Pla+phb Blend Composite

The Second Thai-Japan Bioplastics and
Biobased Materials Symposium

(AIST - NIA Joint Symposium)
10 September 2010
Organized by
National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST, Japan)
National Innovation Agency (NIA, Thailand)
Kasetsart University (KU, Thailand)
Supported by
[JENESYS Program 2010]
JSPS Exchange Program for East Asian Young Researchers (Japan)
National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST, Japan)
National Innovation Agency (NIA, Thailand)
Scope
To create a sustainable society, biobased plastics produced from renewable resources
(biomass) and biodegradable plastics should be the critical materials in 21st century. The purpose
of this symposium is to overview the current research activities and global tends on bioplastics
(biobased and biodegradable plastics) and biobased materials and to promote these activities in
both countries. In addition researcher exchange between Thailand and Japan will be expected.
Topics
• Biobased polymers and biodegradable polymers
• Production of biomass-containing materials; adhesive, composite, and resin
• Conversion of biomass-related materials to monomers and polymers
• Biosyntheses of polymers; in vitro and in vivo
• Polymerization of biobased monomers
• Functional biobased polymers
• High performance bioplastics
• Processing of biobased polymers; blend, molding, and spinning
• Biodegradation evaluation
• Application

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54
Contents
Poster Presentation Abstracts
Session A: Fermentation and Monomer Production ............................................................. 17

Session B: Midstream and Intermediate Production ............................................................ 19
Session C: Processing and Application................................................................................. 25
Session D: Degradation and standards ................................................................................. 55
Powerpoint Presentations
I-1 Overview of AIST

Dr. Seichi Aiba ............................................................................................................... 63
I-2 New Pretreatment System of Biomass and Hyperthermophilic Cellulases
Dr. Kazuhiko Ishikawa .................................................................................................. 65
I-3 Prospect of Biochemical Conversion of Agricultural Wastes to Sugars
and Value-add Products
Dr. Kazuhiko Ishikawa .................................................................................................. 79
I-4 Microbial Production of Glyceric and from Raw Glycerol and its
Application to Bioplastics
Dr. Tokuma Fukuoka ..................................................................................................... 95
I-5 Fully Biomass-based Poly (Butylenes Succinate) Synthesized from Furfural
and its Certification by Accelerated Mass Spectrometry
Dr. Masao Kunioka ..................................................................................................... 107
I-6 Production of Propylene from Bio-ethanol
Dr. Tadahiro Fujitani ...................................................................................................... 121
I-7 Processing of Bio-based Polyesters into High-performance fibers
Prof. Hideki Yamane .................................................................................................... 133
I-8 Optimization of Lactic Acid Fermentation from Local Raw Materials
Using a Highly Effective Bacterial Strain
Dr. Sureelak Rodtong .................................................................................................. 153
I-9 Lactide Synthesis and Polymerization Using Novel Catalyst
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Winita Punyodom ............................................................................. 167
I-10 Bio-Succinate: Metabolic Engineering Approach for its Sustainable
Production in Thailand
Dr. Kaemwich Jantama ................................................................................................ 183
The Second Thai-Japan Bioplastics and
Biobased Materials Symposium
Poster Presentations
No. Ref. No Title Aurthor Organization

Session A: Fermentation and Monomer Production
1. A-1 Production of Poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate Kanjana Viwatrungruangdee Silpakorn University

(PHB) by a Novel Thermophilic Bacteria
Dactylosporangium sp. M2.2
2. A-2 Metabolic Flux Analysis of Metabolic Kaemwich Jantama Suranaree University of
Engineered Escherichia coli that Produced Technology
Succinate during Anaerobic Fermentation
3. A-3 Production of Succinate From Microbial Maytawadee Saengproo Suranaree University of
Anaerobic Fermentation Technology
4. A-4 Production of Poly-β-Hydroxybutyrate by Vichai Leelavatcharamas Khon Kaen University
Ralstonia solanacearum RS 20 in Batch Culture
5. A-5 High Cell Density Cultivation of Cupriavidus sp. Pensri Plangklang Khon Kaen University
KKU38 for Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB)
Production from Cassava Starch Hydrolysate
6. A-6 An Economical D-Lactic Acid Production from Walaiporn Timbuntam Kasetsart University
Various Substrates in Sugar Manufacturing Process
7. A-7 The Production of Polyhydroxybutyrate from Suphat Chomjhai King Mongkut’s University
a Newly Bacterial Isolate, Strain I-14 of Technology North Bangkok
8. A-8 Purification of D-(-)-Lactic Acid from Apichat Boontawan Suranaree University of
Fermentation Broth Using Esterification, Technology
Distillation and Hydrolysis Technique
9. A-9 Conversion of Glycerol into Kanokporn Sompornpailin King Mongkut’s Institute of
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) Using Technology Ladkrabang
Bacterial Metabolism
10. A-10 Potential Bacterial Strains for D-Lactic Acid Sureelak Rodtong Suranaree University of
Production from Tapioca Starch Technology
Session B: Midstream and Intermediate Production
11. B-1 Synthesis and Characterization of Polylactide- Chantiga Choochottiros Inha University
Poly(methyl methacrylate) Copolymer by
Combining of ROP and AGET ATRP
12. B-2 Synthesis and Characterization of tin(II) Khamphee Phomphrai Mahidol University
Complexes Derived from 9-BBN for the
Polymerization of Cyclic Esters
13. B-3 Route to High Molecular Weight of Poly Bongkoch Nonthaboonlert National Metal and Materials
(lactic acid) by Solid State Polymerization Technology Center
14. B-4 Synthesis and Crosslinking ofLactide (LA)/ Wilairat Supmak National Metal and Materials
Glycidyl Methacrylate (GMA) Copolymers Technology Center
Session C: Processing and Applications
15. C-1 The Development of Mulch Film from Tarinee Nampitch Kasetsart University
Natural Rubber and Poly (lactic acid)
16. C-2 Preparation and Characterizations of PLA Krisana Siralertmukul Chulalongkorn University
Composite Loaded Hydrophobic Chitosan:
Melt Mixing and Solution Mixing
AIST - NIA Joint Symposium 5

17. C-3 Bio-packaging Film from Poly (lactic acid) Piyawan Pukpanta Mahidol University
Blends and Composites
18. C-4 Green Composite Film of Polylactic Acid and Duangdao Aht-Ong Chulalongkorn University
Microcrystalline Cellulose
19. C-5 Mechanical Properties of Polylactic acid/ Arpaporn Teamsinsungvon Suranaree University of
Poly(butylenes adipate-co-terephthalate)/ Technology
Calcium Carbonate Composites
20. C-6 The Study of Using Glycidyl Methacrylate Punmanee Juntuek Suranaree University of
Grafted Natural Rubber as an Impact Modifier Technology
of Polylactic Acid
21. C-7 Effect of Antioxidant Contents on Water Wirongrong Tongdeesoontorn Chiang Mai University
Vapor Transmission Rate and Sorption
Isotherm of Cassava Starch-Carboxymethyl
Cellulose (CMC) Films
22. C-8 Electrospun Nanofibrous Tissue Scaffold Jackapon Sunthornvarabhas National Center for Genetic
Engineering and Biotechnology
23. C-9 Toughness Improvement by Blending Chutamas Maneewong Kasetsart University
Polyhydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate
with Natural Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis)
24. C-10 Properties and Processing of Glutinous Rice Napawan Kositruangchai Chiang Mai University
Starch Foam Added Natural Fiber
25. C-11 Effect of Particle Size on Mechanical Properties Roungrong Thongtan Kasetsart University
of Biobased Composite from Oil Palm Waste
26. C-12 Effect of Corn Husk and Rice Straw Pulp Suphat Kamthai Chiang Mai University
Mixing Ratio on Carboxymethylcellulose
(CMC) Film Properties
27. C-13 Development of Rice Straw Jurmkwan Sungsuwan Chiang Mai University
Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) Film Properties
for Anti-anthracnose Fungi in Economic Fruits
28. C-14 Preparation of Polylactide/Organoclay Siriwan Phattanarudee Chulalongkorn University

Nanocomposite Latexes
29. C-15 Fabrication and Characterization of Sirisart Ouajai King Mongkut’s University
Melt Spun Poly(lactic acid) Fiber of Technology North Bangkok
30. C-16 Poly(lactic acid) Composite Film for Coatings Nantana Jiratumnukul Chulalongkorn University
31. C-17 Natural Coloration of Poly(lactic acid) by Prapaporn Ngenkrathok Silpakorn University
Natural Dyed Aluminium Silicate Powder
32. C-18 Eco-friendly Binder System for Powder Nutthita Chuankrerkkul Chulalongkorn University
Injection Moulding
33. C-19 Fabrication of Stearyl-Chitosan Nanoparticle by Thitirat Rattanawongwiboon Kasetsart University

Nanoscale Radiation Induction: An Approach for
Green Bio-based Additive for Polylactic Acid
34. C-20 Thermoplastic Starch-based Materials for Nattaporn Khanoonkon Kasetsart University
Packaging: Preparation and Compounding
35. C-21 Thermoplastic Starch-based Material for Sarekha Woranuch Kasetsart University
Flexible Packaging
36. C-22 Thermoplastic Starch-based Materials for Sumana Kunathan Kasetsart University
Rigid Packaging
37. C-23 Preparation of Poly(lactide)-β-Poly(butadiene)- Na-Youn Kim Inha University
β -Poly(lactide) for PLA Impact Modifiers
6 The Second Thai-Japan Bioplastics and Biobased Materials Symposium

38. C-24 Effects of MA-g-PLA compatibilizer on Sutawan Buchatip National Metal and Materials
PLLA/Starch Blending Technology Center
39. C-25 Morphology and Properties of Polylactic Acid/ Natphichon Budtri Suranaree University of
Thermoplastic Starch Blends Technology
40. C-26 Mechanical, Thermal and Rheological Kwan-ho Seo Kyungpook National
Properties of Modified Poly lactic acid University
41. C-27 Enhancement of Miscibility between Piyawanee Jariyasakoolroj Chulalongkorn University
Poly (lactic acid) and Starch Surface
Modified with Silane Coupling Agents
42. C-28 Conjugating Starch on Poly(butylene succinate): Kanitporn Suchao-in Chulalongkorn University
A Simple Approach to Prepare PBS Masterbatch
Session D: Degradation and Standards
43. D-1 Biodegradability test of PLA-based Composites Napakarn Kawee Kasetsart University
by ISO 14855-2
44. D-2 A Comparison of Life Cycle Environmental Unchalee Suwanmanee Kasetsart University
Impact of Polylactic Acid and Polystyrene Trays
45. D-3 Application of Life Cycle Assessment Pomthong Malakul National Metal and Materials
Technique to Polylactic Acid (PLA) and Technology Center
its Products Produced in Thailand
46. D-4 Biodegradation of PLA and PLA/Starch Blends in Yosita Rudeekit National Metal and Materials
Landfill and Controlled Composting Conditions Technology Center
47. D-5 Determination of the Aerobic Biodegradability Pongsak Siriyota National Metal and Materials
of Polylactic Acid and Starch Co-Extruded Technology Center
Material in an Aqueous Medium
48. D-6 Control of Biodegradability of Poly(butylene Yuya Tachibana National Institute of Advanced
succinate) by Addition of Cellulose Acetate Industrial Science and
Butyrate Technology
49. D-7 Biomass Carbon Ratio of Polymer Products Masahiro Funabashi National Institute of Advanced
Measured by Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Industrial Science and
Technology
Session: A
Fermentation and Monomer Production

A-1
Production of Poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) by a Novel

Thermophilic Bacteria Dactylosporangium sp. M2.2
Kanjana Viwatrungruangdee1, Sathita Phol-in1, Witsanu Srila1, Tippaporn
Sophonpattanakit1, Adisak Jaturapiree1, and Phimchanok Jaturapiree1,*
1
Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering and Industrial Technology, Silpakorn
University, Muang, Nakhon Pathom 73000 Thailand (E-mail: phimchanok@hotmail.com)
2
Faculty of Industrial Technology, Phranakhon Rajabhat University, Bangkhen, Bangkok
10220 Thailand
Abstract
A short rod-shaped and gram-positive bacterium (designated strain M2.2) able

to accumulate PHB was isolated from soil samples at Maekhachan hot spring, Chiang
Rai province, Thailand. The partial nucleotide sequence 16S rDNA indicated that the
strain M2.2 showed a high similarity to Dactylosporangium sp. The effects of selected
carbon sources: glucose, lactose, glycerol, butyric acid and acetic acid on the
production of PHB were determined. It was found that the optimum medium for PHB
production of M2.2 consisted of glycerol (0.2%), lactose (1.0%) and glucose (3.0%)
with PHB concentrations of 42.81, 11.20 and 1.57 mg/l, respectively. The bacterium
M2.2 could not grow or accumulate PHB when using butyric acid or acetic acid as
sole carbon source.
Keywords: PHB, Carbon source, Thermophilic bacteria, Dactylosporangium sp.

A-2
Metabolic Flux Analysis of Metabolic Engineered Escherichia

coli that Produced Succinate during Anaerobic Fermentation
Kaemwich Jantama1, Spyros A. Svoronos2, and Lonnie O. Ingram3

1
School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of
Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand 30000 (kaemwich@sut.ac.th)
2
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
3
Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
USA
Abstract
Metabolic flux analysis (MFA) was performed to assess the distribution of

intracellular metabolites during anaerobic metabolism of Escherichia coli strains
when glucose concentration was varied. Batch experiments were conducted with a
wild type of E. coli and four succinate-producing strains constructed previously in
order to establish how metabolic fluxes changed as a result of gene deletions and
metabolic evolution. The flux through pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex was
added to the classical anaerobic fermentation pathways, and mutants lacking pyruvate
formate-lyase (PFLB) increased the flux through this pathway to produce NADH
required for succinate production. Also, the mutants utilized phosphoenolpyruvate
synthase (PPS) to convert pyruvate produced during glucose phosphorylation back to
phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP). This provided additional PEP utilized for producing
succinate. Three mutants had pflB deleted, and these exhibited considerably higher
flux to oxaloacetate (OAA). Increased glucose concentration did not affect the fluxes
significantly, other than decreasing lactate production for the wild type from low to
lower levels and decreasing the flux to biomass for the mutant strains. ATP generation
was also studied. The wild type and a pflB+ mutant had ATP yield close to the
maximum theoretical values. However, the pflB- mutants had very low ATP yield. It
is hypothesized that the strains may activate some unknown ATP generating
pathways.
Keywords: MFA, Escherichia coli, Succinate, PDH

A-3
Production of Succinate From Microbial

Anaerobic Fermentation
Maytawadee Saengproo, Sitha Chan, and Kaemwich Jantama
School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of

Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand 30000 (kaemwich@sut.ac.th)
Abstract
Succinate is an intermediate produced in the metabolic pathway of several

anaerobic and facultative microorganisms. Many bacteria have a natural ability to
produce succinate as a major fermentation product. Rumen bacteria such as
Actinobacillus succinogenes, Anaerobiospirillum succiniciproducens and
Mannheimia succinoproducens can produce at high rates (up to 4 g/l-h) with
impressive titers of succinate (300-900 mM) and high yields (>1.1 mol
succinate/glucose). Electrodialysis, sparging with CO2, cell recycle, and batch feeding
were combined. However, these natural producers require complex media, which add
cost associated with production, purification, and waste disposal. Since E. coli
exhibits fast growth, is able to grow in the minimal medium, and many genetic
techniques can be applied, it is a target microorganism to be developed for practical
succinate production. In the past decade, many groups have been studying extensively
to obtain high production yield of succinate by metabolic engineering of E. coli
strains. The native genes of central anaerobic metabolism were eliminated from
chromosomal DNA of E. coli. To obtain high succinic acid yield, the carbon flux
through the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylation route should be active rather than that
through pyruvate. Other genes involved in producing organic acids other than
succinate should be inactivated then the strain channels the phosphoenolpyruvate to
succinate.
Keywords: Metabolic engineering, Rumen bacteria, Fermentation, Succinate

A-4
Production of Poly-E-Hydroxybutyrate by Ralstonia

solanacearum RS 20 in Batch Culture
Vichai Leelavatcharamas1, Jantima Teeka2, Vanla Dittapongpitch3and Sanha Panichajakul2
1
Fermentation Research Center for Value Added Agricultural Products (FerVAAP), Faculty
of Technology, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
2
Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Technology, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen,
Thailand
3
Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen,
Thailand
Abstract
Among 70 isolates of Ralstonia solonacearum, R. solonacearum RS20

exhibited the highest poly-E-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) accumulation. Optimum
conditions for PHB production of R. solonacearum RS20 in shaking flask were
studied. R. solonacearum RS20 showed the highest amount of polyester when
cultured at 30 qC, pH 7 and shaking speed of 300 rpm. Among 6 carbon sources,
glucose was the suitable carbon source for the polyester production. The optimum
C/N ratio in mineral medium for PHB production was 1 g/l ammonium hydrogen
phosphate per 40 g/l glucose. Effects of carboxylic acid, which were butyric acid,
propionic acid and valeric acid, on growth and co-polyester accumulation of R.
solonacearum RS20 were also examined. It was found that only 3 Hydroxybutyrate
monomer was obtained. Thus, it was possible that R. solonacearum RS20 could not
utilize propionic acid and valeric acid as precursor for co-polyester production.
Keywords: Poly-E-Hydroxybutyrate, co-polyester, Ralstonia solanacearum

A-5
High Cell Density Cultivation of Cupriavidus sp.

KKU38 for Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) Production
from Cassava Starch Hydrolysate
Pensri Plangklang1, Mullika Teerakul1, Mallika Boonme1 and Alissara Reungsang1,2*
1
Department of Biotechnology, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002 Thailand
2
Fermentation Research Center for Value Added Agricultural Products, Khon Kaen
University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
* Correspondence author: E-mail: reungsang4@gmail.com
Abstract
This study investigated the high cell density cultivation of Cupriavidus sp.
KKU38 for polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) production from cassava starch hydrolysate
in fed-batch and repeated fed-batch mode. The fed-batch experiment with the
exponential feeding mode was conducted. The high cell density of 74 g/L and the
PHB productivities of 1.81 g/L.h were obtained with the PHB content of 64%. The
PHB production in repeated-fed-batch was further investigated under phosphorus-
limited condition. The pulse followed by exponential feeding was conducted in each
repeated feeding period to provide the optimal condition for both biomass production
and PHB accumulation of KKU38. The results indicated that the high cell density of
110 g/L could be obtained with the biomass and PHB productivities of 2.94 and 2.16
g/L.h, respectively. The biomass and PHB yields of 0.34 g-cell/g-sugar consumed and
0.25-g PHB/g-sugar consumed with the PHB content of 74% were achieved.
However, the growth rate of KKU38 was found to decrease when the high cell
density was achieved. The product inhibition and/or the decrease in the dissolved
oxygen level in the culture broth might cause these effects.
Keywords: Polyhydroxyalkanoates, Cupriavidus KKU38, Cassava starch,

Fed-batch
A-6
An Economical D-Lactic Acid Production from Various

Substrates in Sugar Manufacturing Process
Walaiporn Timbuntam1, Yutaka Tokiwa2, Pipat Weerathaworn3 and Klanarong Sriroth1,*
1
Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University,
Bangkok, Thailand
2
National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST),
Tsukuba Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
3
Mitr Phol Sugarcane Research Centre, Phukieo, Chaiyaphum, Thailand
* Author for correspondence (Fax: 662-940-5634; E-mail: aapkrs@ku.ac.th)
Abstract
Poly (lactic acid) (PLA), a kind of biodegradable polymer, is a potential

environmentally friendly substitution of non-biodegradable plastics derived from
petrochemicals. Recently, D-lactic acid has the potential to improve the mechanical
and thermal characteristics of PLA by the equimolar blend of Poly (L-lactic acid)
(PLLA) and Poly (D-lactic acid) (PDLA) called stereocomplex. Nevertheless, the D-
lactic acid is still more expensive because of limitation of producer and high
production cost. To reduce the cost, the inexpensive raw materials from the sugar
manufacturing process such as refined sugar, raw sugar, primary juice, mixed juice,
clarified juice, raw syrup and molasses, were demonstrated for the production of D-
lactic acid in this study. The initial sugar concentration was conducted at 100 g/l
which illustrated high sucrose content. The results showed that the well-performing
bacteria selection Lactobacillus sp. TOKAMI 9 is efficiency produced D-lactic acid
from raw syrup and molasses. The D-lactic acid production, %yield and productivity
of raw syrup are 96 g/l, 88.3% and 3.21 g/l.h, respectively. In case of molasses, the 88
g/l of D-lactic acid is produced with the %yield and productivity are 82.1% and 1.83
g/l.h, respectively. It can assume that sugar industry could be a potential producer for
economical production of the D-lactic acid from sugarcane raw syrup and molasses at
a commercial scale.
A-7
The Production of Polyhydroxybutyrate from

a Newly Yeast Isolate, Strain I-14
Suphat Chomchai and Rotsaman Chongcharoen*
Department of Agro-Industrial Technology, Faculty of Applied Science, King Mongkut’s

University of Technology, North Bangkok (KMUTNB), Thailand (E-mail: rcr@kmutnb.ac.th)
Abstract
A yeast strain I-14, isolated from food industrial wastewater, was tested for the
accumulation of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) along with known PHB producers,
Alcaligenes latus ATCC 29714 and Alcaligenes eutrophus ATCC 17699. From
preliminary studies in flask-scale culture, it was found that nitrogen source and
rotational speed affected growth and the accumulation of PHB in both A. latus and
strain I-14. The cell and PHB concentrations of strain I-14, grown on basal medium
(BMM) with 20 g/l of glucose and 2 g/l (NH4)2SO4, were 6.19 and 5.25 g/l,
respectively. In addition, the glucose-grown strain I-14 showed greater PHB content
of 84.7% (w/w), in comparison to that of glucose-grown A. latus. However, the cell
concentration of A. eutrophus, grown under the same condition, increased about
2-fold with relatively low glucose conversion to PHB. Strain I-14 was also grown on
20g/l glucose + maltose (80:20). It was found that the concentration of cell and PHB
obtained was 5.98 and 4.05 g/l, respectively, while the percent content of PHB
decreased to 78% (w/w), as compared to that obtained from applying glucose alone.
When maltodextrin was used as a carbon source, cell concentration of 5.11 g/l was
obtained with markedly almost 100% (w/w) PHB accumulation.
Keywords: polyhydroxybutyrate, PHB producer, Alcaligenes latus, Alcaligenes

eutrophus, batch culture
A-8
Purification of D-(-)-Lactic Acid from Fermentation Broth Using

Esterification, Distillation and Hydrolysis Technique
Apichat Boontawan1, and Weerasak Leartsiriyothin2
1
Biofuel Production from Biomass Research Unit, School of Biotechnology, Institute of
Agricultural Technology, (E-mail: apichat@sut.ac.th)
2
School of Agricultural Engineering, Institute of Engineering, Suranaree University of
Technology, 111 University Avenue, Muang district, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
Abstract
Esterification reactions of D-(-)-lactic acid with anhydrous ethanol were carried out to
synthesize ethyl lactate with the objective to purify D-(-)-lactic acid from other impurities.
Sulfuric acid was used as the catalyst. Esterification reaction is characterized by
thermodynamic limitation on conversion because of the water formation. Consequently,
higher esterification yield and volumetric productivity can be obtained by shifting the reaction
toward product formation by continuous removal of water. Hybrid processes such as reactive
distillation coupling with dehydration processes instead of using only a large excess of
anhydrous ethanol is very attractive. In order to increase economic viability of the process, the
concept of dual fermentation biorefineries for production and purification of lactic acid was
introduced. Cassava was used as the main carbon source for both lactic and ethanol
production processes. For D-(-)-lactic acid process, the fermentation broth was evaporated
until the water content reduced to approximately 25% prior to start the esterification reaction.
In anhydrous ethanol production, the fermentation broth was processed in our laboratory by
using a patented distillation column followed by vapor permeation and pressure swing
adsorption (PSA). With the combination of these powerful dehydration techniques, the purity
of ethanol was increased to as high as 99.99% by weight. In addition, these dehydration units
were employed to remove water generated from esterification reactions with the main
objective of recycling ethanol back to the esterification process. In comparison, the
productivity and conversion yield of esterification reaction were significantly increased when
the reaction was coupled with a reactive distillation system. The effect of several process
variables such as feed-ethanol ratios, water feed concentrations, and catalyst concentrations
on purification performance were investigated. Experimental result revealed that
approximately 100% conversion yield was conveniently achieved within 6 hours of operation
by repeated addition of anhydrous ethanol accompanied by removal of water by the means of
distillation. Subsequently, hydrolysis of ethyl lactate with double distilled water yielded more
than 95% optical purity of D-(-)-lactic acid.
Keywords: D-Lactic acid, Ethanol, Esterification, Distillation, Hydrolysis.

A-9
Conversion of Glycerol into Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs)

Using Bacterial Metabolism
Kanokporn Sompornpailin 1, 2and Tanapong Kasemsuk1
1
College of KMITL Nanotechnology, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang,
Bangkok 10520, Thailand (E-mail: kskanokp@kmitl.ac.th)
2
ThEP Center, CHE, 328 Si Ayutthaya Road, Bangkok 10400
Abstract
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) have produced as energy storage

macromolecules in many species of bacteria. These natural PHAs are being
substituted for petroleum-derived polymers however a fermentation processing for the
PHA productions is more expensive. The excess glycerol generated as a byproduct
from biodiesel production has become an alternative carbon source. In this
experiment, two bacterial strains (Alcaligenes latus and Cuprividus necator) were
used in two stage cultures. The fresh cells were collected from A. latus and C.
necator cultures used glucose as carbon source at 24 h and transferred into PHA
production medium with glycerol or sugars (glucose and sucrose). C. necator shows
the better in growth and PHA production in all tested carbon media. Both strains of
bacteria cultured in sugar media present the fresh cell production and PHB production
rates better than those in glycerol. The characterization of gene involved in glycerol
conversion into PHAs and the developments of high potential bacterial strains will be
a trend in the reduction cost of PHA production.
Keywords: Polyhydroxyalkanoates, PHAs, Glycerol, Alcaligenes latus, Cuprividus

necator
A-10
Potential Bacterial Strains for D-Lactic Acid Production

from Tapioca Starch
Sureelak Rodtong, Sudarat Pramkaew, and Aiyara Pananu
School of Microbiology, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon

Ratchasima, Thailand (E-mail: sureelak@sut.ac.th)
Abstract
D-Lactic acid has been of interest to be used in bioplastics industry since it can
be used to synthesize poly(D-lactic acid) that can improve the thermostability of
poly(L-lactic acid), the main component of biodegradable plastics. Potential
microorganisms are still desirable for the production of optically pure D-lactic acid.
Two starch-utilizing lactic acid bacterial strains isolated from their habitats in
Thailand, could produce D-lactic acid with >99.9% optical purity from tapioca starch,
a cheap raw material. Conditions for growth and lactic acid production of the two
strains were initially investigated. The suitable medium was found to compose of
tapioca starch, tryptone, and spent brewer’s yeast as main ingredients. The two
bacterial strains had their specific growth rates (μmax) of 0.89 and 0.93 h-1, when
cultivated in 5 L fermentation medium containing 20 and 30 g/L tapioca starch,
respectively, in a 6.6 L bioreactor at 35°C. And D-lactic acid yields of 14.56 and
19.76 g/L (YLA/S, of 73.0 and 66.51%), respectively, with >99.9% optical purity were
achieved at 48 h of cultivation. Results from this study reveal that these bacterial
strains have their potential to directly produce high optical purity of D-lactic acid from
tapioca starch.
Keywords: Lactic acid bacteria, D-Lactic acid, Tapioca starch

(.)
54
Session: B
Midstream and Intermediate Production

B-1
Synthesis and Characterization of

Polylactide-Poly(methyl methacrylate) Copolymer
by Combining of ROP and AGET ATRP
Chantiga Choochottiros and In-Joo Chin*
Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 402-751,

KOREA
Abstract
Polylactide (PLA) is a thermoplastic, high-strength, high-modulus polymer

that can be made from annually renewable resources to yield articles for use in either
the industrial packaging field or the biocompatible/bioabsorbable medical device
market. Conventional method to prepare PLA is ring-opening polymerization by
using Sn(II)2-ethylhexanoate (Sn(oct)2) as initiator. Molecular weight of PLA is 9765
g/mol (Pdl 1.69) and 7567 (Pdl 1.18) as determined by GPC. PLA was functionalized
with 2-bromoisobutyryl bromide to active PLA chain end as v-bromo carbonyl group,
which was used to initiate polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA). Atom
transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) is one of the most successful control/living
radical polymerization (CRP). However, ATRP has some limitations. Since ATRP is
initiated by redox reaction between an initiator with a radically transferable atom or
group and a catalyst complex comprising a transition metal compound in a lower
oxidation state, the transition metal complexes can be easily oxidized to higher
oxidation state. An Activator generated by electron transfer for ATRP (AGET
ATRP) overcome this limitation by applying Sn(oct)2 to generate in-situ reduction.
PLA-PMMA copolymer was succeeded as characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, DSC
and TGA.
Keywords: lactide, atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), methyl

methacrylate (MMA), PLA-PMMA copolymer, impact modifier
B-2
Synthesis and Characterization of tin(II) Complexes Derived

from 9-BBN for the Polymerization of Cyclic Esters
Khamphee Phomphrai*,and Parichart Piromjitpong
Center for Catalysis, Department of Chemistry and Center for Innovation in Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand (E-mail: sckpp@mahidol.ac.th)
Abstract
Polymers derived from cyclic esters such as lactide, glycolide, and H-

caprolactone have received considerable attentions due to their biocompatibility and
biodegradability. The polymerizations can be catalyzed using various metal
complexes such as Zn, Ca, Mg, Fe, Sn, Al, La, and Ti. Tin(II) 2-ethylhexanoate has
been used commercially as a catalyst due to its high solubility and stability in the
molten monomers despite the low activity compared to other metal complexes. Thus,
a search of more active tin(II) complexes is needed. In this work, a series of bidentate
ligands (L) derived from 9-BBN (9-Borabicyclo(3.3.1)nonane) are synthesized. They
form complex with tin(II) giving a compound in a general formula L2Sn. These
compounds will be tested for catalytic activity in the polymerization of cyclic esters.
Keywords: Tin(II) complexes, Catalyst, Polymerization

B-3
Route to High Molecular Weight of Poly (lactic acid)

by Solid State Polymerization
Bongkoch Nonthaboonlert, Atitsa Petchsuk and Kongkiat Kongsuwan
National Metal and Materials Technology Center (MTEC)

114 Thailand Science Park, Paholyothin RD., Klong Luang, Pathumthani, Thailand 12120
Abstract
Generally, PLA can be produced by several methods. Melt polycondensation

is the least expensive process to produce PLA. Disadvantage of this method, can only
produce low and medium molecular weight product because of the limit of an
increased melt viscosity and operating temperature. As a result, solid state
polymerization (SSP) is an alternative route to increase molecular weight of
poly(lactic acid). This process involves heating solid powder of low and medium
molecular weight of poly(lactic acid) to the temperature higher than the glass
transition (Tg), but lower than the onset of melting temperature (Tm) so as to make the
end groups mobile enough to react and removal by products from the surface of the
materials under reduced pressure. The advantages of solid state polymerization, which
control over the side reactions as well as thermal, reduce discoloration and
degradation of product. Solid state polymers often have improved properties, because
monomer cyclisation and other side reactions are limited. There is practically no
environment pollution, because no solvent is required.
The aim of this research is to increase molecular weight of PLA which
produced from melt polycondensation by solid state method. Various molecular
weight of PLA, denoted as low (3000, 5000 Da), medium (10000, 15000 Da) and high
(25000 Da) were studied. The solid state post polycondenzation was conducted at
170oC for 30 h to obtain a high polymer without discoloration. From GPC result, it
revealed that the molecular weight of low, medium and high molecular weight PLA
can be increased by 6-7 times, 3-4 times and 1 time respectively. These results could
be attributed to higher content of reactive functional end group (-OH and –COOH) of
low molecular weight PLA than that of medium and high molecular weight PLA
resulting in higher possibilities in connecting polymer chains.
Keywords: Solid state polymerization, High molecular weight PLA, Polylactic acid
B-4
Synthesis and Crosslinking of Lactide (LA)/Glycidyl

Methacrylate (GMA) Copolymers
Wilairat Supmak1, Atitsa Petchsuk1*, Pramuan Tangboriboonrat3,
Wanwipa Siriwatwechakul2 and Pakorn Opaprakasit2*
1
National Metal and Materials Technology Center (MTEC), Pathum Thani 12120 Thailand
2
School of Bio-Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sirindhorn International Institute of
Technology (SIIT), Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12121 Thailand
3
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400 Thailand
Abstract
PLA is biodegradable aliphatic polyester, with high strength and high

modulus. However, some of its properties, such as thermal stability, toughness and
gas-barrier, are still not satisfactory for various end-use applications. Many
approaches were performed to improve these properties, such as stereocomplexation
with PDLA to improve thermal properties (melting temperature increased around
50qC), blending with other polymers or inorganic materials to improve mechanical
properties, and copolymerization with other polymers to obtain random, block or
branch copolymers in order to improve their thermal and mechanical properties.
Copolymerization of lactide with functional comonomers is one of the most
interesting approaches, not only to improve their properties, but also to provide
functionalities, especially unsaturated groups which can be used as crosslink junction
to form thermoset polyester. Glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) is a commercially
interesting functional monomer because of the presence dual functionality, containing
both epoxy and methacrylic groups. Epoxy is used in a polymerization process and
subsequently methacrylic group is intended for a crosslinking process. Therefore, the
objective of this study are focused on synthesize functional copolymers of LA and
GMA by ring opening polymerization and investigate parameters affecting the
crosslinking process of LA/GMA copolymer. The chemical structure and polymer
composition were characterized by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
(NMR). Thermal properties characterized by Differential Scanning Calorimeter
(DSC). The molecular weights and molecular weight distribution were determined
using a Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC).
GMA compositions in feed is varies from 2 – 30 mol%. The results from NMR
indicate that GMA comonomer is successfully introduced into PLA polymer chain via
ring opening polymerization using Sn(Oct)2 catalyst. Properties of copolymer varied
from amorphous to semicrystalline polymer with melting temperature in the range of
113-154qC. Crosslinking of the resulting copolymer is then studied by conventional
radical reaction using benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as a curing agent. The copolymer with
6.9 mol% GMA is used to study effects of curing parameters, such as crosslinking
time and temperature, on % gel content of the cured polyester network. In case of %
gel content, it was found that the highest % gel content is obtained when the LA/GMA
copolymer is cured at 120qC for 1 h.
Keywords: Lactide, Glycidyl methacrylate, Copolymer, Crosslink process, % Gel content

(.)
54
Session: C
Processing and Applications

C-1
The Development of Mulch Film from Natural Rubber

and Poly (lactic acid)
Tarinee Nampitch1* and Rathanawan Magaraphan2

1
Department of Packaging Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University
(Email: fagitnn@ku.ac.th)
2
The Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Chulalongkorn University
Abstract
The objective of this work was to study the production of a new biodegradable
mulch film. As a result of increasing problems with regards to disposal of domestic
waste, particularly plastics, a new class of polymers especially designed to be
biodegradable, has been undergoing development. However, biodegradable plastics
still have a limitation, i.e. high cost. In this research work, how to lower the cost of
biodegradable plastic and improve some properties by using epoxidized natural rubber
as secondary polymer for polymer blends, was studied. Thus, the polymer blend of
poly (lactic acid) (PLA) and epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) was intended for use as
agricultural mulch film. The heat stabilizer and UV absorber were added to increase
UV resistance of this product. The mulch film were fabricated by using a twin-screw
extruder followed by a chill roll cast film extruder. The ratios of PLA and ENR
investigated are 50/50, 60/40, 70/30, 80/20 and 90/10. The mechanical, thermal and
morphological properties including the thickness, opacity and density of the
biodegradable mulch film was evaluated and compared to traditional polyethylene
film.
Keywords: Biodegradable plastics, Polymer blends, Poly (lactic acid) (PLA),

Epoxidized natural rubber (ENR), Mulch film
C-2
Preparation and Characterizations of PLA Composite Loaded

Hydrophobic Chitosan: Melt mixing and Solution mixing
Krisana Siralertmukul1, Phiangrawee Noknoi2,and Kawee Srikulkit2
1
Metallurgy and Materials Science Research Institute Chulalongkorn University,
Bangkok 10330, Thailand (E-mail: krisana.s@chula.ac.th)
2
Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University,
Bangkok, Thailand
Abstract
Hydrophobic chitosan, HBCS was prepared as additive filler for polylactic

acid, PLA, film. HBCS was prepared by a mechanical mixing of aqueous chitosan
with sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate using the chitosan to dioctyl sulfosuccinate (ratio
of 1:3). The resultant HBCS was further mixed with poly(lactic acid) using solution
mixing and melt mixing method. From solution mixing, PLA to HBCS ratios of 90:
10, 80: 20 and 75: 25 were employed. ATR/FTIR spectra of HBCS revealed that the
hydroxyl group on the surface of hydrophobic chitosan markedly decreased,
indicating an increased hydrophobicity as a result of the coverage of dioctyl
sulfosuccinate. From the DSC results, PLA/HBCS exhibited two peaks of melting
temperatures at 242oC and 149oC, respectively. Melt mixing of PLA and hydrophobic
chitosan was then conducted using twin screw extruder in order to obtain PLA
composite with improved properties (mechanical properties and antimicrobial
activity). Characterization techniques including TGA, DSC and XRD were employed
to investigate the structure of the polymer composite.
Keywords: Hydrophobic chitosan, Sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate, PLA

C-3
Bio-packaging Film from Poly (lactic acid) Blends

and Composites
Piyawan Pukpanta1, Wanchana Somboon1, and Kalyanee Sirisinha1, 2
1
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Phuttamonthon 4 Road,
Salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand (E-mail: sckpr@mahidol.ac.th2)
Abstract
Environmental responsibility is constantly increasing in importance to both

consumers and industry. Biodegradable poly (lactic acid) or PLA is of interest in this
research. The aims of the research are two-fold. First, the methods of improving melt
strength and flexibility of PLA blown films are focused on. In this part, the reactive
blends of PLA and poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) or Ecoflex were prepared
in a twin-screw extruder in the presence of peroxide. The morphology, rheology and
tensile properties of compression-moulded and blown film samples were investigated.
The results showed a significant improvement in melt strength of the blends. The
blends also showed comparable tensile properties to the commercial poly (ethylene)
films. The second aim of this research is to improve the water vapor and oxygen
barrier properties of the blend films by introducing bentonite clay into the systems.
The presence of clay is believed to result in biocomposite films of increasing in
modulus and thermal stability. The permeation of water vapor and oxygen gas should
also be reduced. In this ongoing work, apart from the mechanical and barrier
properties, the structure of the biocomposites will also be characterised using
microscopy and spectroscopy techniques.
Keywords: Poly (lactic acid), Biodegradable blend, Clay, Property, Film

C-4
Green Composite Film of Polylactic Acid and

Microcrystalline Cellulose
Duangdao Aht-Ong1,2, Voravadee Suchaiya1,2, Tanawat Tayommai1,2,
and Dhananya Masamran1,2
1
Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University,
Bangkok 10330 Thailand (E-mail: duangdao.a@chula.ac.th)
2
Research Unit of Advanced Ceramic and Polymeric Materials, National Center of
Excellence for Petroleum, Petrochemicals, and Advanced Materials, Chulalongkorn
University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
Abstract
Polylactic acid (PLA), one of the most promising biodegradable plastics, has
received much consideration lately as an alternative to non-biodegradable synthetic
polymers due to its comparable properties and biodegradability. Although PLA has
many advantages and can be used in different fields, low toughness and high cost
limit its applications. Blending PLA with renewable resource as natural fiber is one
of interesting approaches to reduce this problem because of its numerous advantages,
such as low cost, low density, high toughness, acceptable specific strength, and
biodegradability. Hence, composites of PLA and natural fiber should provide cost-
performance benefits with enhanced biodegradability. Therefore, this paper presents
our most recent effort to develop biodegradable plastics films from PLA and
microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) at various MCC content (i.e., 0 to 40 %wt) and to
investigate an aerobic biodegradation of the films under controlled composting
condition according to the ISO 14855-2. Banana stem and coconut fibers including
waste cotton fabric were selected as cellulose-enriched agricultural and textile wastes
due to their high cellulose content. The prototype of biodegradation testing unit -
Gravimetric measurement respirometric (GMR) system - was successfully set up
according to the ISO 14855-2. Preliminary results revealed that 40/60 MCC/PLA
biocomposite films were successfully prepared.
Keywords: Polylactic acid, Microcrystalline cellulose, Biodegradable polymers,

Composite, film
C-5
Mechanical Properties of Polylactic acid/Poly(butylenes

adipate-co-terephthalate)/Calcium Carbonate Composites
Arpaporn Teamsinsungvon1,2, Yupaporn Ruksakulpiwat1,2, and Kasama Jarukumjorn1,2
1
School of Polymer Engineering, Institute of Engineering, Suranaree University of
Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand (E-mail: kasama@sut.ac.th)
2
Center of Excellence for Petroleum, Petrochemicals and Advanced Materials,
Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
Abstract
Polylactic acid (PLA)/poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) blend

and its composites were prepared using melt mixing process. The blend of PLA and
PBAT exhibited higher elongation at break but lower tensile strength and Young’s
modulus than the pure PLA. Therefore, calcium carbonate (CaCO3) was incorporated
into PLA/PBAT blends at 5, 10, 20 and 30 wt% to balance properties of the blend. In
addition, PLA grafted with maleic anhydride (PLA-g-MA) was added as a
compatibilizer into the composites. With increasing CaCO3 loading, Young’s
modulus of the composites increased while tensile strength and elongation at break
decreased. It was revealed from SEM micrographs of the composites that texture of
fracture surfaces had been changed with the presence of CaCO3.
Keywords: Polylactic acid, Poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate), Calcium

carbonate, Polylactic acid grafted with maleic anhydride

C-6
The Study of Using Glycidyl Methacrylate Grafted Natural

Rubber as an Impact Modifier of Polylactic Acid
Punmanee Juntuek1,2, Chaiwat Ruksakulpiwat 3, Praneee Chumsamrong1,2
and Yupaporn Ruksakulpiwat1,2
1
School of Polymer Engineering, Institute of Engineering, Suranaree University of
Technology, Nakorn Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
2
Center of Excellent for Petroleum, Petrochemical and Advanced materials, Chulalongkorn
University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
3
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002,
Thailand
Abstract
Natural rubber (NR) was melt blended with polylactic acid (PLA) at various
ratios using an internal mixer. The impact strength and elongation at break of
PLA/NR blend increased with increasing NR content up to 10% (w/w). Glycidyl
methacrylate grafted natural rubber (NR-g-GMA) was melt blended with PLA/NR
blends. The effect of content and %grafting of NR-g-GMA on mechanical properties
of PLA were studied. The addition of NR-g-GMA in PLA/NR blend improved impact
strength and elongation at break of PLA/NR blend compared to that of neat PLA and
PLA/NR blend without NR-g-GMA. However, it was found that impact strength and
elongation at break of PLA/NR blend increased with increasing NR-g-GMA content
up to 1% (w/w) and after that it decreased. Moreover, impact strength and elongation
at break of PLA/NR blend increased with increasing %grafting up to 4.35%.
Keywords: Polylactic acid, Natural rubber, Polymer blend, Reactive blending

C-7
Effect of Antioxidant Contents on Water Vapor Transmission

Rate and Sorption Isotherm of Cassava Starch-Carboxymethyl
cellulose (CMC) Films
Wirongrong Tongdeesoontorn1 Lisa J. Mauer2, Sasitorn Wongruong3

and Pornchai Rachtanapun4*
1
Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
2
Department of Food Science, Purdue University, IN, USA
3
Division of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai,
Thailand,
4
Division of Packaging Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University,
Chiang Mai, Thailand
* Corresponding author: Pornchai Rachtanapun (E-mail: p.rachta@chiangmai.ac.th)
Abstract
The moisture sorption isotherm and water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) of
cassava starch-carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) films with various antioxidants
(quercetin and Tertiary buthyl hydroquinone, TBHQ) contents were studied. Moisture
sorption isotherm of cassava starch-CMC films were investigated at various relative
humidities (0, 11, 33, 54, 75 and 95 %RH) at 25r1qC. The equilibrium moisture
content of films dramatically soared above aw = 0.54. Cassava starch-CMC film with
quercetin and TBHQ gave higher moisture sorption than cassava starch-CMC film
without antioxidant. BET model was found to be the best-fit model for cassava starch-
CMC films both with and without antioxidants. Water vapor transmission rate
(WVTR) of film samples was performed at 33% and 54% relative humidity (RH) at
25r1qC. WVTR of cassava starch-CMC films increased with addition of antioxidants.
WVTR of cassava starch-CMC films containing antioxidant at 54 %RH were higher
than WVTR of films at 33%RH.
Keywords: Cassava starch, Carboxymethyl cellulose, Antioxidant, Water vapor

transmission rate, Sorption isotherm
C-8
Electrospun Nanofibrous tissue scaffold

Jackapon Sunthornvarabhas1*, Pathama Chatakanonda2,
Kuakoon Piyachomkwan1, Klanarong Sriroth2,3
1
Cassava and Starch Technology Research Unit, National Center for Genetic Engineering
and Biotechnology, Bangkok, Thailand (jackapon.sun@biotec.or.th)*
2
Kasetsart Agricultural and Agro-Industrial Product Improvement Institute, Kasetsart
University, Bangkok, Thailand
3
Department of Biotechnology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
Abstract
Nanofibers attract many applications - such as filtration, application in life

science, micro/nano electronic sensor, and military protective clothing - for making
nanofibers due to its large surface area per unit mass. The most promising process
among others, e.g., chemical vapor deposition, electrical arc discharge, and self
assembly nanostructure, is an electrospinning process. In a fabrication point of view,
electrospinning process offers low temperature process, ease of process set up
modification, multiple process parameters, continuous fibers, and different fiber
morphology, while other processes exhibit only some of them. Tissue scaffold is one
of many life science applications that use electrospinning process for making fibrous
tissue scaffold, due to connected pore in fiber sheet, controlled fiber size and
characteristic, and fiber alignment. Despite the great interest in development of tissue
scaffold fabrication, research and development of material for tissue scaffold shows a
great emphasis for this field. Synthetic biodegradable polymer – Polylactic acid,
Polycarpolactone, and Polyglycolic acid – and natural polymer – Chitosan, Starch,
and Cellulose – are widely used as a material for making tissue scaffold. Starch has
been introduced to this application to modify tissue scaffold wettability and
degradation due to its hydrophilic and naturally degradable which are required
properties of tissue scaffold.
Keywords: Electrospinning, Tissue scaffold, Starch, Fibers

C-9
Toughness Improvement by Blending Polyhydroxybutyrate-co-

hydroxyvalerate with Natural Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis)
Chutamas Maneewong1, Roungrong Thongtan1, Klanarong Sriroth1

and Phiriyatorn Suwanmala2
1
Bangkok 10900, Thailand (E-mail:aapkrs@ku.ac.th)
2
Nuclear Research Center, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
Abstract
Aimed to improve toughness of polyhydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate

(PHBV), dry natural rubber (NR) and powder PHBV were dissolved in chloroform
and casted into films. The films were then irradiated by gamma-ray radiation from
60
Co source at doses 10kGy, 20kGy and 30kGy. Toughness of un-irradiated samples
was found to increase with increasing rubber content, implied by elongation at break
improvement from 49.0r17.1% for 0% NR to 666r86% for 30% NR. However after
gamma-ray irradiation, elongation at break reduced significantly for all PHBV
samples that contained NR, especially at doses 20kGy and 30kGy. With an attempt to
detect changes to PHBV component from being exposed to gamma-ray radiation,
thermal properties of both un-irradiated and irradiated films were compared. Thermal
analysis suggested that percent crystallinity of samples before and after irradiation
was almost the same and there was no significant shift of melting peak, which ranged
168-171oC. However, an emerging of a small shoulder peak near 160oC for all
irradiated samples suggested a shift in perfection and stability of PHBV crystals,
hinted PHBV crosslinking and chain scission. In order to monitor changes to NR
component, the casted films were etched by toluene and were examined via a
scanning electron microscope (SEM). SEM micrographs illustrated a diminishing of
NR domain, which was soluble in toluene, after the exposure to gamma-ray radiation
at 20kGy indicating a change in chemical structure of NR after irradiation. The
toluene-insolubility of NR domain suggested crosslinking of NR. The elongation at
break of all films exposed to gamma-ray radiation at 20kGy confirmed the loss in NR
elongated property since all tensile properties were comparable to the 100% PHBV
film which was un-irradiated.
Keywords: Polyhydroxyalkanoates, Polyhydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate,

Natural rubber, Blend, Toughness, Crosslink, Radiation

C-10
Properties and Processing of Glutinous Rice Starch Foam

Added Natural Fiber
Napawan Kositruangchai, Pornpen Sang-on, and Patcharakamon Waewcharoen
Division of Packaging Technology, Faculty of Agro-industry, Chiang Mai University,

Chiang Mai 50100 Thailand (E-mail:napawan_k@hotmail.com)
Abstract
Recently, plastic foam especially, expanded polystyrene foam (EPS) is widely

used for single use due to low price, easy to use but it is one of the main pollution
problems in which is difficult and also need long time to degrade. Starch based foam
is one of the replacement materials EPS. The disadvantages of starch foams are
brittle, poor mechanical properties and hydrophilicity therefore, in this research
developed and studied the effect of fiber ratio, processing condition on foam
properties using Compression Molding Machine. The results showed that the percent
of fiber increased, density, flexural strength and flexural stress tended to increase. On
the other hand, water absorption and flexural strain decreased and cell size got
smaller.
Keywords: Starch, Starch foam, Biodegradable plastic, Fiber

C-11
Effect of Particle Size on Mechanical Properties of

Biobased Composite from Oil Palm Waste
Roungrong Thongtan and Klanarong Sriroth

Bangkok 10900, Thailand (E-mail: aapkrs@ku.ac.th)
Abstract
In an attempt to utilize by-product biomass from agricultural industry, oil palm

waste was used as filler in poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) polymer
matrix. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of particle size of
the lignocellulosic filler and filler content on tensile properties of the biobased
composite. Palm waste was milled, and sized by sieves to obtain three groups of
particle size with the longest dimensions approximately 798 m, 50.1 m, and 47.0
m with aspect ratios of 1.61, 1.80 and 1.80 respectively. The filler was distributed in
PBAT by an extruder at 155 °C and at filler content of 0 wt%, 5 wt%, 10 wt% and 20
wt%. The palm fiber-plastic composite was pressed and cut into dumbbell-shaped
tensile specimens. The tensile test results showed that, upon increasing filler content,
elastic modulus of the composite increased while ultimate tensile strength and
elongation at break decreased. The composite with larger particles appeared to have
slightly higher elastic modulus than those with smaller particles. However, the
composite containing large particles exhibited reduction in ultimate tensile strength
and elongation at break by half, while those materials containing smaller particles
steadily declined in both properties. Tensile-fracture surface and knife-cut surface of
the composite viewed under a scanning electron microscope indicated poor wetting of
the palm fiber possibly due to residual oil, moisture in fiber and irregular shapes of
the fiber. Electron micrographs also revealed that filler was porous, which gave
excellent stiffness-to-weight ratio.
Keywords: Palm, Lignocellulosic, Size, Tensile, Composite, Biomass, Biodegradable

C-12
Effect of Corn Husk and Rice Straw Pulp Mixing Ratio on

Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) Film Properties
Suphat Kamthai, Kraiwet Kabtum and Tanutta Hongron
Division of Packaging Technology, School of Agro-Industry,Faculty of Agro-Industry,

Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand (E mail: suphat_61@hotmail.com)
Abstract
In the present research, the rice straw and corn husk are the one of agricultural
wastes which can make available by cellulose derivative production. Therefore, the
important objectives of this research were focused on the utilization of corn husk and
rice straw for carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) synthesis and study the effect of mixing
ratio of both agricultural wastes on CMC film properties. CMC was synthesized from
corn husk and rice straw pulps at 30% sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and they were
blended at different ratio (corn husk (C):rice straw (R)); 100:0, 80:20, 60:40, 50:50,
40:60, 20:80 and 0:100. The resulted revealed both agricultural wastes pulp could
compatibly and the morphology of CMC blend film was smoothly when the rice straw
pulp ratio was higher than corn husk pulp. The mechanical properties of CMC blend
film were continued to increase as the corn husk pulp ratio. In this study, CMC film
60:40 ratio had the best CMC film properties including tensile strength, elongation at
break, water vapor permeability (WVP) and water solubility which were 48.07 MPa,
12.17%, 12.37×10-4g.m/m2.mmHg.day and, 96.26% respectively. However, the
increment of corn husk pulp presented non-significant different (p=0.05) in WVP and
water-solubility of CMC film.
Keywords: Rice straw, Corn husk, Carboxymethylcellulose

C-13
Development of Rice Straw Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC)

Film Properties for Anti-anthracnose Fungi in Economic Fruits
Jurmkwan Sungsuwan Suphat Khamthai and Prem Thongchai
Division of Packaging Technology, School of Agro-Industry,Faculty of Agro-Industry,

Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand (E mail: suphat_61@hotmail.com)
Abstract
Rice straw carboxylmethylcellulose (CMC) film was developed as anti-

anthracnose fungi (Colletotrichum sp.) film and the efficiency for fungi inhibition was
investigated. The natural fungicide chemical; mangosteen pericarp powder was added
into rice straw CMC film at different concentrations which were varied from 0
(control film) – 25,000 ppm for inhibit banana anthracnose fungi (Colletotrichum
musarum) and mango anthracnose fungi (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides). After that
the CMC films were placed on Potato dextrose agar (PDA) and incubated at 25C for
48 hrs. The results indicated that the mangosteen pericarp extracted at 25,000 ppm
had the best dosage for delay the growth of banana and mango anthracnose
diseases.The diameters of banana and mango anthracnose colonies at 2 days were
0.58 ± 0.10 and 0.84 ± 0.14 cm, respectively. While, the diameter of banana and
mango anthracnose colonies of control film were 1.80 ± 0.17 and 1.68 ± 0.30 cm,
respectively.
Keywords: Mangosteen pericarp powder, Carboxymethylcellulose, Anthracnose

fungi
C-14
Preparation of Polylactide/Organoclay
Nanocomposite Latexes
Siriwan Phattanarudee1,2 and Karuntarut Sermsantiwanit2
1
Department of Imaging Science and Printing Technology, Faculty of Science,
Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand (E-mail: siriwan.ph@chula.ac.th)
2
Program of Petrochemical and Polymer Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn
University, Bangkok, Thailand
Abstract
Polylactide/organoclay nanocomposite latexes were prepared by

emulsification-diffusion method, which consists of emulsifying a solution of
biodegradable polymer and organoclay in an aqueous phase containing stabilizers.
Influences of clay concentration (0-6%wt) on particle size and morphology of the
latexes, and thermal property of the resultant nanocomposite films were studied. The
average particle size of the nanocomposite particles were found in a range of 20-30
micron, depending on the silicate concentration. SEM micrographs revealed that the
resultant microspheres attained a smooth spherical shape with different sizes. From
X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, it indicated that the nanocomposite films contained
a pattern of -form crystallinity, while the thermal property of such films was
improved compared to that of pristine film. The highest thermal stability was obtained
at 6%wt of organoclay. The obtainable nanocomposite latexes are expected to serve
as a new alternative biodegradable coating with enhanced thermal property.
Keywords: Polylactide, Organoclay, Nanocomposite latex

C-15
Fabrication and Characterization of Melt Spun

Poly(lactic acid) Fiber
Sirisart Ouajai*, ApikomPisitwinyoo and Suracha Traiukost
Department of Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, King Mongkut’s University

of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok, Thailand (E-mail: soj@kmutnb.ac.th)
Abstract
This research was aimed to study morphology, mechanical and thermal

properties of poly (lactic acid) (PLA) fiber. The PLA fiber was spun by a single-screw
extruder at various temperatures (170-210 qC). The scanning electron micrographs of
fibers showed a smooth surface. An increase in extrusion temperature and screw
speed resulted in a larger fiber diameters. The collection speed of spun fiber was
varied from 64.2 to 89.9 m/min. The as spun PLA fiber showed a low crystallinity
measured by DSC technique. The tensile strength and modulus of fiber were 23.53
MPa and 1.56 GPa, respectively. Nevertheless, the pulling of fiber through the heat
tube at 90 °C and 110 °C with a drawn ratio of 1.9 to 6.0 enhanced the tensile strength
and modulus of fibers. The highest values were found at the drawn ratio equal to 6.0
and 3.7 for temperature of 110 °C and 90 °C, respectively. The enhanced properties
probably originated from the better chain orientation and greater crystallinity of hot
drawn fibers.
Keywords: Poly(lactic acid), Melt spinning, Draw ratio

C-16
Poly(lactic acid) Composite Film for Coatings

Nantana Jiratumnukul1, Waritha Wongsasuk1,
Kunakorn Siripornnoppakun, and Umawan Sakulpanich
Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok

10330, Thailand
Abstract
Modified bentonite clay was prepared by cationic exchange process and

characterized by XRD. From XRD results, modified bentonite clay showed
intercalation structure. Modified Clay with intercalation structure was incorporated
into PLA coating formulations with various amounts of 5%, 10%, and 15%. Physical
and mechanical properties of coating films were studied as a function of the amount
of modified clay in coating formulations. It was found that addition of modified clay
did not increase the viscosity of the formulations. The coating films showed good
water resistance. However, the gloss of coating films slightly decreased as the amount
of modified clay increased.
Keywords: coating film, PLA, modified clay

C-17
Natural Coloration of Poly(lactic acid) by Natural Dyed

Aluminium Silicate Powder
Prapaporn Ngenkrathok1, Rattana Rattanaampha1, Wilairat Somklieng1,
Bawornkit Nekhamanurak1,2, and Pajaera Patanathabutr1,2,*
1
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Industrial
Technology, Silpakorn University, Nakhonpathom, 73000, Thailand
(E-mail: pajaera@su.ac.th)
2
Center of Excellence for Petroleum, Petrochemicals, and Advanced Materials,
Chulalongkorn University, Phya Thai Road, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
Abstract
This research aims to improve appearance and mechanical properties of PLA

by adding natural dyed aluminium silicate powder from natural resource. Silica
powder, extracted from rice husk ash, was natural dyed by Sappen wood with
aluminium mordant. PLA was melt blended with natural dyed aluminium silicate
powder of 100-325 mesh size in a twin-screw extruder using the content of the natural
dyed powder of 1, 5, and 10 wt%., and test specimen were injection molded for
mechanical test. It found that color of natural dyed PLA composites was red-brown
and their color became darker with respect to higher content of the natural dyed
powder. Adding the natural dyed powder into PLA increased its tensile modulus and
surface hardness. However, DSC results showed that the natural dyed powder
decreased crystallinity of PLA. After 3 weeks of sunlight exposure, it found that
natural dyed PLA composites had moderate light fastness property.
Keywords: Natural dye, Silica, Poly(lactic acid)

C-18
Eco-friendly Binder System for Powder Injection Moulding

Nutthita Chuankrerkkul
1
Metallurgy and Materials Science Research Institute, Chulalongkorn University, Phyathai
Road, Bangkok 10330, Thailand (Email: Nutthita.C@chula.ac.th)
2
Center of Innovative Nanotechnology, Chulalongkorn University, Phyathai Road, Bangkok
10330, Thailand
Abstract
A development of an eco-friendly binder system has been carried out for

powder injection moulding (PIM) of metallic, ceramic, and composite materials, e.g.
tungsten carbide-cobalt hardmetals, titanium, barium hexaferrite, and stainless steel-
tungsten carbide nanocomposites. The binder system contains a major fraction of
polyethylene glycol (PEG) and a minor fraction of a very finely dispersed polymethyl
methacrylate (PMMA). PEG can be removed using water leaching technique, creating
open-pore channels which allow the remaining binder, i.e. PMMA, to be removed by
pyrolysis during ramping up to sintering temperature. Powder characteristics and
binder compositions had an influence on the PIM process. Rate of PEG removal
depends on time and water temperature employed in the experiment. Specimens
retained their shape during and after leaching of the PEG. Properties and
microstructure of the components were also investigated.
Keywords: Powder injection moudling, Eco-friendly binder system

C-19
Fabrication of Stearyl-Chitosan Nanoparticle by Nanoscale

Radiation Induction: An Approach for Green Bio-based
Additive for Polylactic Acid
Thitirat Rattanawongwiboon1, Phiriyatorn Suwanmala2, Kasinee Hemvichian2, and
Wanvimol Pasanphan1
1
Department of Applied Radiation and Isotopes, Faculty of Science Kasetsart University,
Bangkok, Thailand (Email: wanvimol.p@ku.ac.th)
2
Thailand Institute of Nuclear Technology (TINT), Ministry of Science and Technology,
Nakornnayok, Thailand
Abstract
Nanoscale radiation induction technique was used to fabricate hydrophobic-

side chain chitosan nanoparticle as a novel green bio-based additive for polylactic
acid (PLA). Gamma radiation induced grafting of stearyl methacrylate (SMA) onto
non-irradiated chitosan (CS0) and 40 kGy pre-irradiated chitosan in colloidal form
(CS40). The evidence of grafting was analyzed by yield of grafting, fourier transform
infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and atomic force microscope (AFM). The effects of
g-ray doses and SMA concentration on grafting yield were studied. The grafting yield
increased when the g-ray doses and SMA concentration were increased to a certain
amount. Lowering the chain length by 40 kGy pre-irradiation to colloidal chitosan
before radiation grafting with SMA brought the higher grafting yield. The individual
spherical-like nanoscale particles (<100 nm) of CS-grafted-SMA could be achieved
with the diameter approximately of 50-80 nm. The CS-grafted-SMA nanoparticle
showed miscible blending with PLA.
Keywords: Chitosan, Stearyl Methacrylate, Gamma Radiation, Radiation Grafting,

Polylactic Acid
C-20
Thermoplastic Starch-based Materials for Packaging:

Preparation and Compounding
Nattaporn Khanoonkon, Chanakorn Yokesahachart, Laddawan Songthipya,
Amporn Sane, and Rangrong Yoksan
Department of Packaging and Materials Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart

University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand (E-mail: rangrong.y@ku.ac.th, amporn.s@ku.ac.th)
Abstract
Thermoplastic starch is a “green” alternative to petroleum-based plastics. It is

one of the most potential bio-based and biodegradable materials recently playing an
important role in packaging industries as being produced from starch which is
naturally abundant, renewable, non-toxic, cheap, biodegradable and compostable.
Thermoplastic starch can be thermally converted into various profiled products using
conventional plastic processing and used as stand alone raw material or as
blends/compounds depending on the requirements. This presentation illustrates the
development of thermoplastic starch from various kinds of Thai’s crops, e.g. cassava,
rice, corn and bean, and the improvement of its properties by blending and/or
compounding with other polymers (e.g., PE, PP, PBAT and PLA) and additives (e.g.,
calcium carbonate and fibers) for a wide range of applications including packaging.
Thermoplastic starch and its blends/compounds were produced by a co-rotating twin
screw extruder. The obtained thermoplastic starch showed melt flow index between
0.01 and 4 g/10 min, glass transition temperature varying from 8 to 105 qC and
melting temperature ranging from 130 to 220 qC. Melt flow ability of the
thermoplastic starch was improved by blending with PLA, PBAT and PE, while
reduced by compounding with calcium carbonate and fibers.
Keywords: Thermoplastic starch, Compounding, Blend, Poly(lactic acid),

Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate), Polyethylene, Calcium carbonate, Fiber,
Extrusion, Packaging
Acknowledgements: This work was financially supported by the National Research

Council of Thailand, the Kasetsart University Research and Development Institute, and
the Commission of Higher Education, Ministry of Education of Thailand (National
Research University of Thailand).
C-21
Thermoplastic Starch-based Material for Flexible Packaging

Sarekha Woranuch, Chindawan Punchangcharoen, Ornwaree Ratcharak,

Abstract
Over the last decades, the consumption of flexible packaging has continuously
increased due to its light weight, good strength, and convenient transportation.
Flexible packaging is mainly produced from non-biodegradable petroleum-based
plastics such as PE and PP, causing environmental impacts. This can be overcome by
partial/full substitution with biodegradable materials. Among the biodegradable
plastics, thermoplastic starch (TPS) is a potential candidate due to being produced
from starch which is naturally abundant, renewable, non-toxic, cheap, biodegradable
and compostable. However, TPS is moisture sensitive and its mechanical and barrier
properties vary depending on its moisture content. This presentation thus illustrates
the potential and processability of TPS-based blends/compounds/composites for
flexible packaging application. The effects of PLA, PBAT, PE, calcium carbonate
and fibers on mechanical and barrier properties of the TPS-based materials are also
reported. TPS-based materials were able to be converted into cast film/sheet and
blown film using extrusion processes. TPS exhibited tensile strength, modulus and
elongation at break in the ranges of 26 MPa, 2045 MPa, and 90400%,
respectively. Blending with PBAT and PE improved the tensile properties of the
TPS, while incorporating PLA, calcium carbonate and fibers only increased tensile
strength and rigidity. Water vapor barrier property of the TPS was enhanced by
blending/compounding with PLA, PBAT, PE, calcium carbonate and fibers. Oxygen
barrier property of TPS was improved after incorporating with PLA and calcium
carbonate, whereas deteriorated after blending with PBAT, PE and fibers. The TPS-
based sheet/film can be further improved for high moisture barrier and antioxidant
active flexible packaging by application of nanotechnology.
Keywords: Thermoplastic starch, Compounding, Blend, Composite, Poly(lactic acid),

Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate), Polyethylene, Calcium carbonate, Fiber,
Extrusion, Film blowing, Flexible packaging, Sheet, Film

C-22
Thermoplastic Starch-based Materials for Rigid Packaging

Sumana Kunathan, Ranumas Thipmanee, Jitrawee Suk-em,

Abstract
Thermoplastic starch (TPS) has been used as a biodegradable packaging

material to substitute petroleum-based plastics and reduce the environmental impacts.
However, the utilization of TPS for rigid packaging is limited due to its poor
mechanical properties and high moisture absorption. Blending with other
biodegradable polymers (e.g. PLA and PBAT), or additives (e.g. fibers and calcium
carbonate) is an alternative to improve the properties of TPS. This presentation thus
illustrates the potential and processability of biodegradable TPS-based materials for
rigid packaging application. The effects of PLA, PBAT, calcium carbonate and fibers
on mechanical properties of the TPS-based materials are also reported. TPS-based
blends/compounds/composites were able to be converted into various profiled
products including saucers, cups, trays, utensils, cans with screw caps, etc. using
injection molding process. TPS exhibited tensile strength, modulus and elongation at
break in the ranges of 0.252.12 MPa, 0.7110.14 MPa, and 145.17190.35%,
respectively. Blending with PLA improved both tensile strength (up to 20 MPa) and
rigidity (up to 1450 MPa), while decreased extensibility (~6 times) of the TPS. The
incorporation of fibers also enhanced tensile strength and rigidity, but reduced
extensibility of TPS. In contrast, the extensibility of TPS was significantly increased
by blending with PBAT up to 500%.
Keywords: Thermoplastic starch, Compounding, Blend, Composite, Poly(lactic acid),

Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate), Extrusion, Injection molding, Rigid
packaging, Biodegradability

C-23
Preparation of Poly(lactide)-b-Poly(butadiene)-b-Poly(lactide)
for PLA impact modifiers
Na-Youn Kim, Jae-Yun Lee, Chantiga Choochottiros and In-Joo Chin*
Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 402-751, KOREA
Abstract
Polylactide (PLA) is an aliphatic polyester derived from renewable resources

such as corn, and it can ultimately be degraded under compositing conditions.
However, PLA has drawbacks, for example, brittleness, low crystallization rate and
low impact strength. In this work, PLA was copolymerized with polybutadiene
(PBD) to improve the impact properties. Triblock copolymers of poly(lactide)-b-
poly(butadiene)-b-poly(lactide) (LBDL) were obtained by the ring opening
polymerization of lactide using tin 2-ethylhexoate (SnOct2) as catalyst and hydroxyl
telechelic polybutadiene (HTPBD). HTPBD was macroinitiator, which was
synthesized by ring opening metathesis polymerization. The chemical structure of
LBDLwas controlled by changing lactide end blocks, while keeping the middle
butadiene (BD) clock constant. The composition and thermal stability of various
LBDL were characterized by TGA. The mechanical properties of these materials
were examined by UTM and Izod test.
Keywords: Lactide, Butadiene, Triblock copolymer, Impact modifier

C-24
Effects of MA-g-PLA compatibilizer on PLLA/Starch Blending

Sutawan Buchatip, Monchai Tajan, Phasawat Chaiwutthinan, Kongkiat Kongsuwan,
Thanawadee Leejarkpai and Atitsa Petchsuk
National Metal and Materials Technology Center (MTEC)

114 Thailand Science Park, Paholyothin Rd., Klong Luang, Pathumthani, Thailand 12120
Abstract
PLA has high mechanical properties, good biocompatibility and

biodegradability despite its brittleness, low thermal stability and durability. Although
the toughness and elongation can be improved by copolymerization, the cost of the
production is still high. Blending is an alternative method for improving properties of
PLA with low production cost. Starch, an inexpensive natural biopolymer, is a good
candidate for blending with PLA. However they are immiscible blending causing the
weakening of the interfacial fracture strength. To create the interface adhesion
between PLA and starch, the compatibilizer is used. In this research, we grafted
various percentages of maleic anhydride (0.5, 1, 2.4%) onto PLA polymer chains via
free radical polymerization using peroxide and used as compatibilizer. Parameters
including initiator concentration, reaction time, temperature, reaction processes (either
by bulk or solution process) and monomer concentration has been investigated.
Blending of various ratio the resulting graft copolymers with starch in binary system
as well as ternary blend of 50/50 commercial PLA/starch with various weight ratios
(0.5, 1, 2, 5 and 10%) of 2.4% MA grafted PLA was studied using internal mixer or
mini extruder. Result from Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) indicated that the
miscibility of starch/PLA blending was improved, especially in the ternary blending
of starch, commercialized PLA and copolymer which acts as a compatibilizer. For
binary blending of 85/15 and 70/30 starch and copolymer, it was shown that the
miscibility of the polymer blend depends on MA grafting percentage as well as ratio
and molecular weight of the copolymer. The miscibility of the polymer blend
increased as MA grafting percentage increased from 0.5 to 2.4% while copolymer
with molecular weight of 30,000 g/mol showed better miscibility than that of 15,000
g/mol. Mechanical properties such as modulus and tensile strength of the polymer
blend were improved whereas the elongation at break was weakened due to the
stiffness of the polymer blend. The highest modulus and tensile strength of the
polymer blend was obtained in 50/50 starch/commercial PLA ternary blend as 0.5
weight ratio of copolymer compatibilizer was employed. These modulus and tensile
strength of 11,145 and 203 MPa, respectively were higher than that of 50/50
commercialized PLA/starch blend (8,912 and 160 MPa, respectively).
Keywords: Maleic anhydride, Compatibilizer, Free radical polymerization, Blending

C-25
Morphology and Properties of Polylactic Acid/Thermoplastic

Starch Blends
Natphichon Budtri1, and Weerasak Lertsiriyothin 2
1
School of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Engineering, Suranaree University of
Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand. 30000
2
School of Agricultural Engineering, Institute of Engineering, Suranaree University of
Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand. 30000 (E-mail: lsrytw@sut.ac.th)
Abstract
This work is to study about compatibilization of polylactic acid (PLA)/

thermoplastic starch (TPS) blends and to obtain their thermal and physical properties.
TPS was prepared by twin-screw extrusion process and then to blend into the PLA
with internal mixing process. The studied ratios of TPS to PLA were ranged from
30-50 % by weight. The morphological, mechanical properties and thermal properties
were examined by using microscope, universal testing machine and differential
scanning calorimetry (DSC) respectively. DSC data showed that all of the PLA/TPS
blended ratios had decreased glass transition temperature (Tg) and melting
temperature (Tm), but the effective level of TPS composition is relatively high to
reduce the Tg of polymer blend. The mechanical Properties showed that tensile
strength, elongation at break, Young’s modulus of the blends were at a decreasing
value comparing to PLA sample. However, the morphological study revealed that
PLA and TPS were not well compatibilized, especially for the high level of TPS
composition sample.
Keywords: PLA, Thermoplastic starch, Mechanical Property, Thermal property

C-26
Mechanical, Thermal and Rheological Properties of

Modified Poly lactic acid
Kwan-ho Seo1*, Yang-gon Goo1, Sung-Soo Kim2 and Gi-ryong Ha3
1
Department of Polymer Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
2
Department of Chemical Engineering, Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea
3
Advanced Material Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology,
Daejeon, Korea
Abstract
In this study, dicumyl peroxide (DCP) and ethylene glycol (EG) have been
selected to induce the crosslinking of PLA for improving melt viscosity by melt
processing with an internal mixer. In order to investigate the effect of two modifiers,
DCP and EG, on PLA, the mechanical, thermal, and rheological properties of the
modified PLA were characterized. Alcohols with different number of reaction centers
reduced the PLA molecular weight by alcoholysis. The main advantage of this type of
oligomer is that copolymers synthesised in the next step can be crosslinked. Also, it
can be the low molecular weight plasticizer. Mixing torque increased, and melt flow
index decreased with the addition of DCP as branched or crosslinked by radical
coupling reaction. However, increasing the EG contents, the results were opposite.
Gel content was detected for DCP and EG content. However, modified PLA without
EG was detected low gel content. This proves that EG increased the more crosslinking
point during the mixing of PLA. Compared to the plain PLA, such modified PLA,
showed higher Tg and low crystallization rate because of the crosslinked chain. A
significant decrease in the Tm was also observed for increasing DCP content as a
result of the introduction of defects in the crystal lamellae by crosslinking after
modification. The introduction of crosslink structure into PLA results in the increase
of the tensile modulus and the decrease of elongation at break. This may be attributed
to the crosslinking structure which stiffens the PLA. However, the increase of gel
content and crosslink density made the crosslinked PLA more brittle. An increase in
storage modulus (G'()) and complex viscosity (*) at low frequencies showed that
the modified PLA turned from a liquidlike to a solidlike state by modification with
DCP and EG. The higher viscosity allowed the production of PLA foams with smaller
cell size and lower blowing ratio compare to plain PLA.
Keywords: PLA, DCP, Ethylene glycol, Croosslinking

C-27
Enhancement of Miscibility between Poly (Lactic Acid) and

Starch Surface Modified with Silane Coupling Agents
Piyawanee Jariyasakoolroj1, Suwabun Chirachanchai1, 2,*
1
The Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
2
Center for Petroleum, Petrochemical, and Advanced Materials, Chulalongkorn University,
Bangkok, Thailand (E-mail: csuwabun@chula.ac.th)
Abstract
Starch is a potential bio-filler for incorporation with poly(lactic acid) (PLA)

due to its naturally availability and biodegradability. Unfortunately, the strong
hydrogen bonds among starch chains obstruct the melt and initiate miscible blend
with any compounds.1 In the past, a number of compatibilizers such as maleic
anhydride, acrylic acid, etc., were developed so as to overcome the phase separation.
However, the use of chemicals may involve with toxicity and multi-steps treatment
which is not practical in industrial scale production.2-3 As organosilane coupling agent
is known for its effectiveness in coupling of two species, either organic or inorganic
compounds, we, thus, focus on the use of this coupling agent to modify the starch
surface with hydrophobic group for the compatibility with PLA. Figure 1 shows
degree substitution of three types of silanes onto starch under the various
concentrations of silane in the system as clarified by 1H NMR. The morphology
observation using SEM confirms that starch coupled with silane C gives good
miscibility in the blend with PLA (Figure 2) as compared to other systems. The
presentation covers the effect of silane on starch based on the crystallization behavior.
Figure 1. Degree substitution of silane in starch Figure 2. SEM micrographs of the blend
systems molecules ( silane A, silane B, and of PLA with: (a) starch, and starch surface
silane C). modified with (b) silane A, (c) silane B, and
(d) silane C.
Keywords: Poly(lactic acid), modified starch, compatibilization, miscibility, silane

coupling agent
References
1. A.R. Rahmat, W.A. Rahman, L.T. Sin, A.A. Yussuf, Mater. Sci. Eng. C, 29 (2009) 2370.
2. J.F. Zhang, X. Sun, Biomacromolecules, 5 (2004) 1446.
3.S.W.Chin,J.Macromol.Biosci.5(2005)352.
C-28
Conjugating Starch on Poly(butylene succinate):

A Simple Approach to Prepare PBS Masterbatch
Kanitporn Suchao-in1, Piyawit Koombhongse2, Suwabun Chirachanchai1, 3*
1
The Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
2
National Metal and Materials Technology (MTEC)
3
Center for Petroleum, Petrochemical, and Advanced Material, Chulalongkorn University,
Bangkok 10330, Thailand csuwabun@chula.ac.th
Abstract
Poly(butylene succinate), PBS, is one of the promising synthetic biodegradable

aliphatic polyesters which applications of films and sheets were proposed. It shows
high flexibility, excellent impact strength, and thermal and chemical resistance. This
results in the advantages of mechanical strength when blending with other
biodegradable resins, especially PLA products. PBS itself has some limitations in
blow-molded or extruded product because of its low melt strength and viscosity and
also high cost. The strategies to develop value added product by bringing in the
additives to reduce the cost and functionalizing PBS to increase the melt viscosity are
important. Starch is a considerable additive not only reduces the cost and increases
melt viscosity but also increase crystallization rate. To avoid immiscibility of starch
and PBS in which causes low mechanical properties, compatibilizers are needed. For
instance, lysine diisocyanate and glycerol were used to improve the chemical and
physical compatibility, respectively. The present work proposes a simple strategy to
conjugate starch on PBS by using conjugating agents in water. The research aims to
clarify the optimal condition for the reactions, the consequent morphological changes
(Figure 1), the thermal properties of the product obtained including the studies of the
blends.
(a) (b)
Figure 1. Spherulite formation of (a) commercial PBS and (b) PBS-starch at 80oc, 120 sec.
Keywords: Poly(butylene succinate), Starch, Conjugating reaction

(.)
54
Session: D
Degradation and Standards

D-1
Biodegradability Test of PLA-based Composites by ISO 14855-2

Napakarn Kawee, Wirat Vanichsriratana, Prakit Sukyai*
Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok,

Thailand, 10900 (*corresponding author; prakit.s@ku.ac.th)
Abstract
The plastic requirements of earth inhabitant are enormous and has environmental
impacts of such consumption. An average person consumes many tons of those
materials which ultimately disposed as wastes. Therefore, the trend of environmental
awareness increases the demanding of biodegradable plastic. Presently, the
outstanding biodegradable polymer is poly (lactic acid) (PLA) which derives from
renewable resources by fermentation using carbohydrate materials such as corn and
tapioca starches. In addition, good mechanical properties, biocompatibility and easily
degrades by microorganisms in control conditions are also interested point of view.
The degradation of PLA has been extensively studied in various methods. The
biodegradation of PLA-based composites in aerobic condition under controlled
composting system is the main focus of this research. Furthermore, we supposed that
its end-of-life treatment can be completed the life cycle assessment (LCA) of those
kind of products. Compost is designed to control the humidity, aeration ratio, and
temperature during the test following ISO 14855-2. Microbial diversity from mature
compost plays an important role to accelerate degradation. It is, therefore, an
important to monitor the variety of microorganisms by genetic method during
operation. Thus, our aspirations would like to provide an important data of
environment effect of biodegradable products which further benefits consumers and
industrial section.
Keywords: Biodegradability, Biodegradable, Poly(lactic acid), Life cycle assessment

D-2
A Comparison of Life Cycle Environmental Impact of

Polylactic Acid and Polystyrene Trays
Unchalee Suwanmanee1, Maytinee Sanmaneechai1, Yosita Rudeekit2,
Thanawadee Leejarkpai2, and Thumrongrut Mungcharoen1*
1
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University,
Bangkok, Thailand
2
National Metal and Materials Technology Center, Pathumthani, Thailand
Abstract
The objective of this study is to assess the environmental impact of the two
types of tray packages using the Life Cycle Assessment technique. The materials of
tray package are Polystyrene (PS) derived from petroleum and Polylactic acid (PLA)
derived from corn. The functional unit is specified as 420 liters of 20 x 14 x 1.5 cm.
of PLA and PS trays which weigh 15.10 and 4.03 kilograms, respectively.
Assessment was done by using the SimaPro 7.02 program together with the CML 2
Baseline 2000 version 2.03 method. The study was divided into 2 parts. The first part
covered the raw material production, transportation, tray production and
transportation to consumers while the second part covered the waste management of
tray package after the end of life. For the first part, it is found that the total
environmental impact of PLA tray is 2.57 times more than the PS tray. The main
impacts are marine aquatic ecotoxicity, human toxicity and global warming. In the
second part of the study, various waste management scenarios were considered. The
results show that composting is the best waste management method for PLA tray and
can reduce the environmental impact by 13.4%. For PS tray, incineration with heat
recovery is the best and can reduce the environmental impact by 6.8%. Considering
the whole life cycle, typical PLA tray with composting has higher environmental
impact than the PS tray with incineration and heat recovery. However, PLA tray with
process improvement, by using biomass feedstock for PLA production and reducing
the amount of raw material used in the forming process, has lower life cycle
environmental impact than the PS tray.
Keywords: Life Cycle Assessment, Polylactic acid, Polystyrene, Tray, Waste

management
D-3
Application of Life Cycle Assessment Technique to Polylactic

Acid (PLA) and its Products Produced in Thailand
Pomthong Malakul1,2, Seksan Papong1, Tassaneewan Chom-in1, Warunee Likitsupin1,
Pechda Wenunun1, Manit Nithithanakul2, and Ed Sarobo 3
1
Environmental Management Lab, National Metal and Materials Technology Center
(MTEC), Pathumthani, Thailand (E-mail: pomthong.m@chula.ac.th)
2
The Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
3
Department of Plant Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
Abstract
Over 2.7 million tonnes of plastic waste is generated each year in Thailand.
From this amount, only 0.2 million tons or approximately 10% is recycled. The rest is
sent to landfills where it may take several hundred years for plastic wastes to be
degraded biologically. This presents serious environmental problems that need to be
taken care of urgently. In addition, as conventional plastics are produced from
petroleum through petrochemical processes, they can generate greenhouse gases
(GHGs) to the environment. As a result, bio-based plastics are increasingly
considered as an environmental friendly alternative to petroleum-based plastics. Since
Thailand has abundant natural biomass resources, there are great potentials to convert
these resources to eco-friendly products such as bioplastics which are biodegradable
in nature and with a potential to reduce GHGs. In this aspect, polylactic acid (PLA)
production from cassava is one of the most promising bio-based materials for
petroleum-based plastic substituting in Thailand. The goal of this study is to evaluate
the environmental performance of PLA from cassava by using life cycle assessment
(LCA) technique. The system boundary is designed to cover all phases throughout the
life cycle of PLA, including cassava cultivation, starch production, lactic acid and
PLA production, PLA processing, use, and disposal. The functional units are defined
as one kg of PLA and individual selected PLA products. The results are presented for
relevant environmental impact categories such as greenhouse gases, acidification,
eutrophication, energy resources, etc. The environmental performance of the
bioplastic will be compared with that of conventional plastics and used to provide
suggestions for the improvement of bioplastic to be more environmental friendly.
Keywords: LCA, PLA, Cassava, Greenhouse Gases

D-4
Biodegradation of PLA and PLA/Starch Blends in Landfill

and Controlled Composting Conditions
Yosita Rudeekit, Pongsak Siriyota, Monchai Tajan,
Phasawat Chaiwuttinan and Thanawadee Leejarkpai
National Metal and Materials Technology Center, 114 Thailand Science Park
Phahonyothin Rd., Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120 Thailand
Abstract
In Thailand, most plastic waste ends up in landfills as a general process of

municipal waste collection. This paper investigated the biodegradation performance
of polylactic acid (PLA) and PLA/Starch blend with various amounts of starch
content under real landfill conditions, and the results were compared with the results
from a test method for evaluating biodegradation under controlled composting
conditions according to ASTM D5338. The results obtained from the landfill
conditions showed that PLA/starch blends were degraded relatively more rapid than
PLA itself. The initial degradation of PLA and PLA/starch blends was observed
approximately 3 months after buried in the landfill. Moreover, the results showed that
the degradation and disintegration of the blend samples were increased as the starch
contents increased. The blends were completely biodegraded and no residuals could
be observed though visual inspection after 10 months. Whereas, full breakdown of
PLA took place and its residual remained in the form of a white powder within 14
months. After that, no PLA residual could be visual inspection within 16 months of
testing. Moreover, the percentage of biodegradability was obtained by determining the
percentage of carbon in the test sample that was converted to CO2 during the duration
of the test. The degree of biodegradation for 120 days of PLA and PLA/starch blend
(50:50) were 85.75% and 93.60%, respectively. The biodegradation observed for the
test samples explored in this study matches well with theoretical degradation and
biodegradation mechanisms. The morphology, thermal property and starch contents in
the residue were studied using SEM, DSC and TGA, respectively.
Keywords: Polylactic acid (PLA), Starch, Landfill, Composting, ASTM D 5338

D-5
Determination of the Aerobic Biodegradability of Polylactic

Acid and Starch Co-Extruded Material in an Aqueous Medium
Pongsak Siriyota, Yosita Rudeekit, Monchai Tajan,
Phasawat Chaiwutthinan and Thanawadee Leejarkpai
National Metal and Materials Technology Center, 114 Thailind Science Park
Phahonyothin Rd., Klong 1, Klong luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
Abstract
It is known that conventional plastics are non-degradable and take along time
to break down when they are environments. Single use, disposable short-life
packaging material, service ware items become waste only a short time after used.
Therefore, the disposal into environments of plastic waste contributes significantly to
their environment impact. Biodegradable plastics would ease disputes on environment
pollution and reduce reliance on fossil resources. However, biodegradable plastics are
significantly more expensive than conventional plastics it has failed to win
widespread consumer acceptance. Clearly starch based polymers offer a very
attractive low cost for biodegradable plastics. The aim of this study was to investigate
the aerobic biodegradation of PLA, PLA/starch blend with various amounts of starch
content after degradation testing in an aqueous medium according to ISO 14852 at
25oC (ISO 14852: 1999 - Determination of the ultimate aerobic biodegradability of
plastic materials in an aqueous medium - Method by analysis of evolved carbon
dioxide). The starch used in this study was unmodified cassava starch. The blends
were melt compounded using a laboratory twin screw extruder with co-rotating
mixing screw. The concentrations of the starch in the blend were 30% and 50% by
weight. The test samples were exposed in synthetic medium under laboratory
conditions to an inoculum from compost. The percentage biodegradations after 135
days of cellulose powder as reference material, PLA, PLA/starch blend 70:30 wt%
and 50:50 wt% were found to be 58.76%, 1.06%, 11.40% and 28.17%, respectively.
Additionally, the number of microbial was studied. The highest number of microbial
was observed in the first 10 days of the test. It had some relationships with the
maximum amount of carbon dioxide evolved from these polymers.
Keywords: Polylactic acid, Starch, Biodegradation, Aqueous medium, ISO 14852

D-6
Control of Biodegradability of Poly(butylene succinate)

by Addition of Cellulose Acetate Butyrate
Yuya Tachibana*, Fumi Ninomiya, Masahiro Funabashi, Masao Kunioka
National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi,
Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan (*corresponding author; yuya-tachibana@aist.go.jp)
Abstract
We have evaluated the effect of addition of cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB)

to poly(butylenes succinate) (PBS). PBS and CAB were mixed with a melt kneading
machine or cast process. The strain and strength at break in the case of the blend with
10 % CAB in the PBS matrix were 547 % and 35 MPa. It showed that CAB acts as a
plasticizer for PBS. The biomass carbon ratio of the blends measured by accelerator
mass spectrometry based on ASTM D6866 showed that the biomass carbon derived
from a part of the CAB corresponded to the theoretical value of the polymer blend.
The biodegradation of PBS with the CAB melt blend powders was evaluated by a
microbial oxidative degradation analyzer under controlled compost conditions based
on ISO 14855-2. The biodegradation rate of PBS with 1 % CAB was slower than
PBS without CAB. Furthermore, PBS with 5 and 10 % CAB was not degraded within
50 days. These results shows that the addition of CAB can control the
biodegradability of the PBS.
70
60
50
Degree of biodegradation /%
40
30
20
10
-10
0 10 20 30 40 50
Incubation time /day
o
Figure 1. Biodegradation test of PBS/CAB blend at 58 C under controlled
compost conditions based on ISO 14855-2 ; PBS,; PBS/CAB = 90/10
blend, ; PBS/CAB = 95/5 blend, X; PBS/CAB = 99/1 blend
Keywords: Biodegradability, Poly(butylene succinate), Cellulose acetate butyrate

D-7
Biomass Carbon Ratio of Polymer Products Measured

by Accelerator Mass Spectrometry
Masahiro Funabashi1*, Masao Kunioka1, Fumi Ninomiya1, Keiichi Ohara2
1
National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi,
Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan (*corresponding author; m.funabashi@aist.go.jp)
2
Institute of Accelerator Analysis Ltd. (IAA), Shirakawa Analysis Center 6-270 Ichididan,
Shirakawa, Shirakawa 961-0835, Japan
Abstract
Biomass carbon ratio of chemicals, which can be used as source materials for
polymers and their composites, were measured by the accelerator mass spectrometry
(AMS) method based on ASTM D 6866-08. Biomass includes 14C with constant ratio
of 1 x 10-12 and petroleum includes no 14C. Biomass carbon ratio was estimated by
carbon isotopes of 12C, 13C and 14C in samples by AMS measurement. Sample
preparation methods of solid, liquid and gas samples related to bioplastics for AMS
measurement were described. Sample preparation method of samples including
carbonate such as calcium carbonate was also described. Reproducibility and
repeatability of biomass carbon ratio measurement by AMS were investigated.
Correction of biomass carbon ratio for samples, such as the plant materials, was
investigated. Polymer blend of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(butylene succinate)
(PBS) were made by casting from solution of PLA and PBS with chloroform.
Repeatability of biomass carbon ratios of this polymer blend by AMS is shown in
Table (a). Measured data is smaller than estimated values. It is thought that PLA is
added some additives including non-biobased carbon. Composite film of PBS with
cellulose powders were made by a hot-press from mixtures of PBS powders and
cellulose powders. Repeatability of biomass carbon ratios of this composite is shown
in Table (b). Measured data is greater than estimated values. Biomass carbon ratio of
cellulose from wood is overestimated than 100 %, since higher concentration of 14C
was observed in air from 1950's by atomic bomb test in atmosphere. From these
results, the correction of biomass carbon ratio caused by the origin of materials is
necessary.
Keywords: Biomass Carbon Ratio, Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Polymer blend

Opening Address
Overview of AIST
Dr. Seichi Aiba

National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science
and Technology
Research Topics in AIST

Seiichi Aiba
National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
Abstract
Overview of AIST
0AIST is the largest research organization in the area of industrial science and technology
in Japan, with multidisciplinary competence in six fields: life science and biotechnology;
information technology and electronics; nanotechnology, materials, and manufacturing;
environment and energy; geological survey and applied geoscience; and metrology and
measurement science.0The headquarters are located in Tokyo and Tsukuba with nine regional
centers throughout the country from Hokkaido to Kyushu. The number of staff at AIST amounts
to about 10,000, including people from the private sector and universities in Japan and overseas.
Of these, about 2,300 are full-time researchers while about 700 are clerical staff. AIST is
working to serve as an advanced model for public research institutes and to function as a
powerful interface for innovations by bridging academia, industry, and government so as to
establish a synergy (“open innovation hub”) through their linkage.
Toward green innovation

• Development of technologies to expand the use of renewable energy
• Development of energy-saving technologies
• Securing of resources and development of technologies to effectively use resources
• Development of technologies to reduce industrial environmental loads
• Development of technologies to evaluate and manage green innovation
• Development of technologies to efficiently manufacture high-quality substances using
bioprocesses that help to reduce industrial environmental loads
Research topics in bioplastics and Biobased materials

• Synthesis of polyesters using maicrowave
• Production of D-lactic acid and 3-hydroxy butyric acid by bioprocesses
• Production of poly(3-hydroxy butyrate) by bioprocess using glycerol
• Development of composites using cellulose nanofibers
• Development of copolyesters using 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid
• Development of biobased polyamide 4
• Development of biobased thermosetting resin and anti-flamable agent
• Measurement of biomass carbon ratio in biomass plastics
Powerpoint Presentation
New Pretreatment System of Biomass and

Hyperthermophilic Cellulases
Dr. Kazuhiko Ishikawa

and Technology
Prospect of Biochemical Conversion of Agricultural

Wastes to Sugars and Value-add Products
Dr. Kazuhiko Ishikawa

and Technology
Microbial Production of Glyceric and from

Raw Glycerol and its Application to Bioplastics
Dr. Tokuma Fukuoka

and Technology
Fully Biomass-based Poly (Butylenes Succinate)

Synthesized from Furfural and its Certification
by Accelerated Mass Spectrometry
Dr. Masao Kunioka

and Technology
Production of Propylene from Bio-ethanol
Dr. Tadahiro Fujitani

and Technology

(.)
54
Processing of Bio-based Polyesters into

High-performance fibers
Prof. Hideki Yamane

Kyoto Institute of Technology
Optimization of Lactic Acid Fermentation from Local

Raw Materials Using a Highly Effective Bacterial Strain
Dr. Sureelak Rodtong

Suranaree University of Technology

(.)
54
Lactide Synthesis and Polymerization

Using Novel Catalyst
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Winita Punyodom

Chiang Mai University

(.)
54
Bio-Succinate: Metabolic Engineering Approach

for its Sustainable Production in Thailand
Dr. Kaemwich Jantama

Suranaree University of Technology

Pla+phb Blend Composite

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The Second Thai-Japan Bioplastics and

Biobased Materials Symposium

Poster Presentation Abstracts

Session A: Fermentation and Monomer Production ............................................................. 17

I-1 Overview of AIST

No. Ref. No Title Aurthor Organization

1. A-1 Production of Poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate Kanjana Viwatrungruangdee Silpakorn University

No. Ref. No Title Aurthor Organization

28. C-14 Preparation of Polylactide/Organoclay Siriwan Phattanarudee Chulalongkorn University

33. C-19 Fabrication of Stearyl-Chitosan Nanoparticle by Thitirat Rattanawongwiboon Kasetsart University

No. Ref. No Title Aurthor Organization

Fermentation and Monomer Production

Production of Poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) by a Novel

A short rod-shaped and gram-positive bacterium (designated strain M2.2) able

Keywords: PHB, Carbon source, Thermophilic bacteria, Dactylosporangium sp.

Metabolic Flux Analysis of Metabolic Engineered Escherichia

Kaemwich Jantama1, Spyros A. Svoronos2, and Lonnie O. Ingram3

Metabolic flux analysis (MFA) was performed to assess the distribution of

Keywords: MFA, Escherichia coli, Succinate, PDH

Production of Succinate From Microbial

Maytawadee Saengproo, Sitha Chan, and Kaemwich Jantama

School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of

Succinate is an intermediate produced in the metabolic pathway of several

Keywords: Metabolic engineering, Rumen bacteria, Fermentation, Succinate

Production of Poly-E-Hydroxybutyrate by Ralstonia

Among 70 isolates of Ralstonia solonacearum, R. solonacearum RS20

Keywords: Poly-E-Hydroxybutyrate, co-polyester, Ralstonia solanacearum

High Cell Density Cultivation of Cupriavidus sp.

Pensri Plangklang1, Mullika Teerakul1, Mallika Boonme1 and Alissara Reungsang1,2*

Keywords: Polyhydroxyalkanoates, Cupriavidus KKU38, Cassava starch,

An Economical D-Lactic Acid Production from Various

Poly (lactic acid) (PLA), a kind of biodegradable polymer, is a potential

The Production of Polyhydroxybutyrate from

Department of Agro-Industrial Technology, Faculty of Applied Science, King Mongkut’s

Keywords: polyhydroxybutyrate, PHB producer, Alcaligenes latus, Alcaligenes

Purification of D-(-)-Lactic Acid from Fermentation Broth Using

Keywords: D-Lactic acid, Ethanol, Esterification, Distillation, Hydrolysis.

Conversion of Glycerol into Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs)

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) have produced as energy storage

Keywords: Polyhydroxyalkanoates, PHAs, Glycerol, Alcaligenes latus, Cuprividus

Potential Bacterial Strains for D-Lactic Acid Production

School of Microbiology, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon

Keywords: Lactic acid bacteria, D-Lactic acid, Tapioca starch

Midstream and Intermediate Production

Synthesis and Characterization of

Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 402-751,

Polylactide (PLA) is a thermoplastic, high-strength, high-modulus polymer

Keywords: lactide, atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), methyl

Synthesis and Characterization of tin(II) Complexes Derived

Polymers derived from cyclic esters such as lactide, glycolide, and H-

Keywords: Tin(II) complexes, Catalyst, Polymerization

Route to High Molecular Weight of Poly (lactic acid)

National Metal and Materials Technology Center (MTEC)

Generally, PLA can be produced by several methods. Melt polycondensation

Synthesis and Crosslinking of Lactide (LA)/Glycidyl

PLA is biodegradable aliphatic polyester, with high strength and high

Keywords: Lactide, Glycidyl methacrylate, Copolymer, Crosslink process, % Gel content

Processing and Applications

The Development of Mulch Film from Natural Rubber

Tarinee Nampitch1* and Rathanawan Magaraphan2

Keywords: Biodegradable plastics, Polymer blends, Poly (lactic acid) (PLA),

Preparation and Characterizations of PLA Composite Loaded