MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY – Clinical doing laboratory works and prepare

Laboratory Science or Medical Laboratory samples

Science
ROLES OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGIST
WHAT IS MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY? 1. Observe, identify and analyze organisms and
• Ruth Heinemann – The application of the cells causing infection and disease
principles of natural, physical, and 2. Perform blood tests
biological Sciences to the performance 3. Measure substances in blood and other body
of laboratory procedures which aid in fluids
the diagnosis and treatment of disease. 4. Operate complex apparatus, instruments
• Anne Fagelson – The branch of medicine and machines
concerned with the performance of 5. Use standards and controls to improve
laboratory determinations and analyses reliability of the result
used in the diagnosis and treatment of 6. Work under pressure with accuracy and
the disease and maintenance of health. precision
• Walters – The health profession 7. Adhere to high ethical standards and
concerned with performing laboratory performance
analyses in view of obtaining information
necessary in the diagnosis and treatment HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
of diseases as well as in the maintenance Early Beginnings
of good health. ➢ 400 BC
o Hipocrates (Father of Medicine)
The Philippine Medical Technology Act of 1969 ▪ described the four humors in
(R.A 5527) human (Blood, Phlegm, Yellow Bile,
• An auxiliary branch of laboratory Black Bile)
medicine which deals with the ▪ Urine was regarded as composite
examination of tissues, secretion and of these humors
excretion of human body and body ▪ Urinalysis is the oldest laboratory
fluids by various chemical, microscopic, procedure
bacteriologic, and other medical ➢ 600 BC
laboratory procedures or technic which o Hindu physicians recorded the sweet
will aid the physician in the diagnosis, taste of diabetic urine as well as
study, and treatment of the disease and polyuria in diabetes
in the promotion of health in general. ➢ 500 BC
• Performing laboratory procedures o Vivian Herrick identified Taenia
(samples) - done by medical (tapeworm) and Ascaris (ringworm)
technologists o Ebers Papyrus was discovered; it is the
• Analysis (results) and diagnosis and oldest preserved Egyptian
treatment (disease) – done by physician compilation of medical texts which
includes surgery, burns, intestinal
Clinical Laboratory – The facility that performs parasitological diseases, and
chemical and microscopic examinations of pregnancy
various body fluids. ➢ 1632
o Anton Van Leeuwnhoek invented the
INSIDE THE CLINICAL LABORATORY compound microscope
1. Pathologist o He was the first to describe red blood
– doctor specialty of pathology; cells, protozoa, and to classify
director bacteria according to shape
2. Medical Technologist ➢ 1628-1694
- Bachelor of Science in Medical o Marcelo Malphigi (Founder of
Technology of Bachelor of Science in Pathology); greatest of the early
Public Health graduate in school microscopist; contributed to
recognized by CHED; should pass the Embryology and Anatomy
medical technology licensure ➢ 1847
examination given by the PRC o Rudolph Virchow was the founder of
3. Medical Technician the Archives of Pathology in Berlin
– individual registered certified by PRC; ➢ 1848
assists the medical technology in

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 o Herman Fehling performed the first Health Laboratory now called 26th
quantitative test for urine sugar Medical Infantry of the 6th US Army
(concentration of sugar)

➢ 15TH CENTURY ➢ 1947

o Discovery of dyes (aniline dyes) o Dr. Pio de Roda and Dr. Prudencia
made possible the staining and study Sta. Ana offered a training for
of microorganisms such as bacteria highschool and paramedical
graduates
IN THE UNITED STATES ➢ 1954
➢ 1878 o 6-month laboratory training was
o Dr. William H. Welch established a offered
laboratory at Bellevue Hospital o Formal education of Medical
Medical College Technology began
➢ 1885
o Dr. William H. Welch became the first HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
professor in Pathology at John EDUCATION IN THE PHILIPPINES
Hopkins University ➢ Mrs. Willa Hilgert Hendrick
➢ 1896 o Founder of Medical Technology
o Dr. William Osler opened the first education in the Philippines;
clinical laboratory at John Hopkins American Medical Practitioner of the
Hospital 7th Day Adventist Church in the
o William Pepper Laboratory was also Philippines
opened at the University of ➢ 1954 - Philippine Union College of Baesa
Pennsylvania ▪ now called Adventist University of
➢ 1908 the Philippines;
o Dr. James C. Todd wrote “A Manual of ▪ First to offer BSMT with the help of its
Clinical Diagnosis” which became sister company the Manila
the standard reference of Sanitarium Hospital now called
laboratories; the 9th edition is called Manila Adventist Medical Center;
“Clinical Diagnosis by Laboratory ▪ Dr. Jesse Umali was its graduate
Methods” after 2 years
➢ 1921 ➢ 1957-1958 - UST
o Denver Society of Clinical o Dr. Antonio Gabriel and Dr. Gustavo
Pathologists was organized Reyes of UST offered MT as an elective
➢ 1936 to pharmacy students. Due to its
o American Board of Pathology was popularity, it was decided to be
organized offered it as a course.
➢ WORLD WAR I ➢ 1960 – Centro Escolar University
o Produced a great demand for o CEU offered MT course with the help
technicians because of war of Ms. Purificacion Sunico Suaco
o University of Minnesota established because she made a feasibility study
trainings for workers in 1922 and first to of offering BSMT and it was approved
offer the degree program in 1923 by Carmen de Luna;
➢ WORLD WAR II o first batch graduate in 1962
o Closed system of blood collection ➢ 1961-1962 – Far Eastern University
was adopted; advanced o Dr. Horacio Ylagan and Dr. Serafin
instrumentation, automated Juliano applied for the offering of
equipment; quality control programs BSMT course in FEU which was
approved in 1962
IN THE PHILIPPINES o first batch graduate in 1963
➢ January 9, 1945 ➢ NO YEAR – University of the Philippines
o First clinical laboratory in the o UP offers the same course but the
Philippines at Quiricada St. Sta. Cruz, degree is BS Public Health
Manila was established and is known
as the Public Health Laboratory
➢ October 1, 1945
o Dr. Pio de Roda and Dr. Mariano
Icasiano reopened Manila Public

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PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES
1. The Philippine Association of Schools of
Medical Technology and Public Health
(PASMETH)
➢ national organization of
recognized schools of MT and
Public Health in the Philippines
➢ Goals:
i. To develop closer relation
ii. To maintain the highest
standard of education
2. The Philippine Association of Medical
Technologists (PAMET)
➢ national organization of all RMT in
the Philippines
➢ father of PAMET is Crisanto
Almario
➢ Goals:
i. To standardize and give
dignity to the profession
NATURE AND FIELD OF STUDY
Bachelor of Science in Medical Technology
or Bachelor of Science in Medical
Laboratory Science
– 4 year degree program consisting of 1
year internship with rational duties in
different sections during the 4th level in a
CHED accredited training laboratory; a
licensure examination to all applicants for
registration as Medical Technologist.
PROGRAM GOALS
1. Develop knowledge, skills, professional
attitude and values in the performance
of laboratory procedures
2. Acquire critical thinking skills
3. Engage in research and community-
related activities
4. Participate in activities promoting the
profession and engage in life-long
learning undertakings
5. Develop collaborative and leadership
qualities
EXPECTED PERFORMANCE OUTCOMES OF
GRADUATES
1. Demonstrate technical competence in
the performance of clinical laboratory
tests
2. Demonstrate analytical and critical
thinking skills in the workplace
3. Engage in the proper collection,
analysis, and projection of health
information
OF 4. Demonstrate interpersonal skills,
leadership qualities, and ethical
practice of the profession
5. Apply research skills in relevant to areas
of Medical Technology/ Laboratory
Science practice
6. Participate in community-oriented
activities
7. Engage in life-long learning activities 8.
Demonstrate effective teaching and
communication skills
PROGRAM CURRICULUM
MT curriculum – 4 years including a 12 month
long internship in accredited laboratories
with the following subjects: General
Education, Core Courses, Professional
Courses
SCOPE OF LICENSURE EXAMINATION
1. Clinical Chemistry 20%
2. Microbiology & Parasitology 20%
3. Hematology 20%
4. Blood Banking & Serology 20%
5. Clinical Microscopy 10%
6. Histopathologic Techniques 10%
And MT Laws
EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES
1. Medical Technologist (generalist/
specialist)
2. Clinical laboratory supervisors
3. Chief medical technologist
4. Laboratory owners
5. Sales and public relations representative
6. Educational representatives (company/
health program)
7. Researcher (industrial/medical)
8. Teachers/instructors (secondary/tertiary
levels)
9. Employment abroad
UNIT 2: CLINICAL LABORATORY
● facility
● Specimens (whole blood, serum, plasma,
urine, stool, etc.) from the human body
● Collected, processed, examined, or
analyzed
● Prevention, diagnosis, and treatment
CLASSIFICATION OF CLINICAL LABORATORY
Department of Health- Administrative Order no.
2007-0027
A. Based on Ownership
1. Government
2. Private
B. Based on Function
1. Clinical Pathology
a. Clinical Chemistry
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 b. Hematology
c. Microbiology
d. Clinical Microscopy
e. Immunology
f. Molecular Biology
g. Immunohematology
h. Cytogenetics
i. Endocrinology
j. Toxicology
k. Therapeutic drug monitoring
2. Anatomical Pathology
a. Surgical Pathology
b. Immunohistopathology
c. Cytology
d. Autopsy
e. Forensic Pathology
f. Molecular Pathology
C. Based on Institutional Character
1. Institution-based
2. Freestanding
D. Based on Service Capability
1. General Clinic Laboratory
a. Primary Category (minimum of 10
square meters in floor area)
i. Routine Hematology (CBC)
ii. Qualitative Platelet
Determination
iii. Routine Urinalysis
Fecalysis
iv. Blood typing - for hospital
based
b. Secondary Category (minimum of
20 square meters in floor area)
i. Routing Clinical Chemistry
ii. Quantitative Platelet
Determination
iii. Cross Matching
iv. Gram Staining
v. KOH staining for fungal
disease
c. Tertiary Category (minimum of 60
square meters in floor area)
i. All secondary lab services
ii. Special Chemistry
(Cardiac markers)
iii. Special Hematology
(Coagulation tests)
iv. Immunology/Serology (HIV,
Hepa profile, tumor
markers)
v. Microbiology - culture and
sensitivity
d. Limited Service Capability
i. Dialysis Centers
ii. Social Hygiene Clinics
2. Special Laboratory
a. Assisted reproduction technology
laboratory
b. Molecular and cellular
technology
c. Molecular pathology, Forensic
pathology and Anatomic
laboratory
E. National Reference Laboratory
1. Confirmatory Testing
2. Surveillance
3. Resolution of Conflicting results
4. Training and research
5. Evaluation of diagnostic kits and
reagents
National Reference Laboratories
1. Research Institute for Tropical Medicine
2. San Lazaro Hospital STD-AIDS
Cooperative Center Laboratory (SACCL)
3. East Avenue Medical Center
4. National Kidney and Transplant Institute
5. Lung Center of the Philippines
F. Satellite Testing Sites
● Testing site owned by licensed laboratory
and but situated in a location some distance
from the main laboratory
G. Mobile Clinical Laboratories
● laboratory testing unit
● Moves from one testing site to another
testing site
● Has a temporary testing location
● Shall have a base laboratory
● Permitted to collect specimen only
● Operate within 100km radius from its
main lab
LABORATORY SECTIONS
A. Specimen Processing
B. Hematology Section
C. Coagulation Section
D. Clinical Microscopy
E. Parasitology
F. Clinical Chemistry
G. Clinical Microbiology
H. Immunology/Serology Section
a. Serology tests:
i. Pregnancy tests - detects
B-HCG
ii. Dengue Test
iii. HbsAg - for hepatitis
iv. Bacterial Agglutination test
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 1. Widal test - typhoid ○ To Transmit test results
fever ○ Reference ranges
2. Weil-Felix – non- ○ Date and time of the specimen
specific test for collection
typhus fever ○ Name, address of laboratory
I. Immunohematology/Blood Bank ○ Name and identification number
J. Histopathology/Cytopathology of patient
○ Source of specimen
INFORMATION FLOW IN THE CLINICAL ○ Date & time 5he report was
LABORATORY generated
● Laboratory Requisition
○ Lab Request form THREE PHASES OF LABORATORY TESTING
■ a form used by physician to 1. PREANALYTICAL PHASE
document the tests that srr ○ Occurs first in the lab process
to be performed on ■ Patient preparation
patients ■ Paperwork and data entry
■ Contains the following: ■ Specimen collection,
● Patient’s processing, storage, and
demographic data: transportation
names, data, ○ Responsible Personnel
address, birth date ■ Phlebotomist, lab technician
● Patient gender ■
● Date & time of 2. ANALYTIC PHASE
collection ● Considered the “actual” lab
● Room number (in- testing or the diagnostic
patient or out- procedures, processes and
patient) products
● Test selection ○ Proper instrument
● Identification kf the maintenance
lerson who ○ Reagent supplies
performed the ○ Quality control
collection ● Responsible personnel
● Name and ○ Medical technologist or
signature of medical lab scientist
ordering physician
● Source of specimen Quality Control
● Physician’s clinical ● Ensure accuracy, precision,
diagnosis reliability of test procedure
● Additional ● Validates the following:
comments ○ Test reagents/kits
● Laboratory Directory ○ Testing process
○ Internal test number ○ Training of lab personnel
○ Acronym or abbreviations of the performing the test
test 3. POST-ANALYTIC PHASE
○ Type of specimen required ● Includes the following:
○ Specimen volumes and the ○ Review and analysis of results
minimum acceptable volume ○ Recording and reporting of results
Collection notes ○ Storage and disposal of specimen
○ Storage instruction of specimen ○ Releasing of results
○ Stability of the specimen ● Responsible personnel
○ Reference ranges ○ Medical technologist
○ Clinical Significance ○ Section supervisor
○ Test schedule or testing ○ Chief Med Tech
interval/frequency ○ Office clerk
○ Method ○ Office staff
● Laboratory Reports

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LABORATORY POLICIES
A. Laboratory Hour and Emergency Work
○ Definite working hours
○ Outside regular working hours,
organize a system for testing
urgent specimens
B. Range of tests to be performed and those to
be referred to higher level
1. The number of staff available
2. The availability of material resources
3. The types of health institutions (hospital or
health center)
C. Referral of Specimens (when necessary)
- example specimens for HIV detection
and water samples for bacteriological
analysis
D. Collection of Laboratory specimen
● Clearly labeled specimen
● Urine sample tray
E. Workload capacity of a laboratory
● Should match to the number of staff
● Their level of training
● Size of the laboratory
● The availability of lab facilities

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UNIT 3: Regulations Governing Laboratory - three or four years of academic
Personnel course work and one year of clinical
Medical Laboratory Professional experience
➢ skilled and educated laboratory - Certified by PRC. AMT, or ASCP
professionals
➢ play a very important role in health care ➢ MEDICAL LABORATORY
➢ responsible for conducting tests that TECHNICIAN/CLINICAL LABORATORY
provide crucial information for TECHNICIAN
detecting, diagnosing, treating, and - Performs routine tests in all areas of
monitoring disease the clinical laboratory
Clinical laboratory team - Have an associate degree and have
1. Laboratory Director completed an accredited Clinical
2. Technical and General Supervisors Laboratory Technician or certificate
3. Medical Technologist/Medical program
Laboratory Scientist/Clinical Laboratory
Scientist ➢ PHLEBOTOMIST (PBT)
4. Medical Laboratory Technician/Clinical - Phlebotomists work directly with the
Laboratory Technician patient to draw blood for laboratory
5. Phlebotomist tests using venipuncture or skin
puncture.
➢ LABORATORY DIRECTOR
- responsible for managing overall Professional Organizations
operations within the laboratory - Philippine Association of Medical
Technology (PAMET)
1. Pathologist - Philippine Association of Schools of
- board certified physicians who have Medical Technology and Public
specialized training in disease and Health (PASMETH), Inc.
laboratory interpretation.
- Perform all levels of laboratory testing
- Affiliated with hospital and reference
lab

2. Physician
- A physician without any laboratory
specialty training
- With additional credentials
specifically qualifying for the
laboratory setting

➢ TECHNICAL AND GENERAL SUPERVISORS

- A general supervisor is responsible for
oversight of the day-to-day
laboratory operations as well as the
personnel conducting the tests and
reporting results. PROFESSIONAL CODE OF CONDUCT
➢ Ethics
➢ MEDICAL TECHNOLOGIST/ MEDICAL - principles of conduct governing an
LABORATORY SCIENTIST/ CLINICAL individual or a group
LABORATORY SCIENTIST Objectives of the Professional Code of Ethics
- performing routine as well as highly 1. Define professional privileges,
specialized tests - perform quality behaviors and responsibilities
control checks - may assume towards the members of the
managerial roles community in general.
2. Promote professional quality,
➢ MEDICAL TECHNOLOGIST/ MEDICAL professional conduct and a moral
LABORATORY SCIENTIST/ CLINICAL method of procedures.
LABORATORY SCIENTIST 3. Defend private professions from
- have a bachelor's degree in undue interference by the
clinical/medical laboratory science

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 government or by other private
agencies.
4. Preserve the dignity of the
profession and the confidence of
the public
5. Defend clients from unscrupulous
individuals.
6. Certain standards of the
compensations for services or
work.
Specific Principles of Professional Conduct
1. Service to Others
2. Integrity and Objectivity
3. Professional Competence
4. Solidarity and Teamwork
5. Social and Civic Responsibility
6. Global Competitiveness
7. Equality of All Professions

Ethical Practice of Laboratory Medicine By

WHO
➢ Ethical practice
- good technical practice
accompanied by proper attitude
and behavior
Fundamental Principles of Ethics
1. Autonomy
2. Beneficence
3. Non-maleficence
4. Justice
Fundamental Principles of Ethics
1. Autonomy - the right of patients to make
decisions on their behalf
2. Beneficence - the duty or obligation to act in
the best interest of the patient
3. Non-maleficence - the duty or obligation to
avoid harm to the patient.
4. Justice - this embodies concepts of fairness
and giving what is rightfully due
General Application of Ethical Principles
1. Medical laboratories have responsibilities
to others.
- Patients
- Colleagues and the Profession
- Society
2. Collection of Information
3. Collection of specimens
4. Performance of test
5. Reporting of results
6. Storage and Retention of Medical
Records
7. Access to Medical Records
8. Financial Arrangements and
organizational matters.

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