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Creating a .

NET Web Service in C#

Introduction
Microsoft .NET marketing has created a huge hype about its Web Services. This is
the first of two articles on Web Services. Here we will create a .NET Web Service
using C#. We will look closely at the Discovery protocol, UDDI, and the future of the
Web Services. In the next article, we will concentrate on consuming existing Web
Services on multiple platforms (i.e., Web, WAP-enabled mobile phones, and windows
applications).

Why do we need Web Services?

After buying something over the Internet, you may have wondered about the
delivery status. Calling the delivery company consumes your time, and it's also not a
value-added activity for the delivery company. To eliminate this scenario the delivery
company needs to expose the delivery information without compromising its
security. Enterprise security architecture can be very sophisticated. What if we can
just use port 80 (the Web server port) and expose the information through the Web
server? Still, we have to build a whole new Web application to extract data from the
core business applications. This will cost the delivery company money. All the
company wants is to expose the delivery status and concentrate on its core business.
This is where Web Services come in.

What is a Web Service?

Web Services are a very general model for building applications and can be
implemented for any operation system that supports communication over the
Internet. Web Services use the best of component-based development and the Web.
Component-base object models like Distributed Component Object Model (DCOM),
Remote Method Invocation (RMI), and Internet Inter-Orb Protocol (IIOP) have been
around for some time. Unfortunately all these models depend on an object-model-
specific protocol. Web Services extend these models a bit further to communicate
with the Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) and Extensible Markup Language
(XML) to eradicate the object-model-specific protocol barrier (see Figure 1).

Web Services basically uses Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and SOAP to make
business data available on the Web. It exposes the business objects (COM objects,
Java Beans, etc.) to SOAP calls over HTTP and executes remote function calls. The
Web Service consumers are able to invoke method calls on remote objects by using
SOAP and HTTP over the Web.

Figure 1. SOAP calls are remote function calls that invoke method executions on Web
Service components at Location B. The output is rendered as XML and passed
back to the user at Location A.

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How is the user at Location A aware of the semantics of the Web Service at Location
B? This question is answered by conforming to a common standard. Service
Description Language (SDL), SOAP Contract Language (SCL) and Network Accessible
Specification Language (NASSL) are some XML-like languages built for this purpose.
However, IBM and Microsoft recently agreed on the Web Service Description
Language (WSDL) as the Web Service standard.

The structure of the Web Service components is exposed using this Web Service
Description Language. WSDL 1.1 is a XML document describing the attributes and
interfaces of the Web Service. The new specification is available at
msdn.microsoft.com/xml/general/wsdl.asp.

The task ahead

The best way to learn about Web Services is to create one. We all are familiar with
stock quote services. The NASDAQ, Dow Jones, and Australian Stock Exchange are
famous examples. All of them provide an interface to enter a company code and
receive the latest stock price. We will try to replicate the same functionality.

The input parameters for our securities Web service will be a company code. The
Web service will extract the price feed by executing middle-tier business logic
functions. The business logic functions are kept to a bare minimum to concentrate on
the Web service features.

Tools to create a Web Service

The core software component to implement this application will be MS .NET


Framework SDK, which is currently in beta. You can download a version from
Microsoft. I used Windows 2000 Advance Server on a Pentium III with 300 MB of
RAM.

The preferred Integration Development Environment (IDE) to create Web Services is


Visual Studio .NET. However, you can easily use any text editor (WordPad, Notepad,
Visual Studio 6.0) to create a Web Service file.

I assume you are familiar with the following concepts:

• Basic knowledge of .NET platform


• Basic knowledge of C#
• Basic knowledge of object-oriented concepts

Creating a Web Service

We are going to use C# to create a Web Service called "SecurityWebService." A Web


Service file will have an .ASMX file extension. (as opposed to an .ASPX file extension
of a ASP.NET file). The first line of the file will look like

<%@ WebService Language="C#" class="SecurityWebService" %>

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This line will instruct the compiler to run on Web Service mode and the name of the
C# class. We also need to access the Web Service namespace. It is also a good
practice to add a reference to the System namespace.
using System;
using System.Web.Services;
The SecurityWebService class should inherit the functionality of the Web Services
class. Therefore, we put the following line of code:
public class SecurityWebService : WebService
Now we can use our object-oriented programming skills to build a class. C# classes
are very similar to C++ or Java classes. It will be a walk in the park to create a C#
class for anyone with either language-coding skills.

Dot-net Web Services are intelligent enough to cast basic data types. Therefore, if
we return "int," "float," or "string" data types, it can convert them to standard XML
output. Unfortunately, in most cases we need get a collection of data regarding a
single entity. Let's take an example.

Our SecurityWebService stock quotes service requires the user to enter a company
code, and it will deliver the full company name and the current stock price.
Therefore, we have three pieces of information for a single company:

1. Company code (data type - string)


2. Company name (data type - string)
3. Price (data type - Double)

We need to extract all this data when we are referring to a single stock quote. There
are several ways of doing this. The best way could be to bundle them in an
enumerated data type. We can use "structs" in C# to do this, which is very similar to
C++ structs.
public struct SecurityInfo
{
public string Code;
public string CompanyName;
public double Price;
}
Now we have all the building blocks to create our Web Service. Therefore, our code
will look like.

<%@ WebService Language="C#" class="SecurityWebService" %>

using System;
using System.Web.Services;

public struct SecurityInfo


{
public string Code;
public string CompanyName;
public double Price;
}

public class SecurityWebService : WebService


{
private SecurityInfo Security;

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public SecurityWebService()
{
Security.Code = "";
Security.CompanyName = "";
Security.Price = 0;
}

private void AssignValues(string Code)


{
// This is where you use your business components.
// Method calls on Business components are used to populate the data.
// For demonstration purposes, I will add a string to the Code and
// use a random number generator to create the price
feed.

Security.Code = Code;
Security.CompanyName = Code + " Pty Ltd";
Random RandomNumber = new System.Random();
Security.Price = double.Parse(new
System.Random(RandomNumber.Next(1,10)).NextDouble().Format("##.##",null));
}

[WebMethod(Description="This method call will get the company name and the price for
a given security code.",EnableSession=false)]
public SecurityInfo GetSecurityInfo(string Code)
{
AssignValues(Code);
SecurityInfo SecurityDetails = new SecurityInfo();
SecurityDetails.Code = Security.Code;
SecurityDetails.CompanyName = Security.CompanyName;
SecurityDetails.Price = Security.Price;
return SecurityDetails;
}

Remember, this Web Service can be accessed through HTTP for any use. We may be
referring to sensitive business data in the code and wouldn't want it to fall into the
wrong hands. The solution is to protect the business logic function and only have
access to the presentation functions. This is achieved by using the keyword "[Web
Method]" in C#. Let's look at the function headers of our code.
[WebMethod(Description="This......",EnableSession=false)]
public SecurityInfo GetSecurityInfo(string Code)
This function is exposed to the public. The "description" tag can be used to describe
the Web Service functionality. Since we will not be storing any session data, we will
disable the session state.
private void AssignValues(string Code)
This is a business logic function that should not be publicly available. We do not want
our sensitive business information publicly available on the Web. (Note:- Even if you
change the "private" keyword to "public," it will still not be publicly available. You
guessed it, the keyword "[Web Method]" is not used.)

We can use the business logic in this function to get the newest stock price quote.
For the purpose of this article I have added some text to the company code to create
the company name. The price value is generated using a random number generator.

We may save this file as "SampleService.asmx" under an Internet Information


Service (IIS)-controlled directory. I have saved it under a virtual directory called
"/work/aspx." I'll bring it up on a Web browser.
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This is a Web page rendered by the .NET Framework. We did not create this page.
(The page is generated automatically by the system. I did not write any code to
render it on the browser. This graphic is a by-product of the previous code.) This
ready-to-use functionality is quite adequate for a simple Web Service. The
presentation of this page can be changed very easily by using ASP.NET pagelets and
config.web files. A very good example can be found at
http://www.ibuyspy.com/store/InstantOrder.asmx.

Notice a link to "SDL Contract." (Even if we are using WSDL, .NET Beta still refers to
SDL. Hopefully this will be rectified in the next version). This is the description of the
Web Service to create a proxy object. (I will explain this in the next article.) This
basically gives an overview of the Web Service and it's public interface. If you look
closely, you will only see the "Web-only" methods being illustrated. All the private
functions and attributes are not described in the SDL contract. The SDL contract for
the SecurityWebService can be found in Appendix A.

How do we use a Web Service?

Now we can use this Web Service. Let's enter some values to get a bogus price feed.

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By clicking the Invoke button a new window will appear with the following XML
document

This is how the Web Service releases information. We need to write clients to extract
the information from the XML document. Theses clients could be

1. A Web page
2. A console / Windows application
3. A Wireless Markup Language (WML) / WMLScript to interact with mobile
phones
4. A Palm / Win CE application to use on Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs).

I will explain this process in the next article.

You can also call the Web Service directly using the HTTP GET method. In this case
we will not be going through the above Web page and clicking the Invoke button.
The syntax for directly calling the Web Service using HTTP GET is

http://server/webServiceName.asmx/functionName?parameter=parameterValue

Therefore, the call for our Web Service will be

http://localhost/work/aspx/SampleService.asmx/GetSecurityInfo?Code=IBM

This will produce the same result as clicking the Invoke button.

Now we know how to create a Web Service and use it. But the work is half done.
How will our clients find our Web Service? Is there any way to search for our Web
Service on the Internet? Is there a Web crawler or a Yahoo search engine for Web
Services? In order to answer these questions we need to create a "discovery" file for
our Web Service.

Creating a Discovery file

Web Service discovery is the process of locating and interrogating Web Service
descriptions, which is a preliminary step for accessing a Web Service. It is through
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the discovery process that Web Service clients learn that a Web Service exists, what
its capabilities are, and how to properly interact with it. Discovery file is a XML
document with a .DISCO extension. It is not compulsory to create a discovery file for
each Web Service. Here is a sample discovery file for our securities Web Service.

<?xml version="1.0" ?>


<disco:discovery
xmlns:disco="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/disco/">
<scl:contractRef
ref="http://localhost/work/aspx/SampleService.asmx?SDL"/>
</disco:discovery>
We can name this file "SampleService.disco" and save it to the same directory as the
Web Service. If we are creating any other Web Services under the "/work/aspx"
directory, it is wise to enable "dynamic discovery." Dynamic discovery will scan for
all the *.DISCO files in all the subdirectories of "/work/aspx" automatically.
<?xml version="1.0" ?>
<dynamicDiscovery xmlns="urn:schemas-
dynamicdiscovery:disco.2000-03-17">
</dynamicDiscovery>
An example of an active discovery file can be found at
http://services3.xmethods.net/dotnet/default.disco. By analyzing the discovery file
we can find where the Web Services reside in the system. Unfortunately both these
methods require you to know the exact URL of the discovery file. If we cannot find
the discovery file, we will not be able to locate the Web Services. Universal
Description, Discovery, and Integration (UDDI) describes mechanisms to advertise
existing Web Services. This technology is still at the infant stage. UDDI is an open,
Internet-based specification designed to be the building block that will enable
businesses to quickly, easily, and dynamically find and transact business with one
another using their preferred applications. A reference site for UDDI is
http://uddi.microsoft.com.

There have been a lot of Web Services written by developers. www.xmethods.com is


one of the sites that has an index of Web Services. Some developers are building
WSDL search engines to find Web Services on the Web.

Deploying a Web Service

Deploying the Web Services from development to staging or production is very


simple. Similar to ASP.NET applications, just copy the .ASMX file and the .DISCO files
to the appropriate directories, and you are in business.

The future of the Web Services

The future looks bright for the Web Service technology. Microsoft is not alone in the
race for Web Service technology. Sun and IBM are very interested. There are SOAP
toolkits available for Apache and Java Web servers. I believe Web Services needs a
bit of work, especially the Web Service discovery process. It is still very primitive.

On a positive note, Web Services have the potential to introduce new concepts to the
Web. One I refer to as "pay per view" architecture. Similar to pay-TV, we can build
Web sites that can generate revenue for each request a user sends (as opposed to a
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flat, monthly subscription). In order to get some data, we can sometimes pay a small
fee. Commercially this could be handy for a lot of people.

Examples

• Online newspaper sites can publish a 10-year-old article with a $2 "pay per
view" structure.
• Stock market portals can itemize every user portfolio for every single stock
quote and build pricing and discount structures.

And the list goes on ...

On a very optimistic note, Web Services can be described as the "plug and play"
building blocks of enterprise Business to Business (B2B) Web solutions.

What is SOAP?
SOAP is an XML-based protocol to let applications exchange information over HTTP.

Or more simple: SOAP is a protocol for accessing a Web Service.

• SOAP stands for Simple Object Access Protocol


• SOAP is a communication protocol
• SOAP is a format for sending messages
• SOAP is designed to communicate via Internet
• SOAP is platform independent
• SOAP is language independent
• SOAP is based on XML
• SOAP is simple and extensible
• SOAP allows you to get around firewalls
• SOAP is a W3C standard

Read more about SOAP on our Home page.

What is WSDL?
WSDL is an XML-based language for locating and describing Web services.

• WSDL stands for Web Services Description Language


• WSDL is based on XML
• WSDL is used to describe Web services
• WSDL is used to locate Web services
• WSDL is a W3C standard

Read more about WSDL on our Home page.

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What is UDDI?
UDDI is a directory service where companies can register and search for Web services.

• UDDI stands for Universal Description, Discovery and Integration


• UDDI is a directory for storing information about web services
• UDDI is a directory of web service interfaces described by WSDL
• UDDI communicates via SOAP
• UDDI is built into the Microsoft .NET platform

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