Study of Pm10 Aerosols over a city and

Human’s
A report submitted in partial fulfillment if the requirements for the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLGY IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED BY:
Shiladitya Acharjee(1701065)
Abhinab Pathak(1701072)
Abhinash Nanda(1701073)

Supervisor:
Prof.Dr Dudam Bharath Kumar

School of Civil Engineering

Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology
Deemed to be University
Bhubaneswar,751024
 INDEX
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT (i)
DECLARATION OF SCHOLAR (iii)
INTRODUCTION 1
Sources of Atmospheric 2-4
Aerosol
Aerosol Transformation 5

Abstract 6

Methodology 7-8

Health Risk 9-10

Results and Discussions 11

Summary 12
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:
It is with immense pleasure that we express our sincere sense of gratitude and humble
appreciation to Prof.(Dr.) Dudam Bharath Kumar for his invaluable guidance, whole-hearted
co-operation, constructive criticism and continuous encouragement throughout the project. Without
his support and guidance, the present work would have a remained a dream.

We would also like to thank Dean Dr.B.G Mohapatra,School of Civil Engineering, KIIT
UNIVERSITY, for providing necessary facilities.

We would take this opportunity to thank all our scholar friends for their valuable support and
encouragement throughout the project.

April 2020,
Shiladitya Acharjee(1701065)
Abhinav Pathak(1701072)
Abhinash Nanda(1701073)
KIIT UNIVERSITY,BHUBANESWAR
 Declaration of scholar:
I hereby certify that the work which is being presented in the report entitle “Characterization and
sources of summertime Pm10 Aerosols over a smart city Bhubaneswar" in the partial fulfilment of
the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in School of Civil
Engineering under Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar
is an authentic record of my own work carried out during the period of 2019 to 2020 under the
supervision of Dr.Dudam Bharath Kumar.The matter embodied in this thesis has not been
submitted by me for the award of any other degree of this or any other University/Institute.

Signature
Shiladitya Acharjee(1701065)
Abhinav Pathak(1701072)
Abhinash Nanda(1701073)

This to certify that above statement made by the student is correct to the best of our knowledge.

Dr.Dudam Bharath Kumar

(Supervisor)
School of Civil Engineering
 Introduction

Aerosols:
Aerosols are suspended particles in the atmosphere. When these particles are sufficiently large, we notice their presence as they
scatter and absorb sunlight. Their scattering of sunlight can reduce visibility (haze) and redden sunrises and sunsets.

Aerosols interact both directly and indirectly with the Earth's radiation budget and climate. As a direct effect, the aerosols
scatter sunlight directly back into space. As an indirect effect, aerosols in the lower atmosphere can modify the size of
cloud particles, changing how the clouds reflect and absorb sunlight, thereby affecting the Earth's energy budget.

Aerosols also can act as sites for chemical reactions to take place (heterogeneous chemistry). The most significant of these
reactions are those that lead to the destruction of stratospheric ozone. During winter in the polar regions, aerosols grow to
form polar stratospheric clouds. The large surface areas of these cloud particles provide sites for chemical reactions to take
place. These reactions lead to the formation of large amounts of reactive chlorine and, ultimately, to the destruction of ozone in
the stratosphere.
 Souces of atmospheric Aerosol
• Natural:

• Volcanic

• Dust
• Sea Salt

• Industry
• Anthropogenic sources:
• Biomass (or open) burning
 AEROSOL TRANSFORMATION:

Atmospheric aerosols are one of the important parameters that influence the Earths radiation
balance.
 Directly through scattering and absorbing solar radiation.
 Indirectly through changing the cloud parameters and its lifetime
Effect of aerosols on atmospheric-radiation equilibrium in overturning the climate change is due to
large uncertainty in radiative forcing estimation.
 Abstract:

Trace metal concentrations in PM10 were measured in an urban–industrial site in León, Mexico in three different seasons.
PM10 were collected in quartz fiber filters of 47 mm diameter using low volume equipment operating with a controlled
flow of 5 L min−1 over 24 h. Mass concentrations were gravimetrically determined and it was found that PM10 samples
showed values in excess of the Mexican standard and the established values by WHO during cold dry and warm dry
seasons. Morphology of selected particles was studied by SEM-EDS analysis, and the elemental composition was
determined. Collected samples were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry in order to quantify ambient air
concentrations of some trace metals (Cu, Co, Zn, Cd, Fe, Mg, and Mn). Median concentrations of trace metals showed the
maximum value for iron (3.079 µgm−3 ) and the minimum value for Cd (0.050 µgm−3 ) over the entire period. From the
meteorological analysis, it was found that sources located SW and ESE of the sampling site contributed to the levels of
trace metals in PM10 in the studied site. The health risk assessment found that the population of León is at increased
lifetime risk of experiencing cancer because of exposure to these concentrations of PM10 and their trace metal content.
 METHODOLOGY:
Experimental Procedure:
 The device is setup by connecting it to power supply line.
 And keeping the device at a place 10m above the ground level approximately where it will
be exposed to atmospheric air.
 The clean filter paper is collected using a tong and it setup and then the machine is switch on
and the time totalizer is noted.
 The cap under the centrifugal chamber collects the heavy particles for 24hrs.
 After 24 hrs the machine is switched off and time on totalizer is noted.
 The filter paper and the cap under the centrifugal chamber are collected and weighed.
INSTRUMENTS USED:
 Health Risk
Assessment Exposure, expressed in terms of the lifetime average daily dose (LADD), allowed determination of the
corresponding level of cancer risk (CR) for each metal. LADD serves to determine the amount of intake per kg of body
weight per day of a pollutant suspected of having adverse effects on health when it is absorbed into the body over a
long period, and is calculated with the following equations:
LADD = E × C (1)
E = IR BW × ET × EF × ED AT (2)

where C (mg m−3 ) is the concentration of the metal of interest in PM10, which is assumed to be the same as the
exposure point, E (m3 Kg−1 day−1 ) is obtained from Equation (2) where IR (m3 h −1 ) is the air inhalation rate, ET (24
h day−1 ) is the exposure time, EF (350 days year-1 ) is the exposure frequency, ED (years) is the exposure duration,
BW (Kg) is the body weight, and finally AT (days) is the average time, with ATc denoting carcinogenic risk and as ATn
denoting non-carcinogenic risk . The analysis was done separately for adults and children. The parameters used in
Equation 2 are shown in Table 3. Cancer risk (CR) represents the increased probability of occurrence of diseases
caused by tumors above the general average due to the impact of compounds that produce carcinogenic effects. The
CR for carcinogenic substances is considered 1 × 10−6 (the risk of developing cancer during human life is 1 in
1,000,000). Values below 1.00 × 10−6 for individuals are considered negligible. For carcinogenic substances, the CR
value is determined with the following equation:
CR = LADD × CSF (3)
where CR is the probability of occurrence of cancer in the exposed population during a lifetime of 70 years,
which is determined by multiplying the LADD (mg Kg−1 day−1 ) and CSF (cancer slope factor) (mg Kg−1 day−1 ).
The carcinogenic risk is defined as the increased probability of a person experiencing cancer during a lifetime as
result of the exposure to a substance with specific carcinogenic potential . The CSF is calculated with the
following equation:
CSF = IUR × BW (IR × ET) × 1000 (4)
where IUR (inhalation risk unit) is a reference value reported in the database of the US Environmental Protection
Agency . The values for IUR and RfC (reference concentration values) are presented in the Table 4. Regarding IUR
and RfC, only values for Cd, Co, and Mn are reported.
 • Results & Discussion
Pm10 Analysis
By the use of equipment respirable dust sampler readings were found out which
was imported in excel to get the graphical variations.
Pm10= weight of filter paper + Pm10 - weight of filter paper/volume
TSP= weight of pollution in cap + weight of Pm10/volume
%Pm10= Pm10/TSP
 Summary
In this we came to know the characteristic of Pm10 in a theoretical manner, the way it effects the city and
human body. We also gained knowledge about its causes an its origin.Further research will be done in near future.