2.

Tropes – are used to turn a word from its literal meaning to a figurative one

a. Antanaclasis - is the literary trope in which a single word or phrase is repeated, but in two
different senses. Example “Your argument is sound, nothing but sound.” (Initially, sound is used as
an adjective, secondly as a noun.)

b. Hyperbole – the use of exaggeration to create a strong impression. Example “I shall cross
oceans for you.”

c. Metaphor – is used in indirectly comparing two different things. Example “You are a star.”

d. Personification - is a figure of speech in which an idea or a thing is given human attributes

andor feelings or is spoken of as if it were human. Example “The leaves dance with the breeze.”
(The leaves here are made to do a human act, dance.)

e. Simile – is used in directly comparing things using as or like. Example “You are as strong as
a horse.”

f. Metonymy - a figure of speech that consists of the use of the name of one object or concept
for that of another to which it is related, or of which it is a part, as “scepter” for “sovereignty,” or
“the bottle” for “strong drink,” or “count heads (or noses)” for “count people.” Example “The crown
has spoken.” (The crown here refers to a king or a ruler.)

g. Synecdoche - is simply using part of a whole to represent the whole. Example “Six eyes bore
witness to the crime.” (Six eyes here mean three persons.)

Symbolism - is the art of using an object or a word to represent an abstract idea. An action, person,
place, word, or object can all have a symbolic meaning.

a. Symbolism through physical objects Most often, physical objects are used to symbolize an
idea or concept, as a way of pointing the reader towards some of the basic themes that a work is
dealing with. For example, a poet might write a poem about a flower dancing in the wind in order to
convey a sense of innocence, harmony with nature, or sheer happiness.

b. Symbolism through characters Sometimes, characters themselves can serve as symbols—of

a particular virtue or vice, or of a political ideology. For example, in Edmund Spenser's famous
allegorical poem, The Faeirie Queene, the female knight Britomart is a symbol of the values of
chastity and restraint, traits which many 16th-century readers held in high esteem.

c. Symbolism through events Events can also be symbolic. For example, while a character's
long, wild hair might symbolize a period of youth or innocence, a scene in which the character
chops off his or her long hair might symbolize a loss of innocence—or the sacrifices people have to
make in the process of becoming a mature adult with responsibilities. While the act of cutting off
the hair is neither an object nor a character, but it would still be an example of symbolism.
Imagery - is one of the literary devices that engage the human senses; sight, hearing, taste, and
touch.

a. Visual imagery – the words used by the writer makes you imaginesee the scene.

b. Auditory imagery – the words used by the writer makes you hear.

c. Olfactory imagery – the words used by the writer makes you smell

d. Gustatory imagery – the words used by the writer makes you taste

e. Tactile imagery – the words used by the writer makes you touch

Theme - is the lesson about life or statement about human nature that the poem expresses.

So the different elements of poetry are prosody (rhythm and meter), rhyme and rhyme scheme,
figurative language, symbolism, imagery, and theme.