for accepting what is lawful.
Morality is the quality of human acts by which they are constituted as good, bad, or
indifferent.11
UNDERSTANDING VALUES
Undeniably, there is a metaphysical dependence of values in ethics, for values have
ethics as one of their indispensable carriers. True enough, ethics and values support each
other. An ethics without values is hollow and shallow and, therefore, weak. Values without
ethics are paralytic. Needless to say, values are values even if they are not put into practice
because primarily – not absolutely - values are objective. If values are construed this way, it
can be inferred that they have nothing to do with ethics. The contention can be justified in
view of the fact that not everything which is good is moral or ethical. In other words, not all
values (good) are necessarily moral. The good in a glass of water – because it satisfies our
thirst – does not quality water as moral. The good in food – because it satisfies our hunger –
does not make food moral as well.
General definition of Values

1. Values are the object of human desire and striving; they are also the subjective
assessment of a particular object insofar as it is good.
2. Values are our beliefs, those beliefs which we hold to be true. Thus values inspire us to
struggle towards our proximate and ultimate ends.
3. Values refer to things, person, ideas or goals which are important to life; they enable us
to direct, understand, and evaluate our lives. Thus, they refer to our ideals and our
principles by which we live. Further, values are those which we like, approve, esteem,
enjoy and prize.
Properties of Values
1. Values are subjective – when we say values are subjective, we mean that the existence
and the validity of values are dependent upon on the feelings or attitudes of the subject.
2. Values are objective – when we say values are objective, we mean that the existence
and the nature of values are independent of a subject.
3. Values are relative – this means that values have intrinsic limitation and imperfection.
4. Values are bipolar – this mean that values do not exist alone; they always exist with
their counter values. Thus, values are either positive or negative.
5. Values are hierarchical – when we say values are hierarchical, we do not classify
values but rather we rank them. When we rank values, we establish order of
importance among them. The closest meaning of ranking values is prioritizing values.
11
Florendo, Adelene M.Police Ethics and Community Relations 3 rd Edition:2012, pg 7
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ORGANIZATIONAL VALUES
Every organization has values that are important to the group. It will help the
organization to survive. Organizations develop values much the same as each individual has
developed values.
Enhancement reading:
https://www.slideserve.com/rhys/introduction-to-ethics-values-and-attitudes
UNDERSTANDING HUMAN ACTS

Human acts are actions that proceed from the deliberate free will of man. In a broader
perspective, the term human acts refer to any activity performed by man.
This activity could either be physical, spiritual, internal, or external. Moral philosophy,
however, treats the term human acts not in its broader but in its stricter meaning.
Moral Philosophy, therefore, understands human acts as actions that are proper only to man.
These actions are those which man does not share with the brutes for human acts are
rational and willed acts.
Three-fold Elements of Human Acts

1. Knowledge
2. Freedom
3. Voluntariness
HUMAN ACTS VS. ACTS OF MAN

Human Acts Acts of Man
Actions performed by man, knowingly and Actions which happen in man
freely
Deliberate or intentional actions or Instinctive and are not within the control of
voluntary the will
Actions are the result of conscious Biological and physiological movements in
knowledge and are subject to the control of man such as metabolism, respiration, fear,
the will anger, love and jealousy.
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Types of values
1. Ethical/Moral values
2. Doctrinal/ideological (political, religious) values,
3. Social values, and
4. Aesthetic Values
Kinds of Values (According to the level of human life to which they correspond.
1. Biological values
2. Social values
3. Rational Values
Biological values – necessary to the physical survival of man as an organism.

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1. Life and health
2. Food and shelter
3. Work
Social Values – necessary to the sensual needs and fulfillment

1. Leisure and sex
2. Marriage
3. Family and home
4. Parental Authority
5. Education
Rational Values – necessary to the functions and fulfillment of intellect and will.
1. Understanding and Control of Nature
2. Guide and Control of Oneself
3. Solidarity
4. Parental Authority with fellowmen
5. Religion
The Police and the Law

The police must apply the law fairly, evenhandedly with a view to promote justice.
Laws are created by legislatures presumably for the best interest of all the people.
Philippines like other countries is a country of laws and constitutional principles, the
main purpose of which is to create a society where everybody is free to pursue what he or
she, individually believes is the good in life.
The idea of “good life” is a life personally satisfying and meaningful is the dominant
motivation of every person.
Justice provides the environment within which the pursuit of the good is possible.
When justice is successful, people are treated fairly relative to each other. Justice involves
allocation of resources and rights in a way that allows individuals to obtain what it is, that they
are due and what they deserve.
The police must understand the true meaning of justice before acting and must behave
in an honorable way as law enforcer. In a true sense, the police must be fair in the application
of the laws of the land to everybody irrespective of the status of said individual in a given
community.
In a great extent, the actions of the police determine what the law really means.
The police makes the written laws of the penal code come to life for the public.
Most analyst and well informed police officers believe that no matter what the law
states, no matter how penal code sections read, no matter what training teaches, and no
matter what police leadership may want to tell us, the true meaning of the law on the streets
is determined by police officers.
Police officers bear a tremendous and unique responsibility. When said officers decide
on a day-to-day basis where to focus their attention, whom to arrest, and when to use force,
they determine the effects of legal system will have on the lives of individual citizen.
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Police officers cannot be considered to be competent if they do not support their
behavior on the street with a personal ethics that is thoughtfully created and maintained.
Ethics and competence are largely determined by individual police officer’s character.
The world is full of good, honest and competent police officers who have never studied
ethics. Good ethical standard entered in the police academy. It comes from a person’s
character and upbringing.
Definition of Justice
Justice as process – Justice prevails when people under similar circumstances are treated
in an equal and fair manner before the law.
Justice as substance – justice prevails when people receive from the law what they deserve
to receive.
Three (3) major functions of the police which are admittedly vague and often in conflict
with each other.
1. Enforce the law
2. Maintain order
3. Provide community service
The Need for Police to Study Ethics
1. Limited Police Academy Training in Ethics

A systematic treatment of ethics, even if in a short period is necessary to make the
connection between the police officer’s duty and the common good of the community.
Police academies offer only three and half hours allocation for ethics in their
curriculum. This is so inadequate for police officers who always encounter a sort of
ethical dilemma in the performance of their sworn duties. Several police officers were
charged for misconduct while in the performance of their duties maybe due to the
insufficiency of their knowledge of what ought to be competent and a professional
officer – a person who possesses and exhibits good character.
2. Limited Academic Training in Ethics

An increasing number of police recruits who are graduates of Criminology have
only 6 units in Ethics which is inadequate for them to exercise their profession as a
true professional police officer. Existing criminal justice ethics classes tend to discuss
ethics from the positive perspective starting with philosophical considerations of ethics
in general and move through analyses of what it means to be professional police
officer.
3. The Intellectual Capabilities of Today’s Officer

A professional, knowledgeable, competent, and effective police officer must want to
include in his or her body of knowledge about the world of understanding of what
ethics means. Public expectations of police competence, is an officer with clear,
ethical understanding of the job and possess good moral character.
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Police Professionalism
The first era in the history of policing was introduced by Sir Robert Peel, an English
statesman, with the establishment of the Metropolitan Police of London in 1829. The
members of the Metropolitan Police were regarded as professional because they were hired,
trained and paid to do the job on a full time basis. These people replaced a semi-voluntary
system of night watchmen. This is referred to as “Political Era” which was followed by the
Reform Era between 1910 and 1950.
During the Reform Era strict controls were placed on police officers and police
organizations in order to fight the corruption and incompetence of police officers. Chains of
Command were tightened, uniforms and a more military look were harnessed and Internal
Affairs were created to investigate accusation of police misconduct. The police academy was
invented, and training was taken seriously for professionalizing the police.
Definitions of a Professional
1. A professional is anyone who does a job for pay (A professional athlete as compared
to an amateur)
2. A professional is anyone who looks clean cut, disciplined, and polished when on the
job (a military standard)
3. A professional is anyone who develops and uses a special skill at work (a carpenter or
a plumber)
4. A professional is anyone who possesses an academic experience and possesses a
body of knowledge that is unknown to lay people (a physician, lawyer, engineer, or
teacher)
Professionals possesses
1. Knowledge - a systematically organized body of knowledge that lay people (non-
professionals) do not understand
2. Education – an academic experience that involves studying and learning. This
systematically organized body of knowledge within a wider conceptual framework.
3. Regulation – self regulation, standards of education and licensing that are set by the
member of the profession themselves, normally controlled by professional
organizations such as Professional Criminologists Association of the Philippines
(PCAP), Philippine Educators’ Association of Criminology Education (PEACE), and
Federation of Authors in Criminology and Criminal Justice Inc. (FACCI), etc.
4. Discipline – self policing, investigation, and disciplining of members accused of
misconduct by their peer professionals.
5. Problem Solving –done in collegial manner, all licensed members of the profession
are co-equal partner in problem solving – using their expertise and insight to solve
problems together.13
13
Florendo, Adelene M.Police Ethics and Community Relations 3 rd Edition:2012, pg 41-46
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References:
Excerpts from Police Ethics and Community Relations Third Edition, Adelene Maghinay
Florendo, Wiseman’s Books Trading Inc., 2012, “Definition of Ethics pp. 6”.
Excerpts from Ethics A Heuristic Approach, Angulo, J., Alpe, E.Jr., & Buñag, W.,
Mindshapers Co., Inc., 2019, “Meaning of Ethics and Morality pp.1”.
University of the Cordilleras College of Criminal Justice Education

Module In Criminology 6 (Professional Conduct and Ethical Standards)
https://phlconnect.ched.gov.ph/admin/uploads/5ef059938ba799aaa845e1c2e8a762bd/ETHIC
S-Module.pdf, Retrieved Sept 15, 2020
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WORK SHEET NO.1
Name:___________________________________ Rating: _______________

Year/Section:_____________________________ Date: ________________
Instruction: Please answer your activity in our Google classroom. Our class code is (lzrsrso).
1. Discuss the importance of ethics in law enforcement agencies.

2. Differentiate ethics from law. Discuss comprehensively.
3. Reason out the meaning of the golden rule: “Do not do unto others, what others
don’t do unto you’’?
4. Discuss comprehensively what does this statement would like to convey?
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“The police makes the written laws of the penal code come to life for the public”
5. Why is it important for the police officers today to discuss morality in relation to
their work?
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Republic of the Philippines

State Universities and Colleges

Conscience - It is a voice of reason bending oneself to something right or avoids something

Four Disciplines / Divisions in Philosophy:

CHARACTER VS. PERSONALITY

ETHICS VS. MORALITY

MORALITY AND HUMAN EXISTENCE

Ethics and Law

General definition of Values

UNDERSTANDING HUMAN ACTS

Three-fold Elements of Human Acts

HUMAN ACTS VS. ACTS OF MAN

Biological values – necessary to the physical survival of man as an organism.

Social Values – necessary to the sensual needs and fulfillment

The Police and the Law

The Need for Police to Study Ethics

1. Limited Police Academy Training in Ethics

2. Limited Academic Training in Ethics

3. The Intellectual Capabilities of Today’s Officer

University of the Cordilleras College of Criminal Justice Education

WORK SHEET NO.1

Name:___________________________________ Rating: _______________

1. Discuss the importance of ethics in law enforcement agencies.

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Name:_____________________ Rating: _