Schneider Distribution Transformer1

Technical Collection
Use and Maintenance of

ELVIM Oil-immersed
Distribution Transformers
Building a New Electric World

Use and Maintenance of
ELVIM Oil-immersed Distribution Transformers
The transformer is an electrical machine that allows the transmission and

distribution of electric energy simply and inexpensively, since its efficiency is
greater than 95%.
Through the brief description of the use and maintenance of the oil-immersed
distribution transformers, the present technical leaflet provides useful
information for the engineers, who are involved in the selection, purchasing,
installation, operation and maintenance of transformers.
Use and Maintenance of ELVIM Oil-immersed Distribution Transformers / page 1

Contents
SECTION A: USE OF TRANSFORMERS

A.1 Transformer Types A.1.1 Classification of transformers according to the use page 4
A.1.2 Classification of transformers
according to the cooling method page 5
according to the insulating medium page 5
according to the construction of the magnetic circuit page 6
A.2 ELVIM Distribution A.2.1 General characteristics page 7

Transformers A.2.2 Advantages of ELVIM distribution transformers page 7
A.3 Transformer A.3.1 Magnetic circuit page 8
Manufacturing A.3.2 Windings page 8
Features
A.3.3 Metallic parts page 9
A.3.4 Assembly page 9
A.3.5 Cooling medium page 9
A.4 Transformer A.4.1 Tank page 10

Components A.4.2 Cover page 10
A.4.3 Lifting lugs page 10
A.4.4 Rollers page 10
A.4.5 Draining and sampling oil valve page 10
A.4.6 Neutral earthing link page 10
A.4.7 High voltage bushings page 11
A.4.8 Low voltage bushings page 11
A.4.9 Low voltage connectors page 11
A.4.10 Tap changer page 11
A.4.11 Voltage selector page 11
A.4.12 Transformer thermometer page 11
A.4.13 Oil conservator page 12
A.4.14 Buchholz relay page 12
A.4.15 Air dehumidifier page 12
A.4.16 Filling valve page 12
A.4.17 Oil level indicator page 12
A.4.18 Rating plate page 13
A.4.19 Tank earthing point page 13
A.4.20 Accessories of sealed type transformers page 13
A.5 Transformer tests A.5.1 Type tests page 14

A.5.2 Routine tests page 14
A.5.3 Special tests page 15
A.6 Transformer A.6.1 Rated power page 16

electrical A.6.2 Temperature rise page 16
characteristics
A.6.3 Ambient temperature page 16
A.6.4 Altitude of installation page 16
A.6.5 Short-circuit impedance page 16
A.6.6 No-load losses page 17
A.6.7 Load losses page 17

A.6 Transformer A.6.8 Rated voltage page 17
electrical A.6.9 Vector group page 17
characteristics
A.6.10 Frequency page 18
A.6.11 Noise page 18
A.6.12 Efficiency page 18
A.6.13 Short-circuit current page 18
A.6.14 No-load current page 18
A.7 Transformer standards page 19
A.8 Tolerances page 19
A.9 Transformer A.9.1 Overloading page 20

operation A.9.2 Parallel operation page 21
A.9.3 Load distribution of transformers in parallel operation page 21
A.10 Transformer order form page 22
A.11 Transformer A.11.1 Electrical utilities page 23

selection A.11.2 Industrial users page 23
A.12 ELVIM A.12.1 Single-phase transformers, from 5 to 50 kVA, 20/0.231 kV page 24

transformers series A.12.2 Three-phase transformers, from 250 to 1600 kVA, 20/0.4 kV page 26
A.12.3 Three-phase transformers, from 250 to 1600 kVA, 20/0.4 kV,
with low losses page 28
A.12.4 Three-phase transformers, from 250 to 1600 kVA,
20-15/0.4 kV page 30
A.12.5 Three-phase sealed type transformers,
from 25 to 1600 kVA, 20/0.4 kV page 32
A.13 Examples A.13.1 Calculation of transformer efficiency page 34

A.13.2 Calculation of voltage drop page 34
A.13.3 Parallel operation of transformers page 35
A.13.4 Transformer selection page 35
SECTION B: TRANSFORMER INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE

B.1 Dimensions of transformer installation area page 36
B.2 Instructions for transformer installation page 37
B.3 Instructions for transformer maintenance page 37
B.4 Instructions for thermometer connection page 38
B.5 Instructions for the connection of the Buchholz relay page 39
B.6 Instructions for the connection of the air dehumidifier page 40
Services of Schneider Electric page 41

SECTION A: Use of Transformers
A.1 Transformer types
The transformers are classified into various categories, according to their:

(a) use,
(b) cooling method,
(c) insulating medium,
(d) core construction.
These categories are presented in the following subsections.
A.1.1 Classification of transformers according to the use

According to their use, the transformers are classified into the following categories:
(a) Distribution transformers (d) Test transformers

They are used in the distribution networks in order They are used for the execution of performance tests
to transmit energy from the medium voltage (MV) with high or ultra-high voltage.
network to the low voltage (LV) network of the
consumers. Their power is usually ranging from 50 (e) Special power transformers
to 1600 kVA.
They are used for special applications, e.g. in furnaces
(b) Power transformers and in welding.
They are used in the high-power generating stations (f) Instrument transformers
for voltage step up and in the transmission substations
for voltage step up or step down. Usually their power They are used for the accurate measurement
is bigger than 2 MVA. of voltage or current.
(c) Autotransformers (g) Telecommunication transformers

They are used in telecommunication applications
They are used for voltage transformation within
aiming at the reliable reproduction of the signal in
relatively small limits, for connection of electric energy
a wide range of frequency and voltage.
systems of various voltages, for starting of AC
(alternative current) motors, etc.

A.1.2 Classification of transformers according to the cooling method
The identification of oil-immersed transformers according to the cooling method is expressed by a four-letter
code. The first letter expresses the internal cooling medium in contact with the windings. The second letter
identifies the circulation mechanism for internal cooling medium. The third letter expresses the external cooling
medium. The fourth letter identifies the circulation mechanism for external cooling medium. For example, if the
internal cooling medium is mineral oil, which is circulated with natural flow, and the external cooling medium is air,
which is circulated with natural convection, then this cooling method is coded as ONAN (Oil Natural Air Natural).
In power transformers, various cooling methods are used including oil circulation by pumps, or forced air
circulation by fans, or both of the above. As a result, the following cooling methods exist:
ONAF: Oil Natural Air Forced.

OFAN: Oil Forced Air Natural.
OFAF: Oil Forced Air Forced.
OFWF: Oil Forced Water Forced.
Combinations like ONAN/ONAF, ONAN/OFAN or ONAN/OFAF are also applicable.
A.1.3 Classification of transformers according to the insulating medium

According to their insulating medium, the transformers are classified into the following categories:
(a) Oil-immersed type transformers

The insulating medium is mineral oil or synthetic (silicon) oil.
(b) Dry type transformers

The cooling is implemented with natural air circulation and the windings are usually insulated with materials of H
or F class. The materials of H class are designed in order to operate, in normal conditions, under temperatures up
to 180ºC and the materials of F class under temperatures up to 155ºC.
(c) Resin type transformers

The resin type transformer is a dry type transformer insulated with epoxy resin cast under vacuum.

A.1.4 Classification of transformers according to the construction of the magnetic circuit
The construction of the magnetic circuit of the three-phase transformers can be done, alternatively, as follows:
(a) With three legs (vertical limbs) (b) With five legs (vertical limbs)
The magnetic flux of one leg must close through the Free return of the flux through the external legs.
other two legs and the flux also flows through the
windings of the other phases, namely the transformer
has non free return of the flux.
There are two different technologies for stacking the sheets of the magnetic material of the core:
(a) Stack core (b) Wound core

The layers of the sheets of the magnetic material are The magnetic circuit is of shell type and the sheets are
placed one over the other and the vertical and the wound.
horizontal layers are over lapped.
Two different materials are used for core construction:
(a) Silicon steel sheet (b) Amorphous metal sheet

The silicon steel sheet that is used for the core The amorphous metal sheet that is used for the core
construction is an alloy consisting of 97% iron and 3% construction is an alloy consisting of 92% iron, 5%
silicon. This material has crystallic structure. The silicon and 3% boron. This material has not crystallic
silicon steel sheets have thickness from 0.18 up to 0.5 structure. It has 70% lower no-load loss than the silicon
mm. There are also silicon steel sheets for operation in steel. The thickness of the amorphous metal sheet is
high magnetic induction (Hi-B). 0.025 mm, namely it is about 10 times thinner than the
typical thickness of the silicon steel sheet.

A.2 ELVIM Distribution Trasformers
A.2.1 General characteristics

At the industrial site oil of Schneider Electric AE, ELVIM distribution transformers are manufactured, with voltages
up to 36 kV, having oil as cooling medium and the following technical characteristics:
Single-phase transformers from 5 up to 500 kVA.
Three-phase transformers from 25 up to 2000 kVA.
A.2.2 Advantages of ELVIM distribution transformers

A potential transformer user has a lot of reasons to choose ELVIM distribution transformers that are manufactured
by the industrial site of Schneider Electric. Some of the most important reasons are the following:
More than 30 years of experience in transformer All the transformer offers are treated very carefully
manufacturing (the manufacturing site is active in order to finally give an offer, which fully
since 1969). As a result, the best techniques and satisfies the needs of the transformer user.
methods are used during transformer design and The offer is technically complete and represents
manufacturing. the optimum technical and economical solution for
the specific transformer application.
The application of the ISO 9001 quality assurance
system in combination with the very careful The wound core technology that is followed has
monitoring of the whole industrial process lead in the following advantages, in comparison with the
the manufacturing of high quality transformers. stack core technology:
The application of the ISO 14001 environmental Lower magnetization current.

management system assures the protection of the As a result, the transformer has lower current
environment and the reasonable use of natural harmonics (better quality), lower consumption
resources during the transformer production. of reactive power and lower magnetization
current.
The use of the best materials for the transformer
construction. The reliability of the suppliers of the Less noise.
transformer materials is systematically monitored
and checked.
The high automation of the industrial process has

dramatically decreased the delivery time. For
example, special transformers can be delivered
within 3 weeks.

A.3 Transformer Manufacturing Features
A.3.1 Magnetic circuit

The wound core technology is followed and magnetic
materials with low losses are used.
The magnetic circuit is of shell type and the cores
are wound.
The production procedure of the wound core is as
follows: the magnetic material is slit into sheets of
standard widths.
Next, the sheets are cut to predetermined lengths.
Next, the sheets are wound on a circular mandrel
and a circular core is created.
Annealing treatment follows in order to recover
the core’s physical and electrical properties.
The quality control department checks the quality
of the wound core.
Figure 1 shows one wound core.
Figure 1: Wound core.
A.3.2 Windings
The type of coil is rectangular concentric winding.
For the low voltage coil, copper sheet or copper CORES
rectangular wire is mainly used.
The high voltage coil is constructed from copper wire
or copper rectangular wire. The combination of copper
sheet in low voltage with copper wire in high voltage
plus coated press paper with epoxy resin as interlayer
insulation, increases the coil’s ability to withstand
short-circuit.
Important points during the production procedure are

the following:
Coil heat treatment at 100ºC so that epoxy resin is

polymerized giving an extremely compact product,
All coils pass through quality control.
Figure 2 shows the assembled active part COILS

(cores and coils) of one three-phase wound core type
transformer. Figure 2: Transformer active part.

A.3.3 Metallic parts
For the construction of transformer metallic parts, Modern painting shop for the painting of the
the following basic mechanical equipment is used: metallic parts. The usual painting procedure
includes the following steps: sandblasting,
CNC machines for cutting, punching and bending decreasing-phosphatizing Fe, painting with 4 coats
of steel sheets. (two primer coats and two final color coats) with
total thickness of 160 Ìm. This painting procedure
Different types of welding machines (i.e. MIG-
results in a durable corrosion protection and
MAG, TIG, and electrode) for the welding of the
therefore lengthy life expectancy.
metallic parts.
Machines for construction and welding of
corrugated panels and tanks. Certified technicians
and welders are the operators of these machines.
Stud welding equipment for stud welding on the
transformer cover so that secure insulator
placement is achieved.
Equipment for oil leak detection of the transformer
tanks.
A.3.4 Assembly
For the transformer assembly, the following basic two vacuum chambers, in which the transformers
equipment is used: are filled with oil,
one crane of 35 tons and two cranes of 5 tons, machines for the processing of transformer oil, so
that the oil obtains the appropriate characteristics,
one drying chamber to dry the active parts in order
according to the international standards.
to remove the moisture, which is absorbed by the
transformer insulating materials during the
production procedure,
A.3.5 Cooling medium

Transformer oil according to IEC 296 specifications Oil can also be filled later on without vacuum under the
is used as cooling medium. The initial filling of prerequisite that the oil level covers the active part and
transformer with oil is done under high vacuum in the oil has been filtered. In agreement with the
order to assure the high penetration of oil everywhere customer, the oil can be supplied from Schneider
and to remove air bubbles or moisture that could cause Electric or another company provided that the oil is
dielectric failure of coil. according to the given standard.

A.4 Transformer Components
A.4.1 Tank
The transformer tank consists of the bottom plate, The corrugated panels do not allow the creation
frame, and the tank sides. of significant increase of pressure internally,
which is caused by the increase of oil temperature
The tank sides are made of corrugated panels in order during transformer’s operation.
to increase the total cooling area.
The transformer tank has two earthing points.
The tank of sealed type transformers (without oil The rolling system or the base skid is welded to the
conservator) is filled with oil and is sealed. tank bottom plate.
A.4.2 Cover
There are two lifting lugs on the tank cover, Moreover, a neutral earthing link is also placed on the
which are used for lifting and carrying the transformer. cover. A pressure relief device is usually placed on the
On request, the thermometer pocket and the cover of the sealed type transformers.
thermometer with two electrical contacts are placed
on the cover.
A.4.3 Lifting lugs

The lifting lugs are used for lifting and carrying the transformer.
A.4.4 Rollers
The transformers up to 160 kVA are usually manufactured as pole-mounted. The transformers above 160 kVA are
equipped with bi-directional rollers.
A.4.5 Draining and sampling oil valve

In the lower part of the tank side there is a draining and sampling oil valve, which allows the oil sampling in order
to test the oil dielectric strength.
A.4.6 Neutral earthing link

This link ensures the neutral earthing of the three-phase winding with the transformer tank.

A.4.7 High voltage bushings
For medium voltage of 6, 10, 20, 30 kV, porcelain bushings according to DIN 42531 are used. Alternatively, on
request, plug-in bushings can be used.
A.4.8 Low voltage bushings

Low voltage bushings of 1 kV series, according to DIN 42530, are used in the low voltage.
A.4.9 Low voltage connectors

Low voltage connectors, according to DIN 43675, are used.
A.4.10 Tap changer

The applying medium voltage to the primary winding Then we turn the handle right or left so that the pin is
of transformer is not stable and depends upon the placed to the desirable tap position. If it is desirable to
transformer position in the distribution network. switch from one position (e.g. position 1) to another
Therefore, taken the primary voltage as granted, the (e.g. position 5), then the handling is implemented
tap changer is used in order to keep the secondary step by step, through all intermediate positions
voltage of the transformer as stable as possible. (e.g. positions 2, 3, 4).
The tap changer is placed into the transformer tank. The taps positions are inscribed on the rating plate of
The control interface of the tap changer is placed on the transformer.
the cover. The handling of the tap changer must be For example, when the transformer is designed to
done when the transformer is out of voltage, as operate in two voltage levels, e.g. 20 kV and 15 kV,
follows: initially, the handle of the tap changer is pulled then using a 5-position tap changer, the regulation of
upwards so that the pin is released and entered into the primary voltage can be ±2x2.5 % for medium
the fixed annulus. voltage 20 kV (i.e. voltages 19.0, 19.5, 20.0, 20.5, and
21.0 kV) and ±2x3.3 % for medium voltage 15 kV (i.e.
voltages 14.0, 14.5, 15.0, 15.5, and 16.0 kV).
A.4.11 Voltage selector

The voltage selector (changeover switch) is used for handling of the tap changer, the only difference is that
the change of the transformer operating voltage from the annulus has two positions (e.g. 15 kV or 20 kV).
one voltage level to another (e.g. from 15 kV to 20 kV For example, if we want a 20-15/.4 kV transformer to
and vice-versa) in proportion with the voltage of the operate with primary voltage 19.5 kV, we set the
network that the transformer is connected. The voltage selector at the 20 kV position and the tap
handling of the voltage selector is the same with the changer at the -2.5% position.
A.4.12 Transformer thermometer

The thermocouple of the thermometer is set at the temperatures and are connected to the protection
higher oil layer, in order to measure the maximum oil circuit for alarm and tripping of the circuit, when the
temperature. The electrical contacts of the corresponding temperature limits are exceeded.
thermometer are regulated to the desirable

A.4.13 Oil conservator
During the transformer oil temperature variation, and with two marks: the first mark shows the oil level
consequently the oil volume variation, the oil at -20ºC and the second the oil level at +20ºC.
conservator undergoes this oil volume fluctuation. The Transformers with oil conservator are usually equipped
oil conservator is equipped with an oil level indicator with an air dehumidifier and a Buchholz relay.
A.4.14 Buchholz relay

The protection of the oil-immersed transformers from If the gases are sufficient (i.e. the internal fault is
internal faults, which cause the development of gases significant), then the second float is moved
or strong oil leakage, is implemented with Buchholz downwards and the trip contact is activated. The trip
relay, which is installed between the transformer tank contact is also activated in case of strong oil flux to the
and the oil conservator. In case of gases creation (as a oil conservator after short-circuit or internal fault.
result of internal fault) or lack of oil, the first float is Moreover, the Buchholz relay provides protection
moved downwards and the alarm contact is activated. from oil leakage.
A.4.15 Air dehumidifier

The air dehumidifier is placed on the oil conservator. The silica gel absorbs the moisture until its color is
Because of contraction and expansion of oil volume, yellow. When it is full of moisture and it changes its
the air passes through the dehumidifier towards and color and becomes soft blue-white, it must be dried
from the oil conservator. The air dehumidifier contains or it must be replaced. Drying is achieved by heating it
SiO2 crystals (silica gel), which absorb the air at temperatures between 120ºC and 150ºC until its
moisture. color becomes yellow again.
The silica gel should have the following colors:

Yellow (silica gel is fully dry).
Soft blue-white (silica gel is full of moisture).
A.4.16 Filling valve

The transformers are equipped with a filling valve, in order to have the ability to fill the transformers with mineral oil.
A.4.17 Oil level indicator

For the sealed type transformers (without oil transformers with oil conservator, an oil level indicator
conservator), the oil level indicator is placed on the of tube type (glass transparent tube) or magnetic type
tank side or on the transformer cover. For the is placed on the oil conservator.

A.4.18 Rating plate
According to the international standards, all the temperature rise, oil temperature rise, rated voltage of
transformer data are mentioned on the rating plate: the primary winding, rated voltage of the secondary
type of transformer, power in kVA, phases, frequency, winding, rated current of the primary winding, rated
short-circuit impedance, vector group, type of cooling, current of the secondary winding, no-load losses, load
windings material, serial number, year of losses, positions of tap changer and positions of
manufacturing, core and windings weight, oil weight, voltage selector (if one exists).
total weight, maximum ambient temperature, winding
A.4.19 Tank earthing point

Two tank earthing points are placed near the bottom of the tank (one earthing point in diametric opposite direction
with the other earthing point), in order to have the ability for tank earthing.
A.4.20 Accessories of sealed type transformers

The sealed type transformers are usually equipped with a pressure relief valve and thermometer or DGPT2 relay.
The DGPT2 relay has an overpressure switch, thermometer with alarm and trip contacts and oil indicator with
contact for the trip of the circuit.
ELVIM Oil-immersed Distribution Transformer
Buchholz relay
Tap changer
High voltage
bushings
Oil conservator Low voltage
bushings
Oil level
indicator Lifting lug
Air dehumidifier Thermometer
Rating plate
Tank
Rollers

A.5 Transformer tests
The transformer tests are classified, in accordance with the specification IEC 76, as follows:
Type tests.
Routine tests.
Special tests.
A.5.1 Type tests

The type tests, which are performed on one transformer from every transformer type, are the following:
(a) Temperature rise test (b) Lighting impulse test

The procedure of the temperature rise test is The procedure of the lightning impulse test is
performed according to IEC 76-2. With this specific performed according to IEC 76-3. With this specific
test, the following tasks are implemented: test, the transformer’s withstand against overvoltages
a) the determination of the temperature rise of the oil, is checked. These overvoltages are caused from:
and a) traveling waves (that are caused from thunders)
b) the determination of the average temperature rise of transmission lines,
of the windings. b) sudden on/off switching of breakers,
c) short-circuits at the substation area.
A.5.2 Routine tests

The routine tests are performed on every transformer separately.
The routine tests include:
(a) Measurement of winding resistance (c) Measurement of short-circuit impedance

The procedure of the measurement of windings The measurement of short-circuit impedance is
resistance is performed according to IEC 76-1. During performed according to IEC 76-1. The short-circuit
this test the resistance of each winding is measured impedance, which is expressed as a percentage of the
and the temperature is recorded. The test is performed rated voltage, represents the transformer’s
with DC (direct current). The measurement of the impedance.
resistance of the windings is performed using a The international standards require the short-circuit
resistance bridge. impedance to be calculated at the reference
temperature of 75ºC.
(b) Measurement of the voltage ratio and (d) Measurement of load losses
check of phase displacement The measurement of load losses is implemented with
The measurement of the voltage ratio is performed the secondary winding short-circuited and by
according to IEC 76-1. increasing the voltage of the primary winding till the
The objective of the specific test is to compare the current of the primary winding reaches its nominal
measured values of the transformer ratio with the value. The load losses are calculated at the reference
respective guaranteed values. temperature of 75ºC.
For the transformer, the turns ratio is equal to the
voltage ratio of primary and secondary winding,
namely: (e) Measurement of no load current and
no-load losses
U1 N1 The measurement is performed according to IEC 76-1.
= The no load current represents the real value of current
U2 N2
that is required to magnetize the magnetic core.
The no-load losses represent the active power that is
absorbed by the transformer core when it is applied
rated voltage and rated frequency in the one winding
(e.g. secondary) and the other winding (e.g. primary)
is open-circuited.

A.5.2 Routine tests (continue)
(f) Dielectric routine tests

The dielectric routine tests are the following:
Induced voltage dielectric test
Applied voltage dielectric test
Three-phase voltage, twice the rated voltage, is
The duration of the test, according to IEC 76-3, induced to the transformer for 1 min. However, due to
is 1 min. the doubling of the voltage, the magnetic induction is
With this specific test, the following are checked: also doubled, resulting in transformer saturation and,
a) the insulation between MV and LV windings, consequently, there is a danger for the transformer to
b) the insulation between the tested windings and the be destroyed. In order to avoid saturation, the
tank, and frequency is doubled, so that the magnetic induction
c) the insulation between the tested windings and the remains constant. Finally, during this test, the volts per
magnetic circuit. turn and therefore the volts per layer are doubled.
The procedure of the measurement is as follows. With this test, the dielectric strength between turns
and layers is verified.
(a) MV windings
The LV windings are short-circuited and grounded with
the transformer tank. Then, single-phase voltage is
applied to the MV windings, this voltage is determined
by the voltage of the MV system, in which the
transformer is going to be connected.
(b) LV windings
The MV windings are short-circuited and grounded
with the transformer tank. Then, single-phase voltage
is applied to the LV windings, this voltage is
determined by the voltage of the LV system, in which
the transformer is going to be connected.
A.5.3 Special tests

The special tests are not included in the category of type or routine tests and are executed after agreement
between customer and manufacturer. The special tests are the following:
(a) Dielectric special tests (e) Measurement of the harmonics of the

no-load current
(b) Determination of capacitances of
windings-to-earth and between windings ( f) Measurement of insulation resistance
and/or measurement of dissipation factor
(c) Short-circuit withstand test (tan‰) of the insulation system capacitances
According to this test, the transformer is subjected to
successively short-circuits of 0.5 sec duration and the (g) Radio interference voltage
transformer must withstand these short-circuits. Since
this test requires high power, it is executed in special
test centers. For example, in Greece, the Tests
(h) Measurement of zero-sequence
Research and Standards Center of Public Power impedance
Corporation executes this test.
(d) Determination of sound levels

The transformer is energized at no-load and at rated
voltage and rated frequency, so the noise peripherally
to the transformer can be measured. The test is
performed in accordance to specification NEMA
TR - 1/1974.

A.6 Trasformer Electrical Characteristics
A.6.1 Rated Power

The rated power, Pn, of the three-phase transformer is calculated by the following formula:
Pn= Un In √3
where Un is the rated voltage and In is the rated current of the transformer.
A.6.2 Temperature rise

The temperature rise is the maximum rise when the Transformer typical characteristics:
transformer operates at the primary rated voltage,
The average temperature rise of the winding
secondary rated current and rated frequency.
is 65 K.
The top oil temperature rise is 60 K.
A.6.3 Ambient Temperature

The rated power of the transformer is typically On request, transformers operating under different
calculated for the following conditions: ambient temperature conditions can be produced.
Maximum ambient temperature of 40ºC.
Average daily ambient temperature of 30ºC.
Average annual ambient temperature of 20ºC.
A.6.4 Altitude of installation

The rated power of the transformer is valid for installation altitude up to 1000 m. If the transformer is going to be
installed in an altitude higher than 1000 m, this should be mentioned in the transformer specification.
A.6.5 Short-circuit impedance

The short-circuit impedance is the percentage of the voltage drop. The lower the short-circuit impedance,
primary rated voltage that has to be applied at the the higher the short-circuit current, in case of short-
transformer primary winding, when the secondary circuit. Based on the short-circuit impedance, the
winding is short-circuited, in order to have the rated following are determined: the voltage drop due to the
current at the primary winding. transformer loading, the distribution of loads in case of
The short-circuit impedance is very important, transformers parallel operation, and the short-circuit
because it represents the transformer’s impedance. current.
The higher the short-circuit impedance, the higher the

A.6.6 No-load losses
The no-load losses include losses due to no-load current, hysteresis losses and eddy current losses in core
laminations, stray eddy current losses in core clamps and bolts, and losses in the dielectric circuit.
Table 1 presents the 3 lists (A’, B’, C’) of no-load losses for transformers from 50 to 2500 kVA, according to
CENELEC HD 428.1 S1/1992.
List A’ List B’ List C’

Rated No-load Noise No-load Noise No-load Noise Short-circuit
power (kVA) losses P0 (W) Lw (dB) losses P0 (W) Lw (dB) losses P0 (W) Lw (dB) impedance (%)
50 190 55 145 50 125 47 4
100 320 59 260 54 210 49 4
160 460 62 375 57 300 52 4
250 650 65 530 60 425 55 4
400 930 68 750 63 610 58 4
630 1300 70 1030 65 860 60 4
630 1200 70 940 65 800 60 6
1000 1700 73 1400 68 1100 63 6
1600 2600 76 2200 71 1700 66 6
2500 3800 81 3200 76 2500 71 6
Table 1: Lists of no-load losses according to CENELEC HD 428.1 S1/1992.
A.6.7 Load losses

The load losses include losses due
to load currents and eddy current
losses in conductors due to leakage List A List B List C
fields. Rated Load Load Load Short-circuit
Table 2 presents the 3 lists (A, B, C) power (kVA) losses Pk (W) losses Pk (W) losses Pk (W) impedance (%)
of load losses for transformers from 50 1100 1350 875 4
50 to 2500 kVA, according to 100 1750 2150 1475 4
CENELEC HD 428.1 S1/1992. 160 2350 3100 2000 4
For example, a transformer has a 250 3250 4200 2750 4
combination of losses of A-C’, if its 400 4600 6000 3850 4
load losses belong to list A, and its 630 6500 8400 5400 4
no-load losses belong to list C’. 630 6750 8700 5600 6
1000 10500 13000 9500 6
1600 17000 20000 14000 6
2500 26500 32000 22000 6
Table 2: Lists of load losses according to CENELEC HD 428.1 S1/1992.
A.6.8 Rated voltage

The rated primary voltage (input voltage) is the that can appear in the network. The calculation of the
voltage at which the transformer is designed to winding insulation is based on the basic insulation
operate. The rated primary voltage determines the level.
basic insulation level (BIL) of the transformer, The rated secondary voltage (output voltage) is the
according to international standards (IEC 76). The BIL voltage at the terminals of the secondary winding at
is a basic transformer characteristic, since it indicates no-load, under rated primary voltage and rated
the transformer ability to withstand the overvoltages frequency.
A.6.9 Vector group

The vector group determines the phase displacement These connections are the following:
between the primary and the secondary winding. D (d): delta connection for high voltage
The three primary or secondary windings can be (low voltage) winding
connected with different ways in order to have a Y (y): star connection for high voltage (low voltage)
three-phase transformer. winding
Z (z): zigzag connection for high voltage
(low voltage) winding
N (n): the neutral exists in high voltage
(low voltage) winding for connection outside the
transformer.

A.6.10 Frequency
The frequency at which the transformer is designed to operate is 50 Hz or 60 Hz in accordance with the network
frequency.
A.6.11 Noise
The transformer noise is due to the magnetostriction of the sheets of the magnetic circuit.
In general, a transformer operating at low magnetic induction has low noise level.
A.6.12 Efficiency
The distribution transformers are very efficient where S is the transformer load in VA, losses are the
machines since their efficiency is greater than 95%. losses in W and cos Ê is the power factor.
The power efficiency of any electrical machine is The transformer efficiency is increased with the
defined as the ratio of the useful power output to the decrease of transformer losses.
total power input. The efficiency can be defined by The transformer losses are divided into no-load losses
simultaneously measuring the output and the input and load losses. The no-load losses are constant, while
power. However, this measurement is expensive and the load losses are proportional to the transformer
difficult, especially for large machines. Moreover, in load. Consequently, the efficiency of the transformer
case of high efficiency machines (e.g. transformer), is calculated by the following formula:
higher precision can be achieved, if the efficiency is
expressed through the losses. Consequently, the S cos Ê
transformer efficiency is calculated by the following n=
formula: S cos Ê + NLL + LL(S/SB )2
S cos Ê
n= where NLL are the no-load losses, LL are the load
S cos Ê + losses losses and SB is the rated power of the transformer
in VA.
A.6.13 Short-circuit current

The short-circuit current is composed of the The asymmetrical short-circuit current stresses
asymmetrical and the symmetrical short-circuit mechanically the transformer, while the symmetrical
current. The amplitude of the first peak of the short-circuit current stresses thermally the transformer.
asymmetrical short-circuit current is equal to Î√2 times ELVIM transformers are designed and tested to
the value of the symmetrical short-circuit current. withstand short-circuit currents according to IEC 76-5.
The factor Î√2 depends on the ratio of Ux /Ur, where
Ux is the voltage drop in the reactive components of Ux / Ur Î√2
the transformer and Ur is the voltage drop in the
1 1.51
resistance components of the transformer.
1.5 1.63
Table 3 presents the values of the factor Î√2 versus 2 1.75
the ratio Ux/Ur. 3 1.95
4 2.09
5 2.19
The symmetrical short-circuit current, IK , is expressed
6 2.28
as a function of the rated current In. If the secondary
8 2.38
winding is short-circuited and the nominal current is
10 2.46
applied at the primary winding, the following equation
15 2.56
holds:
25 2.66
IK 100 50 2.77
=
In UK
Table 3:
Values of the factor Î√2 versus the ratio Ux /Ur
where UK is the short-circuit impedance.
A.6.14 No-load current

The no-load current represents the current that the transformer absorbs, when rated voltage is applied to the
primary winding and the secondary winding is open-circuited. The no-load current is expressed as a percentage
of the value of the rated current.

A.7 Transformer Standards
The transformer manufacturing is based on the standards may be modified and in that case they are
international standards as well as on specific republished.
customer needs. From time to time, some of the A list of transformer standards, according to IEC,
is shown in Table 4.
Number Standard Description

1 IEC 76-1 Power transformers: general
2 IEC 76-2 Power transformers: temperature rise
3 IEC 76-3 Power transformers: insulation levels and dielectric tests
4 IEC 76-5 Power transformers: ability to withstand short circuit
5 IEC 137 Bushings for alternating voltages above 1000 V
6 IEC 354 Loading guide for oil-immersed power transformers
7 IEC 726 Dry-type power transformers
8 IEC 905 Loading guide for dry-type power transformers
Table 4: Transformer standards according to IEC.
The above standards are related with the electrical withstand of transformers. The DIN standard defines
characteristics and the accessories of transformers. the transformer accessories and the CENELEC
The IEC 76 standard describes the electrical standard defines the lists of transformer losses and
characteristics and the transformer tests that are short-circuit impedance.
related with the dynamic, thermal and electrical
A.8 Tolerances
Constructional reasons result in deviations between (i.e. the guaranteed values).

the measured parameters and the values that are Table 5 presents the tolerances that are applied to
defined by the specification of the transformer user certain items, according to IEC 76-1.
πtem Tolerance
Voltage ratio The lower of the following values:
a) ±0.5% of guaranteed voltage ratio
b) ±1/10 of the measured short-circuit impedance on
the principal tapping
Short-circuit impedance ±10% of the guaranteed short-circuit impedance
No-load losses +15% of the guaranteed no-load losses
Load losses +15% of the guaranteed load losses
Total losses (load and no-load) +10% of the guaranteed total losses
(load and no-load)
No-load current +30% of the guaranteed no-load current
Table 5: Tolerances on certain transformer items according to IEC 76-1.

A.9 Transformer Operation
A.9.1 Overloading
The rated overloading of transformer depends on the For example, if the transformer is loaded with 50% of
transformer’s previous load or the corresponding oil its rated power continuously, then the transformer can
temperature at the beginning of the overloading. be overloaded to150% of its rated power for 15
Examples of the permissible duration and the minutes or to 120% of its rated power for 90 minutes.
respective levels of the acceptable overloadings are
shown in Table 6.
Previous continuous Oil temperature Duration (min) of overloading

loading (°C) for specific levels of overloading
(% of rated power) (% of rated power)
10% 20% 30% 40% 50%
min min min min min
50 55 180 90 60 30 15
75 68 120 60 30 15 8
90 78 60 30 15 8 4
Table 6: Permissible duration and level of acceptable overloading.
Moreover, it should be noted that the oil temperature Therefore, the determination of the permissible
is not a safe measure for the winding temperature, duration of the overloading must be done very
since the time constant of the oil is 2 to 4 hours, while carefully, since there is a danger for the winding
the time constant of the winding is 2 to 6 minutes. temperature to exceed the critical temperature of
105ºC, without this being visible by the oil
temperature.

A.9.2 Parallel operation
The parallel operation of two or more transformers is Their vector groups should be the same and the
feasible, when the following requirements are met: connection should be implemented with the
corresponding terminals U-u, V-v, W-w. In other
The ratio of their rated power should be less words, the transformers must have the same
than 3:1. inherent phase angle difference between primary
Their voltage ratio should be the same and secondary terminals, the same polarity and the
(the permitted tolerance is according to IEC 76-1, same phase sequence. It should be noted that, in
Table 5, ¨ A.8). case that the vector groups are not the same, the
Their short-circuit impedance should be the same parallel operation of transformers of groups 5 and
(the permitted tolerance is according to IEC 76-1, 11 is permitted, if the connection is implemented
Table 5, ¨ A.8). according to Table 7.
Transformer group Group of existing Connection between phases

for parallel operation transformer High Voltage Low Voltage
R S T r s t
5 5 U V W x y z
11 U W V w v u
or W V U or v u w
or V U W or u w v
11 11 U V W u v w
5 U W V z y x
or W V U or y x z
or V U W or x z y
Table 7: Parallel operation of transformers of groups 5 and 11.
A.9.3 Load distribution of transformers in parallel operation

If the parallel operated transformers have the same where Pi is the load that is distributed to the i
voltage ratio but different short-circuit impedance, transformer, Pni is the rated power of the i transformer
then the load is distributed among them in such a way
that each transformer accepts a specific level of load
UKi is the rated short-circuit impedance of the i
for which the short-circuit impedance becomes the transformer and UK min is the minimum rated short-
same for all the parallel operated transformers. circuit impedance of the n parallel operated
transformers.
When none of the parallel operated transformers is
permitted to be overloaded, the transformer with the Finally, the total power of the n parallel operated
minimum short-circuit impedance must operate transformers is:
maximum under its rated power.
n n
UK min
Consequently, the load distribution is given by the
following equation: ™
i=1
(Pi )
UKi
< ™P.
i=1
i
UK min
Pi = Pni , An arithmetic example of the load distribution of
UKi
transformers in parallel operation is given in ¨ A.13.3.

A.10 Transformer order form
The transformer order form includes the following data:
Customer
Sales engineer
Transformer type three-phase single-phase
Rated power (kVA)
Rated primary/secondary voltage (kV)
Frequency (Hz) 50 60
Installation indoor outdoor
Altitude ≤1000 m >1000 m
Cooling ONAN other
Transformer type oil dry type
Oil conservator yes no
Transformer dimensions (mm) length width height
Taps ± 2x2.5% others
Short-circuit impedance (%) at 75°C
Vector group
No-load losses (W) tolerance acc. to IEC other tolerance
Load losses (W) tolerance acc. to IEC other tolerance
Maximum temperature rise of winding 65 K other

Top oil temperature rise 60 K other
Maximum ambient temperature 40°C other
Painting type RAL 7033 other
Accessories Buchholz relay DGPT2
air dehumidifier oil indicator
pressure relief valve thermometer
rollers Distance between rollers (mm)
Quantity (items)
Unit price (;)
Payment method
Order date
Delivery date
Comments

A.11 Transformer selection
The selection of the most appropriate transformer starts with the definition of the proper and detailed
specification. The special needs of each project specify the special characteristics or accessories that are needed.
The evaluation of the alternative transformer offers depends on the transformer user. The economic evaluation
method of the transformers by the electrical utilities and industrial users is presented below.
A.11.1 Electrical Utilities

The electrical utilities evaluate the transformers based Among alternative transformer offers,
on the criterion of the total owning cost, TOC (;), the economical optimum is the one with the minimum
which is calculated from the following equation: total owning cost.
The values of the parameters BP, NLL, and LL are
TOC = BP + A* NLL + B* LL, determined by the transformer manufacturer.
The values of the parameters A and B are determined
where BP (;) is the transformer sales price, by the electrical utilities.
A (;/W) is the no-load losses factor, NLL (W) are the
no-load losses, B (;/W) is the load losses factor, and
LL (W) are the load losses.
A.11.2 Industrial Users

The procurement of transformers by the industrial users is based mainly on the transformer sales price and
secondary on the transformer losses. An arithmetic example for the determination of the most economical
transformer for an industrial user is presented in ¨ A.13.4.

A.12 ELVIM Transformers Series
In this paragraph, five indicative ELVIM
transformers’ series are presented.
A.12.1 Single-phase transformers, from 5 to 50 kVA, 20/0.231 kV

General Description
Single-phase distribution transformers, 50 Hz.
IEC 76 standard is followed.
The cooling is implemented with natural circulation (ONAN) of mineral oil
according to IEC 296.
Sealed type transformers.
Outdoor installation.
Pole-mounted.
Rated primary voltage 20 kV, rated secondary voltage 231 V at no-load.
The top oil temperature rise is 60 K and the average temperature rise of the winding is 65 K.
Tolerances of losses and short-circuit impedance according to IEC 76.
The transformer painting type is RAL 7033.
Basic Equipment
3-position tap changer with ± 5 % tappings at 20 kV.
LV and HV bushings.
Valves for filling, filtering and oil sampling.
Pole-mounting elements.
Rating plate.
Electrical Characteristics
Rated Power (kVA) 5 10 15 20 25 30 50
No-load losses (W) (*) 55 55 70 85 105 120 180
Load losses at 20 kV (W)(*) 150 320 485 650 725 800 1350
Voltage drop cosÊ =1 3.04 3.23 3.26 3.28 2.94 2.71 2.74
at full load (%) cosÊ = 0.8 3.99 4.00 4.00 4.00 3.97 3.93 3.93
Rated short-circuit impedance (%)(*) 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
Load cosÊ =1 96.06 96.39 96.43 96.46 96.79 97.02 97.03
Efficiency (%) 100% cosÊ =0.8 95.12 95.52 95.58 95.61 96.02 96.31 96.32
Load cosÊ =1 96.42 96.96 97.04 97.08 97.34 97.53 97.56
75% cosÊ = 0.8 95.56 96.23 96.33 96.38 96.69 96.93 96.96
Order Details
Rated power Load losses
Short-circuit impedance Altitude of installation (if the altitude exceeds 1000 m)
Rated voltages Primary tappings
No-load losses Special accessories
Rated frequency Ambient temperature
(*) Transformers with different losses and short-circuit impedance can be manufactured, on request.

General Arrangement of Single-phase Transformers, from 5 to 50 kVA, 20/0.231 kV
1. Filling plug DIN 42553 form “D”

2. Drain and sampling valve DIN 42551 NW22
3. Lifting lugs
4. H.V. bushings
5. L.V. bushings
B
6. Rating plate
7. Off-load tap changer
8. Transformer base
9. Pole mounted elements
Dimensions (mm)
Rated power (kVA) 5 10 15 20 25 30 50
A (mm) 620 620 690 690 730 730 805
B (mm) 540 540 630 630 640 640 770
C (mm) 930 1050 1020 1020 1020 1020 1035
Total weight (Kg) 115 140 155 165 210 225 295
Due to evolution of standards and materials, the present manual will bind us only after confirmation from our
transformer design department.

A.12.2 Three-phase transformers, from 250 to 1600 kVA, 20/0.4 kV
General Description
Three-phase disrtibution transformers, 50 Hz.
Transformers with oil conservator.
The cooling is implemented with natural circulation of mineral oil according to IEC 296.
Indoor or outdoor installation.
Ground-mounted.
Vector group Dyn11.
Basic Equipment
5-position tap changer with ± 2 x 2.5 % tappings at 20 kV.
LV and HV bushings.
Oil conservator with oil level indicator.
Thermometer with oil level indicator and electrical contacts.
Buchholz relay.
Air dehumidifier.
Bi-directional rollers.
Rating plate.
Rated power (kVA) 250 400 500 630 800 1000 1250 1600
No-load losses (W)(*) 610 850 1000 1200 1450 1750 2100 2550
No-Load losses at 20 kV (W)(*) 4450 6450 7800 9300 11000 13500 16400 19800
Voltage drop cosÊ=1 1.94 1.78 1.73 1.65 1.55 1.52 1.48 1.41
at full load (%) cosÊ=0.8 4.92 4.82 4.79 4.74 4.68 4.66 4.64 4.59
Rated short-circuit impedance (%)(*) 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
Load cosÊ=1 98.02 98.21 98.27 98.36 98.47 98.50 98.54 98.62
Efficiency (%)) 100% cosÊ=0.8 97.53 97.77 97.85 97.96 98.09 98.13 98.18 98.28
Load cosÊ=1 98.37 98.53 98.58 98.66 98.74 98.77 98.81 98.87
75% cosÊ=0.8 97.97 98.17 98.24 98.33 98.43 98.47 98.51 98.59
Order Details
Rated power Vector group
Load losses Details of cable boxes (on request)

General Arrangement of Three-phase Transformers, from 250 up to 1600 kVA, 20/0.4 kV
D D
1. Transformer tank
2. Tank cover
3. Lifting lugs
4. Roller DIN 42561
5. Draining and sampling valve DIN 42551
6. Neutral earthing link
B
7. High voltage bushing DIN 42531
8. Low voltage bushing DIN 42530
9. Low voltage connector DIN 43675
10. Tap changer
11. Thermometer with two electrical
contacts A
12. Oil conservator
13. Buchholz relay
14. Air dehumidifier
15. Filling valve DIN 42553
16. Oil level indicator
17. Rating plate
18. Tank earthing point
Dimensions (mm)
Rated power (kVA) 250 400 500 630 800 1000 1250 1600
A (mm) 1475 1700 1735 1710 1855 1960 1940 2155
B (mm) 905 1005 1005 1050 1195 1290 1270 1450
C (mm) 1530 1490 1720 1815 1890 1895 2085 2095
D (mm) 520 670 670 670 670 820 820 820
Total weight (Kg) 1100 1380 1700 1940 2380 2650 3200 3760
Due to the evolution of standards and materials, the present manual will bind us only after confirmation from our

A.12.3 Three-phase transformers, from 250 to 1600 kVA, 20/0.4 kV, with low losses
General Description
Three-phase distribution transformers, 50 Hz.
Combination of losses A-C’, CENELEC HD 428.1 S1/1992.
Ground-mounded.
Vector group Dyn11.
Basic Equipment
LV and HV bushings.
Thermometer with oil level indicator and contacts.
Buchholz relay.
Air dehumidifier.
Rating plate.
Rated Power (kVA) 250 400 500 630 800 1000 1250 1600
No-load losses (W)(*) 425 610 750 860 940 1100 1350 1700
Load losses at 20 kV (W)(*) 3250 4600 5500 6500 8700 10500 13300 17000
at full load (%) cosÊ=0.8 3.33 3.25 3.22 3.17 4.49 4.47 4.48 4.48
Load cosÊ=1 98.55 98.71 98.77 98.85 98.81 98.85 98.84 98.84
Efficiency (%) 100% cosÊ=0.8 98.20 98.40 98.46 98.56 98.52 98.57 98.56 98.56
Load cosÊ=1 98.81 98.95 98.99 99.05 99.04 99.07 99.07 99.07
75% cosÊ=0.8 98.52 98.69 98.73 98.82 98.80 98.85 98.84 98.84
Order Details

General Arrangement of Three-phase Transformers, from 250 to 1600 kVA, 20/0.4 kV, with low losses
D D
1. Transformer tank
2. Tank cover
3. Lifting lugs
4. Roller DIN 42561
B
10. Tap changer
contacts A
12. Oil conservator
13. Buchholz relay
17. Rating plate
Dimensions (mm)
Rated power (kVA) 250 400 500 630 800 1000 1250 1600
A (mm) 1580 1710 1705 1790 1950 2030 2120 2300
B (mm) 880 900 1020 1000 1140 1260 1350 1300
C (mm) 1480 1560 1580 1670 1740 1780 1880 1950
D (mm) 520 670 670 670 670 820 820 820
Total weight (Kg) 1150 1500 1750 2100 2400 2800 3200 4050

A.12.4 Three-phase transformers, from 250 to 1600 kVA, 20-15/0.4 kV
General Description
Ground-mounted.
Rated primary voltage 20 and 15 kV, rated secondary 400 V at no-load.
Vector group Dyn11.
Basic Equipment
Voltage selector.
5-position tap changer with ± 2 x 2.5 % tappings at 20 kV and ± 2 x 3.33 % tappings at 15 kV.
LV and HV bushings.
Thermometer with level indicator and contacts.
Buchholz relay.
Air dehumidifier.
Rating plate.
Rated power (kVA) 250 400 500 630 800 1000 1250 1600
No-load losses (W)(*) 575 810 930 1000 1180 1360 1720 1950
Load losses as 20 kV (W)(*) 4000 6350 7500 9300 10800 12800 13500 17400
at full load (%) cosÊ=0.8 4.82 4.81 4.76 4.74 4.66 4.62 4.49 4.49
Load cosÊ=1 98.20 98.24 98.34 98.39 98.52 98.60 98.80 98.81
Efficiency (%) 100% cosÊ=0.8 97.76 97.81 97.94 98.00 98.16 98.26 98.50 98.51
Load cosÊ=1 98.52 98.56 98.65 98.70 98.81 98.87 99.02 99.03
75% cosÊ=0.8 98.15 98.21 98.31 98.38 98.51 98.59 98.77 98.79
Order Details

General Arrangement of Tree-phase Transformers, from 250 to 1600 kVA, 20-15/0.4 kV
D
D
1. Transformer tank
2. Tank cover
3. Lifting lugs
4. Roller DIN 42561
B

10. Tap changer
11. Voltage selector
A
contacts
13. Oil conservator
14. Buchholz relay
18. Rating plate
Dimensions (mm)
Rated power (kVA) 250 400 500 630 800 1000 1250 1600
A (mm) 1530 1650 1873 1758 2025 1990 2135 2240
B (mm) 925 1035 960 1005 1225 1230 1280 1470
C (mm) 1520 1530 1718 1820 1890 1890 1910 2080
D (mm) 520 670 670 670 670 820 820 820
Total weight (Kg) 1100 1560 1800 2100 2550 2800 3200 3760

A.12.5 Three-phase sealed type transformers, from 25 to 1600 kVA, 20/0.4 kV
General Description
Sealed type transformers (without oil conservator).
Ground-mounted.
Rated primary voltage 20 kV, rated secondary 400 V at no-load.
Vector group Yzn5 (up to 160 kVA) and Dyn5 (from 250 kVA to 1600 kVA).
Basic Equipmemt
LV and HV bushings.
Oil level indicator.
Rating plate.
Pressure relief device.
Thermometer with two electrical contacts.
Rated power (kVA) 25 40 50 63 100 125 160 250 400 630 800 1000 1600
No-load losses (W)(*) 110 170 180 230 320 380 460 650 930 1270 1350 1700 2300
Load losses at 20 kV (W)(*) 700 985 1100 1350 1750 2100 2350 3250 4600 6500 8600 10500 13600
Voltage drop cosÊ=1 2.84 2.51 2.26 2.20 1.81 1.75 1.54 1.47 1.32 1.21 1.25 1.22 1.03
at full load (%) cosÊ=0.8 3.96 3.87 3.77 3.75 3.57 3.54 3.43 4.63 4.53 4.46 4.48 4.47 4.33
Rated short-circuit impedance (%)(*) 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 6 6 6 6 6
Load cosÊ=1 96.86 97.19 97.50 97.55 97.97 98.05 98.27 98.46 98.64 98.78 98.77 98.79 99.02
Efficiency (%) 100% cosÊ=0.8 96.11 96.52 96.90 96.96 97.48 97.58 97.85 98.09 98.30 98.48 98.47 98.50 98.77
Load cosÊ=1 97.38 97.64 97.91 97.95 98.29 98.36 98.54 98.70 98.84 98.97 98.98 99.00 99.18
75% cosÊ=0.8 96.75 97.07 97.41 97.45 97.87 97.96 98.18 98.37 98.56 98.71 98.73 98.75 98.97
Order Details

General Arrangement of Three-phase Sealed Type Transformers, from 25 to 1600 kVA, 20/0.4 kV
Alternative position
of rating plate
D D
B
1. Corrugated panels
4. Draining and sampling valve
5. Lifting lugs
6. High voltage bushings
7. Low voltage bushings DIN 42530
8. Rating plate
9. Thermometer with two electrical contacts
10. Tap changer
11. Pressure relief device
12. Rollers
A 14. Oil level indicator
Dimensions (mm)
Rated power (kVA) 25 40 50 63 100 125 160 250 400 630 800 1000 1600
A (mm) 850 870 900 930 950 1000 1130 1370 1530 1820 1870 1900 2260
B (mm) 680 680 680 680 680 680 770 855 895 1160 1240 1220 1415
C (mm) 1140 1140 1140 1200 1260 1275 1275 1270 1350 1350 1460 1570 1600
D (mm) 520 520 520 520 520 520 520 520 670 670 670 820 820
Total weight (Kg) 365 435 450 500 640 705 825 1050 1450 1950 2220 2600 2740
Due to the evolution of standards and materials, the present document will bind us only after confirmation from our transformer design
department.

A.13 Examples
A.13.1 Calculation of Transformer Efficiency

Let us assume that a three-phase transformer, 630 kVA, 20/0.4 kV, has 1200 W no-load losses and 9300 W
load losses. Determine the transformer efficiency at full load (case 1) and at 75% load (case 2) for power factor
1.0 and 0.8.
Case 1: full load Case 2: load 75%

The efficiency at full load and for power factor equal The efficiency at load 75% and cos Ê=1.0 is:
to 1.0 (cos Ê=1.0) is calculated as follows:
S cos Ê Ë3 = 472500*1.0 = 98.66 %
Ë1 = = 472500*1.0 + 1200 + 9300*(0.75)2
S cos Ê + NLL + LL(S/SB)2
= 630000*1.0 = 0.9836 = 98.36 %

630000*1.0 + 1200 + 9300*(1.0)2 The efficiency at load 75% and cos Ê=0.8 is:
The efficiency at full load and cos Ê=0.8 is:

Ë4 = 472500*0.8 = 98.33 %
472500*0.8 + 1200 + 9300*(0.75)2
Ë2 = 630000*0.8 = 97.96 %
630000*0.8 + 1200 + 9300*(1)2
A.13.2 Calculation of Voltage Drop

Let us assume that a three-phase transformer, 630 kVA, 20/0.4 kV, has 9300 W load losses and 6% short-circuit
impedance. Determine the voltage drop at full load (case 1) and at 75% load (case 2) for power factor 1.0 and 0.8.
The voltage drop is given by the following equation:
Udrop = S (er cos Ê + ex sin Ê) + 1 1 ( S )2 (er sin Ê - ex cos Ê)2 , where

SB 2 100 SB
er = LL = 9300 = 0.014762 = 1.4762% and ex = U2k - e2r = 0.062 - 0.0147622 = 0.05816 = 5.816 %
SB 630000
Case 1: full load Case 2: load 75%

For cos Ê = 1 , sin Ê=0. For cos Ê = 1, the voltage drop is calculated as follows:
Udrop = S (er cos Ê + ex sin Ê) + Udrop = (0.75) * (1.4762 * 1 + 5.816 * 0) +

SB
+ 1 1 ( S )2 (er sin Ê - ex cos Ê)2 = + 1 1 (0.75)2 (1.4762 * 0 - 5.816 * 1)2 = 1.202 %

2 100 SB 2 100
= 1.0*(1.4762*1 + 5.816*0) +
+ 1 1 (1.0)2 (1.4762*0 - 5.816*1)2 = 1.645 %

2 100 For cos Ê = 0.8, the voltage drop is:
Udrop = (0.75) * (1.4762 * 0.8 + 5.816 * 0.6) +

For cos Ê = 0.8, sin Ê = 1 - (cos Ê)2 = 0.6.
+ 1 1 (0.75)2 (1.4762 * 0.6 - 5.816 * 0.8)2 = 3.543 %
2 100
Udrop = (1.0) * (1.4762 * 0.8 + 5.816 * 0.6) +
+ 1 1 (1.0)2 (1.4762 * 0.6 - 5.816 * 0.8)2 = 4.741 %

2 100

A.13.3 Parallel Operation of Transformers
Let us assume that three transformers operate in parallel. The first transformer has 800 kVA rated power and 4.4%
short-circuit impedance. The rated power and the short-circuit impedance of the other two transformers is 500
kVA and 4.8%, and 315 kVA and 4.0%, respectively. Calculate the maximum total load of the three transformers.
Among the three transformers, the third transformer The maximum total load of the three transformers is:
has the minimum short-circuit impedance,
Ptot = Pn,1 + Pn,2 + Pn,3 = 728 + 417 + 315 = 1460 kVA.
i.e Uk, min = 4.0 %.
The load of transformer 1 is: The three transformers have total installed power:
Uk, min
Pn,1 = P1 = 800 4 = 728 kVA. P = P1 + P2 + P3 = 800 + 500 + 315 = 1615 kVA.
Uk,1 4.4
The load of transformer 2 is:

From the above, it is concluded that the maximum total
Uk, min load (1460 kVA) represents the 90.4% of the total
Pn,2 = P2 = 500 4 = 417 kVA.
Uk,2 4.8 installed power (1615 kVA).
It should be noted that, in order the maximum total
The load of the transformer 3 is: load to be equal to the total installed power, the
Uk, min transformers must have the same short-circuit
Pn,3 = P3 = 315 4 = 315 kVA. impedance.
Uk,3 4
A.13.4 Transformer Selection

Let us assume that an industrial user wants to buy a 630 kVA transformer. The transformer will operate with 60%
average loading, 8 hours per day, 200 working days per year. Two transformer manufacturers submit two
different offers to the industrial user. The first manufacturer offers a transformer with 1200 W no-load losses and
8700 W load losses at a sales price of 5870 :. The second manufacturer offers a transformer with 940 W no-load
losses and 6750 W load losses at a sales price of 7045 :. Considering that the depreciation of the transformer
purchase investment is going to be done in 5 years and the energy charge is 0.075 :/kWh, calculate the
economical optimum offer.
The comparison of the two offers will be based on the annual total owning cost, which is the sum of the annual
buying cost and the annual usage cost. An approximation of the annual buying cost can be found by dividing the
sales price with the years of depreciation. An approximation of the annual usage cost can be calculated based on
the annual charge due to the transformer operation (annual charge for load losses and no-load losses).
Manufacturer A Manufacturer B
The annual buying cost (:) is: The annual buying cost (:) is:
5870 : 7045 :
OC1 = = 1174 : OC2 = = 1409 :
5 5
The annual charge (:) for the no-load losses is: The annual charge (:) for the no-load losses is:
: :
NLLC1 = 8,760 h * 1.2 kW * 0.075 = 788.4 : NLLC2 = 8,760 h * 0.94 kW * 0.075 = 617.58 :
kWh kWh
The annual charge (:) for the load losses is: The annual charge (:) for the load losses is:
: :
LLC1 = (200 * 8 h) * 0,62 * 8.7 kW * 0.075 = 375.84 : LLC2 = (200 * 8 h) * 0,62 * 6.75 kW * 0.075 = 291.6 :
kWh kWh
The annual total owning cost (:) is: The annual total owning cost (:) is:
TOC1 = OC1 + NLLC1 + LLC1 = 2338.24 : TOC2 = OC2 + NLLC2 + LLC2 = 2318.18 :
As a result, although the transformer sales price of the second manufacturer is 20% more expensive (i.e. 1175
: more expensive), the transformer of the second manufacturer is finally more economical, since its annual
total owning cost is 0.9% less (i.e. 20.06 : less). From the above, it is concluded that the cheapest
transformer is not always the most economical. In particular, the difference at the annual total owning cost
could be more than 0.9%. This will happen, if we consider more years for the depreciation (instead of the
current assumption of 5 years), or if we use the transformer more (instead of the current assumption of 60%
average loading, 8 hours per day, 200 working days per year).

SECTION B: Transformer Installation and Maint
B.1 Dimensions of transformer installation area
When the transformer is going to be installed inside an electrical room (indoor installation), particular attention
should be paid to the calculation of the dimensions of the installation area as well as to the ventilation of the
installation room. The ventilation of the electrical room influences the cooling, and consequently, the transformer’s
life. The distance between the walls of the room and the transformer end points must be from 50 to 60 cm.
Calculation of air resistance

For the calculation of the dimensions of the For each adjustable venetian blind, the value of
openings for the input and output of air in the WV = 3 is added to the value of Wmin .
electrical room, the calculation of the air
resistance is required. For example, for a transformer installation room with
For the air resistance, the symbol W is used in two meshes (one in the input and one in the output of
the sequel. The value of the air resistance air), the minimum air resistance is:
depends on the existence or not of lattices,
meshes and venetian blinds. W = Wmin + 2 WM = 4 + 2 x 1.5 = 7.
If there are no lattices, meshes and venetian
The lowest possible temperature in the transformer
blinds in the input and output openings of the
electrical room is achieved with the following ways:
air, then the minimum air resistance is :
the opening for the output of the hot air is placed in
Wmin = 4.
the highest possible location, and
For each lattice, the value WL=1 is added to the the opening for the input of the cold air is placed in
value of Wmin . the lowest possible location.
For each mesh, the value WM =1.5 is added to

the value of Wmin .
Calculation of cross-section area of the input and output openings

The cross-section area of the opening for the input of
air, F1 (m2), is calculated by the following formula:
F1 = 4.25 . V . 104W ,
100 H . t3
where V is the total transformer losses (kW), W is the
air resistance, H is the height (m) of the opening for the
output of air from the horizontal symmetry axis of
transformer (Figure 3), and t is the temperature rise
(°C) of the transformer room.
The cross-section area of the opening for the output of
air, F2 (m2), should be 10% to 15% larger than the
cross-section area of the opening for the input of air
(F1).
Gravel
Pit for oil
Figure 3: Dimensions of transformer installation room.

enance
B.2 Instructions for transformer installation
The transformer is delivered at the industrial site of instructions and regulations of the local authorities
Schneider Electric at Inofyta, Greece. (e.g. construction authority, electrical utility).
The responsibility for the safe transportation, The unloading and transportation of the transformer
unloading, and connection to the network belongs to should be done in such a way that the transformer
the transformer user. The substation must be does not deviate by more than 15° from its horizontal
constructed after study and design from a certified position. When the transformer is installed at its
engineer and the relevant authorities (e.g. electrical position, no deviation is allowed from its horizontal
utility, etc) must approve the substation design. position. If the transformer is equipped with a
Under the transformer, there should be an oil collection Buchholz relay, the Buchholz connection instructions
tank, which has on its upper part a metallic mesh and must be followed.
gravel. The oil collection tank must have the Before the connection of the transformer to the
appropriate volume, so that in case of leakage all the network, the transformer must be optically checked,
quantity of the transformer oil can be collected within in order to ensure that it has no damage during its
the oil collection tank. The whole substation has an transportation or it has no oil leakage. In case of
isodynamic mesh. The resistance of the earthing must scratches in its painting, the transformer must be
be less than 1ø and generally the substation must be repainted immediately in order to avoid future rust.
constructed in accordance with the existing
B.3 Instructions for transformer Maintenance
The transformer is a very reliable electrical machine and it will practically need no maintenance during the many
years of its operation. However, this presupposes that the transformer remains clean and it is not overloaded more
than the permissible levels of duration and loading. Moreover, it also assumes that the network that the
transformer serves is not affected by short-circuits, overvoltages, thunders, and the coupling apparatus of the high
and low voltage as well as the transformer’s protective devices operate normally. In practice, it is not possible to
guarantee all these conditions, that’s why the following are recommended:
1. Optical inspection (every three months) 2. Oil check (every year)

Check if the transformer is clean, especially on the Check of the oil dielectric strength. This is based
surface of insulators (dust and moisture can cause on the sample that is taken, by opening the draining
flashover). and sampling oil valve of the transformer. 10 lt of
Check for oil leakage. oil are initially taken out and next, a sample of 1 lt is
taken. The cans, bottles and funnels that are going
Check for damage in the transformer painting. In to be used for sampling, must be absolutely clean
case of scratches, they should be repainted in order and dry.
to prevent the tank oxidation. The bottle, which is going to be used for the
Check of the oil level of the oil indicator, when the shipment of the oil, must be hermetically sealed. If
transformer is out of operation. For example, if the the check results in an oil dielectric strength less
ambient temperature is +20°C and the reading of than 40 kV, then the oil must be replaced or must be
the oil indicator is below the reading of +20°C, then reprocessed with a special cleaning apparatus.
oil filling is required.
Check of the operation of the Buchholz relay, the
Check of the condition of the air dehumidifier. If the
thermometer and the condition of their contacts.
color of the silica gel becomes yellow, then it is in
good condition, while if it has a soft blue-white
color, then it must be dried or it must be replaced.
Before each action it is necessary:

to turn off the medium and low voltage switches,
to ground the transformer in order to remove any
capacity loads.

B.4 Instructions for thermometer connection
The transformer thermometer is used to follow the

variations of the oil temperature.
The thermometer has two normally open contacts,
which change status when the transformer reaches
the predetermined limits.
The first contact (alarm contact) is used for warning

and the second (trip-off contact) is used for tripping
off the circuit breaker at the low voltage switchboard.
The warning could be:

Activation of alarm,
Load rejection,
Optical indication (warning lamp).
The suggested activation adjustments of the

transformer contacts are:
90°C for warning (left movable pointer with
red end),
100°C for trip-off (right movable pointer with
red end).
A general arrangement of the transformer and

Buchholz relay is shown in Figure 4.
A typical wiring of thermometer and Buchholz

connected to an alarm panel is shown in Figure 5.
Figure 4: General arrangment of thermometer and Buchholz.
Figure 5: Typical wiring of thermometer and Buchholz connected to an alarm panel.

B.5 Instructions for the connection of the Buchholz relay
If the transformer has a Buchholz relay, the following connection instructions are suggested:
Initially, the protective cylindrical cover of the testing button of the Buchholz relay must be unscrewed, and
then the cylindrical piece of wood (which blocks the floats during transportation) must be removed.
Next, it is necessary to check (from the inspection door) if the Buchholz relay is full with oil. In case that it is not
full, the hexagonal cover must be removed and the ventilation valve must be opened so that the Buchholz relay
to be filled with oil. The filling and the free movement of the floats with the contacts are checked through the
inspection door. As soon as the Buchholz relay is filled with oil, the ventilation valve must be closed again.
A general arrangement of the Buchholz relay (and the transformer) is shown in Figure 4.
A typical wiring of thermometer and Buchholz relay connected to an alarm panel is shown in Figure 5.
(“Electrical contacts” and “check of the operation

of the protection circuits”, page 40)
Dry type contacts for signaling (alarm and trip)

B.5 Instructions for the connection of the Buchholz relay (continue)
Electrical contacts
The electrical contacts consist of two pairs of normally open contacts.
The one pair of contacts is used for alarm and the other pair of contacts for tripping off the circuit breaker.
The required voltage is 24-230V alternative or direct current.
Check of the operation of the protection circuits

The check of the operation of the protection circuits is The alarm contacts (3 and 4) are connected to an
implemented through the following steps: alarm horn, which will operate when gases are
collected to the Buchholz relay or the oil level gets
The cylindrical cover of the testing button is down.
removed and the button is gradually pressed so
that to get down the floats. Next, it is checked if the The trip-off contacts (1 and 2) act on the trip-off
alarm contacts and the trip-off contacts are closed. coil of the medium voltage circuit breaker and open
the circuit breaker, when the oil level gets down or
As soon as the testing button is left free, the floats the oil pressure in the transformer tank increases
are moved to the normal position and the contacts suddenly.
open.
B.6 Instruction for the connection of the air dehumidifier
If the transformer has an air

dehumidifier, the following VE.11/TV75 type
connection instructions are
suggested:
Waterproof packing is used
;;;
;
;;
;;;
;
;;;
;;
for the transportation of the
;;
dehumidifier, in order to avoid
the absorption of moisture by
;;
the silica gel.
;;
During the placement of the
;;
dehumidifier to the transformer,
;; ;;;
;;
;;
the oil glass (which is under the
;;; ;;;
;;
dehumidifier) is removed.
;;; ;;;
;;;;
Then the oil glass is filled with
;; ;;;
;;
mineral oil until the end of the
;; ;;;
tube (which goes out of the
dehumidifier) to be sink in the oil.
In case of transformer
transportation, the dehumidifier
must be removed, its tap must
be sealed and a cap must
;;
1. Top cover Type Oil H D F silica gel Tank
be put to the tube of the oil 2. Stainless tank weight weight volume
conservator. 3. Transparent silica
gel tank VE.1 1500 kg 250 mm 100 mm 1/2” GF 0,35 kg 0,465 dm3
The air dehumidifier is shown 4. Tube

in Figure 6. 5. Transparent oil tank
6. Oil indicator - air input
7. Base
8. Rating plate
9. Draining tube
11. Air input
Figure 6: Air dehumidifier

Schneider Electric Servises
Schneider Electric Services cover:
Engineering and technical support

Startup
Training
Preventive maintenance and maintenance after failure
Adaptation works
Spare parts
Maintenance contracts
For questions please contact

the Services department of Schneider Electric AE:
tel.: +301 0 6295243, +301 0 6295247.

Schneider 85-10AD/05.02
Schneider Electric SA Athens: 14th km Athens-Lamia N.R. Thessaloniki: 7, Adrianoupoleos str.

GR-145 64 Kifissia GR 551 33 Kalamaria
Tel. + 301 0 62.95.200 Tel. + 3031 0 423.224
Fax + 301 0 62.95.210 Fax + 3031 0 423.225
http://www.schneider-electric.com.gr
Customers service line: 0800-11- 62900

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Technical Collection

Use and Maintenance of

Building a New Electric World

The transformer is an electrical machine that allows the transmission and

Use and Maintenance of ELVIM Oil-immersed Distribution Transformers / page 1

SECTION A: USE OF TRANSFORMERS

A.2 ELVIM Distribution A.2.1 General characteristics page 7

A.4 Transformer A.4.1 Tank page 10

A.5 Transformer tests A.5.1 Type tests page 14

A.6 Transformer A.6.1 Rated power page 16

Use and Maintenance of ELVIM Oil-immersed Distribution Transformers / page 2

A.7 Transformer standards page 19

A.8 Tolerances page 19

A.9 Transformer A.9.1 Overloading page 20

A.10 Transformer order form page 22

A.11 Transformer A.11.1 Electrical utilities page 23

A.12 ELVIM A.12.1 Single-phase transformers, from 5 to 50 kVA, 20/0.231 kV page 24

A.13 Examples A.13.1 Calculation of transformer efficiency page 34

SECTION B: TRANSFORMER INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE

Services of Schneider Electric page 41

Use and Maintenance of ELVIM Oil-immersed Distribution Transformers / page 3

A.1 Transformer types

The transformers are classified into various categories, according to their:

A.1.1 Classification of transformers according to the use

(a) Distribution transformers (d) Test transformers

(c) Autotransformers (g) Telecommunication transformers

Use and Maintenance of ELVIM Oil-immersed Distribution Transformers / page 4

ONAF: Oil Natural Air Forced.

Combinations like ONAN/ONAF, ONAN/OFAN or ONAN/OFAF are also applicable.

A.1.3 Classification of transformers according to the insulating medium

(a) Oil-immersed type transformers

(b) Dry type transformers

(c) Resin type transformers

Use and Maintenance of ELVIM Oil-immersed Distribution Transformers / page 5

(a) Stack core (b) Wound core

Two different materials are used for core construction:

(a) Silicon steel sheet (b) Amorphous metal sheet

Use and Maintenance of ELVIM Oil-immersed Distribution Transformers / page 6

A.2.1 General characteristics

A.2.2 Advantages of ELVIM distribution transformers

The application of the ISO 14001 environmental Lower magnetization current.

The high automation of the industrial process has

Use and Maintenance of ELVIM Oil-immersed Distribution Transformers / page 7

A.3.1 Magnetic circuit

Figure 1 shows one wound core.

Figure 1: Wound core.

Important points during the production procedure are

Coil heat treatment at 100ºC so that epoxy resin is

All coils pass through quality control.

Figure 2 shows the assembled active part COILS

Use and Maintenance of ELVIM Oil-immersed Distribution Transformers / page 8

A.3.5 Cooling medium

Use and Maintenance of ELVIM Oil-immersed Distribution Transformers / page 9

A.4.3 Lifting lugs

A.4.5 Draining and sampling oil valve

A.4.6 Neutral earthing link

Use and Maintenance of ELVIM Oil-immersed Distribution Transformers / page 10

A.4.8 Low voltage bushings

A.4.9 Low voltage connectors

A.4.10 Tap changer

A.4.11 Voltage selector

A.4.12 Transformer thermometer

Use and Maintenance of ELVIM Oil-immersed Distribution Transformers / page 11