Self-Help To I.C.S.E. Physics 10 PDF

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Refraction of Light Through a Prism
CONTENTS EXERCISE 4 (B) 211—221
Simple Applications of Refraction of Light
Exercise 4 (C) 221—226
1. FORCE 1—40 Critical Angle and Total Internal Reflection
Moment of a Force and Equilibrium Exercise 4 (D) 226—238
Exercise 1 (A) 15—31 5. REFRACTION THROUGH A LENS 239—312
Centre of Gravity Lens and Refraction of Light Through a Lens
Exercise 1 (B) 32—35 Exercise 5 (A) 261—272
Uniform Circular Motion Formation of Image by a Lens
Exercise 1 (C) 35—40 Exercise 5 (B) 272—290
2. WORK, ENERGY AND POWER 41—109 Sign Convention and Lens Formula
Work, Energy and Power Exercise 5 (C) 291—302
Their Measurents and Units Magnifying Glass and Application of Lens
Exercise 2 (A) 56—69 Exercise 5 (D) 302—306
Different Forms of Energy 6. SPECTRUM 307—329
Exercise 2 (B) 69—86 Deviation, Dispersion and Spectrum
Conservation of Energy Exercise 6 (A) 313—320
EXERCISE 2(C) 87—109 Electromagnetic Spectrum and
3. MACHINES 110—178 Its Broad Classification
Machines, Technical, Terms and Levers Exercise 6 (B) 320—327
Exercise 3 (A) 124—145 Scattering of Light and Its Applications
Pulley Exercise 6 (C) 327—329
Exercise 3 (B) 145—178 7. SOUND 330—386
4. REEFRACTION OF LIGHT AT PLANE SURFACES 179—238 Reflection of Sound Waves and Echoes
Refraction, Laws of Refraction Exercise 7 (A) 348—355
and Refractive Index Natural, Damped and Forced Vibrations; Resonance
Exercise 4 (A) 196—210 Exercise 7 (B) 355—365
Characteristics of Sound and 11. CALORIMETRY 585—652
Their Subjective and Objective Nature Heat Capacity, Specific Heat Capacity
Exercise 7 (C) 366—386 and Its Measurement
Exercise 11 (A) 610—622
8. CURRENT ELECTRICITY 387—500
Change of Phase (State) and Latent Heat
Concept of Current, Potential, Potential Difference
Exercise 11 (B) 622—635
and Resistance; Ohm’s Law
Additional Questions 635—652
Exercise 8 (A) 421—435
Electro-Motive Force, Terminal Voltage 12. RADIOACTIVITY 653—696
and Internal Resistance of a Cell; Atomic Structure and Ratioactivity
Combination of Resistors Exercise 12 (A) 669—689
Exercise 8 (B) 435—461 Nuclear fission and fusion
Electrical Energy and Power Exercise 12 (B) 690—696
EXERCISE 8 (C) 461—500
9. HOUSEHOLD CIRCUITS 501—537

Transmission of Power and House Wiring
Exercise 9 (A) 516—521
Some Essential Components of House Wiring System
Exercise 9 (B) 521—537
10. ELECTRO-MAGNETISM 538—584

Magnetic Effect of Electric Current
Exercise 10 (A) 556—564
Force on a Current Carrying Conductor in a
Magnetic Field & Its Applications in D.C. Motor
Exercise 10 (B) 565—569
Electromagnetic Induction and Its Applicaltions
to A.C. Generator and Transformer
Exercise 10 (C) 570—584
Hence torque depends on (i) force applied (ii) perpendicular distance

of line of action of the force from the axis of rotation.
1 FORCE * Anticlockwise moment is taken POSITIVE and clockwise moment is

taken NEGATIVE.
* UNIT OF TORQUE is Nm in S.I. unit; dyne cm in C.G.S.
* Moment of force is a VECTOR quantity.
* Direction of rotation can be changed by (i) changing the point of
POINTS TO REMEMBER application of force i.e. from X to Y as shown :
* LINEAR MOTION : “Motion of a rigid body in the straight path in the y y

direction of force is called TRANSLATIONAL MOTION.”
O O
Push Direction of motion
F Ball
Anticlock
wise x x
Clock wise
* ROTATIONAL MOTION : On applying force at a suitable point on a
pivoted body it rotates about the axis passing through the pivoted point, * COUPLE : “When two forces acting on a body are EQUAL,
the turning effect of the force and the motion of body is called PARALLEL, OPPOSITE but not along the ame straight line they
ROTATIONAL MOTION.” constitute a couple and produce a motion.” e.g. turning a stearing wheel,
turning a key in a lock, tightening a bottle cap, turning a screw driver,
wheel turning a tap, car wrench etc. and to drive the pedals of a bicycle a pair
of forces (couple) is applied for rotation.
* MOMENT OF COUPLE :
Either force × couple arm
f pivot
Derivation :
* TORQUE or MOMENT OF FORCE or TURNING EFFECT OF F
FORCE
d
Torque is equal to the product of the magnitude of force F and Q
P
perpendicular distance of the line of action of force from the axis of O (Pivot)
rotation = F × OP
F
P Effect produced by a couple :
O
90° Two equal forces f acting at P and Q are parallel, in opposite direction
PIVOT cannot produce translational motion as their resultant sum in any direction
is zero.
F Moment of force f at P = F × OP anticlockwise
Moment of force F at Q = F × OQ anticlockwise
1 Arun Deep’s Physics-X Arun Deep’s Physics-X 2

Total moment of couple = F × OP + F × OQ * Centre of gravity changes if the shape of body changes.
= F (OP + OQ) = F × PQ * Centre of gravity should be as low as possible for its stable equilibrium.
= F × d anticlockwise * To find the centre of gravity of an irregular lamina using plumb-line :
R
Make five holes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 near the edge of lamina. Now suspend the
= Force × Couple arm lamina along with the plumb line from the hole 1 using a nail clamped
* EQUILIBRIUM : “When a number of forces horizontally on a stand so that the lamina is free to oscillate. Draw a
acting on a body produce no change in its striaght line 1A along the plumb line. Repeat the procedure by suspending
state of rest or of linear or rotational motion, from pt. 3, 4, 5 and draw lines 3B, 4C and 5D, the point G where the
the body is said to be in equilibrium.” Examples maximum number of lines intersect is the centre of gravity of lamina.
of static equilibrium : A book lying on a table.
1
A beam balance when beam is balanced in horizontal position, clockwise
moment is equal to anticlockwise moment etc. C B 5
2
G
4
D 3 A
* DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM : “When a body in motion, remains in

irregular lamina
the same state of motion (translational or rotational) under the influence
of the several forces.” Q. A mechanic can open a nut by applying a force of 150 N while
e.g. An aeroplane moves at a constant height when upward lift on it using a lever handle of length 40 cm. How long handle is required
balances its weight downwards. if he wants to open it by applying a force of only 50 N ?
* CENTRE OF GRAVITY : “Is the point through which the entire weight Sol. As moment of force is same in both cases.
of body acts, howsoever it is placed.” OR
“It is the point about which the algebraic sum of moments of weights
of all the particles constituting the body is zero. The entire wt. of the Self-Help Physics by
Amar Bhutani
body can be considered to act at this point, howsoever the body is
placed.”
* The centre of gravity of ring or hollow sphere or L-shaped objects like
BOOMRANG lies where there is no material i.e. at centre of ring or Lesser the force, greater is dist.
hollow sphere and outside the body of Boom rang.  50 × perpendicular dist. = 150 × 40
G 150  40 120
Perpendicular dist. = = 120 cm   1·20 m
50 100
Q. A roller of diameter 0·4 m is raised on the parevement XY by the
force F1 and F2 each of magnitude 10 N. Compare the torques
produced by the two forces.

Sol. F1 = F2 = 10 N Q. The diagram shows two parallel and opposite forces F1 and F2 each
F2 of magnitude 5N, with their lines of action separated by a distance of
2 m. A point X lies midway between F1 and F2 while a point y lies on
O d2=0.2 x F2 .
y
d1
y F2= 5N
F1
2m x
Perpendicular distance of point of rotation X from the force F1 is
1 F1= 5N
dI = 0·4 m while that of force F2 is d2   0·4 = 0·2 m
2
(a) Calculate the total moment of the two forces about the points (i) X,
Torque produced by F1 F1 d1 10  0·4 2 and (ii) Y.
   F1  2 F2
Torque produced by F2 F2 d 2 10  0·2 1 (b) State the effect produced by the two forces about the points X and
Y.
Q. A body is pivoted at a point. A force of 10 N is applied at a distance
Sol.
of 30 cm from the pivot. Calculate the moment of force about the
pivot. y F2= 5N
Sol. Moment of force = Force ×  dist. 1m
30 x
= 10 N × m = 3 Nm 1m
100
Q. The moment of force of 5 N about a point P is 2 Nm. Calculate the F1= 5N
distance of a point of application of the force from the point P. (a) Total moment of two forces about X
Sol. F = 5 N. Moment of force = 2 Nm,  distance = ? = F1 × 1 + F2 × 1 = (5 × 1) + (5 × 1) = 10 Nm clockwise.
F ×  dist. = 2 Nm (b) Perpendicular distance of Y from F2 = 0
5 ×  dist. = 2
and from F1 = 2 m
2  Moment of force F1 about y + Moment of F2 about y
 distance = = 0·4
5 = (F1 × 2 + F2 × 0) = (5 × 2 + 5 × 0)
* CENTRIPETAL FORCE : “Is the force acting on a body moving in a = 10 + 0 = 10 Nm clockwise.
circular path, in the direction towards the centre of circular path.” Q. The iron door of a building is 3 m broad. It can be opened by applying
* When a particle moves in a circle with a constant speed i.e. covers a force of 100 N normally at the middle of the door. Calculate :
equal distance in equal interval of time, the motion is uniform circular (a) the torque needed to open the door,
motion and motion is ACCELERATED as its velocity is VARIANBLE (b) the least force and its point of application to open the door.
because it changes it direction at every moment i.e. it has NON-
3
UNIFORM motion. Sol. (a) Distance of point of application of force d  m
* Uniform linear motion is unaccelerated motion and acceleration is zero 2
though speed and velocity are constant. But uniform circular motion 3
has acceleration and velocity is variable due to change in direction in Moment of force to open the door = F × d  100   150 Nm
2
motion.
Man (on the ground)

A B Path of the tied ball
er
P as seen by man at M
nd
A M
Hinge
Stri ion
ng u
T
P' A' A
ten s
le P'' A''
Hand A'''
3m P'''
K 2
F Hinge
Merry-go-round
D C
A ball tied at the end of a string
moving in a circular path on a merry-
D go-round
(b) For least force, distance should be maximum i.e. 3 m at K The person standing on the ground at M outside the merry-go-round
observes that the ball is moving in a circular path (shown by dotted
 3 × F = 150
line), while the person standing on the merry-go-round at A observes
150 that the ball is stationary placed jnust in front of him at P. As the
F   50 N
merry-go-round rotates the position of person on the platform changes
3
i.e. force should be applied at free end of door = 3 m. from A to A, A, A, ... and the ball reaches at the position P, P,
P, ... respectively, as if it remains at rest always just in front of him.
* CENTRIFUGAL FORCE : Is a fictitious force, in opposite direction
The different observations of the same motion by the two persons at
to the centripetal force and equal in magnitude to centripetal force. As
M and A are explained as follows :
action and reaction donot act on the same body, centripetal force is not
a force of reaction. It is a fictitious force assumed by an observer Explanation : For the person at M, the ball moves in a circular path
moving in circular path along with the body. because the tension T in the string provides the centripetal force needed
for the circular motion.
“A force assumed by an observer moving with the body to act on the
body in direction away from the centre of circular path is called The person at A observes the ball stationary. He considers the following
CENTRIFUGAL FORCE.” two forces to act on the ball in order to understand his observation.
OR (i) the tension T of the string towards the centre of merry-go-ground.
“A force acting on a body away from the centre of its circular path is (ii) the centrifugal force away from the centre.
called centrifugal force.” The above two forces are equal and opposite, therefore the net force
e.g. when a stone is whirled with the hand in a circular path, the on the ball is zero. Hence it always remains stationary in front of him.
centripetal force is applied to the stone by the hand. Therefore the Thus, a person on the rotating platform can explain his observation
stone must exert an EQUAL and OPPOSITE force on the hand, pulling only by considering the centrifugal force.
the hand outward along the radius. This is experienced in actual practice. Case : If the string breaks when the ball is in position P as shown in
The force of reaction exerted by a rotating body is called reaction or Fig., the force of tension T in string ceases to act. Now the person at
centrifugal force. M standing on the ground will observe that the ball is moving in a
* TO UNDERSTAND CENTRIFUGAL FORCE : EXPERIMENT : straight line along the path PT (tangent drawn at the point P on the
circular path), while the person at A standing on the merry-go-round
A ball tied at one end of a string, the other end is tied at the centre of a
will observe the ball at positions P, P, P, .... when he will be at
merry-go-round. As the platform starts rotating, the string becomes
positions A, A, A, ... respectively i.e., he will observe that the ball
tight due to tension T in it.
always remains in front of him moving radially away from him as if a Since the scale rests at 60 cm at C
centrifugal force acts on the ball away from the centre. Thus the person  AC > CB i.e. weight of AC > weight of CB
in rotating frame (merry-go-round) has to assume the presence of the  10 g must be suspended at B.
centrifugal force. (b) Let M be the mass of rule
 Mg × DC Anticlockwise
Man (on the ground) Mg × (60 – 50) = 10 g × BC clockwise
M P Mg × 10 = 10  10 g (100 – 60)
en n
A' A
ok e Mass of rule M = 40  40 g
br se
is ll as
P' A''
ing ba
A'''
str e
Q. A uniform metre rule AB pivoted at end A at the zero mark and

er f th
aft h o
P''
supported at the other end B by a spring balance when a weight
M at
at ual p
P''' Merry-go-round of 40 kgf is suspended at its 40 cm mark. This rule stays

t
Ac
T horizontal. Find the reading of the spring balance when the rule
Centrifugal force is of (i) negligible mass (ii) mass 20 kg.
Sol.
Conclusion : The centrifugal force is not a real force, it is a fictitious
force. The only force involved here is the force of tension in the string 100 cm B anti-clockwise
acting towards the centre (i.e., the centripetal force). A force which 0 40 50
really does not exist, but is considered to describe (or understand) a 0 100
certain motion, is called a fictitious force (or virtual force). 40
Q. A uniform metre-rule rests horizontally on a knife edge at the
Clockwise 40 kgf Spring
60 cm mark. When a mass of 10 g is suspended from one end. balance
Draw diagram of the arrangement. (a) At which end must this When rule has negligible mass :
mass be suspended ? (b) What is the mass of the rule ?
In absence of support at the end B by spring balance, the rule will turn
Sol. (a) Fig. is drawn. CLOCKWISE about O. The point of suspension due to wt. 40 kgf at
40 cm mark. To keep the scale in equilibrium (i.e. horizontal), a force
(D) (C)
F is needed upwards at end B which is provided by the spring balance.
0 50 60 cm 100 B
A So the reading of spring balance will be F.
40
10
O 100 cm
10 g
0 100 B
40
Mg Clockwise 40 kgf F
Anticlockwise F × 100 = 40 kgf × 40 cm

As the metre-rule is uniform and its mid point is 50 cm. 40  40
F   16 kgf
 whole weight of metre rule [Mg] acts verticaly at this point. 100

(ii) When mass of scale is taken 20 kg and wt is 20 kgf at 50 cm mark F1 × 2·5 = F2 × 2...(1)
the mid point of scale. (b) Since OA > OO
 F2 should be greater than F1
Anti-clockwise
100 cm F2 2·5 25 5
O 40 50 (c) from (i) F  2  20  4
0 100 B 1
40
40 kgf 20 kgf
F  F2 : F1  5 : 4
60 cm Q. Two forces each of magnitude 2N act vertically upwards and
downwards respectively at the two ends of a uniform rod of length
Both clockwise
1 m which is pivoted at its centre. Draw a diagram of the
According to principle of equilibrium. arrangement and determine the resultant moment of forces about
Anticlockwise moment about pt. O = clockwise moment the mid point of the rod.
F × 100 cm = (40 kgf × 40 cm) + (20 kgf × 50 cm) Sol. Let PQ be the 1 m long rod having mid pt. O
= 1600 + 1000 Anticlockwise
2600 1m
F  = 26 kgf will be the reading in spring balance. P
2 F=2N
100 Q
Q. A wheel has fixed axle passing through O is kept stationary under 1m
F=2N 2
the action of : A
F1 Anti-clockwise
(i) a horizontal force F1 at A and (ii) a vertical B
force F2 at B. 1
 OP = OQ  m
(a) Show the direction of force F2 in the 2
diagram. O O Moment of each force f about O is anticlockwise
(b) Which of the force F1 or F2 is greater?  Total moment of forces about the mid point O
(c) Find the ratio between the forces F1 and  1  1
F2. Given that AO = 2·5 cm, BO = 1·5 cm and OO = 2·0 cm.   2     2   = 1 + 1 = 2 Nm Anticlockwise
 2   2
Sol. (a) Since F1 produces clockwise moment when applied at A.
Q. On a see-saw, two children of masses 30 kg and 50 kg are sitting on
F2 one side of it at distances of 2 m and 2·5 m respectively from the
A middle. Where should the man of mass 74 kg sit to balance it ?
B F1
Sol. Let AB be the see saw and O be its mid point.
2 2.5 Man Children
74 kg P Q
O O C 30 kg 50 kg
Clockwise O
A B
x 2
Anti-clockwise 2.5
 F2 at B must produces anticlockwise moment to balance it.
 F1 × OA = F2 × OO Let the man 74 kg be sitting on left side at a distance of x and balance
the two children sitting on right side at 2 m and 2·5 m respectively. Practice Problem 5. Two forces F1 and F2 are applied on a circular
Anticlockwise moment of man and clockwise moment of children are body such that moment of couple is 9 Nm. In a CWD calculate the
equal radius of circular body.
 74 kgf × x = (30 kgf × 2) + (50 kgf × 2·5)
74x = 60 + 125 A F1=15N
185
x   2·5 m r
74
O
Practice Problem 1. A force of 50 dynes acts on a rigid body, such
that perpendicular distance between fulcrum and the point of r
F2=15N
application of force is 75 cm. Calculate the moment of force.
Sol. The moment force is F × d = 50 dynes × 75 cm
Sol. Both forces produce clockwise moment (CWD)
 3750 dyne cm
 Total moment about point O = F1 × OA + F2 × OB = 9 Nm
Practice Problem 2. A force of 50 N produces a moment of force
15 × r + 15 × r = 9
10 Nm in a rigid body. Calculate the perpendicular distance
between the point of application of force and the turning point. 30r = 9
Sol. Moment of force = F × d
9 3 3
10 Nm = 50 N × d r   m   100  30 cm
30 10 10
10
 d   0·20 m Q. The work done by heart is 1 J per beat. Calculate the power of
50
heart if it beats 72 times in 1 minute.
Practice Problem 3. A couple of 15 N force acts on a rigid body,
such that the arm of couple is 85 cm. Calculate the moment of Sol. Work done by heart per beat = 1 J
couple in S.I. system. 72 beats per minute means 72 J per minute
Sol. In S.I. system F is in N and arm is in metres.
W 72 J
85  Power of heart  t  60 s = 1·2 W
Moment of couple = 15 N × N  12·75 Nm
100
Practice Problem 4. A force F = 5N acts at point a and produces a
moment of force of 6 Nm about point O. Find the diameter of the
wheel ?
Sol. Moment of force about O = F × OA F
6 = 5 × OA
6
 OA  = 1·2 = radius B
O
A
2
 diameter = 2 × radius = 2 × 1·2  2·4 m

MOMENT OF A FORCE AND EQUILIBRIUM force F is applied at B. In other words, the point of application of
force is changed.
Exercise 1 (A)
1. State the condition when on applying a force, the body has :
(a) the translational motion, (b) the rotational motion.
Ans. (a) When the body is free to move
(b) When the body is pivoted at a point.
2. Define moment of force and state its S.I. unit. Sense of rotation changed by the change of point of application of force
6. Write the expression for calculating the moment of force about a
Ans. Moment of force — The turning effect of force acting on a body given axis.
about an axis is called the moment of force. Ans. Moment of force (O) = F × Perpendicular distance of force from point
S.I. unit : N m (Newton metre) O. i.e. Moment of force = F × OP
7. What do you understand by the clockwise and anticlockwise moment
3. State whether the moment of force is a scalar or vector of force ? When is it taken positive ?
quantity? Ans. Clockwise moment of force — When the moment of force is in the
Ans. Moment of force is a Vector quantity. clock wise direction.
4. State two factors affecting the turning effect of a force. Anticlockwise moment — When the moment of force acts in
anticlockwise direction.
Ans. The turning effect on a body by a force depends on the following Anticlockwise moment of force is positive.
two factors : 8. State one way to reduce the moment of given force about a given axis
(i) The magnitude of the force applied. of rotation.
Ans. The ways to reduce the moment of given force about a given axis of
(ii) The distance of line of action of the force from the axis of rotation. rotation are :
5. When does a body rotate ? State one way to change the 1. By reducing the magnitude of force.
direction of rotation of the body. Give a suitable example to 2. By reducing perpendicular distance of line of action.
explain your answer. 9. State one way to obtain a greater moment of force about a given axis
of rotation.
Ans. A body pivoted at a point O, when the force is applied on the body Ans. The force is applied at a point on the body for which the perpendicular
at a suitable point, it rotates the body about the axis passing through distance of line of action of the force from the axis of rotation is
the pivoted point. This is called Rotation motion. maximum so that the given force may provide the maximum torque to
Example : When a force is applied normally on the handle of a turn the body.
door, the door begins to rotate about an axis passing through the 10. Why is it easier to open a door by applying the force at the free
end of it ?
hinges on which the door rests.
Ans. Moment of force is product of force and perpendicular distance. It is
To change the direction of rotation of the body : For turning a easier to open the door applying force at the handle.
steering wheel anticlock-wise, the force is applied tangentially at A 11. The stone of hand flour grinder is provided with a handle near
and to change the direction of motion i.e. to turn clockwise, the its rim. Give a reason.
Ans. In order to increase of moment of force, handle is provided near its arm. Hence total clockwise moment of the two forces about O
12. It is easier to turn the steering wheel of a large diameter than = (3.6 + 3.2) Nm = 6.8 Nm
that of a small diameter. Give reason. Now the anticlockwise moment of force about O
Ans. The hand of large diameter has a large perpendicular distance. The = Force × OB = 4N × 0.6 m = 2.4 Nm
moment of force depends upon perpendicular distance. The resultant torque about the point O
13. A spanner (or wrench) has a long handle. Why ? = clockwise moments – anticlockwise moments
Ans. Spanner has a long handle to produce larger turning moment. The les = 6.8 Nm – 2.4 Nm = 4.4 Nm (clockwise)
s force is applied at the end of handles. 16. The adjacent diagram shows a heavy roller, with its axle at
14. A jack screw is provided with a long arm. Explain why ? O, which is to be raised on a pavement XY. If there is friction
Ans. In order to produce maximum turning effect of the screw jack by a between the roller and
force, the force is applied at a point on the body for which the dis- pavement, show by an arrow on O
X Y
tance from the axis is maximum. So, that the given force provides the diagram the point of
maximum torque to turn the screw jack. application and the direction of
Numerically, Moment of force (torque, which is responsible for turn- force to be applied. If pivoted at F1
ing effect of the body) = Force applied × perpendicular distance of A
O, now will it go up ?
force from axis of rotation.
Ans. If force applied is greater then O
X Y
Therefore, the longer arm of the jack screw, the more force it can apply.
force of friction, then it will go up.
15. A, B and C are three forces each of magnitude 4 N acting in the
plane of paper as shown in fig. The point O B
17. A body is acted upon by two forces each of magnitude F, but
lies in the same plane. 0.8 m in opposite directions. State the effect of the forces if
C
O (a) both forces act at the same point of the body.
0.9m
(i) Which force has the least moment about O (b) the two forces act at two different points of the body at a
6m
? Give a reason. separation r.

0.
(ii) Which force has the greatest moment about A

Ans. (a) Resultant force = 0, moment of forces = 0 no motion.
O ? Give reason. (b) The forces tend to rotate the body about the mid-point between
(iii) Name the force producing (a) clockwise, (b) anticlockwise the two forces, moment of forces = Fr. Resultant force = 0.
moments. 18. Draw a neat labelled diagram to show the direction of two
(iv) What is the resultant torque about the point O ? forces acting on a body to produce rotation in it. Also mark
Ans. (i) C, because force C is nearest to O. the point about which rotation takes place, by the letter O.
(ii) A because force A is farthest from O. Ans.
(iii) (a) A and B are producing clockwise moment. F2
(b) C force is producing anticlockwise moments.
(iv) The clockwise moment of force about O = Force × OA A
= 4N × 0.9 m = 3.6 Nm O B
The clockwise moment of force about O = Force × OB
= 4N × 0.8 m = 3.2 Nm F1
19. What do you understand by the term couple ? State its effect. (i) Example of static equilibrium — The book lying on a table. The
Give two examples of couple action in our daily life. Where weight of book exerted on the Table vertically downwards is
couple is applied to turn a body. balanced by the equal and opposite force of reaction exerted by the
Ans. Couple : Two equal and opposite parallel forces not acting along table on the book vertically upward. The book is in static equilibrium.
the same line form a couple. (ii) Example of Dynamic equilibrium — A planet moving around the
(i) Turning of steering wheel (ii) turning of a water tap. sun is in a state of dynamic equilibrium because the force of attraction
20. Define moment of couple. Write its S.I. unit. on planet by the sun provides the centripetal force.
Ans. Moment of couple : Moment of a couple is equal to the product of 24. State two conditions for a body acted upon by several forces
either force and the perpendicular distance between the line of action to be in equilibrium.
of both the forces. S.I. units : N m Ans. Conditions : (i) The resultant of all the forces acting on the body
21. Prove that should be equal to zero.
Moment of couple = Force × Couple arm. (ii) The resultant moment of all the forces acting on the body about the
Ans. Moment of force F at the end A = F × OA (anticlockwise) point of rotation should be zero.
Moment of force F at the end B = F × OB (anticlockwise) 25. State the principle of moments. Name one device based on
it.
Total moment of couple = F × OA + F × OB
Ans. Principle of moments : According to principle of moments, in
= F (OA + OB) = F × AB
equilibrium the sum of anticlockwise moments is equal to the sum of
= Force × Couple arm
the clockwise moments.
F A physical balance works on the principle of moments.
d 26. Describe a simple experiment to verify the principle of
A B moments, if you are supplied with a metre rule, a fulcrum
O (Pivot)
and two springs with slotted weights.
F Ans. Experiment : Suspend a metre scale horizontally from a fixed
support by means of a strong thread. Now suspend the two spring
22. What do you mean by equilibrium of a body ? balances with some slotted weights W1 and W2 on either side. One
Ans. Equilibrium of a body — When a number of forces acting on a at A and other at B by adjusting their distances in such a way that the
body produce no change in its state of rest or of motion, the body is scale becomes horizontal.
said to in equilibrium. Let the distance OA = l1 and the distance OB = l2
23. State the condition when a body is in (i) static, (ii) dynamic, The weight W1 tend to turn the scale clockwise, while the weight
equilibrium. Give one example each of static and dynamic W2 tend to turn the scale anticlockwise.
equilibrium. Clockwise moment = W1 × l1
Ans. (i) The resultant of all the forces acting on a body should be equal Anticlockwise moment = W2 × l2
to zero. According to Principle of equilibrium
(ii) The resultant moment of all the forces acting on the body about the Sum of clockwise moments = Sum of anticlockwise moments
point of rotation should be zero. W1 × l1 = W2 × l2
(d) the body will have rotational as well as translation motion.

Ans. (d) the body will have rotational as well as translation motion.
3. The appliance which works on the principle of moments, is:
(a) spring balance (b) beam balance
(c) pendulum clock (d) balance wheel.
Ans. (b) beam balance
Numericals
1. The moment of a force of 10 N about a fixed point O is 5 Nm.
Calculate the distance of the point O from the line of action
27. Complete the following sentences: of the force.
(i) The S.I. unit of moment of force is ........... . Ans. Moment of force = 5 N m Force = 10 N
(ii) In equilibrium algebraic sum of moments of all forces about Distance = ?
the point of rotation is ........... . Moment of force = Force × Distance
(iii) In a beam balance when the beam is balanced in a horizontal 5 = 10 × Distance
positions, it is in ........... equilibrium.
5
(iv) The moon revolving around the earth is in .......... equilibrium. Distance = = 0.5 m Ans.
10
Ans. (i) The S.I. unit of moment of force is Newton metre (N m).
(ii) In equilibrium algebraic sum of moments of all forces about the point 2. A nut is opened by a wrench of length 10 cm. If the least force
required is 5.0 N, find the moment of force needed to turn the
of rotation is zero.
nut.
(iii) In a beam balance when the beam is balanced in a horizontal
positions, it is in static equilibrium. Ans. Distance = 10 cm = 0.1 m Force = 5.0 N
Moment of force = ?
(iv) The moon revolving around the earth is in dynamic equilibrium.
Multiple Choice Type Moment of force = Force × Distance = 5 × .1 = 0.5 N m Ans.
3. A wheel of diameter 2 m is shown in fig. with axle at O. A
1. The moment of a force about a given axis depends :
force F = 2N is applied at B in the direction shown in figure.
(a) only on the magnitude of force
Calculate the moment of force about (i) centre O, and (ii)
(b) only on the perpendicular distance of force from the axis
point A.
(c) neither on the force nor on the perpendicular distance of B
force from the axis F = 2N
Ans. Diameter of wheel = 2m
(d) both on the force and its perpendicular distance from the
2 O
axis. radius of wheel = =1m
Ans. (d) both on the force and its perpendicular distance from the axis. 2
2. A body is acted upon by two unequal forces in opposite Force applied at B = 2 N A
directions, but not in same line. The effect is that : (i) Moment of force at O (clockwise) = 2 N × 1 = 2N m
(a) the body will have only the rotational motion (ii) Moment of force at A (clockwise) = 2N × 2 m = 4 N m
(b) the body will have only the translational motion. 4. The diagram in Fig. shows two forces F1 = 5 N and F2 = 3 N
(c) the body will have neither the rotational motion nor the acting at points A and B of a rod pivoted at a point O, such
translational motion. that OA = 2 m and OB = 4 m.
Ans. F = 10 N on each side

A 2m O 4m B distance of each force from O = 2m
Both are clockwise moments
i.e. 10 N × 2m + 10N × 2m = 20 N m + 20 N m = 40 N m Ans.
F1 = 5N F2 = 3N 6. Fig. shows two forces each of magnitude 10 N acting at the
points A and B at a separation of 50 cm, in opposite directions.
Calculate :
Calculate the resultant moment of the two forces about the
(i) Moment of force F1 about O. point (i) A, (ii) B and
(ii) Moment of force F2 about O. (iii) O, situated exactly at the middle P-22(1.37)
(iii) Total moment of the two forces about O. of the two forces.
Ans. Moment of force F1 about O = Force × AO Ans. Moments of force = Force × distance
= 5N × 2m F = 10 N at A and B
= 10 Nm (anticlockwise) Ans. distance between them = 50 cm = .5 m
(ii) Moment of force F2 at O = Force × BO Moment of force at A = 10 × .5 = 5 N m (clockwise)
= 3N × 4 m = 12 N m (clockwise) Ans. Moment of force at B = 10 × .5 = 5 N m (clockwise)
(iii) Total moment of forces at O Moment of force at O = 2.5 + 2.5 = 5 N m (clockwise)
clockwise moments – anticlockwise moments 7. A steering wheel of diameter 0.5 m is rotated anticlockwise
= 12 Nm – 10 N m = 2 Nm (clockwise) by applying two forces each of magnitude 5 N. Draw a
5. Two forces each of magnitude 10 N act vertically upwards diagram to show the application of forces and calculate the
and downwards respectively on the two ends of a uniform rod moment of couple applied.
of length 4 m which is pivoted at its mid point as shown in Ans. Diameter of steering wheel = .5 m
Fig. Determine the magnitude of resultant moment of forces
d .5
about the pivot O. Radius = = = .25 m
2 2 .5m
5N 5N
10 N Magnitude of force = 5 N
Moment of couple = 5N × .5 m
= 2.5 N m Ans.
40 m
O 8. A uniform metre rule is pivoted at its mid-point. A weight of
50 gf is suspended at one end of it. Where should a weight of
100 gf be suspended to keep the rule horizontal ?
10 N

Ans. Length of metre scale = 1m 40  40

weight W1 = 50 gf 40 × 40 = 80 × d1  d1 = = 20 cm
80
Weight W2 = 100 gf 50cm 50 d 75 100cm By placing the weight 80 gf at a distance 20 cm to the right of the
A B
distance = ? point O. Ans.
W1 × d = W2 × d 50 gf 100 gf 11. Fig shows a uniform metre rule placed on a fulcrum at its
50 × 50 cm = 100 × d mid-point O and having a weight 40 gf at the 10 cm mark and
a weight of 20 gf at the 90 cm mark. (i) Is the metre rule in
50  50 equilibrium ? If not, how will the rule turn ? (ii) How can
d= = 25 cm from other end
100 the rule be brought in equilibrium by using an additional
9. A uniform metre rule balances horizontally on a knife edge weight of 40 gf ?
placed at the 58 cm mark when a weight of 20 gf is suspended Ans. W1 × d1 = W2 × d2 40 gf
O
20 gf
from one end. = 40 × 40 = 20 × 40
50
10 40 cm 40 cm
(i) Draw a diagram of the arrangement. = 1600 = 800
(ii) What is the weight of the rule ? Anticlockwise moment  clockwise moment
Ans. Force at one end = 20 gf (i) No, the rule will turn anticlockwise
58cm 100cm
distance = 42 cm A
8cm 42cm Anticlockwise moment > clockwise moment.
Weight of rule = W
From principle of equilibrium W 20 gf (ii) Moment of force needed = 800
= 20 × 42 = W × 8 Where 40 gf additional should be placed
20  42 1600 = 800 + 40 × d  40d = 1600 – 800 = 800
W= = 105 gf Ans.
8 800
10. The diagram below shows a uniform bar supported d= = 20 cm
40
at the middle point O. A weight of 40 gf is placed at a distance Additional wt. should be placed at 70 cm mark Ans.
40 cm to the left of the point O. How can you balance the bar
12. When a boy weighing 20 kgf sits at one end of a 4 m long see-
with a weight of 80 gf (fig. 1.38)?
saw, it gets depressed at this end. How can it be brought to
40 gf
O d1 the horizontal position by a man weighing 40 kgf.
O O
50 40 30 20 10 10 20 30 40 50 cm Ans. Weight of boy (W1) = 20 kgf ; W2 = 40 kgf

40 cm
d1
Length of see-saw = 4m
Ans. W1 = 40gf ; W2 = 80 gf distance from centre = 2m
d = 40 cm, d1 = ? W1 × d1 = W2 × d
W1 × d = W2 × d1 20 × 2 = 40 × d

20  2 (iii) Difference of anticlockwise moments and

d= = 1m
40 Clockwise moments = 6000 – 5000 = 1000 gf
By sitting at a distance 1 m from two centre on the side opposite to (iv) 150 × 40 = 100 × d
the boy
[_ Anticlockwise moment is greater than clockwise moment.
13. A physical balance has its arms of length 60 cm and 40 cm.
What weight kept on pan of longer arm will balance an object 150  40
of weight 100 gf kept on other pan ? d= = 60 cm
100
Ans. l1 = 60 cm
 100 gf wt. should be placed 10 cm to right of 0.
l2 = 40 cm
Distance from O = 60 – 50 = 10 cm right side of O Ans.
w2 = 100 kgf on shorter length
15. A uniform metre rule of weight 10 gf is pivoted at its 0 mark
w1 = ?
(i) What moment of force depresses the rule ? (ii) How can it
w1 × l1 = w2 × l2
be made horizontal by applying a least force ?
w1 × 60 = 100 × 40
Ans. Weight of metre scale = 10 gf
100  40
w1 = = 66.67 gf Ans. (i) Moment of force = 10 × 50 cm = 500 gf cm
60
14. The diagram in Fig. shows a uniform metre rule weighing (ii) It can be made horizontal by moment of force = 500 gf cm
100 gf, pivoted at its centre O. Two weights 150 gf and 250 gf 500
hang from the points A and B respectively of the metre rule 500 = w × 100 w= = 5 gf cm
100
such that OA = 40 cm and OB = 20 cm. Calculate : (i) the
total anticlockwise moment about O, (ii) the total clockwise By applying 5 gf upwards at the 100 cm mark
moment about O, (iii) the difference of anticlockwise and 16. A uniform metre scale can be balanced at the 29.0 cm mark
clockwise moments, and (iv) the distance from O where a 100 when a mass 20 g is hung from its one end.
gf weight should be placed to balance the metre rule. (a) Draw a diagram of the arrangement. (b) Find the mass of
metre scale. (c) In which direction would the balancing point
shift if 20 g mass if shifted inside from its one end ?
40cm 20cm
Ans. (a) Diagram of arrangement
O
25 cm 29 50 cm
150 gf 250 gf
0 cm 10 20 30 40
Ans. From figure
(i) Anticlockwise moments = 150 × 40 = 6000 gf W 20 gf
(ii) Clockwise moments = 250 × 20 = 5000 gf (b) If W gf is the weight of half metre rule,
by the principle of moments, (ii) If mass M is moved to 10 cm mark i.e. to the left side. The rule will
W × (29 – 25) = 20 × (50 – 29) tilt to left side i.e. to the side of M.
W × 4 = 20 × 21
(iii) A 10 20 40 50
B
20  21 E
10
D O
W= = 105 gf
4
m
(c) The balancing point shift towards the 25 cm mark to compensate (50 g)
the decrease in clockwise direction of the mass hung. So the other
end move in anti-clockwise direction. When M (50 g) is moved to left from 20 cm mark to E 10 cm mark
17. A uniform metre rule of mass 100 g is balanced on a fulcrum by 10 cm.
at mark 40 cm by suspending an unknown mass m at the mark Resultant moment now = M g × 10 cm
20 cm. = (50 × 10) gf × cm
(i) Find the value of m. = 500 gf × cm anticlockwise
(ii) To which side the rule will tilt if the mass m is moved to the
mark 10 cm ? (iv) A 10 40 50
B
0 30 cm 10 m 100
O
(iii) What is the resultant moment now ? (50 g)
(iv) How can it be balanced by another mass 50 g ? 50 g 100 g
x
Ans. (i) The weight 100 g of rule produces clock wise moment about
knife edge O. Wt. mg produces anticlock wise moment from the Let mass of 50 g be suspended at a distance of x cms from O to the
principle of moments. right side to balance the mass of 50 g at 10 cm mark.
 Clockwise moments = Anticlockwise moment
10 20 40 50
A B 100 × (50 – 40) + (50 × x) = 50 (40 – 10)
0 E D O 10 100
m
100 × 10 + 50x = 50 × 30
20 100 g 1000 + 50x = 1500
50x = 1500 – 1000 = 500
Anticlock wise moment = clock wise moment
500
(40 – 20) × M g = 100 g (50 – 40) x= = 10 cm to the right from 40 cm mark i.e. at 50 cm mark
50
20 M g = 100 × 10
18. In the figure, a uniform bar of length l m is supported at its
100  10 ends and loaded by a weight W kgf at its middle. In
M= = 50 g
20 equilibrium, find the reactions R1 and R2 at the ends.
CENTRE OF GRAVITY
R1 R2
Exercise 1 (B)
1. Define the term ‘centre of gravity of a body’.
Ans. Centre of Gravity : Centre of gravity of a body is the point through
W kgf which the entire weight of body acts howsoever it is placed.
2. Can the centre of gravity of a body be situated outside its
Ans. As D is the mid point of AB (l) material ? Give an example.
l l Ans. Yes, for example Centre of Gravity of a ring or a hollow sphere.
R1 2 2 R2 3. State a factor on which the position of the centre of gravity
A D B
of a body depend ? Explain your answer with an example.
W kgf Ans. The factors on which centre of gravity of a body depends are :
l (i) The position of centre of gravity of a body of given mass depends
on its shape. i.e. on the distribution of mass os particles in it. It
l changes if the body is deformed.
 AD = DB =
2 Example : The centre of gravity of a uniform wire is at the middle
Weight W of bar acts downward towards the centre of earth and of its length. But if the same wire is bent into the form of circle, its
normal reactions R1 and R2 acting in upward direction balance the centre of gravity will then be at the centre of the circle.
wt. W. (ii) It is not necessary that centre of gravity always be within the material
 In equilibrium R1 + R2 = W of the body.
Total upward reaction = (R1 × AD) + (R2 × DB) Example : The centre of gravity of a ring or a hollow sphere lies at
its centre where there is no material.
 l  l 4. What is the position of centre of gravity of a : (a) rectangular
=  R1   +  R 2  
 2  2 lamina (b) cylinder ?
Ans. (a) Centre of gravity of a lamina is shown in the figure i.e. at the
l l point of intersection of its diagonals.
 R1 × = R2 × = R (suppose)
2 2
Total upward reaction = downward wt. of bar. a
f
 R+R=W e A
G
2R = W c b
W d
R=
2
W W (b) Centre of gravity is at the mid-point
 R1 = kgf and R2 = kgf G
2 2 of the axis of cylinder. Cylinder
5. At which point is the centre of gravity situated in (a) a

triangular lamina and (b) a circular lamina ?
Ans. (a) At the point of intersection of its medians.
G
Ans. Take a triangular lamina. Draw its medians where the medians
intersect, that will be centre of gravity of triangular lamina.
Triangular Lamina
9. State whether the following statement are true or false.
(b) Centre of gravity is situated at G the centre of circular lamina.
(i) ‘The position of centre of gravity of a body remains unchanged
even when the body is deformed.’
(ii) ‘The centre of gravity of a freely suspended body always lies vertically
G below the point of suspension.’
Ans. (i) False. The position of the centre of gravity of a body remains changed
when the body is deformed i.e. changes its shape.
Circular Lamina
(ii) True.
6. Where is the centre of gravity of a uniform ring situated ?
Ans. At the centre of ring. 10. A uniform flat circular rim is balanced on a sharp vertical
nail by supporting it at point A, as shown in fig. Mark the
G
position of centre of gravity of the rim in the diagram by the
letter G.
7. A square card board is suspended by passing a pin through a
narrow hole at its one corner. Draw a diagram to show its rest Clamp
A Wall
position. In the diagram, mark the point of suspension by the
letter S and centre of gravity by the letter G.
Ans. S
Rim
Ans.
G Clamp
A Wall
8. Explain how you will determine experimentally the position of Rim

centre of gravity experimentally for a triangular lamina (or a
triangular piece of card board).
11. Fig. shows three pieces of card board of uniform thickness cut of velocity at any instant.
into three different shapes. On each diagram draw two lines to
indicate the position of centre of gravity G . Ans. B
v v NORTH
WEST
C
A
EAST
v v SOUTH
D
Ans. Direction of velocity in uniform circular motion
G
3. Is it possible to have an accelerated motion with a constant speed?
G
G Name such type of motion.
Ans. Yes. It is possible in case of uniform circular motion.
MULTIPLE CHOICE TYPE
4. Give an example of motion in which speed remains uniform, but
1. The centre of gravity of a uniform ball is : the velocity changes.
(a) at its geometrical centre. (b) at its bottom
Ans. A particle moving in a circular path in a horizontal plane with uniform
(c) at its topmost point (d) at any point on its surface.
speed v in the anticlockwise direction. The particle travels each quarter
Ans. (a) at its geometrical centre. of circle AB, BC, CD and DA in same interval of time t = T/4. Where
2. The centre of gravity of a hollow cone of height h is at distance x T is the time taken by the particle in one round to the circular path.
from its vertex where the value of x is : Thus the speed of particle is constant. But the direction of motion of
(a) h/3 (b) h/4 (c) 2h/3 (d) 3h/4 the particle is different at different points of the circular path.
Ans. (c) 2h/3
UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION B v
v NORTH
Exercise 1 (C)
WEST
C
1. Explain the meaning of uniform circular motion. Why is such A
EAST
motion said to be accelerated ?
Ans. Uniform circular motion : When a particle moves with a constant v v SOUTH
D
speed in a circular path, its motion is said to be the uniform circular Direction of velocity in uniform circular motion
motion. e.g. Revolution of earth around the sun, A stone which is tied
to a string and is being swing in a horizontal circular path. 5. A uniform circular motion is an accelerated motion. Explain it.
State whether the acceleration is uniform or variable? Name the
The motion of a body is moving with a constant speed around a circular
force responsible to cause this acceleration. What is the direction
path is said to be accelerated because as the direction keeps changing
the velocity changes and therefore it’s an accelerated motion. of force at any instant? Draw diagram in support of your answer.
Ans. When a particle moves with Uniform circular motion (circular path),
2. Draw a neat labelled diagram for a particle moving in a circular
the speed of particle is uniform but direction of motion changes at
path with a constant speed. In your diagram show the direction
each point of path i.e., velocity of particle is variable and hence the motion 10. (a) How does a centripetal force differ from a centrifugal force
is accelerated. Acceleration is variable. with reference to the direction in which they act ?
The force responsible to cause this motion is centripetal force. Ans. The centrifugal force is in direction opposite to the centripetal force.
The direction of force at any instant is directed towards the centre Centripetal force is always directed towards the centre of circle
of the circle. whereas the centrifugal force acts on a body away from the centre
of circular path.
(b) Is centrifugal force the force of reaction of centripetal force?
Particle Ans. No.
(c) Compare the magnitudes of centripetal and centrifugal force.
Ans. The magnitude of centripetal force is same as the magnitude of
Direction of centripetal force in uniform circular motion. centrifugal force (1 : 1).
6. Differentiate between a uniform linear motion and a uniform 11. Is centrifugal force a real force ?
circular motion. Ans. No. It is not a real force.
Ans. Difference between a uniform linear motion and uniform circular
motion.
12. A small pebble tied at one end of a string is placed near the periphery of
a circular disc, at the centre of which the other end of the string is tied
Uniform linear motion Uniform circular motion to a peg. The disc is rotating about an axis passing through its centre.
1. The velocity and speed is constant 1. In uniform circular motion the (a) What will be your observation when you are standing outside
and acceleration is zero. velocity is variable. the disc ? Explain it.
2. It is an unaccelerated motion. 2. It is an accelerated motion. (b) What will be your observation when you are standing at the
centre of the disc. Explain it.
7. Name the force required for circular motion. State its
Ans. (a) The pebble moves in a circular path because the tension in string
direction.
provides the required centripetal force.
Ans. Centripetal force. This force is directed towards the centre.
8. What is centripetal force ? (b) The pebble is stationary just in front because the centrifugal force
Ans. Centripetal force: A force which acts on a body moving in a circular on pebble balance the tension in string.
path and is directed towards the centre around which the body is 13. A piece of stone tied at the end of a thread is whirled in a
moving. horizontal circle with uniform speed with the help of hand.
9. Explain the motion of a planet around the sun in a circular Answer the following questions :
path.
(a) Is the velocity of stone uniform or variable?
Ans. A planet moves around the sun in a circular path for which the
gravitational force of attraction on the planet by the sun provides the (b) Is the acceleration of stone uniform or variable?
necessary centripetal force. (c) What is the direction of acceleration of stone at any instant?
(d) What force does provide the centripetal force required for Multiple Choice Type
circular motion? 1. Which of the following quantity remains constant in a uniform
(e) Name the force and its direction which acts on the hand. circular motion :
Ans. (a) As the stone is whirled in a circular path the velocity of stone is (a) velocity (b) speed
variable. (c) acceleration (d) both velocity and speed
(b) The acceleration is variable. Ans. (b) speed
(c) The direction of acceleration of stone at any instant is towards the 2. The centrifugal force is :
centre of the circular path. (a) a real force
(d) The reaction of tension away from the centre of the circular path. (b) the force of reaction of centripetal force
(e) The force required to provide centripetal force is tension in string (c) a fictitious force
towards hand. (d) directed towards the centre of circular path
14. State two differences between the centripetal and centrifugal Ans. (c) a fictitious force
force.
Ans. Difference between centripetal and centrifugal force:
Centripetal force Centrifugal force
(i) It acts towards the centre of It acts away from the centre of
circle radially. the circular path.
(ii) It is a real force. It is a fictitious force or virtual
force.
15. State whether the following statements are true or false by
writing T/F against them.
a. The earth moves around the sun with a uniform velocity.
b. The motion of Moon around the Earth in circular path is an
accelerated motion.
c. A uniform linear motion is unaccelerated, while a uniform
circular motion is an accelerated motion.
d. In a uniform circular motion, the speed continuously changes
because the direction of the motion changes.
e. A boy experiences a centrifugal force on his hand when he
rotates a piece of stone tied at one end of a string, holding the
other end int he hand.
Ans. (a) F (b) T (c) T (d) F (e) F
head walks through some distance does no work as  = 90o and cos
90o = 0,
2 WORK, ENERGY and POWER Work is a SCALAR quantity ... W = F × S × cos 
In vector form W = F . S
WORK — “When a force is applied on a body and the body
. .
moves through some distance, work is said to be done.” . Dot product of two vectors is a scalar, hence work is a SCALAR
Work = Force × Displacement QUANTITY.
UNITS : S.I. units is Joule NEGATIVE WORK : “Work done against friction” is called
NEGATIVE WORK.
1 JOULE = 1 newton × 1 metre
If the displacement is in a direction opposite to the force i.e.  =
MKS UNIT is kg m2 S–2
180o, then cos 180o = –1
CGS UNIT is erg
W = – F × S
1 JOULE “is that much work done when a force of 1N displaces
POWER : “Rate of doing work” is called POWER.
the body through 1 metre in the direction of force.”
1 ERG of work “is said to be done when a force 1 dyne displaces w FS S
P =   F = F × V
a body through 1 cm in the direction of force.” t t t
If force is applied on a body and displacement is Zero, no work Power = Force × Average speed
is done.
IJ
When displacement is not in the direction of force. Then component S.I. Unit of power is watt = = JS–1
IS
of force along displacement is taken. B
nt WATT “is the power of an agent which can work 1 joule in 1 second.”
In rt.  OAB, cem
e rc e
Fo
pla 1 kilowatt [kW] = 1000 W = 103 W
OA Dis S
= cos  θ 1 megawatt [1 MW] = 106 W
OB Force
θ O Displacement A
S cos θ A 1 gigawatt [1 GW] = 109 W
Work = Force × component of displacement along OA. 1 mw = 10–3 W
= S cos  OA = OB cos  1 microwatt = 1  W = 10–6 W
= F × S cos  OA = F cos  is component of
Commercial unit of powr is KILOWATT HOUR [kwh]
force along displacement.
w = FS cos  W = F cos  × S 1 kWh = 1000 W × (60 × 60) × sec.
where S is the displacement and  is the angle between displacement J
and direction of application of force. 1 kWh = 3600000 × sec. = 3.6 × 106 J
Sec.
If  = 90o, cos 90o = 0
 Work done = F × cos 90o = F × 0 = 0 CGS unit of power is erg per sec. (erg s–1)
No work is done in this case i.e. a man carrying suitcase on his 1 watt = 1 Js–1 = 107 erg s–1
head walks through some distance does no work as  = 90o and cos 1 H.P. = 746 W
90o = 0,
ENERGY “Is the ability to do work.” (a) If the mass of a body is doubled, its Kinetic energy also gets
“The amount of energy possessed by a body is equal to the amount doubled.
of work it can do when its energy is released.” (b) If mass of a body is HALVED, its Kinetic energy also gets HALVED.
S.I. unit of ENERGY is joule. (c) If velocity of a body is DOUBLED, its Kinetic energy becomes
Energy is a SCALAR QUANTITY FOUR Times.
Electron-volt [eV] is the unit of energy of atomic particles. (d) If velocity is HALVED, its Kinetic energy become ONE-FOURTH.
1 eV = 1.6 × 10–19 J 1
Derivation of expression K.E. = mv2
Heat energy is measured in Calorie or Kilo Calorie 2
1 Calorie = 4.18 J  4.2 J
There are various forms of energy and one form of Energy can be
transformed to other forms e.g.
1. Chemical energy to HEAT ENERGY : When wood, coal, gas etc. Suppose a body of mass m having initial vel. [V] or u be at A after
burns. covering a distance S is brought to rest by the application of Force
[F] so that uniform retardation is (a) and final velocity v = 0
2. LIGHT energy to ELECTRICAL energy : Photo-electric cell
converts light energy to electrical energy.  Retarding Force F = ma ...(i)
2 2
3. ELECTRICAL energy to LIGHT energy : When we switch on From relation v – u = 2aS
the electric bulb, electric energy gets converted into Heat energy Here final velocity v = 0
and then into LIGHT Energy. Initial vol. u = V
4. LIGHT energy into CHEMICAL energy : Plants convert Light 02 – V2 = 2 (–a) S
energy of sun into chemical energy. –V2 = – 2aS
5. HEAT energy into MECHANICAL energy : A steam engine run
by burning of coal etc. are a few examples of transformation of one V2
S = (ii)
form of energy to other forms. 2a
KINETIC ENERGY : “Energy possessed by a body by virtue of its Kinetic energy of the body = Work done by the retarding force in
motion” is called KINETIC ENERGY. stopping it
1 or K.E. = Force × Displacement
K.E. = mv2
2 From (i) substitute the value of F and from (ii) the value of S
Examples of Kinetic Energy : KE = F × S
1. A moving hammer drives a nail into wood because of its kinetic
energy. V2 1
K.E. = ma × or K.E. = mV 2
2. An arrow can pierce a body because of K.E. produced due to its 2a 2
motion. POTENTIAL ENERGY : “The energy of a body by virtue of its
3. A small moving bullet due to kinetic energy in it can penetrate even position or change in SHAPE” is called POTENTIAL energy.
a steel plate. This is obvious that a body may posses energy even when it is not
4. Running water of mountaneous rivers can rotate water wheels to in motion, i.e..., potential energy.
grind wheat or even rotate turbines to produce electricity. P.E. = mgh
EXPRESSION FOR POTENTIAL ENERGY “When ever energy changes from one form to another, the total
Suppose a body of mass (m) is raised to A to height (h) above the amount of energy remains constant.”
ground level. VERIFICATION OF LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY in
For raising the body work has to be done. case of falling body.
m A
Work done = Force × Distance Consider a body of mass (m) raised above ground to position A at
a height (h).
W = (mg) × h
h (i) At A
This work done gets sotred in the body
P.E. = mgh
as potential energy. m m A
K.E. = 0 [... body is at rest]
 Potential energy = mgh Ground
P.E. + K.E. = mgh + 0 = mgh....(i) x
EXAMPLES OF POTENTIAL ENERGY :
1. A stretched rubber band possesses P.E. h
Let if fall from A to B through a distance (x) B
2. Water in the reservoir possesses P.E. (h–x)
In doing so v2 – u2 = 2gx
3. A wound up watch or toy has potential energy because of its Ground m C
(spring) wound up shape. v2 – 0 = 2gx
4. Compressed gas in a cylinder also possess P.E. v2 = 2gx [... u at A = 0]
Q. A man exerts a force of 200 N in pulling a cart at a constant Body is still at height (h – x) above ground.
speed of 16 ms–1. Calculate the power spent by man. (ii) At B. P.E. = mg (h – x)
Ans. Power = Force × Velocity 1 1
= 200 N × 16 ms–1 K.E. = mv2 = m (2 gx) = mgx
2 2
P = 3200 W Ans. P.E. + K.E. = mg (h – x) + mgx
Q. A machine raises a load of 750 N through a height of 16 m in = mgh – mgx + mgx
5 sec. Calculate :
P.E. + K.E. = mgh ...(ii)
(i) Work done by machine (ii) Power at which the machine works.
(iii) When body falls on ground the velocity with which it falls v2 – u2
Ans. (i) Work done by machine = Force × Height = 2gh
W = 750 N × 16m = 12000 J Ans.
v2 = 2gh
W At C the ground
(ii) Power at which machine works =
t P.E. = 0
12000 J 1 1
P= 5 sec. = 2400 W Ans. K.E. = mv2 = m (2gh) = mgh
2 2
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY : “Energy can neither be  P.E. + K.E. = 0 + mgh = mgh ...(iii)
created nor destroyed.” Thus we find in all the three cases (i), (ii) and (iii).
Or Sum total of P.E. + K.E. = mgh which remains constant and hence
verifies the law.

* Though force and displacement are vector quantities yet work is scalar AC
quantity as work is expressed as the dot product of force and = cos 
AB
displacement is scaler..
  AC
W FS = cos   AC  F cos 
F
* Relation between Joule and Erg : Q. A crane pulls up a car of mass 500 kg to a vertical height of 4 m.
1 J = 107 erg Calculate the work done by the crane.
1J=1N×1m Sol. W = F × S
But 1 J = 105 dyne W = mgS = 500 × 9·8 × 4
= 105 dyne × 100 cm = 107 dyne cm
But 1 dyne × 1 cm = 1 erg W  19600 J
1 J = 107 erg mass of car is given we need force F which is equal to its wt. mg
* Express 5 kWh into joule : Q. An electric motor of power 100 W is used to drive the stirrer in a
J water bath. If 50% of the energy supplied to the motor is spent
1 kWh = 1000 W × (60 × 60) S  1000  3600 S = 3600000 J in stirring the water, calculate the work done on water in 1 minute.
S
50
5  36 Sol. Power used = 50% of 100 W   100 = 50 W
5 kWh = 5 × 36 × 105 J  × (105 × 10) J 100
10
W
P  W=P×t
5 kWh  1·8  106 J t
* The energy of an electron is 4·0 × 10–19 J. Express it in eV.
Work done = W = 50 × 60 = 3000 J
1·6 × 10–19 J = 1 eV
* A rolling ball and the wheel of a running vehicle have both the
4  1019
 4·0 × 10–19 J  = 2·5 eV TRANSLATIONAL and ROTATIONAL kinetic energies simultaneously.
1·6  1019 This means a moving body may possess either one or more than one
Q. A force of 10 N displaces a body by a distanceof 2 m at an angle form of K.E. simultanenously depending upon its state of motion.
60º to its own direction. Find the amount of work done. * Whenever mechanical energy changes to other forms, it is always in
the form of kinetic energy and not in the form of potential energy i.e.
1
Sol. Work done W = FS cos = 10 × 2 × cos 60  20  the STORED. P.E. first changes to K.E. and the K.E. changes to the
2 other form.
W  10 J B
B
S
F 
 A
C
A C
Rectangular component of S-along AC.
Rectangular component of f along X-axis. In ABC In rt. ACB.
AC with the horizontal. Calculate :

= cos 
AB (i) The work done by the force in pulling the body.
(ii) A force due to gravity on the body.
AC
= cos  (iii) the work done against the force due to gravity.
S
[Take g = 9·8 ms–2]
 AC  S cos  (iv) Account for the difference in answers of part (i) and part (iii).
Sol. (i) Work done in pulling the body up
* When a bulb is lighted using electrical energy to get light, a major part
W = Force × distance in the direction of force
of this electrical energy is lost in the form of HEAT energy which B
could not be put into any use. Only a small part of it is converted into 5m
= 15 × 5 = 75 J
the useful light energy. The lost energy is DEGRADED ENERGY “Is
N
that energy during transformation from one form to other desirable (ii) Force due to gravity on the body 15
30º
form which could not be changed into desired form but is changed or A
lost to the surroundings due to radiation or is lost as heat due to friction.” F = mg = 2 × 9·8 = 19·6 N C
mg
* A body of mass 5 kg is taken from a height 5 m to 10 m. Find (iii) Work done against the force due to gravity W = Force due to gravity
increase in potential energy. × vertical height moved
(g = 10 ms–2) = mg × BC
Sol. P.E. = mgh = 5 × 10 × (10 – 5) = 50 × 5  250 J BC
But = sin 30
AB
* Calculate kinetic energy of a body of mass 2 kg moving with a
speed of 10 ms–1.  BC = AB sin 30
1
1 1 Hence w = mg × AB sin 30º  19·6  5   49 J
Sol. K.E.  m2   2  10  10  100 J 2
2 2
* A body of mass 1 kg falls from a height of 5 m. How much energy (iv) W > w. The difference in W and w is 75 J – 49 J  16 J
does it possesses at any instant ? (take g = 9·8 ms–2-
Sol. Energy possessed by the body at any instant = initial P.E. = mgh Actually 16 J is the work done against the force of friction between
the body and inclined plane
= 1 × 9·8 × 5  49·0 J * Calculate the K.E. of a body of mass 0·1 kg and momentum 20 kg
ms –1 .
* Calculate the power of an engine required to lift 105 kg of coal Sol. Momentum P = 20
per hour from a mine 360 m deep. [Take g = 10 ms–2]
P = mV = 20
Sol. Energy (P.E.) = work done in lifting coal
P.E. = mgh = 105 × 10 × 360 = 36 × 107 J 1
V = 20
10
W 36  107 105
Power  P    105 W   100 KW  V = 200 ms–1
t 3600S 103
1
* A force of 15 N is required to pull up a body of mass 2 kg through K.E.  mv 2
2
a distance 5 m along an inclined plane making an angle of 30º
10 The K.E. depends on masses

1 1
=   200  200  2000 J
2 10 K.E. : K.E.2 = 5000 : 500 = 10 :1
Q. How is the kinetic energy of a moving cart affected if (a) its mass is
Q. A bullet of mass 5 g travels with a speed of 500 ms–1. If it penetrates
1 a fixed target which offers a constant resistive force of 1000 N to
doubled, (ii) its velocity is reduced to rd of the initial velocity ?
3 the motion of the bullet, find : (a) the initial K.E. of the bullet,
1 (b) the distance through which the bullet has penetrated before
Sol. (i) K.E.1  mV 2 ...(i) coming to rest, and (c) the speed with which the bullet energes
2
out of the target if target is 0·5 m. (V.Imp)
When mass m1 = 2 m [doubled]
1 2 1
1 1 1 2 Sol. (i) K.E. of bullet  mv  × (5 × 10–3 kg) × (500 ms–1)2
K.E.2  m1V 2  (2m) V  2  mV 
2
2 2
2 2 2 
K.E.2 = 2 K.E.1 [from (i)]  625 J
Hence K.E. is doubled.
(b) Let the bullet penetrates through distance d in target
1
(ii) When V1  V
3 work done = resistive force × d  1000  d J
2 This work is obtained from initial K.E. of bullet.
1 1 1 
K.E.3  mV12  m  V  1000 d = 625
2 2 3 
d  0·625 m
1 mV 2 1 1 2
K.E.3    mV  [from (i)]
2 9 9 2  (c) Energy spent against the resistive force offered by the target in penetrating
through it = resistive force × thickness of the target (0.5 m)
1
K.E.3  K.E.1 1
9 1000 N × m = 500 J
1 2
Hence K.E. is reduce to K.E.1 K.E. left with the bullet on emerging out of the target = 625 – 500
9
= 125 J
Q. A truck weighing 5 × 103 kgf and a cart weighing 500 kgf are
moving with the same speed. Compare their kinetic energies. 1
If the speed of the bullet is now V1, then K.E.  mV 2
Sol. m1 = 5 × 103 kg m2 = 500 kg 2 1
_ Speed of both trucks is same
1 1 5
1 1  mV12 = 125    V 2 = 125
 m1 v 2 : m v2 2 2 1000 1
2 2 2
 m1 : m2 V12 = 50000
Truck K.E.1 = 5 × 103
V1  50000  223·6 ms1
Cart K.E.2 = 500
 Speed of both is same Q. A spring is kept compressed by a toy cart of mass 150 g. On releasing
the cart, it moves with a speed of 0·2 ms–1. Calculate the potential 20
energy (elastic) of the spring.   10  8  1·6 J
1000
Sol. On releasing the cart, the spring tries to come back to its uncompressed
state by pushing the cart away. The P.E. stored in the spring changes
 Loss of K.E. = 2 J – 1·6 J = 0·4 J
into K.E. of the cart.
150 2 (b) The loss in K.E. in part (ii) appears in form of heat and sound when
m = 150 g  kg V  ms1 the ball strikes the ground.
1000 10
Q. For the same K.E. of a body, what should be the change in the
P.E. of the spring U = K.E. of cart velocity if its mass is increased four times ?
1 1 150 2 2 3 Sol. With increase in mass K.E. increases and as vel. in K.E. is V2
U  mV 2     
 When vel. is decreased K.E. decreases by square of velocity.
2 2 1000 10 10 1000
1
U  3  103 J  When mass in made 4 times, the velocity should be to keep the
4
Q. A ball of mass 20 g falls from a height of 10 m and after striking K.E. same.
the ground, it rebounds from the ground to a height of 8 m.
1
Calculate Initial K.E. mV 2
2
(a) (i) K.E. of the ball just before striking the ground (ii) the loss
in K.E. of ball on striking the ground. On changing mass and velocity
(b) (i) What happens to the loss in K.E. in part (ii) Take g = 10 1
ms–2. Neglect air friction. (V. Imp.) New K.E.  mV2  m1 = 4 m
2 11
Sol. K.E. at B just before striking the ground = initial P.E. at A
1
K.E. at C just after striking the ground = P.E. at D after rebound.  new K.E.  4 mV12
2
A mgh = P.E. initial
1 1
  4 mV12   mV 2
D 2 2
P.E. = mgh
10m
1
8m 2 mV12  mV 2
2
K.E. = mgh
K.E. = mgh B C 2
1 V 
Ground Rebounds V12  V2   
4 2
(a) (i) K.E. of ball just before striking the ground
V
 20   V1 
2
= P.E. at A = mgh   kg  × 10 × 10 m  2 J
 1000  New vel. should be a half of its original vel.
(ii) K.E. of ball just after striking the ground = P.E. at D = mgh OR

1 1 and (iii) The maximum height reached if 40% of the initial energy
m1V12  mV 2 is lost against the air friction. Take g = 10 ms–2.
2 2
Sol. (i) Initial vel. u = 20 ms–1
1 1
4mV12  mV 2 50
2 2 m = 50 g  kg
1000
This can be written as
1 50
Initial K.E. imparted to the ball  mv 2  × 20 × 20 = 10 J
1  1  2 1000
4  m  V12   m  V 2
2  2  (ii) initial K.E. changes to P.E. at highest point
1
V 2 V 
2 mgh  mv 2
V12    2
4 2
1 mv 2 v 2 20  20
h   
V 2 mg 2g 2  10
V1 
2
h= 20 m
Q. A truck driver loads some oil drums into a truck by lifting them
directly. Each drum has a mass of 80 kg and the platform of the 40
(iii) Energy lost = 40% of initial energy   10 = 4
truck is at a height of 0·8 m above the ground. 100
(a) What force is needed to lift a drum into the truck ?  Energy left to raise the ball = 10 – 4 = 6 J
(b) How much energy is used up in lifting a drum ? mgh1 = 6
(c) After the truck is loaded, the driver drives off. List the major
6 6  1000
energy changes that take place in moving the truck. h1    12 m
(d) The driver stops the truck at the factory gate. What happens mg 50  10
to the K.E. of the truck ? [Take g = 10 ms–2]
WORK, ENERGY AND POWER,
Sol. (a) Force needed to lift the drum directly = weight of drum = mg
THEIR MEASUREMENTS AND UNITS
= 80 × 10 = 800 N
Exercise 2 (A)
(b) Energy used to lift drum = P.E. = mgh = 80 × 10 × 0·8 = 640 J Q.1. Define work. When does a force do work ?
(c) In moving the truck, oil burn to move the truck i.e. chemical energy Ans. WORK “When force is applied on a body and there is displacement
changes into mechanical energy. of the body, work is said to be done.”
(d) At the factory gate when truck stops. The K.E. of truck changes into Work is said to be done only when the force applied on a body
heat and sound energies. makes the body move (i.e. there is a displacement of the body).
Q. A ball of mass 50 g is thrown vertically upwards with an initial Q.2. How is the work done by a force measured when
velocity 20 ms–1. Calculate : (i) The initial K.E. imparted to the
(i) force is in direction of displacement,
ball. (ii) The maximum height reached if air friction is neglected
(ii) force is at an angle to the direction of displacement?
Ans.
 Cos 90 o  0
(i) Work = Force × Displacement of the point of application of the force in (i) Zero work is 90 o
(ii) Maximum work is 0 o  o

 Cos 0  1 
the direction of force
Q.4. A body is acted upon by a force. State two conditions when the
W=F×S
work done is zero.
(ii) Work done = force × displacement of body Ans.Two conditions are : (i) There should be no displacement i.e. S = 0
W = F × S cos  (ii) The displacement is NORMAL to the direction of FORCE i.e. =  = 90o
Q.3. A force F acts on a body and displaces it by a distance S in a Q.5. State the condition when the work done by a force is
direction at an angle  with the direction of force. (a) Write the (i) positive. (ii) negative. Explain with the help of examples.
expression for the work done by the force. (b) What should be the
Ans. CONDITION when the work done by a force is
angle between the force and displacement so that the work done
(i) POSITIVE is that DISPLACEMENT should be in the direction of
is (i) zero, (ii) maximum ?
FORCE i.e.  = 0o, then cos  = 1
Ans. (a) Work done = Force × displacement  W = F × S
But when force produces displacement in the body in direction EXAMPLES Pushing a car on road is positive work if the car is
other than the direction of force. displaced.
Then work done W = Force × COMPONENT OF DISPLACEMENT (ii) NEGATIVE WORK. If the displacement is in a direction opposite
of body in the direction of force. to the force i.e.  = 180o so that cos 180o = –1
W = –F × S
W = F × S Cos 
Example : When a ball is thrown upwards the work done by force
 W = F S Cos  of gravity is NEGATIVE.
(b) Angle between force and displacement to get Q.6. A body is moved in a direction opposite to the direction of force
acting on it. State whether the work is done by the force or work
C
is done againt the force..
C
Ans. Work is done against the force.
en
t rce
em Fo
ac Q.7. When a body moves in a circular path, how much work is done
pl
Dis by the body ? Give reason.
θ
 A B Ans. No work is done, since displacement is NORMAL to the direction
Force Displacement
A S cos  B of force on the body. The force is CENTRIPETAL.
= component of displacement Component of force in Q.8. A satellite revolves around the earth in a circular orbit. What is
the work done by the satellites ? Give reason.
in the direction of force. direction of displacement
Ans. The work done by the satellites is zero. This is because the force
W = F × Component of displacement = F. cos of gravity is directed towards the centre of circular path of the satellite i.e.
W = F . S cos W = S . F cos Earth and the displacement at all instants is along the tangent to the circular

path i.e. normal to the direction Q.14. State and define the S.I. unit of work.
O — Earth
of force on satellite. ( = 90o) S — Displacement Ans. S.I. unit of work is Joule
F F — Force of gravity
W = F × S cos 90o O Joule “Is that much work done when a force of 1N displaces the
90o
body through a distance of 1m in the direction of force.”
W = F × S × 0 = 0
Q.15. Express Joule in terms of erg.
S Displacement of satellite is
normal to the direction of force Ans. 1 Joule = 107 erg
16. A body of mass m falls down through a height h. Obtain an expression
Q.9. In which of the following cases, is work being done ? for the work done by the force of gravity.
A
direction of motion
(i) A man pushing a wall. Ans. Let a body A of mass ‘m’ be at a height ‘h’
(ii) A coolie standing with a load of 12 kgf on his head. above the ground level B falls down.
(iii) A boy climbing up a staircase. Force acting on ‘m’ at A is mg force of gravity.
h
Ans. (iii) A boy climbing up a stair case. Displacement = height = h
Q.10. A coolie X carrying a load on his head climbs up a slope and another Work done in falling W = force × displacement
coolie Y carrying the identical load on his head moves the same distance W = mg × h B
on a frictionless horizontal platform. Who does more work ? Explain Work done = W = mgh is expression for work
the reason. done by the force of gravity.
Ans. Coolie X carrying a load on his head does work against force of gravity Q.17. A boy of mass m climbs up a staircase of vertical height h.
while coolie Y moves on a frictionless horizontal platform, Y does not (a)What is the work done by the boy against the force of gravity?
work because displacement is normal to the force of gravity. (b)What would have been the work done if he uses a lift in
Q.11. The work done by a fielder when he takes a catch in a cricket match, climbing the same vertical height ?
is negative. Explain. Ans. (a) A boy of mass m climbs up a stair case of vertical height h does
Ans. The work done by a crickter while catching a ball is negative because work against force of gravity i.e. his own weight F = mg and
he applies force against the direction of ball. W = F × h
Q.12. Give an example when work done by the force of gravity acting (b) So in both cases, W = mgh since displacement is in direction
on a body is zero even though the body gets displaced from its of force.
initial position. Q.18. Define the term energy and state its S.I. unit.
Ans. A person carrying a box on his head moving on ground does no Ans. ENERGY : “Capacity of doing work” is called ENERGY
work against the force of gravity as displacement of load (box) S.I unit __ is Joule (J)
being horizontal, is normal to the direction of force of gravity. Joule “is the capacity of a body to work of 1J irrespective of time
Q.13. What are the S.I. and C.G.S units of work ? How are they related? taken.”
Establish the relationship. Q.19. What physical quantity does the electron volt (eV) measure ? How
Ans. S.I unit of work is joule (J) is it related to the S.I. unit of that quantity ?
C.G.S. unit of work is erg Ans. The physical quantity which electron volt measures is ENERGY.
Relationship Relation. 1 eV = 1.6 × 10–19 J
1 joule = 107 erg Q.20. Complete the following sentence : 1 J = .............. Calorie.
1 Joule = 1N × 1m Ans. 0.24
Q.21. Name the physical quantity which is measured in calorie. How is
1 Joule = (105 dyne) × 100 cm = 107 dyne × cm
it related to the S.I unit of that quantity ?
 w = 107 ergs Ans. Physical quantity is HEAT ENERGY

S.I. UNIT OF HEAT ENERGY Joule Ans. Difference between energy and power :
Joule is related to Calorie as Energy POWER
1 J = 0.24 Calorie or 1. Energy of a body is capacity Power of a source is the energy
1 Calorie = 4.18 J to do work. spent by it in 1s.
Q.22. Define a kilowatt hour. How is it related to joule ? 2. Energy spent does not Power spent depends on the
Ans. Kilowatt hour : Kilowatt hour is the unit of work since depend on time. time in which energy is spent.
power × time = work 3. S.I. unit is Joule (J). S.I. unit is Watt (W).
1 Kilowatt hour = 3.6 × 106 J Or
1 kWh is the work done by a source of power 1 kW in 1 h, i.e., Q.27. State and define the S.I unit of power.
1 kWh = 1 kW × h = 1000 J s–1 × 3600 s = 3.6 × 106 J Ans. S.I. unit of POWER is Watt.
Q.23. Define the term ‘power’. State its S.I. unit.
Ans. POWER : “The rate of doing work is called power.”
1J
work w Watt= “Power is said to be one watt if 1 Joule of work is done in
P = time in Secs.  t 1S
sec.”
S.I. unit of POWER is Watt. Q.28. (a) Name the physical quantity measured in terms of horse power.
Q.24. State two factors on which power spent by a source depends. Explain
your answer with examples. (b) How is horse power related to the S.I. unit of power?
Ans. Power spent by a force depends upon two factors. Ans. (a) HORSE POWER [H.P] “Is the power of an agent which can
(i) The amount of work done by the source. work 746 joules per second.” Physical Quantity is Power.
(ii) The time taken by the source to do the said work. Relation. 1 H.P. = 746 W = 0.746 kw
Example :– If A coolie takes one minute to lift a load to the roof of a
(b) 1 H.P. = 746 W = 0.746 kW
bus, while another coolie B takes 2 minutes to lift the same load to the
roof of same bus, the work done by both the coolies is the same, but Q.29. Differentiate between watt and watt hour.
the power spent by the coolie is twice because the coolie A does work Ans. If 1 joule of work is done in 1 second, the power spent is said to be
at the faster rate. 1 watt. It is S.I. unit of power. Whereas watt hour is bigger unit
Q.25. Differentiate between work and power. of energy it is the power of 1 watt which is spent in 1 hour = 3.6
Ans. kJ.
WORK POWER
Q.30. Name the quantity which is measured in
(1) When force acts on a body (1) Rate of doing work is called
and body gets displaced in the power (a) kWh (b) kW (c) Wh (d) eV
direction of force, work is said Ans. (a) kWh - Kilowatt hour is the unit of ENERGY.
to be done. (b) kW - Kilowatt is the unit of POWER.
w (c) Wh - Watt hour is measure of ENERGY.
(2) W = F × S (2) P =
t
(d) eV - Electron volt is measure of ENERGY.
1J Q. 31. Is it possible that no transfer of energy takes place when a force is
(3) 1J = 1N × 1m (3) 1 Watt =
1Sec. applied to a body?
Q.26. Differentiate between energy and power. Ans. Yes, when force is normal to displacement.

Multiple Choice Type F = 40 × 10 = 400 N

Q.1. One horse power is equal to : (ii) Work done W = F × h
(a) 1000 W, (b) 500 W, (c) 764 W, (d) 746 W. = 400 × 8 = 3200 J
Ans. (d) 746 W m g h 40  10  8
Q.2. kWh is the unit of : (iii) Power (P) = = = 640 W.
t 5
(a) power, (b) force, (c) energy, (d) none of these Q.3. A man spends 6.4 kJ energy in displacing a body by 64 m in the
Ans. (c) energy direction in which he applies force, in 2.5 s. Calculate : (i) the force
NUMERICALS applied, and (ii) the power spent (in H.P.) by the man.
Q.1. A body, when acted upon by a force of 10 kgf, gets displaced by Ans. Energy = 6.4 kJ = 6.4 × 1000 = 6400 J
0.5 m. Calculate the work done by the force, when the displacement Distance = 64 m
is (i) in the direction of force, (ii) at an angle of 60 o with the t = 2.5 s
force and (iii) normal to the force. (g = 10 N kg–1)
(i) F=?
Ans. F = 10 kgf = 10 × 10 N = 100 N
Energy = Force × distance
Displacement S = 0.5 m
6400 = F × 64
Work done
6400
(i) When displacement is in the direction of force F= = 100 N
64
W = F × S
W = 100 × 0.5 = 50 J w 6400
(ii) P= = = 2560 watt
(ii) When displacement is at an angle of 60o t 2.5
W = F.S cos 60o 2560
H.P = = 3.43 H.P. Ans.
1 746
= 100 × 0.5 × = 25J
2 Q.4. A weight lifter lifted a load of 200 kgf to a height of 2.5 m in
(iii) When displacement is normal to the direction of force 5 s. Calculate : (i) the work done, and (ii) the power developed
W = F.S Cos 90o by him. Take g = 10 N kg–1.
= 100 × 0.5 × 0 Ans. Load = force = 200 kgf = 200 × 10 N
= 0 = zero height h = 2.5 m, time t = 5 s., g = 10 N kg–1
Q.2. A boy of mass 40 kg climbs up the stairs and reaches the roof at (i) Work done = F × h = 2000 × 2.5 = 5000 J
a height 8 m in 5 s. Calculate : w 5000
(ii) The power developed =  = 1000 W
(i) the force of gravity acting on the boy, t 5
(ii) the work done by him against the force of gravity. Q.5. A machine raises a load of 750 N through a height of 16 m in
(iii) the power spent by the boy. (Take g = 10 ms–2). 5 s. Calculate :
Ans. Mass M = 40 kg , h = 8 m, t = 5s (i) the energy spent by machine,
(i) Force of gravity on the body F = mg (ii) the power of the machine if it is 100% efficient.
Ans. Load = Force = mg = 750 N (c) Power rating of the pump ?

h = 16 m t = 5 s Efficiency of pump = 40%
Since, energy spent is its capacity to do work useful power 40kW
Efficiency =  40 = ´ 100
(i)  Work done = mgh = 750 × 16 = 12000 J power input power in put
mgh 12000 40  100
(ii) Power of machine =  = 2400 W power input = = 100 kW
t 5 40
Q.6. An electric heater of power 3 kW is used for 10 h. How much energy Q.9. An ox can apply a maximum force of 1000 N. It is taking part
does it consume ? Express your answer in (i) kWh, (ii) joule. in a cartrace and is able to pull the cart at a constant speed of 30 ms–1 while
Ans. Power of Heat P = 3 kW making its best effort. Calculate the power dveloped by the ox.
Time t = 10 h. Ans. Force F = 1000 N, Speed v = 30 ms–1
(i) Energy consumed by heater = power × time 1000 ´ 30
P = 1000 × 30 W = = 30 kW
= 3 kw × 10 h = 30 kWh 1000
6
(ii) 1 kWh = 3.6 × 10 J Q.10. The power of a motor is 40 kW. At what speed can the mator raise
a load of 20,000 N ?
36
_ 30 kWh = 30 × × 106 J = 108 × 106 J Ans. We know that power = Force × speed
10
power 40 kw 40000 w –1
108  Speed = Force  20,000 N  20000 N  2 ms = 2ms–1
= × 100 × 106 J = 1.08 × 108 J
100
Q.11. Rajan exerts a force of 150 N in pulling a cart at a constant speed of
Q.7. A water pump raises 50 litre of water through a height of 25 m
10 m s–1. Calculate the power exerted.
in 5 s. Calculate the power of the pump required.
Ans. Given, F = 150 N, V = 10 m s–1
(Take g = 10 N kg–1 and density of water = 1000 kg m–3).
Power = F × V = 150 × 10 = 1500 J s–1 or 1500 W
1cm 3 of water  1g Q.12. A boy weighing 350 N climbs up the 30 steps, each 20 cm high
Ans. Mass of 50 litre of water = 50 kg 
1000cm3  1 Lit.  1kg in 1 minute. Calculate : (i) the work done, and (ii) the power
height = 25 m, t = 5 s, g = 10 Nkg–1 spent.
mgh 50  10  25 Ans. Force = weight of body = 350 N
Power supplied by pump =  = 2500W Total distance = h = 30 × 20 = 600 cm
t 5
Q.8. A pump is used to lift 500 kg of water from a depth of 80 m in 600
10 s. Calculate : (a) the work done by the pump, (b) the power at h = = 6m
100
which the pump works, and (c) the power rating of the pump if
its efficiency is 40%. (Take g = 10 m s–2) (i) Work done W = F × h
W = 350 × 6 = 2100 J
Ans. Mass of water = 500 kg, Depth h = 80 m, t = 10 s
(a) Work done by pump = mgh = 500 × 80 × 10 = 400000 = 4 × 105 J 30  350  20
W ork done 30  M g  h 100
Work done 400000 40000
(ii) Power spent =  
(b) Power = = = 40000 W = = 40 kW Time taken 1minute 1 minute
time in secs. 10 1000
2100 J 2100J Q.15. A man raises a box of mass 50 kg to a height of 2 m in 20 s,

   35 W while another man raises the same box to the same height in 50s.
1 minute 60 Sec
(a) Compare : (i) the work done, and (ii) the power developed by
Power Spent = 35 W them.
Q.13. It takes 20 s for a person A of mass 50 kg to climb up the stairs,
(b) Calculate the work done and (ii) the power developed by each
while another person B of same mass does the same in 15 s.
Compare the (i) work done, and (ii) power developed by the persons man. Take g = 10 N kg–1.
A and B. Ans. (a) Mass of box m = 50 kg
Ans. As height in both cases is same Height to which box is raised h = 2m
(i) Work done by A = Force × height = mgh (i) Work done by each man = mgh = 50 × 10 × 2 = 1000 J
Work done by B = Force × height = mgh  Work done is independent of time taken
 mgh = mgh
1 : 1 provided masses of both A and B are same     Ratio of work done = 1 : 1
mgh w 1000
p
(ii) Power developed by the persons A and B is 1 =
t1 t 15 Power in first case t 50
p2 mgh
= 2=
t1 20
= 3:4 (ii) = 1 = 20 s = = 5 : 2
t2 Power in second case w 1000 20
Q.14. A boy of weighing 40 kgf climbs up a stair of 30 steps each 20 t2 50 s
cm high in 4 minutes and a girl weighing 30 kgf does the same
in 3 minutes. Compare: (i) the work done by them, and (b) (i) Work done by each man = mgh = 50 × 10 × 2 = 1000 J
(ii) the power developed by them.
Ans. (i) Weight of boy = Force = 40 kgf w 1000
(ii) Work done in first case = = = 50W
Distance travelled in climbing 30 steps each 20 cm high = 30 × 20 t1 20
= 600 cm = 6 m
Work done in 4 min. = W = F × S = 40 × 6 = 240.00 w 1000
Weight of girl = Force = 30 kgf Work done in second case = = = 20W
t2 50
Distance covered in 3 min. = 6 m
 Work done in 3 min. = F × S = 30 × 6 = 180 N Q.16. A boy takes 3 minutes to lift a 20 litre water bucket from a 20 m
 Ratio of work done = 240 : 180 = 4 : 3 deep well while his father does it in 2 minutes. (a) Compare (i) the
W work and (ii) power developed by them. (b) How much work each
(ii) Power = does? Take density of water = 103 kg m–3 and g = 9.8 N kg–1.
T
Power developed by
1cm 3 of water  1g
Boy : Girl 
Ans. (a) Mass of bucket m = 20 kg
1000cm3  1 Lit.  1kg
240 180
:
4 3 Height to which bucket is raised h = 20m
60 : 60 = 1 : 1
(i) Work done by boy and father = mgh = 20 × 9.8 × 20 = 3920 J

Elastic potential energy example A compressed spring
 Work done is independent of time taken
P.E
 Ratio of work done = 1 : 1
Gravitational potential energy example Water stored in dam
w 3920 Q.5. Name the form of energy which a body may possess even when
Power in first case t 120 2 it is not in motion. Give an example to support your answer.
(ii) = 1 = 180 s = = = 2 : 3
Power in second case w 3920 180 3 Ans. CHEMICAL ENERGY, HEAT ENERGY, MAGNETIC ENERGY,
t 2 120 s ELECTRICAL ENERGY etc.
Q.6. What is meant by gravitational potential energy ? Derive expression
DIFFERENT FORMS OF ENERGY for it for a body placed at a height above the ground.
Exercise 2 (B) Ans. GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY : “The potential energy
possessed by a body due to force of attraction of earth on it, is
Q.1. What are the two forms of mechanical energy ? called GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY.”
OR
“The amount of work done in lifting the body up to a height above
Ans. Two forms of mechanical Energy are
the ground [from the ground to that height].”
Derivation of Expression [U = mgh].
Q.2. Name the form of energy which a wound up watch spring possesses. Let a body of mass m be lifted from earth surface to a vertical
height h.
change in state  The force (mg) required to lift the body (without acceleration) is
Ans. ELASTIC POTENTIAL ENERGY due to unwinding 
  equal to the force of gravity acting vertically downwards.
Q.3. Name the type of energy (kinetic energy K or potential energy U)
m B
possessed in the following cases :
(a) A moving cricket ball (b) A compressed spring
(c) A moving bus (d) A stretched wire h
(e) An arrow shot out of a bow
(f) A piece of stone placed at the roof.
m
Ans. (a) K (b) U (c) K (d) U (e) K (f) U A
Q.4. Define the term potential energy of a body. State its different forms Work done to lift body from A to B
and give one example of each.
W = Force of gravity × Displacement above the ground.
Ans. POTENTIAL ENERGY “The energy possessed by a body because of
= mg × h
its POSITION or its STATE” is called its POTENTIAL ENERGY]
W = mgh
It is measured by height × force
This work done gets stored in the body in the form of Gravitational
Two forms of POTENTIAL ENERGY are
Potential Energy.

Q.7. Write an expression for the potential energy of a body of mass m placed at Ans. WORK ENERGY THEOREM : “When force is applied on the
a height h above the earth surface. State the assumptions made, if any. moving body in the direction of force
Ans. Expression for potential energy = mgh (a) work is done (b) Increase in K.E takes place which is equal to the work
Assumptions made : done by the force.” This is known as WORK ENERGY THEOREM.
(i) Potential energy on the ground is zero.
Q.11. A body of mass m is moving with a uniform velocity u. A force
(ii) As the distance of body from the surface of earth increases, the force
is applied on the body due to which its velocity changes from u
of attraction of earth decreases and its gravitational potential energy
increases (i.e., the negative value of energy decreases). to v. How much work is being done by the force ?
Q.8. What do you understand by the kinetic energy of a body ? u v
Ans. KINETIC ENERGY : “The energy possessed by a body, by virtue Ans. F m m
A B
of its motion” is called KINETIC ENERGY.
When the body is at A
1 Work done by the force = Force × displacement
K.E = m v2
2 or W = F × S ...(i)
Q.9. (a) A body of mass m is moving with a velocity v. Write the From relation v2 = u2 + 2aS,
expression for its kinetic energy. (b) Show that the quantity 2K/
v2 has the unit of mass, where K is the kinetic energy of the body. v2  u 2
S = and F = ma
Ans. (a) Suppose a body of mass m is moving with velocity v. It is 2a
brought to rest by an opposing force F.
Let it travel a distance S before coming to rest and a be the uniform  v2  u2 
retardation produced by the force. Then,  From equation (i), W = ma ×  

 2a 
Kinetic energy of the body = Work done by the retarding force in stopping it.
or Kinetic energy = Force × displacement = F × S ...(i) 1
Retarding force F = ma ...(ii) W = m (v2 – u2) ...(ii)
2
Initial velocity u = v, final velocity v = 0
Now initial Kinetic Energy
From the relation v2 = u2 + 2aS
0 = v2 – 2aS (since a is the retardation) 1
K1 = mu2
v2 2
 Displacement S = ...(iii)
2a
Substituting the values of F and S from equations (ii) and (iii) in 1
Final K.E. = K2 = mv2
equation (i), we get 2
v2 1  Increase in K.E. = K2 – K1
Kinetic energy K = F × S = ma ×  mv2
2a 2 1 1
1 K.E. = mv2 – mu2
Kinetic energy = mass × (velocity)2. 2 2
2
1  1
2   mV 2  = m (v2 – u2) ....(iii)
2K  2  2K 2
(b) 2 = 2 = m. Therefore the quantity.. will have the
V V V2 from equation (ii) and (iii)
unit of mass m which is kilogram (kg.) 1 1
Q.10. State the work-energy theorem. work done = increase in K.E. or W = mv2 – mu2
2 2
Q.12. A light mass and a heavy mass have equal momentum. Which POTENTIAL ENERGY KINETIC ENERGY
will have more kinetic energy ? 1. It is the energy possessed by 1. It is the energy possessed
Ans. We know that momentum p = mass × vel. body by virtue of it position. by virtue of its motion.
Let m1, m2 be the mass of two bodies having velocity v1, v2
1
 Their momentum m1 v1 and m2 v2 2. It is measured by mgh 2. It is measured by mv2
2
Since m1 v1 = m2 v2 (given)
3. P.E is of two types : 3. K.E. is of three types :
If m1 < m2, v1 > v2
(a) Electric potential energy (a) Rotational energy
 Kinetic Energy of lighter mass is more.
(b) Gravitational potential enrgy. (b) Translational energy
1 (c) Vibrational energy.
Since K.E = mv2
2
Q.16. Complete the following sentences :
Q.13. Two bodies A and B of masses m and M (M >> m) have same
kinetic energy. Which body will have more momentum ? (a) The kinetic energy of a body is the energy by virtue of its ...............
Ans. Body B will have more momentum. (b) The potential energy of a body is the energy by virtue of its ...............
Q.14. Name the three forms of kinetic energy and give one example of Ans. (a) motion (b) state or position
each. Q.17. When an arrow is shot from a bow, it has kinetic energy in it. Explain
Ans. THREE FORMS OF KINETIC ENERGY are : briefly from where does it get its kinetic energy ?
(1) TRANSLATIONAL KINETIC ENERGY : Ans. Arrow has mass and velocity is produced in an arrow when it is shot.
Examples – (a) A freely falling body. (b) A car moving in a straight line. It gains kinetic energy due to motion.
(2) VIBRATIONAL KINETIC ENERGY : “If a body moves to and fro Q.18. A ball is placed on a compressed spring. What form of energy does
about its mean position i.e. in vibrational motion, the kinetic energy the spring possess ? On releasing the spring, the ball flies away. Give
possessed by vibrational body is called VIBRATIONAL KINETIC a reason.
ENERGY.” Examples : (a) In a solid, the atoms vibrate about their Ans. A compressed spring possess (P.E.) Potential energy due to changed
mean position and so they possess the VIBRATIONAL KINETIC shape. When it is released the P.E. of spring changes into (K.E.). Kinetic
ENERGY energy which does work on the ball placed on it and makes the ball fly
(b) A steel blade clamped at one end when displaced slightly at the other away.
end and then released, starts vibrating and is said to possess the
VIBRATIONAL KINETIC ENERGY.
(3) ROTATIONAL KINETIC ENRGY : “Energy possessed by a rotational
motion of the body is called ROTATIONAL KINETIC ENERGY”.
Examples : (a) Rotating EARTH possesses RATIONAL KINETIC ENERGY.
(b) A rotating wheel possesses ROTATIONAL ENERGY.
Q.15. State two differences between the potential energy and the kinetic
energy.
Ans.
Q.19. A pebble is thrown up. It goes to a height and then comes back on the (c) a car going uphill,
ground. State the different changes in form of energy during its
(d) photosynthesis in green leaves,
motion.
Ans. As the pebble is thrown up, its height goes on increasing. The potential (e) charging of a battery,
energy increases and kinetic energy decreases. At the highest point the (f) respiration,
body has only P.E. but zero K.E. (g) burning of a match stick,
Now when the pebble starts moving towards ground it height goes on
(h) explosion of crackers.
decreasing and hence P.E. goes on decreasing but as speed increases,
K.E. increases and on the ground where height zero, P.E. is zero and Ans. (a) In the UNWINDING OF A CLOCK, the stored elastic potential
K.E. changes to heat or sound etc. energy is used by the hands of watch. Hence P.E changes to
KINETIC ENERGY.
Q.20. In what way does the temperature of water at the bottom of a
waterfall differ from the temperature at the top ? Explain the (b) (i) ELECTRIC energy in CHEMICAL energy.
reason. (ii) CHEMICAL energy MECHANICAL energy.
Ans. When water falls from a height, the potential energy stored in water (c) (i) CHEMICAL energy to KINETIC energy.
at the height changes into kinetic energy of water during the fall. On (ii) CHEMICAL energy to POTENTIAL energy.
reaching the bottom the kinetic energy of water changes into heat
(d) Light energy in Chemical energy
energy due to which the temperature of water at the bottom rises.
21. Nam e the form of energy in which potential energy can (e) Electrical energy to chemical energy
change. (f) Chemical energy into heat energy.
Ans. Kinetic Energy (g) Chemical energy to heat energy
Q.22. Name the form of mechanical energy, which is put to use.
(h) Chemical energy to sound energy.
Ans. Kinetic energy.
Q.25. State the energy changes in the following cases while in use :
Q.23. Name six different forms of energy ?
(a) loudspeaker (b) a steam engine
Ans. FORMS OF ENERGY : Different forms of energy are
(c) microphone (d) washing machine
(i) Solar Energy (ii) Electrical Energy (Electricity)
(e) a glowing electric bulb (f) burning coal
(iii) Light Energy (iv) Chemical Energy
(g) a solar cell (h) bio-gas burner.
(v) Hydro-Energy (vi) Heat Energy
(vii) Wind Energy (viii) Sound Energy (i) an electric cell in a circuit
(ix) Nuclear Energy (x) Geothermal Energy (j) a petrol engine of a running car.
(xi) Magnetic Energy (xii) Mechanical Energy (k) an electric toaster
Q.24. Energy can exist in several forms and may change from one form (l) a photovoltaic cell
to another. For each of the following, state the energy changes (m) an electromagnet.
that occur in : Ans. ENERGY CHANGES in
(a) the unwinding of a watch spring, (a) LOUD SPEAKER ____ ELECTRICAL energy to SOUND energy
(b) a loaded truck when started and set in motion, (b) A STEAM ENGINE ____ HEAT energy to ROTATIONAL energy

(c) MICROPHONE — SOUND energy to ELECTRICAL Ans. Degradation of energy : Energy is transformed from one point to
(d) WASHING MACHINE — ELECTRICAL energy to ROTATIONAL another, the entire energy does not change into desired form of energy
energy but a part of it changes to another form. The part of energy which is
(e) A GLOWING ELECTRIC BULB — ELECTRICAL energy to LIGHT converted undesirable or non-useful form is called dissipation of energy.
and HEAT energy. Then the energy is being degraded because this part of energy is not
(f) BURNING COAL — CHEMICAL energy to HEAT energy. available to us for useful work.
(g) A SOLAR CELL — LIGHT energy to ELECTRICAL energy. Example :
(h) BIO-GAS BURNER — CHEMICAL energy to HEAT energy. (i) When we light a bulb only 25% of the electrical energy converts into
(i) AN ELECTRIC CELL IN CIRCUIT — CHEMICAL energy to light energy. The remaining part changes to heat energy.
ELECTRICAL energy. (ii) When we run a vehicle, only a part of energy obtained from its fuel is
(j) A PETROL ENGINE OF A RUNNING CAR — CHEMICAL energy used up in running the vehicle, major part is used up in heating the
or HEAT energy to MECHANICAL energy. moving parts of the machine.
(k) AN ELECTRIC TOASTER — ELECTRIC energy changes into HEAT Q.30. Complete the following sentence :
energy. The conversion of part of energy into an undesirable form is called
(l) A PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL — PHOTOVOLTAIC cell, LIGHT energy .......... .
gets converted into ELECTRICAL energy.
Ans. The conversion of part of energy into an undesirable form is called
(m) AN ELECTROMAGNET — ELECTRIC energy changes into the Degradation of energy.
MAGNETIC energy.
Q. 26. Name the process used for producing electricity from the nuclear
energy. Multiple Choice Type
Ans. Nuclear fission Q.1. A body at a height possesses :

Q.27. Is it practically possible to convert a form of energy completely into (a) kinetic energy
the other useful form ? Explain your answer. (b) potential energy
Ans. No, as a part of energy (degraded form of energy) is lost to the (c) solar energy
surroundings due to radiation which is not useful. Hence complete (d) heat energy.
conversion of energy is not possible and a part of it, heat due to friction
is dissipated. Ans. (b) potential energy
Q. 28. What is degraded energy ? Q.2. In an electric cell while in use, the change in energy is from :
Ans. Energy degradation is the conversion of energy into an undesirable (a) electrical to mechanical
form during the transformation of energy. For example in an incan- (b) electrical to chemical
descent lamp, while the energy is transformed from electrical to light (c) chemical to mechanical
energy, it is also degraded to heat energy
(d) chemical to electrical.
Q. 29. What do you mean by degradation of energy. Explain it by taking
two examples of your daily life. Ans. (d) chemical to electrical

Numericals Q.6. A boy weighing 25 kgf climbs up from first floor at height 3 m
above the ground to the third floor at height 9 m above the
Q.1. Two bodies of equal masses are placed
ground. What will be the increase in his gravitational potential
at heights h and 2h. Find the ratio of their
energy ? (Take g = 10 N kg–1).
gravitational potential energies.
Ans. Force acting on body = 25 kgf = [25 kg × 10] N = 250 N
Gravitational Pot. energy of A
Ans.
Gravtiational pot. energy of B m
B
mgh 1
= mg 2h  2 = 1 : 2 6m
Q.2. Find the gravitational potential energy of 1 kg mass kept at a
m
height of 5 m above the ground. Calculate its kinetic energy when 9m=h2
it falls and hits the ground. Take g = 10 ms–2. A
Ans. Mass of body m = 1kg 3m=h1
Height above the ground h = 5 m
Force = mg = 1 × 10 = 10N
As height changes from 3m to 9m
 Gravitational Potential energy = Force × height = mgh = 10 × 5 = 50J
The total energy is sum of kinetic energy and potential energy at the  Increase in energy in rising from 3m to 9m above the ground
ground, the potential energy changes to K.E. of the object = mgh2 – mgh1
 kinetic energy = potential energy = S.J. = mg [h2 – h1] = 250 [9 – 3] = 250 × 6 = 1500 J
Q.3. A box of weight 150 kgf has gravitational potential energy stored in it
Q.7. A vessel containing 50 kg of water is placed at a height 15 m
equal to 14700 J. Taking g = 9.8 N kg–1, find the height of the box
above the ground. Assuming the gravitational potential energy at
above the ground.
ground to be zero, what wil be the gravitational potential energy
Ans. m = 150 kgf, P.E. = 14700 J, g = 9.8 N kg–1, h = ?
of water in the vessel? (g = 10 ms–2)
14700 Ans. Mass of water in the vessel m = 50 kg
P.E = mgh 14700 = 150 × 9.8 × h h = = 10 m Ans.
150  9.8
Gravitational force F = mg = (50 × 10) N
Q.4. A body of mass 5 kg falls from a height of 10 m to 4 m. Calculate:
(i) the loss in potential energy of the body, (ii) the total energy Height of vessel above the ground h = 15 m
possessed by the body at any instant ? (Take g = 10 ms–2).  Gravitational Potential energy = Force × height
Ans. (i) Loss in Potential energy = P.E. at height 10 m – P.E. at height 4 m = mgh = 500 × 15 J = 7500 J
= mg 10 – mg 4 = mg (10 – 4) = mg 6 = 6 mg
Q.8. A man of mass 50 kg climbs up a ladder of height 10 m. Calculate:
= 5 × 10 × 6 = 300 J
(i) the work done by the man, (ii) the increase in his potential
Say at a height 10 m aboe the ground level = P.E. + K.E.
energy. (g = 9.8 ms–2).
= mgh + 0 = 50 × 10 × 10 + 0 = 500 J
(_ V = 0 when held at 10 m, Hence K.E. = 0) Ans. Mass of man m = 50 kg, g = 9.8 ms–2
Q.5. Calculate the height through which a body of mass 0.5 kg should be Height of ladder h = 10 m
lifted if the energy spent in doing so is 1.0 J. Take g = 10 ms–2. Work done by man = Force × distance
Ans. Energy spent = 1J, mass m = 0.5 kg, h = ?, mgh = 1 = mgh = 50 × 9.8 × 10 = 4900 J
5 1
0.5 × 10 × h = 1  × 10 × h = 1  h = = 0.2 m Taking potential energy at ground = 0
10 5
(ii) Increase in Pot. Energy when man rises to height 10 m = mg [h – h0] 1 1

= 50 × 9.8 [10 – 0] = 50 × 9.8 × 10 = 4900 J K.E = mv2 = × 1 × 10 × 10 = 50 J
2 2
Q.9. A block A, whose weight is 100 N, is pulled up a slope of length Q.11. If the speed of a car is halved, how does its kinetic energy change?
5 m by means of a constant force F (= 100 N) as illustrated in 1
Ans. K.E = mv2
fig. 2
1
When v1 = v
2 2
1 1 1  1 1
5m  K.E. = 2
mv1 = m  V  = mv2  4 
2 2  2  2  
3m F 1
new K.E = K.E
A 4
1
 K.E changes to th.
4
(a) What is the work done by the force F in moving the block A, 5
m along the slope ? Q.12. Two bodies of equal masses are moving with uniform velocities v
(b) What is the increase in potential energy of the block A ? and 2v. Find the ratio of their kinetic energies.
(c) Account for the difference in work done by the force and the Ans. A B
increase in potential energy of the block. 1
1 1 2
Ans. (a) Force F = 100 N K.E = mv2 K.E = m (2v)2 =  2 mv  × 4
2 2  
Distance moved indirection of force d = 5m
 Work done in moving the block along slope W = F × d 1 2
mv
2 1
W = 100 × 5 = 500 J  Ratio of their K.E =  = 1 : 4
 1  4
4  mv 2 
2 
5m Ratio of velocities of A and B is 5 : 3.
3m F Q.13. Two bodies have masses in the ratio 5 : 1 and kinetic energies in
A the ratio 125 : 9. Calculate the ratio of their velocities.
mA 5 K A 125
(b) When block reaches the top, the work done is stored in it as P.E. Ans. Given m  1 , K  9
B B
verticle hight to top = 3m
P.E at top = mgh = (100 N × 3m) = 300 J 1 2
mA VA  m  V2
KA
 Increase in P.E of body = 500 J – 300 J = 200 J Since = 2   A . A
2
1
(c) This difference of 200 J energy is used against friction between the
KB mBVB2  mB  VB
2
block and slope which will appear as heat.
Q.10. Find the kinetic energy of a body of mass 1 kg moving with a 125 5 VA2 VA 25 5
uniform velocity of 10 ms–1.  . or  
9 1 VB2 VB 9 3
Ans. Mass of body m = 1kg
Ratio of velocities of A and B is 5 : 3.
velocity v = 10 ms–1
Q.14. A car is running at a speed of 15 km h–1 while another similar car K.E = 1/2 mv2
is moving at a speed of 45 km h–1. Find the ratio of their kinetic energies. = 1/2 × 20 × (10)2 = 1000 J
Ans. Two similar cars means having same masses
 Ratio of the initial kinetic energy and final kinetic energy is
Car A – Speed v = 15 km h–1 Car B – Speed v = 45 km h–1
Ratio of K.E. 2000 J : 1000 J = 2 : 1
Q.18. A truck weighing 1000 kgf changes its speed from 36 km h–1 to
1 2 72 km h–1 in 2 minutes. Caluclate : (i) the work done by the
Kinetic Energy of Car A 2 m (15) 15  15 1  1 1
 = = = = engine and (ii) its power. (g = 10 ms–2).
Kinetic Energy Car B 1 m (30)2 45  45 3  3 9
Ans.(i) Weight of truck = Force = 1000 kgf
2
 Ratio of K.E. = 1 : 9 1000 kg  g
 Mass of truck =  1000kg
Q.15. A ball of mass 0.5 kg slows down from a speed of 5 ms–1 to that g
of 3 ms–1. Calculate the change in kinetic energy of the ball.
Ans. Mass of the ball = 0.5 kg 5
Initial speed u = 36 km h–1 = 36 × = 10 ms–1
Initial velocity = 5 m s–1 18
Final velocity = 3 ms–1 5
1 1 25 Final speed v = 72 km h–1 = 72 × = 20 ms–1
 Initial K.E. = mv2 = × 0.5 × 5 × 5 = J 18
2 2 4
Work done = Increase in energy
1 1 9
Final K.E. = × mv2 = × 0.5 × 3 × 3 = J 1 1 1
2 2 4
25 9 16 = mv2 – mu2 = m [(v + u) (v – u)]
  2 2 2
Change in K.E. = = 4J
4 4 4
 K.E. decreases by 4J 1 1
= × 1000 (20 + 10) (20 – 10) = × 1000 × 30 × 10
Q.16. A cannon ball of mass 500 g is fired with a speed of 15 m s–1. 2 2
Find : (i) its kinetic energy, and (ii) its momentum. Work done W = 150000 J = 1.5 × 105 J
500 1 t = 2 minutes = 2 × 60 = 120s.
Ans. Mass of cannon ball (m) = 500 g =  kg
1000 2
Speed v = 15 ms–1 w 150000
 (ii) Power of Engine =  = 1250 W
1 1 1 t 120
(i) Kinetic energy = K.E. = mv2 = × × 15 × 15 = 56.25 J
2 2 2
1250 125
1 = × 100 = × 103 = 1.25 × 103 W
(ii) Momentum of ball p = mv = × 15 = 7.5 kg ms–1 100 100
2
Q.17. A body of mass 10 kg is moving with a velocity 20 m s–1. If the mass of Q.19. A body of mass 60 kg has the momentum 3000 kg ms–1. Calculate:
the body is doubled and its velocity is halved, find (i) the initial kinetic (i) the kinetic energy, and (ii) speed of the body.
energy, (ii) the final kinetic energy. 1 1
Ans. m = 10 kg ; v = 20 m/s Ans. (i) Kinetic Energy K.E. = mv2 = × 60 × 50 × 50
2 2
1
K.E. = mv2 If mass is doubled i.e. 20 kg 75
2 = 75000 J = × 10000 J = 7.5 × 104 J
10
= 1/2 × 10 x (20)2 = 2000 J velocity is halved i.e. 10 m/s
(ii) Mass of body m = 60 kg (c) Height to which the box is raised h = 0.5m
Momentum p = mv = 3000 kg ms–1  Energy gained = mgh = 20 × 10 × 0.5 m = 100 J
 60 V = 3000 Q.22. A bullet of mass 50 g is moving with a velocity of 500 ms–1. It
penetrates 10 cm into a still target and comes to rest. Calculate:
3000 (a) the kinetic energy possessed by the bullet, and (b) the average
 V= = 50 ms–1
60 retarding force offered by the target.
Q.20. How much work is needed to be done on a ball of mass 50 g to 50 1
Ans. (a) Mass of bullet m = 50 g =  kg
give it a momentum of 5 kg m s–1 ? 1000 20
vel. of bullet v = 500 ms–1
Ans. Kinetic energy is related to momentum as
1 1 1
 K.E. of bullet = mv2 = × × 500 × 500
p2 2 2 20
K.E. where K = and p is the momentum of the body K.E. = 6250 J
2m
(b) u = 500 ms–1, v = 0 as bullet comes to rest
K.E. is nothing but work done
10 1
(momentum) 2 distance covered = 10 cm =  m
 K.E. = Work done = 100 10
2  mass of body
v2 – u2 = 2aS
2
(5) 55 1
= = 0 – 500 × 500 = 2a ×
æ 50 ö  1 
2´ ç 2  10
è1000 ÷
ø  20   a = –1250000 ms–2
25  Retardation = 1250000 ms–2
Work done =
1 = 25 × 10 = 250 J But F = m × a
10
1
Q.21. How much energy is gained by a box of mass 20 kg when a man,  Retarding force offered by target = × 1250000
20
(a) carrying the box waits for 5 minutes for a bus ?
F = 62500 N
(b) runs carrying the box with a speed of 3 ms–1 to catch the bus? Q.23. A spring is kept compressed by a small trolley
(c) raises the box by 0.5 m in order to place it inside the bus ? of mass 0.5 kg lying on a smooth horizontal
(g = 10 ms2) surface as shown in the adjacent figure. When
Ans. Mass of box M = 20 kg the trolley is released, it is found to move at
a speed of v = 2 m s–1. What potential energy
(a) t = 5 minutes did the spring possess when compressed ?
Energy gained = work done by force = zero Ans. Mass of trolley = 0.5 kg, g = 10 m/s2, v = 2 m/s.
. .
. The man does not move i.e. no displacement. v2 – u2 = 2gs  (2)2 – 0 = 2 × 10 × s
(b) Speed = 3 ms–1
4 1
s = = = 0.2 m
1 1 20 5
Energy gained = mv2 = × 20 × (3 × 3) = 90 J
2 2 P.E. = mgs = .5 × 10 × .2 = 1.0 J.

CONSERVATION OF ENERGY  Sum of P.E. + K.E. = mgh + 0 = mgh

EXERCISE 2(C) At A the resting position h = 0 and P.E. = 0
but has maximum K.E. (Since P.E. has been converted into K.E.)
Q.1. State the principle of conservation of energy.  Sum of P.E. and K.E. is same at A as at B.
Ans. PRINCIPLE OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY : “Energy can Now again as bob rises above ground to position C, K.E. decreases
neither be created nor can it be destroyed. It can changes from one to zero and P.E. = mgh
form to another.”  Sum of P.E. and K.E. = mgh
Or We see in all the three places P.E. + K.E.
“The sum of various energies in the universe remains constant.” i.e. MECHANICAL ENERGY of the system remains constant.
Q.2. What do you understand by the conservation of mechanical energy? Q.4. A body is thrown vertically upwards. Its velocity keeps on decreasing.
State the condition under which the mechanical energy is conserved. What happens to its kinetic energy as its velocity becomes zero ?
Ans. This means “The total MECHANICAL ENERGY (P.E. + K.E.) of an Ans. Kinetic energy changes to potential energy.
isolated system at any instant is equal to the sum of Kinetic Q.5. A body falls freely under gravity from rest. Name the kind of
ENERGYand the Potential ENERGY.” energy it will possess (a) at the point from where it falls, (b) while
Condition : Condition under which the mechanical energy is falling (c) on reaching the ground.
conserved is “WHEN THERE ARE NO FRICTIONAL FORCES”. In Ans. (a) POTENTIAL ENERGY
other words the mechanical energy is conserved strictly in vacuum (b) POTENTIAL ENERGY and KINETIC ENERGY
where friction due to air is absent.
(c) KINETIC ENERGY
Q.3. Name two examples in which the mechanical energy of a system
Q.6. Show that the sum of kinetic energy and potential energy (i.e.,
remains constant.
total mechanical energy) is always conserved in case of a freely
Ans. Two Examples are : (1) When a body is thrown vertically upward
falling body under gravity (with air resistance neglected) from a
under gravity, its K.E. keeps on decreasing and P.E. keeps increasing
and sum of both (P.E. and K.E.) at any instant remains constant. height h by finding it when (i) the body is at top, (ii) the
body has fallen a distance x, (iii) the body has reached the
O
ground.
Ans. LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY :
“Energy can neither be created nor destroyed.”
VERIFICATION OF LAW OF CONSERVATION
OF ENERGY in case of falling body. m A
P.E. = mgh Consider a body of mass (m)
K.E.= 0 C B h
h raised above ground to x
position A at a height (h). h
A B
(i) At A (h–x)
(2) In case of simple pendulum at B bob has only P.E. because of height P.E. = mgh Ground m C
h above ground and K.E. = 0 K.E. = 0 [... body is at rest]
 P.E. + K.E. = mgh + 0 = mgh ...(i)  P.E. + K.E. = 0 + mgh = mgh ...(ii)
Let it fall from A to B through a distance (x) At C : As the bob continues to move forward from B to C.
In doing so v2 – u2 = 2gx Its velocity goes on dereasing and at highest point C velocity = 0 but
v2 – 0 = 2gx height goes on increasing to h at C.
v2 = 2gx [ u at A = 0]  At C O
Body is still at height (h – x) above ground. K.E. = 0
(ii) At B P.E. = mg (h – x) P.E. = mgh
1 1
K.E. = mv2 = m (2gx) = mgx
2 2
 P.E. + K.E = mg (h – x) + mgx C B
P.E. = mgh P.E. = mgh
= mgh – mgx + mgx K.E.= 0 h h K.E. = 0
P.E. + K.E. = mgh ....(ii)
A
When body falls on ground the velocity with which it falls v2 – u2 = 2gh P.E. = 0
v2 – 0 = 2gh K.E. = mgh
v2 = 2gh m A  K.E. + P.E. = 0 + mgh = mgh ...(iii)
(iii) At C the ground x Thus we find that sum total of K.E. and potential energy i.e. Mechanical
P.E. = 0 [... h = 0] Energy remains constant which is in accordance with the conservtion law of
1 B m h energy.
K.E. = × mv2 Q.8. A pendulum with bob of mass m is oscillating on either side from its
2 (h-x)
resting position A between the extremes B and C at a vertical height
1 h above A. What is the kinetic energy K and potential energy U
= m (2 gh) = mgh Ground C m
2 when the pendulum is at positions (i) A, (ii) B and (iii) C ?
P.E. + K.E. = 0 + mgh = mgh ...(iii) Ans. (i) at A the Kinetic Energy at A is equal to potential energy.
Thus we find in all the three cases (i), (ii) and (iii). i.e. K.E. = mgh
Sum total of P.E. + K.E. = mgh which remains constant and hence U= 0
verifies the law.
(ii) K.E. = 0, U = mgh (iii) K = 0, U= mgh.
Q.7. A pendulum is oscillating on either side of its rest position. Explain
Q.9. Name the type of energy possessed by the bob of a simple pendulum
the energy changes that takes place in the oscillating pendulum.
How does the mechanical energy remain constant in it ? Draw when it is at (a) the extreme position, (b) the mean position, and
necessary diagram. (c) between the mean and
extreme positions.
Ans. Energy changes : at B
K.E. = 0 _ at highest point velocity = 0 Ans. (a) At A extreme position
energy possessed is only
P.E. = mgh _ the bob is at hight h
Potential Energy as bob is
 K.E. + P.E. = 0 + mgh = mgh ...(i) A Extreme
at rest at a height h. position
At A : As the bob moves towards A from B its height goes on decreasing C B
(b) At B mean position energy h
and h at A is zero, but its velocity goes on increasing
possessed is only Kinetic as Between the mean
 At A P.E. = 0 h is zero. and
Mean
position
K.E. = mgh extreme position

(c) At C in between mean and extreme position energy possessed is both 1 20

Kinetic and Potential as both is at some height above ground level and = (0.20) × 20 × 20 = × 20 × 20 = 40 J
2 200
has motion also.
Q.2. A stone of mass 500 g is thrown vertically upwards with a velocity
of 15 m s–1. Calculate : (a) the potential energy at the greatest
MULTIPLE CHOICE TYPE height, (b) the kinetic energy on reaching the ground. (c) the total
Q.1. A ball of mass m is thrown vertically up with an initial velocity so as energy at its half way point.
to reach a height h. The correct statement is : 500 1
(a) Potential energy of the ball at the ground is mgh. Ans. (a) Mass of stone m = 500 g = = kg
1000 2
(b) Kinetic energy imparted to the ball at the ground is zero. v = 0
(c) Kinetic energy of the ball at the highest point is mgh. u = 15 ms–1 u=0
(d) Potential energy of the ball at the highest point is mgh.  v2 – u2 = 2gh
Ans. (d) Potential energy of the ball at the highest point is mgh. 0 – 15 × 15 = 2gh
Q.2. A pendulum is oscillating on either side of its rest position. The 225
225 m
correct statement is :  gh = 20
2
(a) It has only the kinetic energy at its each position.
(b) It has the maximum kinetic energy at its extreme position. 225 – 225
10h = or h = m Ground
(c) It has the maximum potential energy at its mean position. 2 20
(d) The sum of its kinetic and potential energies remains constant Negative sign shows that stone is moving in the upward direction.
 Potential Energy = mgh
throughout the motion.
Ans. (d) The sum of its kinetic and potential energies remains constant 1 225
= × 10 × = 56.25 J
throughout the motion. 2 20
(b) On return journey
Numericals 225
Q.1. A ball of mass 0·20 kg is thrown vertically upwards with an initial u = 0, h = m, v = ?
20
velocity of 20 m s–1. Calculate the maximum potential energy it gains
225
as it goes up. v2 – u2 = 2gh  v2 – 0 = 2 × 10 × = 225
20
Ans. Mass of the ball m = 0·20 kg
v = 0 (at the highest point)  v = 225 = 15 ms
–1
u = 20 ms–1 1
Let height = h  K.E on reaching ground = mv2
2
v2 – u2 = 2gh 0 – 20 × 20 = 2 × 10 h
1 1
 h = –20 m = × × 15 × 15 = 56.25 J
2 2
Negative sign shows that the ball is rising up.
Now Potential energy at A = mgh 1 225
(c) total energy at half way point = mgh = × 10 × = 56.25 J
= 0·20 × 10 × 20 = 40 J 2 20
OR Q.3. A metal ball of mass 2 kg is allowed to fall freely from rest from
a height of 5 m above the ground.
1 2 (i) Calculate the potential energy possessed by the ball when initially
At the highest point the K.E. gets converted into P.E. = mv
2 at rest. (Take g = 10 ms–2)
(ii) What is the kinetic energy of the ball just before it hits the ground?
A
(iii) What happens to the mechanical energy after the ball hits the
ground and comes to rest ?
Ans. Mass of the ball m = 2kg, g = 10 ms–2, h = 5m
(i) Potential Energy possessed by ball = mgh = 2 × 10 × 5 = 100 J
h1 = 75 m B
(ii) K.E of ball = potential Energy = 100 J
Or h215 m
2 . .
v = 2gh . u = 0
2
v = 2 × 10 × 5 = 100
(a)  Change in Gravitational potential energy between
1 1 A and B = mgh = mgh1 – mgh2
 K.E = mv2 = × 2 × 100 = 100 J
2 2 = mg [h1 – h2] = 60 × 10 [75 – 15]
(iii) This mechanical Energy on hitting the ground gets converted into
36
HEAT and SOUND ENERGY. = 600 × 60 = 36000 J = × 10000 = 3.6 × 104 J
10
Q.4. The diagram given below shows a ski jump. A skier weighing 60
kgf stands at A at the top of ski jump. He moves from A to B and 36000 75
takes off for his jump at B. (b) 75% of change in energy = = 27000 J
100
which becomes K.E
 K.E. at B = 27000 J
1
mv2 = 27000
2
1
× 60 v2 = 27000
2
27000
 V2 = = 900 J
30
–1
(a) Calculate the change in the gravitational protential energy of the V= 900 = 30 ms
skier between A and B. Q.5. A hydroelectric power station takes its water from a lake whose water
(b) If 75% of the energy in part (a) becomes kinetic energy at B, level is at a height of 50 m above the turbine. Assuming an overall
calculate the speed at which the skier arrives at B. (Take g = efficiency of 40%, calculate the mass of water which must flow through the
10 ms–2) turbine each second to produce power output of 1 MW. (g = 10 ms–2).
Ans. Force = weight of skier = 60 kgf = (60 × 10) N Ans. Height h = 50m, g = 10 ms–2
 Mass of skier m = 60 kg Power out put = 1 MW = 106 J/S
Height at A, h1 = 75 m But this only 40%
Height at B, h2 = 15m 100
 P.E. required = × 106 J
40
100 Q.2. A load of 220 kg is vertically pulled up by a crane through a

mgh = × 1000000 = m × 10 × 50 = 2500000
40 vertical height of 16 m in 40 s. Calculate (i) Force acting in the
upward direction (ii) Total work done (iii) Horse power of the
2500000
Mass of water = m = = 5000 kg engine pulling the rope. [Take g = 9.8 ms–2, 1 HP = 750 W]
500
Ans. Load m = 220 kg, h = 16 m, t = 40 sec
6. The bob of a simple pendulum is imparted a velocity 5 m s–1 when it is at
its mean position. To what maximum vertical height will it rise on reaching (i) Force acting in upward direction = gravitational pull
to its extreme position if 60% of its energy is lost in overcoming friction of = mg = 220 × 9.8 = 2156 N
air ? Take g = 10 m s–2. (ii) Total work done = Force × height = 2156 × 16 = 34496 J
Ans. v = 5 m/s. at its mean position
h = ? Energy lost = 60%, g = 10 m/s2 w
At mean position (iii) H.P. of Engine = t  34496  1  34496  3.4496
750 40 750 30000 3
40 40  1 
K.E. =  m  5  5  = 5m = 1.1498 = 1.15 H.P
100 100  2 
Practice Problems : 2
K.E. = m × 5
Q.1. A work of 1000 J is done on a body in 4 s, such that a displacement
P.E. = mgh of 20 m is caused. Calculate (a) Force (b) Power.
m × 5 = m × 10 × h
Ans. work done on body W = 1000 J, t = 4s
5 displacement d = 20 m
h= = 0.5 m
10
work 1000
Practice Problem : (GOYAL) (a) Force = displacement  20 = 50 N
Q.1. A girl of mass 50 kg, climbs a flight of 100 stairs each measuring
0.25 m in height, in 20 s. Find (a) Force acting on the girl (b) w 1000
(b) Power =  = 250 JS–1 = 250 W
Work done by the girl (c) Gain in potential energy (d) Power in t 4
(i) Watts (ii) Horse power. [Take g = 10 ms–2 ; 1 HP = 750 W]
Q.2. What force be applied to a body through a distance of 10 m, such
Ans. Mass of girl m = 50 kg, t = 20 s
that it does a work of 4000 J. If the mass of body is 20 kg, what
Distance climbed in 100 stairs = 100 × 0.25 = 25m
is the acceleration of the body ?
(a) Force acting on the girl = weight of girl = mg = 50 × 10 = 500 N
(b) Work done by the girl = Force × dist. (height) = 500 × 25 = 12500 J Ans. Force = ? mass of body m = 20 kg
(c) Gain in Pot. Energy : mgh = 50 × 10 × 25 distance = d = 10 m work done W = 4000 J
mgh is the gain in pot. energy = 12500 J of system of body and earth.
w 4000
_ It is assumed that when body is on the earth’s surface (or ground) Force =  = 400 N
the potential energy of the system of the body and the earth is ZERO. d 10
But force = ma
Work done 12500
(d) Power (i) in WATTS = = = 625 W 400 = 20a
t in sees. 20
625 400
(ii) HORSE POWER = = 0.83 HP  a = = 20 ms–2
750 20

Q.3. An engine of power 200 W, operates for 4 s. Find the work done Ans. Height h = ? Load = 4t = 4000 kg
by the engine. If the force developed by the engine is 100 N, H.P. of motor = 4 H.P = (4 × 750 W), t = 10 s
calculate the maximum displacement caused.
Ans. Power of engine P = 200 W, t = 4s w
P=  W = P × t = 4 × 750 × 10 J
Force F = 100 N, W = ? t
Work done W = P × t = 200 × 4 = 800 J mgh = 4 × 7500
W 800 4  7500
Maximum displacement caused =  = 8m  h =
F 100 4000  10
Practice Problems : 3 4  7500 75
Q.1. Calculate the horse power of the motor of an elevator, which can h =  = 0.75 m
40000 100
carry 10 persons of average mass 60 kg through a vertical height
of 20 m in 30 s. [Take g = 10 N / kg] Q.4. For how long must an electric motor pump of 2 HP operate, so
as to pump 5 m3 of water from a depth of 15 m. [Take g = 10
Ans. H.P of motor = ? t = 30 s
N/kg]
Mass to be lifted = 10 × 60 = 600 kg, h = 20 m
Ans. t = ? H.P = 2 × 750 = 1500 W
mgh 600  10  20 120000 m = Mass of water to be lifted = 5m3 = 5 × 1000 kg
Power P =   = 4000 W
t 30 30
mgh mgh 5000  10  15
P=  t = 
P 4000 t P 1500
H.P. =  = 5.33 H.P
750 750 t = 500 s
Q.2. Calculate the power of an electric pump in horse power, which can Practice Problems : 4
lift 2000 m3 of water from a depth of 20 m in 25 minutes.
Q.1. An electric pump is 60% efficient and is rated 2 HP. Calculated
[Take g = 10 ms–2, 1 m3 of water = 103 kg] the maximum amount of water it can lift through a height of 5 m
Ans. Power P = ?, h = 20m, t = (25 × 60) S in 40 s. [Take g = 10 ms–2 and 1 HP = 750 W]
mass of water m = 2000 m3 = 2000 × 103 kg Ans. H.P of Electric Pump = 2 H.P = 2 × 750 W
But pump is 60% efficient
work done mgh  2  10 6  10  20 
Power =   W 1500 60
t t  25  60   power utilized = = 900 W
100
Height h = 5m, time t = 40 s
Power 400  10 6 400  10 3
HORSE POWER =  
750 W 1500  750 75  15 mgh
 Power =
t
16  1000 3200
=  = 355.55 H.P Pt
3  15 9  m = gh
Q.3. Calculate the height through which a crane can lift a load of 4
t, when its motor of 4 HP operates for 10 s. 900  40
 Mass of water lifted = m = = 720 kg
10  5
Q.2. Calculate the time for which a motor pump of 10 HP and efficiency 15
1
80% be switched on, so as to pump 20 m3 of water through a = × × 10 × 10 = 7.5 J
2 100
vertical height of 20m.
[Density of water = 1000 kg m–3 ; g = 10 ms–2 ; 1 HP = 750 W] Q.2. A catapult throws a stone of mass 0.10 kg with a velocity of
30 ms–1. If 25% of the P.E. of elastic band is wasted during
Ans. t = ?, Power P = 10 H.P = (10 × 750 W)
transmission, find the magnitude of potential energy.
Efficiency of pump = 80%
Ans. Mass of stone m = 0.10 kg, v = 30 ms–1
80
 Power generated = × 10 × 750 = 6000 W 1 1
100 K.E of the stone = × × 30 × 30 = 45
2 10
Mass of water = 20 m3 = 20 × 1035kg, h = 20 m
P.E. of Energy wasted = 25%
mgh  K. Energy generated = 75% of P.E = 45
 Power =
t
75
mgh 20000  10  20  of P.E = 45 J
 t =  100
P 6000
t = 666.67 seconds 45 100
P.E = = 60 J
Q.3. In a hydroelectric power station, 1000 kg of water is allowed to 75
drop through a height of 100 m in 1 s. If the conversion of Practice Problems : 6/21
potential energy to electric energy is 60%, calculate the power Q.1. A body A of mass 20 kg is moving with a velocity of 1 ms–1.
output. Another body B of mass 1 kg is moving with a velocity of 20 ms–
[Take g = 10 ms–2] 1
. Find the ratio of kinetic energy of A and B.
Ans. Mass of water m = 1000 kg, h = 100 m, t = 1 s Ans. Body A
Potential Energy = mgh = (1000 × 10 × 100 J) Mass m = 20 kg, v = 1 ms–1
But K.E is 60% of P.E 1 1
K.E of A = mv2 × 20 × 1 × 1 = 10J
60 2 2
 K.E. = × (1000 × 10 × 100) = 600000 J
100
1 1
K.E of B = mv2 = × 1 × 20 × 20 = 200 J
K.E 600000 2 2
 Power out put =  = 6 × 105 W
t 1
K.E of A 10 1
Practice Problems : 5  Ratio of K.E of B  200  20 = 1 : 20
Q.1. A compressed spring is held near a small toy car of mass 0.15 kg.
Q.2. A bullet of mass 0.2 kg, moving with a velocity of 200 ms–1, strikes
On the release of spring, the toy car moves forward with velocity
a stationary wooden target of mass 5 kg. If all the energy is
of 10 ms–1. Find the potential energy of spring.
transferred to wooden target, calculate the velocity, with which the
Ans. Mass of toy car m = 0.15 kg, v = 10 ms–1 target moves in the forward direction.
1 Ans. K.E of bullet = K.E of wooden target
Potential Energy of spring = K.E = mv2
2
1 1 1
m1 v12 = m v2 for body Q, K.E = (9m) v12 ...(ii)
2 2 2 2 2
comparing (i) and (ii)
or m2 v12  m2 v22
[0.2 × 200 × 200] = [5 × v2] 1 2 1
(9m) v1  m v2
2 2
2 200  200
 V2 = 
10 5 or 9 v12 = v2
V2 = 1600 = (40)2 VQ
V 1
 V = 40 ms–1  v1 = or VP
= = 1 : 3
3 3
Practice Problems : 7/22
or VP : VQ = 3 : 1
Q.1. A body of mass m has a velocity v. If the mass of body increases
81 times, but the kinetic energy remains same, calculate the new
velocity. QUESTIONS BASED ON ICSE EXAMINATION
Ans. Mass of body = m vel. = v [2000]
1 Q.1. A body B has mass of 20 kg and is moving with a velocity of
K.E = mv2 ....(i) 5 ms–1. Another body C has mass of 5 kg and moving with a
2
velocity of 20 ms–1. Calculate :
Now Mass of body m1 = 81m, new vel. v1 = ?
(i) Ratio of momentum of B and C.
1 (ii) Kinetic energy of B in SI units.
K.E. ____ m1 v12
2
momentumof B m1v1 20  5 1
(i)   
1
mv2 =
1
(81m) v12 from (i)
Ans. momentumof C m2 v2 5  20 1 = 1 : 1
2 2
1 1
or v2 = 81 v12 (ii) K.E of B = mv2 = × 20 × (5 × 5) = 250 J
2 2
2 Q.2. An engine can pump 30,000 litres of water to a vertical height of
v2  v 
 v12    45 m in 10 minutes. Calculate the work done by the engine and its
81  9 
power [g = 9.8 ms–2 ; density of water = 103 kgm–3 and 1000 litres
1 of water = 1m3]
 v1 = V Ans. Mass of water of 30,000 litres = 30,000 kg
9
Q.2. A body P has KE energy E. Another body Q, whose mass is 9 times [... Mass of 1 lit. of water = 1000 cm3 = 1000 g]
than P, also has kinetic energy E. Calculate the ratio of velocities g = 9.8 ms–2, h = 45 m, t = 10 minutes
of P and Q. (i)  Work of Engine = mgh
1
Ans. For body P, K.E. = mv2 ....(i) = 30000 × 9.8 × 45 = 13230000 J = 1.323 × 107 J
2
(f) From the ground floor, a man comes up to third floor of a

W 13230000
(ii)  Power done by Engine =  = 22050W building using a staircase. Another person comes up to the same
t 60  10 floor, using an elevator. Neglecting friction, compare the work
done in two cases.
22050
P = = 22.05 KW Ans. (a) For statement of S.I unit of momentum
1000
Refer to Q. 5 Ex. 1-A page 6
[2001]
(b) (i) WORK ____ Refer to Page 47
Q.1. A body has mass of 15 kg. (i) What is the weight of body ? (ii)
What force is acting on the body ? (Take g = 10 ms–2) (ii) POWER ____ Refer to Page 48
(iii) ENERGY ____ Refer to Page 49
Ans. Mass of body M = 15 kg
(c) REFLATION OF WORK TO APPLIED FORCE :
(i) Weight of body = M g = 15 × 10 = 150 N
Work = Force × displacement
(ii) Force acting on body is the pull of earth towards centre of earth
Mg = 150 N 1
(d) K.E = mv2
Q.2. A driver starts a loaded vehicle such that it starts moving. State the 2
major energy changes which take place, till the vehicle starts 1
moving. Now when speed is reduced to
3
Ans. Chemical energy of petrol or diesel changes into heat energy which 2
v 1 1 1 2  1
changes to mechanical energy.  K.E =   . m    mv   KE
 3 2 9 2  9
[2002]
Q1. (a) A machine raises a load of 800 N through a height of 15 m in 1
 Factor is
5s. Calculate the power at which the machine works. 9
(b) State the principle of conservation of energy. (e) Kilowatt howr measures - ENERGY
Ans. (a) Load = Force = 800 N (f ) As man covers same distance (height) in both cases say (h)
h = 15, t = 5s  Work done in two case is also same
i.e. 1 : 1
Force  height 800  15
Power of Machine =  [2002]
t 5
Q.3. (a) The weights of two bodies are 2.0 N and 2.0 kgf respectively.
P = 2400 W What is the mass of each body ? (g = 10 ms–2)
(b) PRINCIPLE OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY (b) If the power of a motor is 40 kW, at what speed can it raise a load
Refer Page 87 Q.1 of 20,000 N ?
Q.2. (a) State SI unit of the momentum of a body. Ans. (a) Body A Body B
(b) Define : (i) Work (ii) Power (iii) Energy weight = mg weight = mg
(c) How is work related to applied force ? 2 = m × 10 2 kgf = mg
(d) By what factor does the kinetic energy of a moving body change, 2
when its speed is reduced to one third of initial velocity ?  m = = 0.2 kg 2 kg × g = mg
10
(e) What does the unit kilowatt hour measures ? m = 2 kg
(b) We know that power = Force × speed when bob is at A

power 40 kw 40000 w At a height h has Pot. ENERGY = mgh
–1
 Speed = Force  20,000 N  20000 N  2 ms = 2ms–1 K.E = 0 [... bob is at rest.)
when bob is at C [REST POSITION] the mean position
[2003]
P.E = 0 [... h = 0]
Q.1. (a) The weights of two bodies A and B are 5.0 N and 5.0 kgf K.E = maximum = P.E
respectively. What is the mass of each body ? (g = 10 ms–2) . .
. P.E decreases and K.E increases and whole of P.E gets converted
(b) If the power of a motor is 50 kW, at what speed can it raise a load into K.E.
of 25,000 N ?
As bob again rises to B.
Ans. (a) Body A Body B
Its P.E goes on increasing and K.E goes on decreasing and at B, it
Weight mg = 5.0 N Weight mg = 5.0 kgf
is P.E = mgh K.E = 0
5
mass m = = 0.5kg mg = 5.0 kg.g (b) (i) Body A Body B
10
Mass = 2m Mass = m
Mass m = 5.0 kg
Height = h Height = h
(b) Power of motor P = 50 kW = 50 × 1000 JS–1
F × V = 50000 JS–1 Since velocity v on reaching round = 2 gh independent of mass
50000 In each case v is same
25000 × V = 50000, V = = 2ms–1
25000
Ratio of vel. of A 1
[2004]   = 1 : 1
Ratio of vel. of B 1
Q.1. (a)What energy changes take place in an oscillating pendulum ?
(b) Two objects A and B have masses in the ratio of 2 : 1 and are Force on A (2m) g 2
(ii)   = 2 : 1
dropped from the same height. Answer the following questions : Force on B mg 1
(i) What is the ratio of velocities of A and B, when they strike the
ground? Q.2. A ball of mass 0.5 kg is thrown vertically upward with a velocity
of 8 m/s. Calculate the maximum potential energy it gains at the
(ii) What is the ratio of forces of A and B, when they strike the ground?
highest point.
Ans. (a) ENERGY CONVERSIONS : Ans. Mass of ball m = 0.5 kg
v = 0, u = 8 ms–1
T Potential energy gained
at A = ?
v2 – u2 = –2 gh
P.E. = mgh P.E. = mgh 0 – 8 × 8 = –2 × 10 h
K.E= 0 K.E = 0 h = 3.2 m
 Potential energy at A = mgh
B A
h h 32
= 0.5 × 10 × = 16 J
C 10
K.E. = mgh
P.E. = 0
2006 OF FORCE on the body.

1. Mention any two differences between the mass and weight of a 3. (i) Distance covered by car in 5 seconds
body.
1 1
2. State the amount of work done by an object, when it moves in = Area under OB = × OA × AB = × 5 × 20 = 50 m
2 2
a circular path.
3. The given figure show a speed-time graph of a moving car AB 20
(ii) The acceleration of the car = Slope of OB = 
Calculate : OA 5
(i) Distance covered by the car in 5 seconds. = 4 ms–2
4. LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY : “Energy can neither be
5
Y created nor destroyed.”
VERIFICATION OF LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY in
case of falling body.
B Consider a body of mass (m) raised above ground to position A at
20 m/s
a height (h).
Speed in m/s
(i) At A
P.E. = mgh
A K.E. = 0 [... body is at rest]
X
0 5 seconds  P.E. + K.E. = mgh + 0 = mgh ...(i)
Time in seconds.
Let it fall from A to B through a distance (x)
(ii) Acceleration of the car. In doing so v2 – u2 = 2gx
4. Show that for the free fall of a body, the sum of the mechanical v2 – 0 = 2gx
energy at any point in its path is constant. v2 = 2gx [ u at A = 0]
5. Define Newton, in S.I. unit of force. State its relationship with Body is still at height (h – x) above ground.
C.G.S. unit of force (ii) At B P.E. = mg (h – x)
6. Calculate the height through which a body of mass 0.5 kg
should be lifted if the energy spent for doing so is 1.0 joule. 1 1
K.E. = mv2 = m (2gx) = mgx
(g = 10 ms–2) 2 2
Ans. 1. Two DIFFERENCES are  P.E. + K.E = mg (h – x) + mgx
MASS WEIGHT = mgh – mgx + mgx
(i) Is a Scalar quantity (i) Is a VECTOR quantity. P.E. + K.E. = mgh ....(ii)
(ii) S.I unit is kg (ii) S.I unit is newton (N) When body falls on ground the velocity with which it falls v – u2 = 2gh
2
(iii) It is the amount of matter (iii) It is the force with which v2 – 0 = 2gh
contained in the body. the earth attracts the body. v2 = 2gh
(iii) At C the ground
2. The amount of work done is zero when body is moving in circle
because DISPLACEMENT IS NORMAL TO THE DIRECTION P.E. = 0 [... h = 0]
1 1
K.E. = × mv2 = m (2 gh) = mgh
2 2
P.E. + K.E. = 0 + mgh = mgh ...(iii)
Thus we find in all the three cases (i), (ii) and (iii).
Sum total of P.E. + K.E. = mgh which remains constant and hence verifies
the law.
5. NEWTON “Is that force which when acting on a body of mass

1 kg, produces an acceleration of 1 ms–2 in it.”
RELATION 1N = 105 dyne
6. m = 0.5 kg Energy spent = 1.0 J, g = 10 ms–2
w 1 1 1
 h =    = 0.2 m
mg 0.5  10 5  10 5
10
109 Arun Deep’s Physics-X Arun Deep’s Physics-X

dE
V.R. = It has no units. Since it is the ratio of two similar quantities.
dL
3 MACHINES EFFICIENCY : [  ] “Efficiency of a machine is the ratio of useful work

done by machine to the work put into the machine by the effort.”
It is usually expressed as a percentage.
MACHINE : “Is a device which is used to transmit force to change the M.A.
Efficiency [  ] = × 100%
direction of force or to obtain a gain in speed.” V.R.
Functions of machine : 1. To act as force multipler. RELATION BETWEEN M.A., V.R. AND  [EFFiCiENCY]
2. To shift the point of application to a convenient place.
L
3. To change the direction of the force applied for greater ease and comfort.
Work output L  dL
4. To multiply speed. ( ) Efficiency =   E
Work input E  dE dE
dL
Load L dE
But = M.A. and = V.R.
E dL
Load arm
M.A.
Efficiency =  = or M.A. = V.R. × 
Effort V.R.
LEVERS : “Lever is a straight or bent rigid rod which can turn about a
Effort arm fixed point called fulerum.”
PRINCIPLE OF LEVER : “Load × Load arm is equal to Effort × Effort
arm.”
PRINCIPLE OF MACHINE :
“Energy in the system cannot be created, nor can it be destroyed.” Load Effort arm
M.A. = =
Effort Load arm
OR
Q. Why a machine is not 100% efficient ?
Work done on machine = work done by machine
Ans. 1. A part of INPUT is always used in moving the parts of machine.
OR Input = output
2. A part of INPUT is wasted in overcoming friction between various
Or Effort × Effort arm = Load × Load arm
parts of machine.
MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE (M.A.) : “The ratio of LOAD raised to LEVER OF FIRST ORDER
EFFORT applied” is called MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE.
“A lever in which
Load [L] FULCRUM acts in the
M.A. = Effort [E] It has no unit.
middle, the load at one
VELOCITY RATIO [V.R.] : “Is the ratio of velocity of Effort to velocity of end and effort at other end
Load” i.e. “Ratio of Effort arm to Load arm.” is called lever of first
order.”
Arun Deep’s Physics-X 110 111 Arun Deep’s Physics-X
Examples are scissors, see saw, hand pump common balance crow Input = Output
bar, claw hammer, spade used for turning soil, catapult, nodding of
human head, etc. l L
E × l = L × h or h = C
LEVER OF SECOND ORDER E
“A lever in which load acts in middle, E l
Length of inclined plane
fulcrum at one and effort at the other end.” M.A. = E
height of plane h
Example A wheel barrow, F
L
A nut cracker, Hinged door, l 1 1 A B
Lemon squeezer, a paper cutter, L Also M.A. =  h 
h sin
raising the wt. of human body on toes, a bar used to lift a load, etc. l
THIRD ORDER LEVER
Q. Describe Single fixed pulley and calculate its M.A., V.R. and
“A lever in which effort acts in middle and load and fulcrum are at efficiency.
end points.”
Ans. SINGLE FIXED PULLEY
Example : A Tong, Bread knife,
A pulley which has its axis of rotation fixed, is called a fixed
The human arm carrying weight, pulley.
Oar of boat, Foot treadle etc. Fig. shows a single fixed pulley in which
Effort arm an inextensible string of negligible mass
M.A. of levers is
Load arm passes around the grooved rim of the pulley.
Q. What is inclined plane ? This type of pulley is used for lifting a
Ans. Inclined plane is a smooth rigid flat surface inclined at an angle to small load.
the horizontal. The load L to be lifted is tied to one end of
Q. Why a sloping plank or inclined plane is used to load a truck or the string and an effort E is applied at the
take a scooter into the room ? other end. Tension T acts upwards on the
Ans. Less effort is needed to lift a load over an inclined plane as compared string on both sides of the pulley and is the
to lifting the load directly.
same throught the string. Neglecting the mass
 Three examples of inclined plane are : of the string, friction between the string and
1. A gangway to a sailing ship is an example of inclined plane. surface of the rim of the pulley and the friction in the pulley bearing,
2. A staircase 3. Roads on hills. in the balanced position of the load, we have
Q. Calculate M.A. of Inclined plane. L= T
Ans. When effort acts parallel to the plane. and E = T (when pulley is not rotating)
Let E be the effort applied along the inclined plane load L T
 Mechanical advantage =  1
Input = E × AC = E × l effort E T
Output = L × BC = L × h Thus, in this arrangement there is no gain in M.A.
According to the principle of machines If the effort E moves a distance d downwards, the load L, also
moves the same distance d upwards.

Load L 2T
 Mechanical advantage = = 2
dE d Effort E T
 Velocity ratio = d  d  1
L Thus using a single movable pulley, the load can be lifted by applying
an effort equal to half the load (in ideal situation). i.e. the pulley acts
M.A.
Hence efficiency  = = 1 or 100% as a force multiplier.
V.R.
When the load is pulled up through a distance d, the string is pulled
(When mass of the string and friction in the pulley is ignored) up by the effort through a distance 2d.
Q. Describe a single movable pulley and calculate its M.A., V.R. and
efficiency. distancemoved by effort 2d
V.R. =  2
Ans. A SINGLE MOVABLE PULLEY distancemoved by load d
A pulley whose axis of rotation is not fixed in position or space,
M.A. 2
is called a movable pulley. Hence efficiency  =  = 1 or 100%
V.R. 2
Fig. shows a single movable pulley attached to a load L. An inextensible
However, it is inconvenient to apply the effort in an upward direction,
string of negligible mass passes around the grooved rim of the
therefore the movable pulley is used along with single fixed pulley to
pulley. One end of the string is tied to a hook H at a rigid support
change the direction of effort.
and the effort E is applied at its free end. Tension T acts on the
string on both sides of the pulley as shown in Fig. Q. When there is no gain in M.A. or V.R. then why single fixed pulley
is used ?
Ans. The reason is that a single fixed pulley is used only to change the
direction of the force applied i.e. with its use the effort can be
applied in a more convenient direction. To raise a load directly
upwards is difficult. But with the help of a fixed pulley, the effort
can be applied in the downward direction to move the load upwards.
One can conveniently make use of his own weight also for the
effort.
Q. A uniform plank of a see-saw is 6m long and is supported in the
centre. A boy weighing 60 kgf sits at a distance of 1.4 m from the
fulcrum. Where must another boy weighing 50 kgf sit, so as to
balance the plank.
Ans. Let the distance of 50 kg boy from fulcrum = x
60 kgf × 1.4m = 50 kgf × x
60  1.4
x = = 1.68m
50
Q. A resistance of 1000 N is overcome by a machine of V.R. 4 and
When load L is balanced by the effort E, efficiency 60%. Find (i) mechanical advantage (ii) effort required
to overcome resistance.
L = T + T = 2T and E = T
M.A. 400 5
Ans. (i)  = or M.A. =  = 0.833 Ans.
V.R. 480 6
60 M.A. 0.833
 M.A. =  .V.R. = × 4 = 2.4 (iii) Efficiency  = = = 0.833 or = 83.3%
100 V.R. 1
(iv) The efficiency is less than 100% because some energy is wasted in
l overcoming the friction of the pulley.
(ii) M.A. = l = Load or Resistance
E (v) Energy gained by the load = load × displacement of load.
= 400 × 5 = 2000 J Ans.
l 1000
 E =       Effort  displacement
M.A. 2.4 (vi) Power developed by the boy =
time
Q. The diagram below shows a fixed pulley used by a boy to lift a
load of 400 N through a vertical height of 5m in 10s. The effort 480 5
= = 240 W Ans.
applied by the boy on the other end of the rope is 480 N. [V.Imp.] 10
(i) What is the velocity ratio of the pulley ? (vii) Use of pulley helps in changing the direction of the applied force to
(ii) What is the mechanical advantage ? a convenient direction. One may also use his own weight as effort.
Q. A single fixed pulley is used because it :
(iii) Calculate the efficiency of the pulley.
(a) has a high mechanic advantage (b) has a low V.R.
(iv) Why is the efficiency of the pulley
(c) gives 100% efficiency
not 100% ?
(d) helps to apply the effort in a convenient direction.
(v) What is the energy gained by the load Ans. (d) Helps to apply the effort in a convenient direction.
in 10 s ? Q. A block and tackle has two pulleys in each block, with the tackle
(vi) How much power was developed by the tied to the hook of the lower block and the effort being applied
boy in raising the load ? upwards. (a) Draw a neat diagram to show this arrangement and
calculate its mechanical advantage.
(vii) The boy has to apply an effort which is
(b) If the load moves up a distance
greater than the load he is lifting.
x, by what distance will the free end
What is the justification for using the pulley ?
of the string move up ?
Ans. Since it is a single fixed pulley.
Ans. (a) The arrangement is shown in Fig.
(i) When the effort moves a distance d downwards the load moves a E
distance d upwards. Here the load is being supported T
by five segments of the string. T
distancement of effort dE d
Velocity ratio = = d = 1  L = 5T and E = T T
distancement of load L d T
dE
V.R. = d = 1 Ans.
L
Load L
(ii) Mechanical advantage =
Effort
Arun Deep’s Physics-X 117 Arun Deep’s Physics-X
L 5T * If a machine has V.R < 1

 M.A. =  = 5 Ans.
E T i.e. dL > dE,
(b) The load moves up a distance x the free end of the string will It gives GAIN in SPEED
move up by distance 5x. If a machine has V.R > 1 i.e. dL < dE machine acts as a FORCE
Q. In the diagram shown below calculate the resistance (R) offered MULTIPLIER. If V.R of machine is 1, it changes the diction of EFFORT.
by the nut when an effort of 25 N is applied ? * V.R is equal to the NUMBER OF STANDS supporting the load or
Ans. Load arm = 4 cm ; Effort arm = 16 + 4 = 20 cm number of pulleys in block and tackle or number of movable pulleys in
Load × Load arm = Effort × Effort arm differencial pulley.
R × 4 cm = 25 N × 20 cm * Class II lever always acts as a FORCE MULTIPLIER as M.A > 1.
R = 125 N Ans. * In class III lower GAIN IN SPEED is obtained as ‘a larger displacement
of load is obtained by a smaller dispacement of effort.” This is because
m
r t ar E is some where between F and L.
Effo
E=25N e.g. A blade of knife moves longer by a small displacement of the
m handle.
20c m
R 16c * Upper block of pulleys attached to a rigid support is called BLOCK and
rm lower movable block of pulleys is called TACKLE.
da
Loa 4cm Q. A pulley system with a velocity ratio of 4 is used to lift a load of 150
Nut
F kgf through a vertical height of 20 m. The effort required is 50 kgf in
the downward direction. Calculate :
Effort arm (a) the distance moved by the effort,
* M.A  , M.A. > 1
Load arm (b) the work done by the effort,
If Effort arm > Load arm (c) the mechanical advantage,
Then machine acts as force multiplier. (d) the efficiency of the pulley system, and
If M.A < 1, gain in speed is obtained. (e) the total number of pulleys and the number of pulleys in each block.
If M.A = 1, machine is used to change the direction of effort. [g = 10 N kg–1]
* VELOCITY RATIO : The ratio of the velocity of effort to the velocity Sol. E = 50 kgf = 50 × 10 = 500 N.
of Load.” L = 150 × 10 = 1500 N
If dL and dE are the distances moved in time t by the load and effort
(a) Since load is to be raised by 20 m and load is supported 4 strands
dL
respectively, then vel. of load VL  dE
t  V.R.  d  4
L
dE
velocity of effort VE 
t 80 m
dist. moved by effort = dE = 4 dL = 4 × 20 =
VE d E /t dE
V.R  V  d /t  d = Ratio of displacement of effort to
L L L (b) Work done by effort = E × dist. dE = 500 × 80  40000 J
displacement of load is called V.R.
L 150 kgf Sol. (a) It is class I lever as F is in between load and Effort.
(c) M.A  E  50 kgf  3 Example Catapult, nodding of human head, a see saw..
(b) (i) Principle of moments
M.A 3 found in (c) Load × Load arm = Effort × Effort arm
(d) Efficiency =    100%   100  75%
V.R 4 given
Effort arm QF 1·80
(e) As V.R is 4 : Total number of pulleys = 4 which is even. (ii) M.A    9
Load arm PF 0·20
 2 pulley in each block and tackle.
Load
Q. A man opens a nut by applying a force of 150 N by using a lever (c) M.A 
Effort
handle of length 0·4 m. What should be the length of handle if he
wants to open it by applying a force of 60 N ? Load 18
 Effort    2 kgf
Sol. As force is reduced from 150 N to 60 N, the effort arm should be M.A. 9
increased since load and load arm remains the same in both cases. Q. A crow bar 2 m long is pivoted about a point 10 cm from its tip. (i)
 60 × Effort arm = 150 × 0·4 Calculate the M.A of the crow bar. (ii) What is the least force
which must be applied at the other end to displace a load of 100
150  4 kgf.
Effort arm   1m
60  10 Sol.
Q. Calculate the ideal mechanical advantage of a lever in which the
effort arm is 60 cm and load arm is 4 cm.
2m
Effort arm 60
Sol. Ideal mechanical advantage    15
Load arm 4
load Effort
Q. m
10 c
2m
20 m L=100 Kgf
100 Effort arm =190 cm
P F Q Load arm
1.8m = 10 cm
Effort
Load=18kgf Effort arm 190
(i) M.A.    19
Load arm 10
(a) To which class of lever does it belong ? Give one example of this class. (ii) Taking moments about the fulcrum
(b) (i) State the principle of moments as applied to the above lever, E × 190 = 100 × 10
and (ii) Calculate M.A. if PQ = 2·0 m and PF = 20 cm.
100  10 100
(c) Calculate the effort needed to lift the load. E    5·26 kgf
190 19
Q. A cook uses the fire tongs of length 28 cm to lift a piece of burning less than 100% due to some loss of input energy against the force of
coal of mass 250 g. If he applies the effort at a distance of 7 cm friction etc.
from the fulcrum, find the effort. Take g = 10 ms–2
* A long handle oar used for rowing a boat by a single person acts as a
Sol. lever of class I. Effort arm EF is SHORTER than LOAD ARM FL to
GAIN IN SPEED (so as to give a larger moment to the blade of the oar
to push water back through a longer distance. The force of reaction
7 cm 14 cm
E Effort arm exerted by water on boat moves the boat forward. Its M.A is less than 1.
L=250 g
28 cm F
Load arm
Load × Load arm = Effort × Effort arm
Load arm  250  28  1  fig. 3.3 Page 53

Effort  Load ×   kgf     10  N  4
Effort arm  1000  7 4 
10 Rowing a boat with a long handle oar

  4  10 N
4
* The short handle oar used in a boat race by boat men acts as a lever of
class III and provides GAIN IN SPEED. ‘O’ represents the position of
* WORK INPUT or INPUT ENERGY :
different boat men rowing the boat, sitting near the edge of boat on
“Work done by effort or work done by the effort on machine.” both sides, one after the other, all facing towards the front.
* WORK OUTPUT or OUTPUT ENERGY : “Work done on Load or

work done by machine on load.”
* AN IDEAL MACHINE : “is that in which there is no loss of energy in

any manner and efficiency is 100%.”
* If efficiency of machine is 60%, it implies that 60% of the total energy fig. 3.6 Page 56
supplied to the machine at the effort point obtained as useful energy at
the load point. The remaining 40% of energy supplied is lost in
overcoming the force of friction etc. and it appears as HEAT ENERGY
in its different parts due to which they get heated up.
* In actual practice, M.A. for all practical machines is always less than
Rowing a boat by the short handle oars.
its V.R or output work is always less than input work and efficiency is
Each boat man siting on the right side holds the top end of the oar (c) A single fixed pulley is used to lift a bucket of water from the well.
stationary by his left hand. This end acts as a fulcrum F. He applies the (d) A pair of scissors to cut the cloth.
Q.4. What is the purpose of a jack in lifting a car by it ?
effort E on the handle at some distance from the fulcrum using his
Ans. Purpose of Jack : In lifting a car by jack, effort is less than load.
right hand. The blade of each oar pushes the water which acts as a Q.5. What do you understand by an ideal machine ? How does it differ
load L at the other end of the oar. The oar is raised out of water and the from a practical machine ?
process is repeated. Since effort arm is shorter than Load arm. Each Ans. IDEAL MACHINE : “Ideal machine is FREE from FRICTION and its
oar provides SPEED IN GAIN and win boat race. EFFICIENCY is 100% or 1 and M.A. is numerically equal to the V.R.”
Difference between Ideal machine and Practical machine : In an
MACHINES, TECHNICAL, TERMS AND LEVERS ideal machine the efficiency is equal to 1 and the mechanical advantage
is numerically equal to the velocity ratio. In practical machine the
Exercise 3 (A) mechanical advantage is always less than its velocity ratio or the output
work is always less than the input work, so the efficiency is less than 1.
Q.1. (a) What do you understand by a simple machine ? Q.6. Explain the term mechanical advantage. State its unit.
Ans. MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE “ The ratio of LOAD to EFFORT is
(b) State the principle of an ideal machine. called MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE.”
Ans. (a) SIMPLE MACHINE : “is a LEVER or PULLEY by which we can LOAD L
obtain a gain in speed or transmit force to change the direction of MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE = M.A. = 
EFFORT E
force.” UNIT : M.A. has no unit as it is the ratio of two similar quantities.
(b) IDEAL MACHINE : An ideal machine is that in which there is Q.7. Define the term velocity ratio. State its unit.
no loss of energy in any manner. Here the work output is equal to Ans. VELOCITY RATIO “The ratio of the VELOCITY OF EFFORT to the
the work input. i.e. the efficiency of an ideal machine is 100%. VELOCITY OF LOAD is called VELOCITY RATIO.”
Velocity of EFFORT d E
Q.2. State four ways in which machines are useful to us. VELOCITY RATIO [V.R.] =  OR
Velocity of LOAD dL
Ans. Four way in which machines are useful
V.R. “Is defined as ratio of the DISPLACEMENT of EFFORT to
(i) In changing THE POINT OF APPLICATION OF FORCE to a the DISPLACEMENT of LOAD.”
CONVENIENT point. UNIT : V.R. has no unit as it is the ratio of two similar quantities.
(ii) In changing the DIRECTION OF EFFORT to convenient the Q.8. How is mechanical advantage related to the velocity ratio for (i) an
DIRECTION. ideal machine, (ii) a practical machine ?
Ans.(i) For ideal machine : Mechanical advantage is equal to the velocity ratio.
(iii) In lifting HEAVY LOAD by using less EFFORT. (ii) In practical machine or actual machine, there is some loss of energy
(iv) For obtaining GAIN-IN-SPEED. during its operation so the M.A. is always less than velocity ratio.
M.A. < V.R.
Q.3. Name a machine for each of the following use : i.e., output energy is less than input energy.
(a) to multiply the force, Q.9. Define the term efficiency of a machine. Give two reasons for a
(b) to change the point of application of force, machine not to be 100% efficient ?
Ans. EFFICIENCY : “of a machine is the ratio of THE WORK OUTPUT
(c) to change the direction of force, (d) to obtain gain in speed. to the WORK INPUT.”
Ans. (a) Shears is force multiplier, used for cutting thin metal sheets. It is denoted by the symbol of (eta) 
(b) The wheel of a cycle is rotated with the help of a chain by applying Work output
the force on the pedal. EFFICIENCY  = Work input × 100%

A machine is not 100% efficient because M.A.

(i) a part of work done on machine is wasted in over coming the friction  Efficiency =  = or M.A. =  × V.R.
.R.
V.R.
between the various parts of machine.
(ii) Its moving parts are not weightless. (b) The term velocity ratio does not change for a machine of a given design
(iii) The string in it (if any) is not perfectly elastic. as M.A. is always equal to V.R.
(iv) Its different parts are not perfectly rigid and also not perfectly smooth. Q.13. Derive the relationship between mechanical advantage, velocity ratio
Q.10. When does a machine act as (a) a force multiplier, (b) a speed and efficiency of a machine. Name the term that will not change for
multiplier. Can a machine act as a force multiplier and a speed a machine of a given design.
multiplier simultaneously? Ans. Relationship between efficiency (), Mechanical advantage (M.A.) and
Ans. (a) When the effort needed to overcome a certain load is less than the velocity ratio (V.R.)
load, the machine has the mechanical advantage more than 1 Let a machine overcome a load L by the application of effort E. In time t,
(M.A. > 1,) it acts as a force multiplier. Also in a machine, if the
let the displacement of effort be dE and the displacement of load be dL.
displacement of load is less than the displacement of effort, its velocity
ratio is more than 1 (V.R. > 1), it acts as a force multiplier. E.g. pliers Work input = Effort × displacement of effort = E × dE
and spoon used to open lid of a container. Work output = Load × displacement of load = L × dL
(b) If a machine needs an effort greater than the load, it has mechanical Work output
advantage less than one (M.A. < 1) and it works as a speed multiplier. Efficiency  = Work input
Also, a machine in which displacement of load is more than the
displacement of effort, velocity ratio is less than one (V.R. < 1) and
such a machine acts as a speed multiplier. E.g. pair of scissors used to L  dL L dL L 1 L dE
cut a piece of cloth so that the blades move larger than the handles. = = × = × d but = M.A. and
No, a machine cannot act as a force multiplier and a speed multiplier E  dE E dE E L E dL = V.R.
simultaneously because for speed multiplier, M.A. < 1 and V.R. < 1 dE
and for force multiplier M.A. > 1 and V.R. > 1. 1 M.A
Q. 11. A machine works as a (i) force multiplier, (ii) speed multiplier. In each Efficiency  = M.A. × = or M.A. =  × V.R
.R
case state whether the velocity ratio is more than or less than 1 : 1.
V.R V.R
Ans. (i) When a machine works as a force multiplier : The term velocity ratio does nto change for a machine of a given design
A machine works as a force multiplier if its velocity ratio is MORE THAN as M.A. decreases due to friction.
ONE i.e., displacement of load is less than the displacement of effort. Q.14. How is the mechanical advantage related with the velocity ratio for
(ii) When a machine works as a speed multiplier : an actual machine? State whether the efficiency of such a machine
A machine works as a speed multiplier if its velocity ratio is LESS THAN is equal to 1, less than 1 or more than 1.
ONE i.e. displacement of load is more than the displacement of effort. Ans. Actual machine is practical machine. M.A. of actual machine is less
Q.12. State the relationship between mechanical advantage, velocity ratio than V.R. M.A. < V.R.
and efficiency. Name the term that will not change for a machine M.A.
of a given design. M.A. =  × V.R.  =  < 1
V.R.
Ans. RELATION BETWEEN M.A., V.R and   Efficiency of machine is less than 1.
L Q.15. State one reason why is mechanical advantage less than the velocity
Work output L  d L
  E ratio for an actual machine.
Efficiency = Work input E  d E dE Ans. Due to energy loss in friction.
dL Q.16. What is a lever ? State its principle.
L dE Ans. LEVER : “Is a straight or bent rigid rod capable of turning about a
But = M.A. and = V.R.
E dL point, called FULCRUM.”
PRINCIPLE OF LEVER : M.A. and V.R. of these levers is always more than 1
“In equilibrium position, Effort × Effort arm = Load × Load arm.” Or (c) CLASS III LEVERS or THIRD ORDER LEVERS
“Moments due to Effort = Moments due to Load” Or Effort
“In equilibrium position of lever, clock wise moments equal to anticlock wise moments.”
Q.17. Write down a relation expressing the mechanical advantage of a lever. F
Effort arm
Ans. Mechanical Advantage of a Lever = is the relation. Effort arm
Load arm
Q.18. Name the three classes of levers and state how are they distinguished. Load
Load arm
Give two examples of each class. Examples are
Ans. THREE CLASSES OF LEVERS are E
(a) CLASS I LEVERS or F Effort arm
FIRST ORDER LEVERS : Effort Lord arm
Load arm L
F PLUCKER or FIRE TONG, (Sugar Tongs)
Examples are
Load
Effort arm E
L
L
F
(L) Ice F
F
E Ice Tong L
E SEE SAW SCISSORS E
Foot TREADLE
Fulcrum is between the LOAD and the EFFORT.
Levers of this class can have [ratio of M.A. and V.R.] any value greater
than 1, equal to 1 or less than 1.
They can acts as FORCE MULTIPLIERS. F E
(b) CLASS II LEVERS or SECOND ORDER LEVERS Effort is always in between FULCRUM and LOAD. Effort arm is always
Examples are E smaller than LOAD arm. The M.A. and V.R. of these levers are always
F Effort arm LESS than 1
Lord arm L Q.19. Give one example each of a Class I lever where mechanical advantage
is (a) more than one, and (b) less than one.
E L Ans. (a) CLASS I LEVER with M.A. more than 1 is A SHEARS
E
F
(b) CLASS I LEVER with M.A. LESS than 1 is SCISSORS used to cut
Load cloth or paper when M.A is less than 1, this type of levers are used to
Lemon Squeezer
F GAIN IN SPEED.
Q.20. What is the use of the lever if its mechanical advantage is
WHEEL BARROW (a) more than 1, (b) equal to 1, and (c) less than 1 ?
LOAD is in between EFFORT and FULCRUM, the effort arm is always Ans. (a) The lever acts as a FORCE MULTIPLIER. A nut-cracker breaks
longer than LOAD arm. nut by applying a small force.
(b) Is used in a physical balance with both arms equal in length.  Weight of scale is GREATER than E
(c) A large displacement of load is obtained by small displacement of REASON is that “Distance of weight of metre scale from fulcrum
effort. The blade of a knife moves longer by a small displacement F(10 cm) is less than that of the efforts E (30 cm), so the weight
of its handle. W of scale is greater than the effort E.
Q.21. Both a pair of scissors and a pair of pliers belong to the same class of (b) In this case,
levers. Name the class of lever. Which one has the mechanical Effort arm = (90 – 60) cm = 30 cm
advantage less than 1 ? Load arm = (60 – 50) cm = 10 cm
Ans. Both belong to CLASS I LEVERS effort arm 30 cm
A pair of SCISSORS has M.A. LESS than 1. Ideal Mechanical advantage (M.A.) = 
load arm 10 cm
Q.22. Explain why scissors for cutting cloth may have blades longer than
M.A. = 3 cm
the handles, but shears for cutting metals have short blades and
long handles. Q.24. Which type of lever has a mechanical advantage always more than
Ans. SCISSORS for cutting cloth may have BLADES LONGER than one ? Give one example. What change can be made in this lever
HANDLES dL > dE to have V.R. less than 1 i.e. moment of LOAD is to increase its mechanical advantage ?
MORE as compared to displacement of EFFORT. So blades move
Ans. CLASS II LEVERS have M.A always MORE than 1
LONGER on the cloth. While SHEARS have SHORT BLADES and
Example — HINGED DOOR, to open and close the door by
LONG HANDLES to enable us to overcome large resistive force (Load)
by small EFFORT. applying LITTLE EFFORT.
Load arm is increased to increase its mechanical advantage.
Q.23. In Fig. shows a uniform metre rule of weight W supported on a
Q.25. Draw a diagram of a lever which is always used as a force
fulcrum at the 60 cm mark by applying the effort E at the 90 cm
mark. (a) State with reason whether the weight W of the rule is multiplier. How is the effort arm related to the load arm in such
greater than, less than or equal to the effort E. (b) Find the a lever ?
mechanical advantage in an ideal case. Ans. CROWBAR acts as FORCE MULTIPLIER
0 100 cm Fulcrum E
50 60 90
F Load
E
Effort arm
Ans. Since the meter scale is uniform
 Its mass per unit length is same and its wt. W acts at 50 cm mark. Load arm
 W × (60 – 50) = E (90 – 60) Q.26. Explain why the mechanical advantage of a Class II type of lever
0 10 30 100 cm is always more than 1.
50 60 90
W F
E
10W = 30 E
30 E
W= = 3E
10
Ans. CLASS II LEVERS have M.A. always MORE than 1 as EFFORT

ARM is always longer than LOAD ARM.
Q.27. Draw a labelled diagram of a class II lever. Give one example of
such a lever.
Ans. NUT CRACKER acts as CLASS II LEVER
Nut (Load)
Ans. (a)
E E
NUT CRACKER
Q.28. In the figure shows a lemon crusher.
Load
Fulcrum Effort
Figure TB 66
(b) A rod lifting a stone is CLASS II LEVER.
(c) Example of class II Lever is BOTTLE OPENER.
(a) In this diagram, mark the position of the fulcrum F and the line Q.30. State the kind of lever which always has the mechanical advantage
of action of load L and effort E. less than 1. Draw a labelled diagram of such lever.
(b) Name the class of lever. Ans. Class III lever has always the mechanical advantage less than 1.
Ans. (a) Since effort arm is always less than load arm.
Q.31. Explain why the mechanical advantage of the Class III type of
lever is always less than one.
(b) Lever of Class II.
Ans. CLASS III LEVERS have M.A. less than one because EFFORT
Q.29. The diagram below shows a rod lifting a stone. Mark the fulcrum ARM is always SMALLER than the LOAD ARM.
F and draw arrows to show the directions of load L and effort E.
(b) What class of lever is the rod? (c) Give one more example of Q.32. Class III levers have mechanical advantage less than one. Why
the same class of lever stated in part (b). are they then used ?

Ans. CLASS III LEVERS- though have M.A. LESS than 1, but by using (ii) A BALANCE (iii) A NUT CRACKER
them we get GAIN IN SPEED i.e. a LARGER MOVEMENT of
L E
LOAD is obtained by SMALLER MOVEMENT OF EFFORT.
F
For example : The blades of a knife moves longer by small
F Nut
movement of its handle.
Q.32. Draw a labelled sketch of a Class III lever. Give one example of L
E Load E
this kind of lever.
Ans. CLASS III LEVER has EFFORT in between LOAD and FULCRUM. (iv) FORCEP
Muscles Load
(E)
Q.36. Classify the following into levers as class I, class II or class III :
F (a) a door (b) a catapult (c) claw hammer
Human arm carrying weight (class III lever) (d) a wheel barrow (e) a fishing rod (f) sugar tongs
Ans. Name of lever Class of lever
Q.33. State the class of levers and the relative positions of load (L), effort (a) a door Class II
(E) and fulcrum (F) in (a) a bottle opener and, (b) sugar tongs. (b) a catapult Class I
Ans. (a) Bottle opener is class II lever. (c) claw hammer Class I
(d) a wheel barrow Class II
(b) Sugar tongs is class III Lever. (e) a fishing rod Class III
(f) sugar tongs Class III
Q.37. What type of lever is formed by the human body while (a) raising
a load on the palm and, (b) raising the weight of body on toes ?
f-3.4 P-52 f-3.5 P-53
Ans. (a) HUMAN ARM forms CLASS III LEVER position of Fulcrum
is on one end of Effort (for figure see question no. 37 page 112).
(b) While raising the weight of body on toes, human body forms Class
(a) (b) II lever (for figure see question no. 38 page 112).
Q.34. Draw diagrams to illustrate the positions of fulcrum, load and Q.38. Indicate the positions of load L, effort E and fulcrum F in the forearm
effort, in each of the following : shown below. Name the class of lever.
(i) A seasaw (ii) A common balance (iii) A nut cracker (iv) Forceps.
Ans. (i) A SEE SAW
F
L
Seesaw
E
Ans. Fig. (L) load at hand fulcrum (F) at joint (E) Effort - biceps CLASS III Q.39. Complete the following sentences :
LEVER (a) Mechanical advantage = .......... × velocity ratio.
(b) In class II lever, effort arm is .......... than the load arm.
(c) A pair of scissors is a .......... multiplier.
Muscles
Ans. (a) Mechanical advantage = efficiency × velocity ratio.
E
(b) In class II lever, effort arm is longer than the load arm.
(c) A pair of scissors is a speed multiplier.
F
Multiple Choice Type
Load
Q.1. Mechanical advantage (M. A.), load (L) and effort (E) are related as:
Q.38. Give example of each class of lever in a human body. (a) M. A. = L× E (b) M. A. × E = L
Ans. Class I lever in the action of nodding of head. (c) E = M. A. × L (d) none of these.
Ans. (b) M.A. × E = L
Q.2. The correct relationship between the mechanical advantage (M. A.),
F the velocity ratio (V. R.) and the efficiency (  ) is :
(a) M. A. =  × V. R. (b) V. R. =  × M. A.
 = M. A. × V. R.
(c) (d) none of these.
Ans. (a) M. A. =  × V. R.
Class II lever in raising the Q.3. Select the incorrect statement :
weight of the body on toes.
(a) A machine always has the efficiency less than 100%.
(b) The mechanical advantage of a machine can be less than 1.
(c) A machine can be used as a speed multiplier.
F (d) A machine can have the mechanical advantage greater than the
velocity ratio.
Ans. (d) A machine can have the mechanical advantage greater than the
velocity ratio.
Class III lever in raising a load by forearm. Q.4. The lever for which the mechanical advantage is less than 1 has the:
(a) fulcrum at mid point between the load and effort.
(b) load between the effort and fulcrum.
F (c) effort between the fulcrum and load.
(d) load and effort acting at the same point.
Ans. (c) effort between the fulcrum and load.
Q.5. Class II levers are designed to have :
(a) M.A. = V.R. (b) M.A. > V.R.

(c) M.A. > 1 (d) M.A. < 1

Ans. (c) M.A. > 1
Numericals
Q.1. A crowbar of length 120 cm has its fulcrum situated at a distance of
20 cm from the load. Calculate the mechanical advantage of the (a) To which class of lever does it belong ?
crowbar.
(b) If AB = 1 m, AF = 0.4 m, find its mechanical advantage.
Effort arm 100 (c) Calculate the value of E.
Ans. M.A. of crowbar M.A. = = =5
Load arm 20 Ans. Load arm AF = 0.4 m
F
.....20...................Effort arm  Effort arm BF = 1 – 0.4 = 0.6 m
Load = 15 kgf
100 cm
Load arm 0.6m
120 cm 0.4m
A F B
Q.2. A pair of scissors has its blades 15 cm long, while its handles are
7.5 cm long. What is its mechanical advantage ? E
L=15kgf
Ans. Length of blades = 15 cm = Load arm
Length of handles = 7.5 cm = Effort arm (a) ...F is between Load and Effort
Effort arm 7.5 1  It is class I lever
M.A. of Scissors M.A. =  = = 0.5
Load arm 15 2 Effort arm BF 0.6
(b) M.A. =   1.5
Q.3. A force of 5 kgf is required to cut a metal sheet. A shears used for Load arm AF 0.4
cutting a metal sheet has its blades 5 cm long, while its handles (c) E × Effort arm = L × Load arm
are 10 cm long. What effort is needed to cut the sheet ?
E × 0.6 = 15 × 0.4
5 6 .0
Ans. Length of blades = Load arm = 5cm = m E= = 10 kgf
100 0 .6
Load L = 5 kgf, Effort needed = E = ? Q.5. A man uses a crowbar of length 1.5 m to raise a load of 75 kgf by
10 putting a sharp edge below the bar at a distance 1 m from his hand.
Length of handle = Effort arm = 10 cm = m (a) Draw a diagram of the arrangement showing the fulcrum (F),
100 load (L) and effort (E) with their directions. (b) State the kind of
 E × Effort arm = L × Load arm lever. (c) Calculate : (i) load arm, (ii) effort arm, (iii) mechanical
advantage and (iv) the effort needed.
10 5
E× =5× Ans. (i) Load arm 1.5 – 1.0 = 0.5 m
100 100
(ii) Effort arm = 1m Ans.
25
 E= = 2.5 kgf 1.0
10 (iii) Mechanical advantage = =2
0.5
Q.4. The diagram below shows a lever in use.
(iv) Effort = ? (a) If a weight W is placed at a distance 250 cm from the support on the
longer arm, find W.
L
M.A. = (b) If a weight 5 kgf is kept to balance the rod, find its position.
E E (c) To which class of lever does it belong ?
1m
75 kgf Ans. (a) W × CE = 18 × DC
2= F
E L .5m W × 250 = 18 × 60 D E
0 65......60....125...........250.........375 B
E = 75/2 = 37.5 kgf Ans. 75 kgf. crow bar 18 60
A
 W= = 4.32 kgf 18 C W
(b) Class I lever Ans. 250
Q.6. A pair of scissors is used to cut a piece of a cloth by keeping it at a (b) New W = 5 kgf
distance of 8·0 cm from its rivet and applying an effort of 10 kgf by Let it be placed at a distance x from C on arm CB
fingers at a distance of 2·0 cm from the rivet. (a) Find : (i) the  5 × x = 18 × 60
mechanical advantage of scissors, and (ii) the load offered by the
cloth. (b) How does the pair of scissors act : as a force multiplier or 18 60
 x= = 216 cm = 2.16 m
as a speed multiplier ? 5
Ans. (a) Load arm = distance of cloth from rivet = 8·0 cm (c) It belongs to class I lever.
Effort arm = distance of effort i.e., fingers from rivet = 2·0 cm Q.8. A lever has its load arm 5 cm long while the effort arm 9 cm long.
(a) To which class does it belong ?
effort arm 2 1
(i) Mechanical advantage = load arm = = = 0·25 (b) Draw diagram of the lever showing the position of fulcrum F and
8 4 directions of both the load L and effort E.
(ii) Principle of machine (c) What is the mechanical advantage and velocity ratio if the efficiency
Effort × Effort arm = Load × Load arm is 100% ?
Effort arm (d) What will be the mechanical advantage and velocity ratio if the
Load
or = Load arm efficiency becomes 50% ?
Effort
Ans. (a) As effort arm is longer than load arm, lever is of class II.
W 2 1 E
= = (b) Effort
E 8 4 9 cm
F 5 cm L
W 1
= 
10 kgf 4 Load
10
 Load W = = 2·5 kgf 9
4 (c) M.A. = = 1·8
5
 Load offered by cloth = 2·5 kgf
 Efficiency  = 100%
(b) Pair of scissors act as speed multiplier as dL > dE.
  × V.R. = M.A.
Q.7. A 4m long rod of negligible weight is supported at a point 125 cm
from its one end and a load of 18 kgf is suspended at a point 60 cm M.A
from the support on the shorter arm. V.R. = η

Q.10. The Fig. below shows a wheel barrow of mass 15 kg carrying a load of 30
1.8  100
V.R. =  1.8 kgf with its centre of gravity at A. The points B and C are the centre of
100 wheel and tip of the handle such that the horizontal distance AB = 20 cm
and AC = 40 cm.
50 1
(d) When efficiency is 50% i.e., 
100 2
M.A. < V.R.
Then V.R. will remain same 1.8
But its M.A. will become F T 58
M.A. = V.R. × 
1.8  50
 M.A. =  0.9
100
Find : (a) the load arm, (b) the effort arm, (c) the mechanical
Q.9. Figure below shows a lever in use :
advantage, and (d) the minimum effort required to keep the leg just
off the ground.
E
Ans. Total load = 15 + 30 = 45 kgf
F In diagram
(a) Load arm = 20 cm
(b) Effort arm = 20 + 40 = 60 cm
L
60
(c) M.A. = =3
20
(a) To which class of levers does it belongs ? F L E
(b) Without changing the dimensions of the lever, if the load is shifted Load 45
(d) E=  = 15 kgf
towards the fulcrum what happens to the mechanical advantage of M.A. 3
the lever ? Q.11. The diagram shows the use of a lever.
Ans. (a) It belongs to second class lever.
F
L
(a) State the principle of moments as applied to the above lever.

(b) The mechanical advantage of the lever will increase when load is (b) To which class of lever does it belong ? Give an example of this
class of lever.
shifted towards the fulcrum.

(c) If FA = 10 cm, AB = 490 cm, calculate : (i) the mechanical Effort arm = 15 cm
advantage, and (ii) the minimum effort required to lift the load Load arm = 20 cm
(= 50 N).
Ans. (a) PRINCIPLE OF MOMENTS Effort arm
M.A. =
Effort × AF = LOAD (50N) × BF load arm
(b) Effort is in between F and L. 15 3
 It belongs to class III lever. = = = 0.75
20 4
Example of class III lever is tongs or plucker
15cm
E F
E
F Load
fire tong
1.5 kgf
E
PLUCKER Effort = ?
Load 1.5
Effort = = = 2.0 kgf
M.A. .75
F T 53
PULLEY
EXERCISE 3 (B)
Q.1. What is a fixed pulley ? State its one use.
(c) Here Effort arm FA = 10 cm Ans. A pulley which has its axis of rotation fixed in position, is called a
fixed pulley.
Load arm BF = 490 + 10 = 500 cm
Effort arm 10 1
 M.A. = = =
Load arm 500 50
Also Effort × Effort arm AF = Load × Load arm BF
E × 10 = 50 × 500
F T 59 (3.21)
50 ´ 500
 E= = 2500 N
10
Q.12. A fire tongs has its arms 20 cm long. It is used to lift a coal of weight
1.5 kgf by applying an effort at a distance 15 cm from the fulcrum.
Find : (i) the mechanical advantage of fire tongs, and (ii) the effort
needed.
Ans. (i) M.A. = ?

One use of single fixed pulley : It is used to draw water Single Movable Pulley :
conveniently from a well (it is used only to change the direction of It consists of a movable pulley A and a fixed pulley B and string
the force applied). passes over as shown. Load is suspended from movable pulley A
Q.2. What is the ideal mechanical advantage of a single fixed pulley? and effort is applied at free and as shown.
Can it be used as a force multiplier? The pulley A is supported on both sides by tension T and is pulled
Ans. M.A of IDEAL single fixed pulley is one. No, a single fixed pulley up by half the distance.
can not be used as a force multiplier because a single fixed pulley Load L is balanced by the effort
is used to change the direction only. L = T + T = 2T, E = T
Q.3. Name the pulley which has no gain in mechanical advantage. Load L 2T
Explain, why is such a pulley then used ? M.A = Effort E  T  2
Ans. A single fixed pulley.
M.A. in Ideal case = 2
It is used to CHANGE the direction of the force applied i.e. the
effort can be applied in a MORE CONVENIENT DIRECTION. Q.7. Name the type of single pulley that can act as a force multiplier.
Draw a labelled diagram of the pulley mentioned by you.
One can make use of his own weight also for the effort.
Ans. Single movable pulley in ideal situation acts as FORCE MULTIPLIER
Q.4. What is the velocity ratio of a single fixed pulley?
L = T + T = 2T
dE d E = T
Ans. d L = d = 1.
Load L 2T
M.A = Effort E  T  2
Q.5. In a single fixed pulley, if the effort moves by a distance x
downwards, by what height is the load raised upwards? Using single movable pulley, the load can be lifted by applying an
Ans. Upward load is raised by x. effort equal to half the load (in ideal situation).
Q.6. What is a single movable pulley ? What is its mechanical
advantage in the ideal case ?
Ans.

Q.8. Give two reasons why the efficiency of a single movable pulley is Q.12. Draw a labelled diagram of an arrangement of two pulleys, one fixed
not 100%. and other movable. In the diagram, mark the directions of all forces
Ans. Two reasons are : (i) Moving part is not weightless. acting on it. What is the ideal mechanical advantage of the system ?
(ii) The string is not perfectly elastic. How can it be achieved?
Q.9. In which direction does the force need to be applied, when a Ans. Ideal mechanical advantage of this system is 2. If it is to gain more,
single pulley is used with a mechanical advantage greater than more number of pulleys to be used.
1? How can you change the direction of force applied without altering
its mechanical advantage ? Draw a labelled diagram of the system.
Ans. M.A. greater than 1 can be obtained by using single movable pulley
applying the force in the upward direction but it is inconvenient so
a fixed pulley is also used along with this movable pulley and force
is applied in DOWNWARD DIRECTION.
A fixed single pulley is used only to change the direction of the force T 61 (3.23)
applied in the convenient direction.
T 60 (3.22, 3.23)
Q.13. The diagram below shows a pulley arrangement.
(a) Name the pulleys A and B.
(b) In the diagram, mark the direction of tension on each strand of
string.
(c) What is the purpose of the pulley B ?
(d) If the tension is T, deduce the relation between (i) T and E, and
(ii) E and L.
(e) What is the velocity ratio of the arrangement ?
2T (f) Assuming that the efficiency of the system is 100%, what is the
M.A. = =2 mechanical advantage ?
T
Q.10. What is the velocity ratio of a single movable pulley ? How does
the friction in the pulley bearing affect it ?
Ans. V.R. of single movable pulley
T 66
Distance moved by the effort d E 2d
V.R. = V.R. = =2
Distance moved by load d L d
There is no effect of friction in the pulley bearing.
Q.11. In a single movable pulley, if the effort moves by a distance x
upwards, by what height is the load raised ?
x
Ans. The upward load is raised by distance.
2
Ans. (a) Pulley A is Movable pulley. Single fixed pulley Single movable pulley
Pulley B is Fixed pulley.
(b) Tension T is marked. 4. The weight of pulley itself 4. The weight of pulley itself
(c) The function of pulley B is to change the direction of effort applied does not effect its mechanical reduces its mechanical
from upward direction to downward direction. advantage. advantage.
(d) Relation between :
(i) T and E is
5. It is used to change to direction 5. It is used as a force multiplier.
E=T of effort.
(ii) Between E and L is
L Q.15. The diagram alongside shows an
E=
2 arrangement of three pulleys A, B
Distance moved by effort d E and C. The load is marked as L and
(e) V.R. = Distance moved by load d the effort as E.
L
(a) Name the pulleys A, B and C.
2d
V.R. = =2 (b) Mark in the diagram the
d
(f) M.A. = Efficiency × V.R. directions of load (L), effort (E) and
100 tension T1 and T2 in the two strings.
= ×2=2 (c) How are the magnitudes of L
100
and E related to tension T1 ?
T 61 (3.23)
(d) Calculate the mechanical
advantage and velocity ratio of the
arrangement.
(e) What assumptions have you
made in parts (c) and (d) ?
Q.14. State four differences between a single fixed pulley and a single
movable pulley. Ans. (a) A and B are movable pulleys ; and
Ans. Difference between a single fixed pulley and a single movable pulley. C is fixed pulley.
(b) See adjoining figure
Single fixed pulley Single movable pulley
1. It is fixed to a rigid support 1. It is not fixed to a rigid support.
2. Its mechanical advantage is 1. 2. Its mechanical advantage

is 2.
3. Its velocity ratio is 1. 3. Its velocity ratio is 2.

L 4T1 from (iv)

(c) L = 4T1 ; E = T1 (d) MA = E  T = 4 Load L = 23 × T3 ...(v)
1
L
4d E = ...(vi)
(d) V.R. = =4 (e) The pulleys A and B are weight less. 23
d
Q.16. Draw a diagram of combination of three movable pulleys and one L o a d L 2 2 ´ T3
fixed pulley to lift up a load. In the diagram, show the directions of Hence mechanical advantage M.A = = = 23 ...(vii)
e ffo rt E T3
load, effort and tension in each strand. Find : (i) the mechanical
advantage, (ii) the velocity ratio, and (iii) the efficiency of the In general if there are n movable pulleys with one fixed pulley
combination, in the ideal situation. M.A = 2n here n = 3
Ans. A, B, C are movable pulley and D is fixed pulley.  M.A. = 23 ...(i)
(ii) Velocity Ratio : As one end of each string passing over a movable pulley
is fixed, so the other end of string moves up twice the distance moved
by the axle of movable pulley. If the load L attached to the pulley A
moves up by distance X i.e. dL = X, the string connected to the axle of
pulley B moves up by a distance 2 × x = 2x, the string connected to the
axle of pulley c moves up by a distance 2 × 2x = 22 x and the end of the
T-61 (3.24) string moving over the fixed pulley D moves up by a distance
2 × 22 x = 23 x, i.e. the effort E moves by a distance 23x or dE = 23 x
distance moved by effort d E

 Vel. Ratio V.R. = distance moved by load d
L
(i) M.A. 23 x 3
In equilibrium Effort E = T3 ....(i) = =2 ...(ii)
x
The two segments of string passing over the pulley A supports the load
M.A.
1 (iii) Efficiency = from (i) and (ii)
L, therefore tension T1 in this string is 2T1 = L or T1 = ...(ii) V.R.
2
Similarly, the two segments of string passing over the pulley B supports 23
the tension T1 so tension T2 in this string is h= =1 or 100%
23
T1 L Q. 17. Draw a diagram of a block and tackle system of pulleys having a
2T2 = T1 or T2 = = 2 ...(iii)
2 2 velocity ratio of 5. In your diagram indicate clearly the points of
application and the directions of the load L and effort E. Also mark
Similarly, the tension T3 in string passing over the pulley C is
the tension in each strand.
T2 L Ans. Position of Load and Effort is shown.
2T3 = T2 or T3 == ...(iv)
2 23
Hence V.R > M.A

(b) It is because (i) string is not perfectly elastic.
(ii) pulley is not perfectly smooth and there is
always friction between string and pulley and
in pulley bearings.
Load nT
(c) As M.A =  = n (number of
Effort T
pulleys) more n the number of pulleys, more
is M.A.
(d) For greater efficiency, the pulleys in the lower block should be as
light as possible and the friction in bearings of pulleys should be
minimised by the use of lubricants.
Q.19. Name a machine which is used to :
(a) multiply force,
(b) multiply speed, and
Q.20. Give reasons for the following : (c) change the direction of force applied.
(a) In a single fixed pulley, the velocity ratio is always more than the Ans. (a) SINGLE MOVABLE PULLEY
mechanical advantage.
(b) (i) FISHING ROD (Lever of III order is speed multiplied)
(b) The efficiency of a pulley is always less than 100%.
(c) In case of a block and tackle arrangement, the mechanical (ii) Blade of a knife moves LONGER by a small movement of its
advantage increases with the increase in the number of pulleys. handle.
(d) the lower block of block and tackle pulley system must be of (c) FIXED PULLEY
negligible weight. Q.20. State whether the following statements are true or false.
Ans. (a) We know that incase of single fixed pulley, distance moved by (a) The velocity ratio of a single fixed pulley is always more than 1.
effort downward = distance moved by Load upward.
(b) The velocity ratio of a single movable pulley is always 2.
If dE = d, dL = d
(c) The velocity ratio of a block and tackle system is always equal to
dE d the number of strands of the tackle supporting the load.
V.R = d  d  1
L (d) The velocity ratio of a block and tackle system is always equal to
the number of strands of the tackle supporting the load.
Load T
But M.A =  =1 ... L=T Ans. (a) F (b) T (c) T (T)
Effort T
E=T Multiple Choice Type
in ideal conditions only. In actual practice to lift load effort needed A single fixed pulley is used because it :
is MORE than load. (a) has a mechanical advantage greater than 1
 M.A is a little less (b) has a velocity ratio less than 1
M.A.
(b) Ratio of = Efficiency
V.R.
Load
Effort 75 3
Or   = 0.75 [ Velocity ratio = 1]
dist. moved by effort 100 4
dist. moved by load
Load
M.A. Effort 3
(c) Ratio of = Efficiency  dist. moved by effort =
V.R. 4
dist. moved by load
75
3 75 dL 3 3 3 3 32
 100 =  × =  dL =  dL = × = 8m
8 4 100 8 4 32 4 4 3
dL
 Height to which load is raised = 8 m
Q.3. A single fixed pulley and a movable pulley both are separately
used to lift a load of 50 kgf to the same height. Compare the
efforts applied.
Ans. The ratio of load to effort is called mechanical advantage.
Load ( L)
Mechanical Advantage (MA) = Effort ( E )
The above equation indicates that 'MA' and 'Effort' are inversely
proportional.
The mechanical advantage of single fixed pulley is 1 and mechanical
advantage of single movable pulley is 2.
Load on both the pulleys = 50 kgf
Load 50
 Effort (Esingle fixed pulley) = = = 50 kgf
MA single fixed pulley 1
Load 50
and Effort (Esingle movable pulley) = = = 25 kgf
MA single movable pulley 2
Effort (Esingle fixed pulley) : Effort (E single movable pulley)
= 50 : 25 = 2 : 1
Q.4. In a block and tackle system consisting of 3 pulleys, a load of 75
kgf is raised with an effort of 25 kgf. Find (i) the mechanical advantage, Q.7. A pulley system has a velocity ratio 3 draw a diagram showing
(ii) the velocity ratio and (iii) the efficiency. the point of application and direction of load (L), effort(E) and
Ans. Total number of pulleys n = 3 tension (T). If it lifts a load of 150 N by an effort of 60 N.
Load L = 75 kgf, E = 25 kgf Calculate its mechanical advantage. Is the pully system ideal ?
(i) M.A. = Total number of pulleys n = 3 Give reason.
(ii) V.R. = Number of strands tackle supporting the load = n = 3 Ans. (a) The block and tackle pulley system with velocity ratio 3 is
M.A. 3 shown below in which the direction of load (L), effort (E) and
(iii) Efficiency n = = = 1 or 100% tension (T) has been marked.
V.R. 3
Q.5. A block and tackle system has 5 pulleys. If an effort of 1000 N is
needed in the downward direction to raise a load of 4500 N,
calculate : (a) the mechanical advantage, (b) the velocity ratio,
and (c) the efficiency of the system.
Load 4500N
Ans. (a) M.A. =  = 4.5
Effort 1000N
Fig. T/b pg 320
(b) V.R. = number of pulleys n = 5
M.A. 4.5
(c) Efficiency = × 100% = × 100% = 90%
V.R. 5
Q.6. In Figure draw a tackle to lift the load by
applying the force in the downward direction.
(a) Mark in the diagram the direction of load L and effort E.
(b) If the load is raised by 1 m, through what
distance will the effort move ?
(c) State the numbers of strands of tackle supporting (b) Given L = 150N, E = 60 N
the load ?
Load 150
(d) What is the mechanical advantage of the system ? Mechanical advantage M.A. = = = 2.5
Effort 60
Ans. (a) Direction of load and effort shown in figure.
(b) In a block and tackle if the load moves through a (c) This pulley system is not ideal.
distance d, the effort moves through a distance nd. Q.8. In Figure given below shows a system of four pulleys. The upper
Where n is the number of pulleys. two pulleys are fixed and the lower two are movable.
... Each string is shortened by a length d (a) Draw a string around the pulleys. Also show the point of application
i.e. dL = d then dE = nd and dL = 1m and direction in which the effort E is applied.
 Effort will move through = 5 × 1 = 5m (b) What is the velocity ratio of the system ?
(c) 5 Stands are supporting the load. (c) How are load and effort of the pulley system related ?
Load nT (d) What assumption do you make in arriving at your answer in part
(d) M.A. of system =  =n=5
Effort T (c) ?
(b) Draw arrows to represent tension T in each strand.

(c) What is the m echanical advantag e of the
system ?
(d) When load is pulled up by a distance 1 m, how
far does the effort end move ?
(e) How much effort is needed to lift a load of 100
N?
Ans.
(a) 4 stands marked 1, 2, 3, 4 support the load L.
(b) Direction of tension T in strands is shown.
Ans. (c) M.A. = L = 4T and E = T
(a) Figure is drawn to show the point of application and direction of L 4T
force applied. M.A. = = =4
E T
(b) VELOCITY RATIO of the system = number of pulleys = 4
(d) As load is pulled up by 1 m
(c) The effort is applies downward. dL = 1m = d
(d) Asssumption made in part c that wt. of lower block of pulleys is distance moved by effort = dE = nd
negligible.
d E nd
Q.9. In Figure shows a block and tackle system of V.R. = = = n = 4m
dL d
pulleys used to lift a load. T
(a) How many strands of tackle are supporting the (e) E=?
T
load ? L = 100 N T
T
M.A. = 4 2 E
43 T 1
L
M.A. =
Effort E
100
4=
E
 4E = 100
100
E= = 25 N L
4
Load
Q.10. A block and tackle system has the velocity ratio 3. Draw a labelled
diagram of the system indicating the points of application and the
directions of load L and effort E. A man can exert a pull of 200 kgf.
(a) What is the maximum load he can raise with this pulley system if its
efficiency is 60% ?
(b) If the effort end moves a distance 60 cm, what distance does the load
move ?
L
Ans. (a) E = n (number of pulleys)
L
200 =  L = 600 kgf
3
60
But efficiency = 60% = × 600 = 360
100
Maximum load that can be raised = 360 kgf
(b) We know,
dE
velocity ratio = d
L
and dE = 60 cm, velocity ratio = 3

dE 60
dL = = = 20 cm
velocity ratio 3

Arun Deep’s Physics-X Arun Deep’s Physics-X



5m 3
Ans. Load arm dL = 0.30 m = , L = 125 kgf
F 10
A B
....1.5.....C ....1m... .....x... D Effort arm dE = 4m, E = 12.5 kgf
Boy Girl dE 4
40kgf 25kgf (i) V.R = d  3 10 = 13.33
L
Practice Problems : 2 L 125

Q.1. The handle of a nut cracker is 16 cm long and a nut is placed 2 (ii) M.A =  = 10
E 12.5
cm from its hinge. If a force of 4 kgf is applied at the end of
handle to crack it, what weight, if simply, placed-on the nut will M.A 10 10  100  3
(iii) Efficiency of machine n = = × 100 =  75%
crack it ? V.R 40 40
Ans. Let L be the load 3
Load arm = 2 cm Q.2. Calculate (i) velocity ratio (ii) mechanical advantage (iiii) %
E = 4kgf Effort arm = 16 cm E = 4 kgf efficiency of a machine which overcomes a resistance of 800 N
6cm
 L × Load arm = E × effort arm 1 through a distance of 0.12 m, when an effort of 160 N acts through
L × 2 = 4 × 16 a distance of 0.72 m.
L
64 cm Ans. Resistance L = 800 N, E = 160 N
L= = 32 kgf 2
2 dL = 0.12 m dE = 0.72
Q.2. An effort of 50 kgf is applied at the end of lever of second order, d E 0.72
which supports a load of 750 kgf, such that load is at a distance (i) V.R = d  0.12 = 6
L
of 0.1 m from the hinge. Find the length of lever. (Assume lever
is weightless.) Load L 800
(ii) M.A =   =5
Ans. E = 50 kgf, Let Effort arm (length of lever) = x m Effort E 160
1 M.A
L = 750 kgf and Load arm = 0.1 = m (iii) Percentage efficiency of machine = × 100
10 V.R
 E × Effort arm = L × Load arm 5
n= × 100 = 83.33%
1 6
50 × x = 750 ×
10 Practice Problems : 4
75 Q.1. An effort of 500 N is applied through a distance of 0.50 m on a
 x= = 1.5 m machine, whose efficiency is 90%, such that resistance is
50
overcome through a distance of 0.04 m. Calculate (i) V.R (ii) M.A.
Practice Problems : 3 (iii) resistance overcome by the machine.
Q.1. A machine displaces a load of 125 kgf through a distance 0.30 m, Ans. Effort E = 500 N dE = 0.50 m, η = 90%
when an effort of 12.5 kgf acts through a distance of 4.0 m.
Calculate (i) velocity ratio (ii) mechanical advantage (iiii) % age Let Resistance overcome = Load = L, dL = 0.04 m
efficiency of machine.
dE Practice Problems : 1
0.50 50 100
(i) V.R = d =   = 12.5 Q.1. A pulley system has five pulleys in all and is 90% efficient.
L 0.04 100 4
Calculate (i) the mechanical advantage (ii) the effort required to
(ii) M.A = ? lift a load of 1000N (iii) the resistance due to the movable parts
M.A of machine and friction.
η =  M.A = η × V.R Ans. Number of pulley n = 5 = V.R.
V.R
Efficiency η = 90%
90
M.A = × 12.5 = 11.25 (i) M.A = η × V.R.
100
(iii) Resistance overcome by machine 90
M.A = × 5 = 4.5
E × dE = L × dL 100
50 4 (ii) Effort required E = ? Load L = 1000 N
500 × =L×  L = 6250 N
100 100 L
M.A =
But efficiency of machine is 90% E
 Resistance overcome by machine is
9 1000 2000
90 = E= = 222.2 N
2 E 9
× 6250 = 5625 N
100 (iii) Let resistance due to the movable parts of machine and friction = x
Q.2. A crow bar of length 2.0 m is used as a machine, to lift a box of
x
100 kgf by placing a fulcrum at a distance of 0.1 m from the box. M.A = V.R –
Calculate (i) V.R (ii) Effort required. What assumption has been E
made by you in solving the problem ? 2000 2000 5
Ans. Length crowbar = 2m x = E (V.R – M.A) = (5 – 4.5) = ×
9 9 10
dL = AF = 0.1m x = 111.1 N
 dE = BF = 2 – 0.1 = 1.9m B
9 m Q.2. Diagram shows a single movable pulley system.
L = 100 kgf 1.
L E
dE 1.9 F
(i) V.R = d = = 19 100 kg
0.1
0.1
L
(ii) Effort required E = ? A
1
100 
10 100
E × dE = L × dL E= = = 5.26 kgf
19 19
10
Assumption made 
 The system is free from FRICTION.

(i) Mark the direction of force due to tension. L

(ii) What is the purpose of fixed pulley ? M.A =
E
(iii) If T is the tension in newtons, what is the relation between T and
E? 100N 100
2= E= = 50 N
(iv) Calculate VR of system. E 2
(v) Assuming efficiency is 100%, what is the mechanical advantage? Practice Problems : 1
(vi) Calculate the effort E. Q.1. An effort of 20 kgf is applied on a barrel of weight 320 kgf in
Ans. order to roll it up an inclined plane, through a vertical height of
1.2 m. Calculate the length of the inclined plane.
Ans. E = 20 kgf L = 320 kgf h = 1.2 m
l=?
L l
M.A = 
E h
320 l
(i) Direction of Tension is shown
  l = 19.2 m
20 1.2
(ii) Purpose is to change the direction of application of effort. Q.2. The gradient of a hill road is 1 : 80. Calculate the weight of the
(iii) E=T vehicle which is pushed up an incline by an effort of 150 kgf.
(iv) When the load is pulled up through a distance d, the free end of the Ans. h = 1, l = 80, E = 150 kgf, L=?
string is pulled up by the effort through a distance 2d.
L l
i.e. of dL = d, dE = 2d M.A = 
E h
dist. moved by Effort
V.R = dist. moved by the load L 80
 L = 150 × 80 = 12000 N
150 1
2d Q.3. A car develops a force of 500 N and climbs up a vertical distance
V.R = =2
d of 200 m. If the load due to the car is 12500 N, calculate the
length of the road covered by the car.
L 2T
(v) M.A =  =2 {... η = 100% assumed} Ans. E = 500 N, h = 200 m, L = 12500 N
E T
l=?
(vi) Effort E = ?

L l Ans.
M.A of inclined plane M.A = 
E h
(i) Direction and magnitude of force T is shown
12500 l 125
 l= × 200 = 5000 m
500 200 5
5000
length of road covered by car = = 5 km
1000 T T (c) T T
Questions Based on ICSE Examinations (d) (a)
1997 (E)
Q.1. Diagram below shows an arrangement of single movable pulleys.
T (b)
Copy the diagram. If E is the effort at the free end of string :
(i) Show the direction and magnitude of force exerted by four strings,
marked from (a) to (d).
L
(ii) What is the magnitude load in terms of T, which can be lifted by
effort E ?
(iii) Calculate the mechanical advantage of pulley system. (ii) L = 4T
L 4T
(iii) M.A =  4
E T
1998
Q.1. The diagram below shows a lever.
Effort
Fixed Q
support P
F l
Load = 100 N
(i) State the principle of moments as applied to the lever.

(ii) Give an example of this class of lever.
(iii) If FP = 5 cm and PQ = 95 cm, calculate the minimum effort
required to lift the load.
Ans. Principle of Moments :
(i) Effort × Effort arm = Load × Load arm
(ii) Here Effort lies in between load and fulcrum
 It is of III order lever
Example : SUGAR TONG
(iii) FP = 5 cm
Ans. (i) See Q. 6 page 158

E
F 95 Q (ii) When load is raised by 3m the effort will move through 3 × 5 =
P 15m
... dE = nd = 5 × 3 = 15 m
L = 100 N
5 cm
Q.1. Name a class of levers, which always has a mechanical advantage
100 cm less than 1. By drawing a neat diagram show, why the mechanical
FQ = 5 + 95 = 100 cm advantage of lever shown by you is less than 1.
L = 100 N Ans. Class III LEVERS have M.A always < 1
E=? E.arm
E
E × PF = L × FQ
L
E × 5 = 100 × 100 L.arm
100  100 . .. Effort arm is always less than Load arm
E= = 2000 N
5 Q.2. Diagram below shows a simplified diagram of crow bar. Calculate
Q.2. The diagram below shows a system of five pulleys. mechanical advantage of crow bar.
(i) Copy the diagram and complete it by drawing a string around
pulleys. Mark the position of load and effort.
(ii) If the load is raised by 3 m, through what distance will the effort move.
Fixed support
Effort arm EF 180
Ans. M.A =  =9
Load arm LF 20
Upper block
1999
Q.3. A machine lifts a load of 500 kgf in vertically upward diretion. If
this machine is driven by a freely falling mass of 100 kg through
Lower block
a distance of 4 m in 2s, Calculate [Assume g = 10 ms–2].

(i) Force exerted by the falling mass.
(ii) Work done by the falling mass.
(iii) Power input of the machine.
(iv) Power output of the machine, if it is 75% efficient.
(v) Work done by the machine.
Ans. (i) Force exerted by falling ball = mg

E = 100 × 10 = 1000 N and is equal to one third the force acting at P

(ii) Work done by the falling mass = mg × h . .. E × 180 = 60 P . . . Effort × Effort arm = Load × Load arm
W = 1000 × 4 = 4000 J 60P P

E= =
w 180 3
(iii) Power input of machine P =
t (c) L = 25 + 100 = 125 kgf
4000 Minimum force required E × 180 = 125 × 60
P= = 2000 W
2 125  60 125
E= = = 41.66 kgf
180 3
75
(iv) Power output of machine P = 2000 × = 1500 w 2001
100
... Q.1. You are required to design a machine which is a force multiplier.
Efficiency = 75% (given)
If the machine is simple lever, what kind of lever you will use ?
(v) Work done by machine W = P × t Support your answer by simple diagram of lever.
W = 1500 × 2 = 3000 J Ans. CLASS II LEVER are FORCE MULTIPLIER because by applying
2000 LESS EFFORT, A LARGE LOAD is lifted.
Q.1. Why is mechanical advantage of the lever of third order always Example
less than one ? Give one example of this class of lever. BAR TO LIFT LOAD
Ans. Refer to Q. 1 — page 169
Q.2. Fig. below shows a wheel barrow with P as centre of gravity, such
that leg is in contact with ground.
Q.2. Pliers and seissors are levers of the same order.

(i) Which amongst them has mechanical advantage less than one ?
(ii) State the usefulness of lever named by you which has mechanical
advantage less than one.
Ans. (i) SCISSORS have M.A < 1
(a) What is the direction of force acting at P ? Name the force. (ii) SCISSORS is used to cut cloth or paper whose blades are longer
(b) What is the direction of minimum force at Q to keep the leg off the than its hands
ground ? What is this force called ? So the blades move longer on the cloth.
(c) The weight of wheel barrow is 25 kgf and it holds 100 kgf of sand. 2002
Calculate the minimum force to keep the leg off the ground. Q.1. A cook uses a ‘fire tong’ of length 35 cm to lift a piece of burning
Ans. (a) It is vertically downward direction. coal of mass 200g. If he applies his effort at a distance of 7 cm
The force is Load i.e. wt. of body. from the fulcrum, what is the effort in SI unit ?
(b) The force acting at Q is in upward direction. [Take g = 10 ms–2]
The force is called EFFORT. cutting edge of scissors used for cutting cloth is much longer
than the cutting edge of shears used for cutting metals. Explain
200 1
Ans. Mass of coal = 200g =  kg the difference.
1000 5
(b) A person draws water from a well using a single fixed pulley. The
mass of bucket together with water is 30 kg. If the force applied
by the person is 350 N. calculate the mechanical advantage of
the pulley.
Ans. Refer to Q. 24 page 130
(b) Mass of bucket together with water = 30 kg
 Load L = mg = (30 × 10) N,
1 Effort applied E = 350 N
Load L = mg = × 10 = 2N
5 L 300
M.A of single fixed pulley M.A = =
35 E 350
Load arm = 35 cm = m E=?
100  M.A = 0.86
7 2006
Effort arm = 7 cm = m Q.1. A uniform metre scale is kept in equilibrium, when supported at
100
60 cm mark and a mass M is suspended from 90 cm mark. State
E × Effort arm = L × Load arm with reason, whether the weight of scale is greater than, less than
7 35 or equal to the weight of mass M.
E× =2× m
100 100
35 100
E=2× × = 10N
100 7
2003 Q.2. Name the type of single pulley that can act as force multiplier.
Q.1. (a) What is the relationship between mechanical advantage and Draw a labelled diagram of the above named pulley.
velocity ratio for : Q.3. A pulley system has velocity ratio 4 and efficiency 90%. Calculate:
(i) An ideal machine (ii) A practical machine ? (a) Mechanical advantage of the system.
(b) Give two reasons, why the efficiency of single movable pulley is (b) Effort required to raise a load of 300 N by the system.
less than 100%. Ans. 1. See page 106 Q. 23 also
Ans. (i) FOR AN IDEAL MACHINE
M.A = V.R {... M.A = n × V.R and n for ideal machine = 1}
(ii) FOR A PRACTICAL MACHINE
M.A. < V.R {... M.A = n × V.R and n for practical machine < 1}
(b) Two reasons are : wt. of scale is greater than weight of mass M Since wt. of 60
cm scale has balanced wt. mass M and wt. of scale 40 cm.
(1) System is not frictionless. (2) String used is not weightless.
2004 2. Single movable pulley
Q.1. (a) Scissors and shears are levers of the first order. However, the
can act as a force multiplier.
Support
T = Tension
T = E = Effort
Fulcrum E = Effort
Load arm Effort arm

L=2E=2T Single Movable Pulley
L = Load
M.A.
3. Efficiency =
V.R
90 9
V.R = 4, n = 90% = 
100 10
9 36
(i)  M.A = n × V.R = 4 ×  = 3.6
10 10
l (Load)
(ii) Also = M.A
Effort
300 36

E 10
300  10 25 250
 E =   10 
36 3 3
1
E = 83 N
3

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