Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
✓ Blocking -
– A block is a group of homogeneous experimental
units
– Maximize the variation among blocks in order to
minimize the variation within blocks
✓ Reasons for blocking
– To remove block to block variation from the
experimental error (increase precision)
– Treatment comparisons are more uniform
– Increase the information by allowing the researcher
to sample a wider range of conditions
Blocking
✓ At least one replication is grouped in a
homogeneous area
A B D A A B D C
C D B C C D B A
B A D C B A D C
Just replication Blocking
Criteria for blocking
✓ Proximity or known patterns of variation in the field
– gradients due to fertility, soil type
– animals (experimental units) in a pen (block)
– fields or farms
✓ Time
– planting, harvesting
✓ Management of experimental tasks
– individuals collecting data
– runs in the laboratory
✓ Physical characteristics
– age, initial weight, height, maturity
✓ Natural groupings
– branches or leaves (experimental units) on a tree (block)
– animals (experimental units) from the same litter (block)
Randomized Block Design
✓ Experimental units are first classified into groups (or
blocks) of plots that are as nearly alike as possible
✓ Linear Model: Yij = + i + j + ij
– = mean effect
– βi = ith block effect
– j = jth treatment effect
– ij = treatment x block interaction, treated as error
✓ Each treatment occurs in each block, the same number of
times (usually once)
– Also known as the Randomized Complete Block Design
– RBD = RCB = RCBD
✓ Minimize the variation within blocks - Maximize the
variation between blocks
Pretty doesn’t count here
General Recommendations
Based on empirical results from many trials for many
crops around the world…
✓ Blocks should be approximately square
But…
✓ Long, narrow plots, with long dimension square plots
– parallel to gradients may reduce
border effects
– perpendicular to contours
High Low
Source df SS MS F
( )
2
i j Yij − Y
Block r-1 SSB = MSB = MSB/MSE
( )
2
t i Yi − Y SSB/(r-1)
( )
2
r j Y j − Y SST/(t-1)
Y 1 − Y2
t to test difference between two means t=
2MSE r
Numerical Example
✓ Test the effect of different sources of nitrogen on
the yield of barley:
– 5 sources and a control
✓ Wanted to apply the results over a wide range of
conditions so the trial was conducted on four
types of soil
– Soil type is the blocking factor
✓ Located six plots at random on each of the four
soil types
Soil Type
Treatment I II III IV
(NH4)2SO4 32.1 35.6 41.9 35.4
NH4NO3 30.1 31.5 37.1 30.8
CO(NH2)2 25.4 27.4 33.8 31.1
Ca(NO3)2 24.1 33.0 35.6 31.4
NaNO3 26.1 31.0 33.8 31.9
Control 23.2 24.8 26.7 26.7
ANOVA
Source df SS MS F
Total 23 492.36
RE = [(r-1)MSB + r(t-1)MSE]/(rt-1)MSE
k = [(r-1)(t-1+1][t(r-1)+3]
[(r-1)(t-1+3][t(r-1)+1]