Optimization of P Collectors

Design optimization of hybrid photovoltaic–
thermal collector
Name
Student Number
Department of Mechanical and Construction Engineering
Faculty of Engineering and Environment
Northumbria University
Date
KB7043 - Multidisciplinary Design & Engineering Optimisation

Module Tutor: Dr. M.L. Combrinck
Abstract
In the present study, PV/T collector was modeled through analysis of physics of issues and
governing equations. Solar radiation specifications were calculated based on geographical traits
of the corresponding time and location. Collector plate temperature was once estimated as a
feature of time utilizing the temperature behavior and energy equations of the photovoltaic
telephone was included in the model with the resource of curve fitting. Subsequently,
operational vary for reaching to maximal effectivity used to be studied using Genetic
Algorithm (GA) method. Optimization was carried out by means of defining a goal function
based on equivalent fee of electrical and thermal energies. Optimal values for equipment
components were determined. The optimum cost of water goes with the flow fee used to
be approximately 1 gallon per minute (gpm). The collector angle was around 50 degrees,
respectively. By selecting the most desirable values of parameters, efficiency of photovoltaic
collector used to be multiplied about 17% at preliminary moments of collector operation.
Efficiency expand was around 5% at steady condition. It was established that exploitation of
photovoltaic collector can enhance efficiency of photo voltaic energy-based systems.
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Table of Contents
Abstract........................................................................................................................................................i
Table of Contents...................................................................................................................................ii
List of Figures.........................................................................................................................................iv
List of Tables..........................................................................................................................................vi
Introduction.................................................................................................................................................1
Figure 1: Components of PV/T collector........................................................................................4
Formulation.................................................................................................................................................4
Figure 2: Transfer paths of energy in transparent layer.........................................................5
Figure 3: Transfer paths of heat from transparent layer........................................................5
Table 1: Climate types for corrections factors.............................................................................5
Literature Survey......................................................................................................................................6
Radiation flux calculation...................................................................................................................6
Deterministic Optimisation.......................................................................................................................7
Thermal analysis...................................................................................................................................8
Figure 4: Photovoltaic cell for equivalent circuit.......................................................................12
Nondeterministic Analysis......................................................................................................................13
Electrical analysis................................................................................................................................13
Table 2: Related values to collector under analysis................................................................16
Figure 5: Thermal-electrical efficiency comparison from manufacturer and simulation
data...........................................................................................................................................................16
Result and discussion................................................................................................................................17
Figure 6: In genetic algorithm evolution process (Mostafa 2012)........................................18
Figure 7: Diagram schematic of collector under study............................................................19
Figure 8: Solution algorithm flowchart...........................................................................................21
Table 3: Geographical conditions of Tehran.................................................................................22
Table 4: Collector specifications........................................................................................................22
Figure 9: During year solar radiation............................................................................................23
Figure 10: Collector electrical efficiency at 45-degree angle, with water rate of flow
of 2 gallons per minute...................................................................................................................24
Figure 11: Collector thermal efficiency at 45-degree angle, with water rate of flow
of 2 gallons per minute...................................................................................................................24
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Figure 12: Collector total efficiency at 45-degree angle, with rate of flow of 2
gallons per minute...............................................................................................................................25
Figure 13: Collector heat absorber in 3 specific year days in the 15th of February,
June and September............................................................................................................................25
Figure 14: Collector electricity absorbed in 3 specific year days in 30 th of February,
Figure 15: Collector electricity absorbed in 3 specific year days in 15 th of February,
Figure 16: Parameters of optimal values......................................................................................26
Figure 17: Parameter selection for evolution mechanism.........................................................27
Figure 18: Objective function value in various generations....................................................28
Table 5: Values of created electrical and thermal energies in specific year days......28
Table 6: Total efficiencies, thermal and electrical in specific year days..........................29
Table 7: Efficiency enhancement percentages in specific years days...................................29
Conclusion.................................................................................................................................................31
Acknowledgements...................................................................................................................................32
References.................................................................................................................................................33
Appendix A-
Nomenclature--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------A1
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List of Figures
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List of Tables
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Introduction
The applied sciences associated to renewable energies met for almost 13.3% of important
world energy demand (Aleklett et al. 2010). During the successive years, numerous researchers
have conducted activities across the world for benefiting from smooth solar energy. The
most important motives of such activities are world problems like international warming, rise
in oil and gasoline costs, and predictions that non-renewable power assets will be run out
inside the future 50 to 100 years. Statistical forecasts of International Energy Agency (IEA)
regarding the world’s petroleum disclose that production of crude oil and oil merchandise
are increasing and increasing and a reduction would take place in world oil consumption up
to 2030 (Aleklett et al. 2010). The researchers regard air contamination ensuing from
manufacturing and consumption of fossil fuels as the predominant motive of global warming.
Fossil fuels and their associated air pollution lead to environmental problems such as acid
rains and greenhouse effect. Currently, utilization of new and renewable energies has been
commenced and this process has turned into a symbolic method in many countries. Solar
energy is among the accessible and cheaper sources of energy that can serve as a
appropriate alternative for this purpose. As an endless source of energy, solar can partially
remedy the problems existing in the subject of power and surroundings conservation. The
blessings of this electricity resource include its cleanness and availability and the hazards are
its brief state, low potential, and requirement for large absorption plates (Lonngren and Bai
2008).
Nowadays, photo voltaic strength can be converted into thermal and/or electrical energies
using the available technologies. The most frequent structures used for converting solar
electricity into thermal energy are collectors with water as the fluid. These systems have
been developed for many years in severa nations and solar energy is converted into
electrical energy by way of photovoltaic cells. During electricity conversion procedure in the
respective cells, the thermal power of daylight is absorbed into the mobile due to direct
publicity to the solar radiation and additionally inherent color of the cells. This thermal
electricity motives the cell temperature to upward push and reduces its strength conversion
efficiency. Under normal conditions, section of this power is transferred to the surroundings
however cell temperature rises to such a degree that a huge decline is determined in its
efficiency. The following equation represents effect of temperature on effectivity of photovoltaic
mobile (Duffie and Beckman 1991)
Where, ηmp is mobile efficiency at factor of most power, ηmp,ref is mobile effectivity point
of maximum energy under reference prerequisites (reference radiation intensity and
temperature), μn,mp is temperature coefficient of photovoltaic mobile effectivity (K-1), Tc is
operation temperature of photovoltaic cell, and Tref=25°C is reference temperature. Cooling the
mobilephone is the solution proposed to stop from such effectivity impairment. This is
finished by using flowing a fluid such as air or water in the cooling gadget hooked up
below the photovoltaic cell. As such, the surplus thermal electricity of the telephone is
converted into high quality thermal energy. Therefore, photo voltaic power is simultaneously
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converted to electrical and thermal energies and universal electricity conversion efficiency is
also increased. All these tactics are covered in an ensemble specific as thermo-photovoltaic
system. PV/T collectors have the following benefits in contrast to normal solar collectors
(Aste et al. 2014)
 Efficiency improvement of photovoltaic module thanks to heat absorption from its plate
by means of the fluid flowing in the photo voltaic collector.
 Utilization of choicest installation house due to aggregate of photo voltaic collector
and photovoltaic module
 Greater sturdiness of cells due to temperature reduction
 Cogeneration electricity and heat
 Return of equity in a shorter length
They concluded that utilization of this technological know-how was promising and ought to
lead to discount of energy consumption (Ibrahim et al. 2011). Agrawal and Tiwari
investigated electricity and exergy analysis of a hybrid micro-channel photovoltaic thermal with
consistent mass go with the flow rate. Thermal system was once modeled with steady mass
glide rate. Due to research results, thermal and exergy efficiencies improved 70.62% and
60.19%, respectively (Agrawal and Tiwari 2011). Tyagi et al. (2012) reviewed current
progresses in the scope of PV/T collectors. They presented lookup and development trend of
technology progress in photovoltaic/ thermal (PV/T) cells and their practical programs. They
proposed a new designing technique aimed at bettering effectiveness of thermal energy at
lowest fee in contrast with normal hybrid collector technology. Empirical results were
analogous to theoretical predictions suggesting that performance of new PV/T collector is
better than the preceding regular PV/T collectors (Tyagi et al. 2012). Baker et al. (2013)
attempted to enhance diagram of PV/T collectors for simultaneous heating of water and air.
They formulated energy balance equations for both fluids and checked validity of this model
and its software for a huge vary of mass float rates. Performance of the collector was
also tested in the scenario when the fluids are used independently. Their research
consequences indicated that collector carried out better when air and water are used
concurrently (Bakar et al. 2013). Moradi analyzed fundamental influence of control parameters
on PV/T collectors and additionally format of such collectors, providing a general outline of
the overall performance enchancment of PV/T collectors via making use of the respective
parameters. He analyzed the constituting materials of photovoltaic module and their
improvement.
Efficiency of collectors was the almost widespread parameter in his research and he
presented productivity tables for other researchers and designers (Moradi and Ebadian 2013).
Kroib et al. (2014) developed a PV/T water cleaner with the intention of lowering prices
and improving performance of thermal and electrical efficiencies (Kroib et al. 2014). Jang et
al. simulated a PV/T collector the usage of TRANSYS software. In the respective research,
they optimized tank extent and collector inclination and in contrast numerical results with
empirical data. Their lookup results showed that the highest efficiency used to be 67.5% for
tank volume of 80 liters, and, annual efficiency improvement was once around 4.37% and
the cumulative absorbed warmness is 2328 MJ (Kroib et al. 2014).
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Sobhnamayan et al. (2014) viewed optimization of solar cogeneration device which is a

combination of photo voltaic collector and photovoltaic cells. After electrical and thermal
modeling, they used genetic algorithm to optimization of cited system. Their statistics has a
true settlement with experimental data. They also received optimized variable such as inlet
water speed (0.09 m/s) and pipe diameter (4.8 mm), respectively (Sobhnamayan et al. 2014)
Figure 1: Components of PV/T collector
Main Function
IpvPpv_wrt_Sun_n.m
%% Solar electrical model based on Shockley diode equation
clear all
clc
Va=0:.01:25;
Suns=.2:.2:1;
TaC=30;
Ipv=zeros(size(Va));
Ppv=zeros(size(Va));
for s=1:1:length(Suns)
for i=1:1:length(Va)
k=1.38e-23;
q=1.6e-19;
A=1.2;
Vg=1.12;
Ns=36;
T1=273+25;
Voc_T1=21.06/Ns;
Isc_T1=3.80;
T2=273+75;
Voc_T2=17.05/Ns;
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Isc_T2=3.92;
TarK=273+TaC;
Tref=273+25;
%{
Va=0;
Iph_T1=Isc_T1;
%}
Iph_T1=Isc_T1*Suns(s);
a=(Isc_T2-Isc_T1)/Isc_T1*1/(T2-T1);
Iph=Iph_T1*(1+a*(TarK-T1));
Vt_T1=k*T1/q;
Ir_T1=Isc_T1/(exp(Voc_T1/(A*Vt_T1))-1);
b=Vg*q/(A*k);
Ir=Ir_T1*(TarK/T1).^(3/A).*exp(-b.*(1./TarK-1/T1));
X2v=Ir_T1/(A*Vt_T1)*exp(Voc_T1/(A*Vt_T1));
dVdI_Voc=-1.15/Ns/2;
Rs=-dVdI_Voc-1/X2v;
%Ia=1:0.01:Iph;
Vt_Ta=A*k*TarK/q;
%{
Constrain
IpvPpv_wrt_Temp_n.m

clear all
clc
Va=0:.01:22;
Suns=1;
% TaC=30;
TaC=25:10:65;
lva=length(Va);
%lsuns=length(Suns);
lT=length(TaC);
% for s=1:1:lsuns
for s=1:1:lT
for i=1:1:lva
k=1.38e-23;
q=1.6e-19;
A=1.2;
Vg=1.12;
Ns=36;
T1=273+25;
Voc_T1=21.06/Ns;
Isc_T1=3.80;
T2=273+75;
Voc_T2=17.05/Ns;
Isc_T2=3.92;
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TarK=273+TaC(s);
Tref=273+25;
Iph_T1=Isc_T1*Suns;
Vt_T1=k*T1/q;
Formulation
The collector under the analysis that includes of the subsequent components:
1. Channels and tubes for the heat-transmitting flow of the fluid

2. Plate protective glass
3. Headers or manifolds for discharging and passing the fluid of heat-transmitting,
installed at the collector’s bottom and top.
4. Transparent or frame layer that embodies the collector protects and parts them
against the other external guests, moisture and dust
5. Equivalent insulation that covers behind and around the tubes and collectors for
decreasing the heat dissipations
6. Photovoltaic plate
7. Absorber plate
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Figure 2: Transfer paths of energy in transparent layer
Figure 3: Transfer paths of heat from transparent layer
Table 1: Climate types for corrections factors
Literature Survey
Gou et al. (2015) assessed air and water-based PV/T collectors and developed the model
for the steady and dynamic state. Accordingly, collector performance was analyzed beneath
specific flow rates, wind speed, and enter water and air temperature. It was shown that
efficiency of PV/T collector with water used to be greater than with air (Guo et al. 2015).
Saeedi et al. (2015) optimized PV/T collector. They accelerated energy productiveness through
analyzing and formulating strength balance equations for one-of-a-kind components of collectors
and benefitted from pc simulation in order to obtain the thermal and electrical parameters
taking into account one of a kind operational parameters in energy efficiency (Saeedi et al.
2015).
Radiation flux calculation

Radiation of extraterrestrial flux incident on the normal plane to radiation on the nth year
day and it estimated by the subsequent equation (Duffie and Beckman 1991)
G sc is the constant solar and equivalent to 367(W/m 2) a.nd number of day n
B is estimated by the subsequent formula
Total radiation of solar on the titled surface can get estimated by the subsequent formula
In equation above, the Gb (W/m 2), the diffuse radiation is Gd (W/m 2), the
beam radiation
title angle is β (degree), the solar reflectance from the surroundings is ρ g , the diffuse
constant reflectance ρ g and Rb is estimated by the subsequent equation
In equation above, the latitude angle is Φ, the declination angle is δ, an hour angle is
ω. Also, the declination angle for solar with respect to the equator is (-22.45≤δ≤23.45)
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Where, number of days is n that is starting from January 1st. Radiation of beam is
estimated by the subsequent equation:
An atmospheric transmittance for the radiation of beam is τ b, and this is estimated by the
subsequent equation
a 0, a 1 and k are this equation variables and they are estimated by the subsequent
equations.
A is the observer altitude (km). Table 1 presents r 0 , r 1 and r k for various types of
climate.
Deterministic Optimisation
Safari and Ataei did a thermal and electrical analysis of a linear parabolic concentrated
photovoltaic/thermal hybrid photo voltaic collector. They investigated effect of exclusive
operational and design parameters on the electrical and thermal performances of this machine
(Safari and Ataei 2015).
Wongyu et al. (2016) did an experimental find out about of grid related photovoltaic in
bloodless climate region in US. They observed in first 12 months photovoltaic cells produced
5.801 kWh of AC electrical energy with 10.6% efficiency (Wongyu et al. 2016). Carnevale et
al. (2016) did a assessment of fees and environmental influences of two renewable energy
manufacturing technologies: wind turbine and photovoltaic cells. They used Eco-indicator’s 95
method (Carnevale et al. 2016)
In the existing research, considering the fact that our intention is to optimize PV/T
collectors for household applications, flat-plate PV/T collector with water as the cooling fluid
was once selected to be appropriate (because water has greater warmth absorption ability
than air). Following thermal and electrical modeling of PV/T collector, the elements affecting
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this collector are optimized using genetic algorithm. The innovations and novelties of the
lookup include:
 Preparation of a model that concurrently considers thermal and electrical behaviors of

the collector
 Optimization of selected parameter using genetic algorithm optimization procedure
 Utilization of the mannequin for Iran’s residential areas
Thermal analysis
At the steady state, PV/T efficiency collector is depicted utilizing balance of energy which
shows incidence solar energy distribution into efficient optical losses, thermal losses and
gained energy. The absorbed solar radiation by the collector PV/T per unit absorber plate
area (S) equivalents the difference of optical losses and solar radiation. Heat losses to
ambient environment happen through radiation, convection and conduction. For the analysis of
thermal, the whole coefficient heat loss of collector shall define initially. Losses are divided
into 3 parts: losses from collector sides ( U e ), losses from collector back (U b) and losses
from collector top (U s ¿ which expressed as follow:
Where, number of the glass covers is N (transparent layers), the collector inclination is β
(degrees), the glass diffusivity is the τ g, the cell diffusivity is the τ c, the ambient
temperature T amb (K), the average cell temperature is the T cm (K), the coefficient of
is
wind heat transfer h w (W/m 2 K ). Coefficient of heat loss from the collector of back nearly
is
The thermal conductivity of the plate of the absorber k h (W/mK), the thermal conductivity
of the insulator k ins (W/mK), the thickness of the plate of absorber Lh (m) and the
thickness of the insulator Lins (m).
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Losses from the collector sides are calculated with the supposition of lateral heat flow
when it is one-dimensional around the system of collector. These losses are calculated as
below
In the above equation, the loss corner coefficient is the U (W/ m 2 K ), the collector side
surface area is A and the collector area of the surface is the AC (m 2). As per this,
total loss of the heat of system will be equivalent to:
Balance of the energy for the absorber plate, PV module and glass (transparent layer)
(Kroib et al. 2014)
In above equation, photovoltaic cell temperature is T Cell, ambient temperature is T amb (K),
absorber plate temperature is T bs, solar radiation intensity is G, absorber plate of the width
on the line of the flow is D, flow line length b, photovoltaic cell of the absorber
coefficient is a Cell, absorber layer of the absorption coefficient is a T , coefficient of the total
heat transfer is U T of cell of PV to absorber plate, coefficient for total heat transfer of
cell of PV to ambient temperature is U t and the photovoltaic module electrical efficiency is
the n el.
Heat transfer rate to the plate of the absorber is estimated by the subsequent equation:
Where the effective product for transfer and absorption is (aτ )eff , it expressed as follows:
Photovoltaic cell temperature can be attained from the subsequent equation:
For the absorber layer of the energy balance is:
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From which, absorber layer temperature can be determined as follows:
In such equation, the coefficient of heat transfer hf inside the path of the flow, the
coefficient h p 1 because of photovoltaic cell materials presence and PV module
punishment
cell, the average fluid temperature is T f and coefficient of the total heat transfer among
the absorber plate and upper level. For the fluid the energy balance in the path of the
flow:
As per the equation above, temperature of the average fluid can be estimated through
integration:
Through substituting and integrating Q U and F R in the equation former, temperature for
the average fluid is obtained as:
Figure 4: Photovoltaic cell for equivalent circuit
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That can be written as below:
Where, the coefficient of the total heat loss U L, the space W among two adjacent for
the lines of flow, number of lines of flow is M, output or efficiency for collector
coefficient as F and the coefficient punishment because of presence of tedlar among the
surface and fluid of photovoltaic module as h p 2 and Ac = bl where flow line length is b
and in meters its L=MW. Outlet temperature of water of collector PV/T is expressed as
follows:
Maximum energy gain of possible effective in collector of PV/T occurs when at similar
temperature of collector as inlet fluid due to ambient temperature of heat losses would be
minimization. Energy balance as below, which maximum incorporates from efficient energy gain
from collector:
PV/T collector thermal efficiency is as below:
As per collector under the analysis and estimated balance of energy, rewrite the equation
as below:
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Nondeterministic Analysis
Electrical analysis
For computing the efficiency of electrical and parameters of electrical, a model of 4-
parameter for characteristic for the electrical current-voltage curve (V-I) for module of
photovoltaic that is proposed based on the equal circuit presented in below Figure 4:
Resolving he model with subsequent aid of boundary conditions, namely acquired the five
parameters R s the series resistance (Ω), the reverse current saturation of diode (A) I O,
electrical intensity for current light I L and coefficient of utility “a” is derived as follows:
Where, ideality factor is n, Boltzmann constant is K, cell temperature is T, in series for

number N s and electrical charge is q. At reference conditions, for determining
of cells is
four parameters, one needs four conditions of boundary of short-circuit of present (I=, I sc, ref ,
V=0), maximum power of point , and open circuit voltage (I=),

V=V oc ,ref , ¿. Through such conditions substitution in Equation (25), a system of non0linear will
get attained with 4 unknowns and 4 equations. The equation written in simplified way as
follows:
Subscript (ref) demonstrates parameter at conditions of reference where the intensity of solar
radiation is G ref = 1000 and temperature of cell equivalents T cell ,ref ,= 25°C and spectral
corresponding distribution to mass of air of 1.5. The simplified form solving of system of
equation for reference parameters above yields the subsequent equations:
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Values of I mp ,ref , V mp , ref , I sc , ref and V oc ,ref at reference conditions are generally given by
photovoltaic modules manufacturers. To calculate electrical and voltage current other model
parameters and intensity at new operational conditions, transfer equations of series are
utilized as follows:
Where, the semiconductor’s band energy gap is E, in series the number of photovoltaic
cells N c , the coefficient of temperature for electrical current is μ I ,sc and coefficient of
is
temperature of voltage is μv , oc. Also, the maximal power finding, the equation is P=VI
which differentiated with respect to V and then set that to zero, which provides ultimately:
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V-I equation normal form for maximum power as below:
Table 2: Related values to collector under analysis
Figure 5: Thermal-electrical efficiency comparison from manufacturer and simulation data
Electrical current intensity and potential difference at maximum power point can be derived
by solving simultaneously equations (54) and (55). Thus, the photovoltaic cell of maximum
power can be written as below: (Duffie and Beckman 1991)
Taking the fact that created part of electrical energy that utilized for operation of pump,
PV/T electrical efficiency collector is derived finally as below (Sobhnamayan et al. 2014)
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Having the electrical and thermal efficiencies of collector of PV/T, for system total efficiency
can be evaluated now as below (Sobhnamayan et al. 2014) and (Al- Saadi 2014)
Electrical and thermal energies do not have the similar quality. Therefore, multiplier equates
to 0.38 is allocated to equation (57) for converting the electrical energy into its equal
heat.
Design Variables
Default system properties used in the analysis.
Design Constraints
analyzed and ranges of variation
Result and discussion
By using the following equations, photovoltaic hybrid collector was modeled. To contrast of
results, data calculated from the mannequin used to be in contrast through the statistics
calculated from the model. The values in Table 1 have been roughly extracted from diagram
information of a manufacturing company in order to enable data validation
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(www.tessolarwater.com). Average collector effectivity at consistent state is compared with

manufacturer data of commercial collector equipment. The acquired effects are illustrated in
Fig. 5. The evaluation indicated that the two sets of statistics are to a large extent
similar. The main thought in the back of evolutionary algorithms used to be brought by
using Rechenberg in 1960 (Holand 1992). Genetic algorithms, including branches of these sorts
of algorithms, are pc search methods primarily based on optimizing algorithms and gene and
chromosome structures; they were introduced to Holland at Michigan University and developed
by means of college students like Goldenberg (Goldberg 1989), (Srinivas and Deb 1994). The
regularly occurring thinking of the multi-objective non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm
(NSGA) was once introduced by Goldenberg in 1989 and then implemented by Deb and
Srinvas (Deb et al. 2000). An extension of the NSGA algorithm, NSGAII, was proposed by
using Deb et al. (Deb et al. 2000). In NSGAII, some solutions for every generation are
chosen by means of the Binary Tournament Selection method. At the first rating, the
criterion for selection of a answer is the solution’s ranking, and at the 2nd rating, this
criterion relates to crowding distance concerning the solution. The lower is the answer
ranking and the greater is the crowding distance, the greater favorable is the solution.
Figure 6: In genetic algorithm evolution process (Mostafa 2012)
By repeating the decision of the operator on the population of every generation, a

combination of people of that generation is chosen to take section in crossover and
mutation. The act of crossover takes place on some parts of the set of chosen human
beings and the act of mutation is applied on the remaining parts, and this leads to the
advent of a toddler populace and mutants, which are merged with the most important
population. First, members of the created population are sorted in ranking and ascending
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order. Members of the populace with the equal rank are sorted on the groundwork of
crowding distance and descending order. At this point, contributors of the populace have
been sorted firstly with the aid of rank and secondly by means of crowding distance. The
major participants of the population are selected from the top of the listing equal to the
people of the foremost population and the rest are set aside. The chosen contributors
produce the population of the subsequent generation and this cycle is repeated until the
concluding stipulations are reached (Deb et al. 2000). Fig. 6 illustrates evolution process in
genetic algorithm (Mostafa 2012).
Figure 7: Diagram schematic of collector under study
Genetic algorithm has been particularly successful for classical optimization methods in solving
linear and convex issues and some analogous conditions but this method proves through
some distance more efficient in fixing discrete and non-linear problems. In nature, higher
generations emerge via combination of more fit chromosomes. Meanwhile some mutations
appear in chromosomes as well that may lead to improvement of subsequent generations.
Genetic algorithm also solves the problems the use of this idea. There exists a exceptional
distinction between genetic algorithm and most conventional search and optimization techniques.
The four primary differences include:
1. Genetic algorithm concurrently searches a set of point and now not a single point.
2. Genetic algorithm obeys probabilistic regulations and now not herbal laws.
3. Genetic algorithm acts on a set of encoded properties and no longer on their
essential values (except in cases for which true illustration of strings is used).
4. Genetic algorithm does not need differentiation and/or any type of supplementary
information and only goal feature and health dedication technique of uncooked
statistics mandate the search direction.
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The important factor is that genetic algorithm presents a sequence of attainable responses
and the final answer is selected with the aid of the user. In cases where the hassle
lacks a unique solution, such as multi-objective optimization, genetic algorithm is useful for
simultaneous willpower of solutions. The modeled equipment involves a hybrid flat-plate
collector (PV/T). A transparent layer (glass cover) lies on the collector and a photovoltaic
telephone absorbs the radiated sunlight, some part of the strength is transformed into
electricity and the relaxation is used for heating the water flowing in the tubes under the
absorber plate. The following gadgets further highlight importance of the study:
 Electrical efficiency of absorber plate is a function of temperature. Higher temperature

of the plate will decrease the efficiency of photovoltaic cell.
 On the other hand, electrical power is more treasured than thermal energy.
Consequently, the assumption is that a vary of parameters can be located at one or

several points such that total effectivity of the machine (sum of thermal and electrical
efficiencies with proper conversion factor) would be accelerated by way of bettering warmness
restoration from the system, and hence, reducing temperature of collector plate.
Figure 8: Solution algorithm flowchart
Following thermal and electrical modeling of gadget in a laptop program, the subsequent
step is optimization of the parameters affecting the performance. To do so, some criterion
wishes to be brought to evaluate the gadget performance. This criterion is referred to as
“objective function”. Like any electricity producing machine, it is useful to choose power
effectivity (Eq. (48)) as the objective function. As genetic algorithm technique tends to
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minimize the cost of objective function, so objective characteristic due to physical restrictions
are described as below, it is noticeable that minimizing the following equation is terrific for
us
A conversion aspect used to be utilized to unify of electrical and thermal efficiencies. Since
values of these two kinds of energies do not have the same quality. Thus, a 0.38
multiplier is assigned for electrical efficiency for converting electrical electricity into its equal
heat (Sobhnamayan 2014), (Al-Saadi 2014). By this defined goal function, complete efficiency
of hybrid photovoltaic system can be optimized.
Optimization parameters consist of fluid glide fee and collector inclination angle. Variation
intervals of the respective parameters in optimization are protected in Eq. (59).
Table 3: Geographical conditions of Tehran
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Table 4: Collector specifications
Domains of the optimization parameters together with fluid float price and collector inclination
angle had been decided with the resource of engineering ride and highest quality values
have been sought for in these domains using genetic algorithm. Some parameters were
assumed as consistent like latitude θ=35, diameter of tubes d=12.5 mm, step of tubes
p=150 mm, and wind pace V=1.5 m/s. The respective values either rely on the vicinity
such as latitude and wind speed or are standard industrial values such as step and
diameter of tubes. General technique of answer and flowchart of answer algorithm are
shown in Fig. 8.
Of course, the above answer algorithm does no longer show genetic method. Genetic
algorithm was used in MATLAB software. Tables three and 4 include geographical conditions
of Tehran (Province of Iran) as pattern and collector specifications:
Figure 9: During year solar radiation
Page B20 of 35
4
Figure 10: Collector electrical efficiency at 45-degree angle, with water rate of flow of 2
gallons per minute
Figure 11: Collector thermal efficiency at 45-degree angle, with water rate of flow of 2
gallons per minute.
Estimated total solar radiation in various years days that is based on solar declination angle.
Figure 9 shows curve of solar radiation during year.
Figure 10, 11 and 12 demonstrate total efficiencies, thermal and electrical for collector at
45-degree angle, with water rate of flow of 2 gallons per minute.
Page B21 of 35
4
Figure 12: Collector total efficiency at 45-degree angle, with rate of flow of 2
gallons per minute
Figure 13: Collector heat absorber in 3 specific year days in the 15th of February, June
and September
Figure 14: Collector electricity absorbed in 3 specific year days in 30 th of February, June
and September
The motive of utilizing gallon/min as rate of flow is comprehensive easier for working
people in industry of constructional installations.
Quantity of electricity and heat generated and absorbed by collector in 15 th of February,

June and September are presented respectively in Figure 13 and 14.
Page B22 of 35
4
Figure 15: Collector electricity absorbed in 3 specific year days in 15 th of February, June
and September
Figure 16: Parameters of optimal values
Figure 17: Parameter selection for evolution mechanism
As presented in figure 13, value for thermal energy is minimal during sunrise early hours.
The motive is inertia thermal of equipment. Thermal energy is raised by time course until
reaching to stable value. Figure 14 demonstrates this thermal efficiency trend. Same, figure
12 shows that small amount of electrical power is created at some point of preliminary
hours of operation when collector and ambient air have the identical temperature and
because photo voltaic strength is weak in the early morning. However, value of electrical
efficiency is most according to Fig. 14. Electrical efficiency declines with heating the collector
and temperature upward jab of photovoltaic plate. As expected, the lowest and very best
stages of energy are obtained in summertime and winter, respectively. Optimal values for the
parameters below analysis are proven in Fig. 15. As clearly observed, waft price of about 1
(gpm) is the great value. Furthermore, the most desirable angle is around 50 degrees. This
outcome is finished in accordance with the rule of thumb that proposes collector attitude
Page B23 of 35
4
shall be barely greater than latitude. It ought to be additionally noted that perspective is
input as radians in pc simulations.
Figure 18: Objective function value in various generations
Table 5: Values of created electrical and thermal energies in specific year days
Procedures of increase and evolution of selections in genetic algorithm are illustrated in Fig.
16. As shown in the plan of Fig. 17, from the seventh generation onward, value of goal
function becomes almost regular or converges in different words.
Page B24 of 35
4
Table 6: Total efficiencies, thermal and electrical in specific year days
Table 7: Efficiency enhancement percentages in specific years days
Also, values of generated thermal and electrical energies as well as electrical, thermal, and
total efficiencies in unique days of the 12 months (Location: Tehran) are included in Tables
5 and 6. Also, enchancment percentages of effectivity are included in Table 7. As observed,
with choice of most effective values, thermal and electrical efficiencies respectively improve by
6% and 3% whilst complete efficiency improves via 5%. These optimized values is compared
by selected facts in reference 22, complete annual error is about 5%. The improvement
percentage might appear now not so marvelous, but it shall be reminded that the
improvement levels are bought for selecting the values at trendy domains and improvement
will be large if the parameters are chosen beyond the domain. Additionally, no greater
investment is needed for accomplishing these levels of enhancement and they are conceivable
in simple terms by using adjusting the operational parameters.
Page B25 of 35
4
Page B26 of 35
4
Conclusion
Solar collector of PV/T with water as the cooling fluid was demonstrated in the present-day
study. After modeling and mannequin validation, foremost parameters such as collector
inclination perspective and water flow price were enhanced. The analyses have been
performed in three specific days: 15th day of February, June, and September. Optimization
was carried out the usage of genetic algorithm approach and aimed at achieving to the
very best cost of whole thermal and electrical efficiencies. It was once located out in the
consequences that the amount of energy created with the aid of the collector can be
enhanced by choosing the operational parameters of hybrid collector containing inclination
angle and fluid flow charge. Annual enhancement proportion over the preliminary moments is
full-size and nearly equal to 17% when this gadget. The cause is collector of low
temperature at some stage in early times and temperature dependence of collector’s thermal
efficiency. Although enhancement degree at steady state is no longer like the initial times,
the total electricity absorption will be enhanced around 5% at some stage in the whole
year. This improvement can be carried out except imposing any additional expenditure.
For future studies, hourly temperature of the environment from the Meteorology Organization
can be added to the model. Moreover, resolution of artificial oils as a working fluid is
gorgeous for the research. Among the benefits of this optimization are decrease of
environmental contamination, decreased reliance on electrical fossil fuels and energy strains,
system of mitigation maintenance and repair, and limit in the needed space. One downside
of the technique also includes excessive preliminary cost of the system; nonetheless, a
reduction in prices is estimated due to progress trend of this technology and its incidence
all over the world.
Acknowledgements
The gratefully authors acknowledge the given financial help by Universitat Jaume I of Castellón
(P11B2015-66), the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (ENE2014-53760-R) and Spanish
Ministry of Science and Innovation (CTQ2010-21321-C02-01 and CTQ2010-21321-C02-02) .
R. Mondragón, as consequent author, recognizes the accountability for honesty of all information
analyzed and collected by Prof. J.E. Julia
Page B27 of 35
4
References
Agrawal, S. and Tiwari, G.N. (2011), “Energy and exergy analysis of hybrid micro-channel photovoltaic thermal
module”, Sol. Energy, 86(2), 356-370.
Aleklett, K., Höök, M., Jakobson, K., Lardelli, M., Snowden, S. and Söderbergh, B. (2010), “The peak of the oil age-
analyzing the world oil production reference scenario in world energy outlook 2008”, Energy Pol., 38(3), 1398-
1414.
Al-Saadi, H., Al-Sayed, R., Al-Sheikh, M. and Al-Bahadili, H. (2014), “Simulation of maximum power point tracking
for photovoltaic systems”, Energy Pow. Eng., 8, 741-748.
Aste, N., Pero, C. and Leonforte, F. (2014), “Water flat plate PV-thermal collectors”, Sol. Energy, 102, 98- 115.
Bakar, M.N.A., Othman, M., Din, M.N., Manaf, N.A. and Jarimi, H. (2014), “Design concept and mathematical model
of a bi-fluid photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) solar collector”, Renew. Energy, 4, 1-12.
Carnevale, E.A., Lidia Lombardi, L. and Zanchi, L. (2016), “Wind and solar energy: A comparison of costs and
environmental impacts”, Adv. Energy Res., 4(2), 21-146.
Choi, W., Warren, R.D. and Pate, M.B. (2016), “An experimental performance analysis of a cold region stationary
photovoltaic system”, Adv. Energy Res., 4(1), 1-28.
Deb, K., Agrawal, S., Pratab, A. and Meyarivan, T. (2000), “A fast elitist none-dominated sorting in genetic algorithm
for multi-objective optimization: NSGA-II”, Proceedings of the Parallel Problem Solving from Natural PPSN VI, Paris,
France.
Duffie, J.A. and Beckman, W.A. (1991), Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes, 2nd Edition, John Willey and Sons
Inc., New York, U.S.A.
Goldberg, D.E. (1989), Genetic Algorithms in Search, Optimization, and Machine Learning, AddisonWesley,
Berkshire, U.K.
Guo, C., Ji, J., Sun, W.M.J., He, W. and Wang, Y. (2015), “Numerical simulation and experimental validation of tri-
functional photovoltaic/thermal solar collector”, Energy, 3, 1-11.
Holland, J.H. (1992), Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems, MIT Press, Cambridge, U.S.A.
Ibrahim, A., Othman, M.Y., Ruslan, M.H., Mat, S. and Sopian, K. (2011), “Recent advances in flat plate
photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) solar collectors”, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 15(1), 352-365.
Kia, M. (2012), Genetic Algorithms in MATLAB, 3rd Edition, KIAN Academic Publications.
Kroib, A., Präbst, A., Hamberger, S., Spinnler, M., Tripanagnostopoulos, Y. and Sattelmayer, T. (2014),
“Development of a seawater-proof hybrid photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) solar collector”, Energy Proc., 52, 93-103.
Lonngren, K.E. and Bai, E.W. (2008), “On the global warming problem due to carbon dioxide”, Energy Pol., 36(4),
1567-1578.
Moradi, K. and Ebadian, M.A. (2013), “A review of PV/T technologies: Effects of control parameters”, J. Heat Mass
Trans., 64, 483-500.
Page B28 of 35
4
APPENDIX A: NOMENCLATURE
Page B29 of 35
4
Page B30 of 35
4
APPENDIX A
MATLAB CODE:
IpvPpv_wrt_Sun_n.m
clear all
clc
Va=0:.01:25;
Suns=.2:.2:1;
TaC=30;
Ppv=zeros(size(Va));
for s=1:1:length(Suns)
for i=1:1:length(Va)
k=1.38e-23;
q=1.6e-19;
A=1.2;
Vg=1.12;
Ns=36;
T1=273+25;
Voc_T1=21.06/Ns;
Isc_T1=3.80;
T2=273+75;
Voc_T2=17.05/Ns;
Isc_T2=3.92;
TarK=273+TaC;
Tref=273+25;
%{
Va=0;
Iph_T1=Isc_T1;
%}
Iph_T1=Isc_T1*Suns(s);
Vt_T1=k*T1/q;
b=Vg*q/(A*k);
Rs=-dVdI_Voc-1/X2v;
%Ia=1:0.01:Iph;
Vt_Ta=A*k*TarK/q;
%{
Ia1=Iph-Ir*(exp((Vc+Ia*Rs)/Vt_Ta)-1));
solve for I: f(Ia)=Iph-Ia-Ir*(exp((Vc+Ia*Rs)/Vt_Ta)-1))=0;
Newton raphson Ia2=Ias1-f(Ia1)/f'(Ia1)
%}
Page B31 of 35
4
Vc=Va(i)/Ns;
Ia=zeros(size(Vc));
%Iav=Ia
for j=1:1:10
Ia=Ia-(Iph-Ia-Ir*(exp((Vc+Ia*Rs)/Vt_Ta)-1))./(-1-
Ir*(exp((Vc+Ia*Rs)/Vt_Ta)-1).*Rs/Vt_Ta);
end
Ipv(s,i)=Ia;
Ppv(s,i)=Va(i)*Ipv(s,i);
end
end
%% figure properties
axes1 = axes('Parent',figure,'OuterPosition',[0 0.5 1 0.5]);
xlim(axes1,[0 23]);
ylim(axes1,[0 5]);
box(axes1,'on');
grid(axes1,'on');
hold(axes1,'all');
title('I-V charateristics at 25 C');
xlabel('V_p_v (V)');
ylabel('I_p_v (A)');
plot1 = plot(Va(1,:),Ipv(:,:),'Parent',axes1,'LineWidth',1.5);
set(plot1(1),'DisplayName','0.2 Sun');
axes2 = axes('OuterPosition',[0 0 1 0.5]);
xlim(axes2,[0 23]);
ylim(axes2,[0 70]);
box(axes2,'on');
grid(axes2,'on');
hold(axes2,'all');
title('P-V charateristics at 25 C');
ylabel('P_p_v (W)');
plot2 = plot(Va(1,:),Ppv(:,:),'Parent',axes2,'LineWidth',1.5);
legend1 = legend(axes1,'show');
set(legend1,...
'Position',[0.791450219003363 0.769901214241614 0.0793528505392912
0.151937984496124]);
set(legend2,...
'Position',[0.189976911157747 0.248883515126569 0.0793528505392912
0.151937984496124]);
annotation('textbox',...
[0.47380281690141 0.811076083153806 0.107858243451464
0.0434108527131783],...
'String',{'2.8462 A @16.58 V'},...
'EdgeColor','none');
Page B32 of 35
4
[0.474084507042255 0.7513476657742 0.110939907550077

0.0434108527131783],...
'String',{'2.1355 A @ 16.45 V'},...
[0.472951770026098 0.700468805916718 0.110939907550077
0.0434108527131783],...
'String',{'1.4231 A @ 16.20 V'},...
[0.47323943661972 0.642464055322894 0.110939907550077
0.0434108527131783],...
'String',{'0.7106 A @ 15.64 V'},...
[0.635833014827347 0.0980360187780262 0.122362869198312
0.066350710900474],...
'String',{'11.1135 W'},...
'FitBoxToText','off',...
[0.632873485499481 0.379556028485233 0.120599829638874
0.066350710900474],...
'String',{'59.1673 W'},...
[0.633492332194277 0.307167067364569 0.118572532239852
0.0663507109004739],...
'String',{'47.1894 W'},...
[0.632395285780775 0.238358964716038 0.122362869198312
0.066350710900474],...
'String',{'35.1283 W'},...
[0.634117121719049 0.167164307824055 0.122362869198312
0.066350710900474],...
'String',{'23.0538 W'},...
[0.480299619499175 0.859929518844724 0.184507042253521
0.0665083135391924],...
'String',{'3.5557 A @16.64 V'},...
Page B33 of 35
4
I-V charateristics at 25 C
5
3.5557 A @16.64 V
0.2 Sun
4
0.4 Sun
0.6 Sun
2.8462 A @16.58 V
0.8 Sun
3 1.0 Sun
I pv (A) 2.1355 A @ 16.45 V
2 1.4231 A @ 16.20 V
0.7106 A @ 15.64 V
1
0
0 5 10 15 20
Vpv (V)
P-V charateristics at 25 C
70
59.1673 W
60
0.2 Sun
50 0.4 Sun 47.1894 W
0.6 Sun
0.8 Sun
Ppv (W)
40
1.0 Sun
35.1283 W
30
23.0538 W
20
11.1135 W
10
0
0 5 10 15 20
Vpv (V)
APPENDIX _B
IpvPpv_wrt_Temp_n.m

clear all
clc
Va=0:.01:22;
Suns=1;
% TaC=30;
TaC=25:10:65;
lva=length(Va);
%lsuns=length(Suns);
lT=length(TaC);
% for s=1:1:lsuns
for s=1:1:lT
for i=1:1:lva
k=1.38e-23;
q=1.6e-19;
A=1.2;
Vg=1.12;
Ns=36;
T1=273+25;
Voc_T1=21.06/Ns;
Isc_T1=3.80;
T2=273+75;
Voc_T2=17.05/Ns;
Isc_T2=3.92;
TarK=273+TaC(s);
Tref=273+25;
Iph_T1=Isc_T1*Suns;
Vt_T1=k*T1/q;
Page B34 of 35
4
b=Vg*q/(A*k);
Rs=-dVdI_Voc-1/X2v;
Vt_Ta=A*k*TarK/q;
Vc=Va(i)/Ns;
Ia=zeros(size(Vc));
for j=1:1:100
Ia=Ia-(Iph-Ia-Ir*(exp((Vc+Ia*Rs)/Vt_Ta)-1))./(-1-
Ir*(exp((Vc+Ia*Rs)/Vt_Ta)-1).*Rs/Vt_Ta);
end
Ipv(s,i)=Ia;
Ppv(s,i)=Va(i)*Ia;
end
end
axes1 = axes('Parent',figure,'OuterPosition',[0 0.5 1 0.5]);
xlim(axes1,[0 23]);
ylim(axes1,[0 5]);
box(axes1,'on');
grid(axes1,'on');
hold(axes1,'all');
title('I-V charateristics at 25 C');
ylabel('I_p_v (A)');
plot1 = plot(Va(1,:),Ipv(:,:),'Parent',axes1,'LineWidth',1.5);
set(plot1(1),'DisplayName','25C T');
axes2 = axes('OuterPosition',[0 0 1 0.5]);
xlim(axes2,[0 23]);
ylim(axes2,[0 70]);
box(axes2,'on');
grid(axes2,'on');
hold(axes2,'all');
title('P-V charateristics at 25 C');
ylabel('P_p_v (W)');
plot2 = plot(Va(1,:),Ppv(:,:),'Parent',axes2,'LineWidth',1.5);
set(legend1,...
'Position',[0.142649065260064 0.288888888888888 0.106317411402157
0.151937984496124]);
set(legend2,...
'Position',[0.140359086340159 0.603617571059427 0.101694915254237
0.151937984496124]);
Page B35 of 35
4
I-V charateristics at 25 C
5
3
I pv (A)
2 25C T
35C T
45C T
1 55C T
65C T
0
0 5 10 15 20
Vpv (V)
P-V charateristics at 25 C
70
60 25C T
35C T
45C T
50
55C T
65C T
Ppv (W)
40
30
20
10
0
0 5 10 15 20
Vpv (V)
Page B36 of 35

Optimization of P Collectors

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Optimization of P Collectors

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Design optimization of hybrid photovoltaic–

KB7043 - Multidisciplinary Design & Engineering Optimisation

Sobhnamayan et al. (2014) viewed optimization of solar cogeneration device which is a

Figure 1: Components of PV/T collector

%% Solar electrical model based on Shockley diode equation

1. Channels and tubes for the heat-transmitting flow of the fluid

Figure 2: Transfer paths of energy in transparent layer

Figure 3: Transfer paths of heat from transparent layer

Table 1: Climate types for corrections factors

Radiation flux calculation

G sc is the constant solar and equivalent to 367(W/m 2) a.nd number of day n

B is estimated by the subsequent formula

 Preparation of a model that concurrently considers thermal and electrical behaviors of

Photovoltaic cell temperature can be attained from the subsequent equation:

For the absorber layer of the energy balance is:

From which, absorber layer temperature can be determined as follows:

Figure 4: Photovoltaic cell for equivalent circuit

That can be written as below:

PV/T collector thermal efficiency is as below:

Where, ideality factor is n, Boltzmann constant is K, cell temperature is T, in series for

V=0), maximum power of point , and open circuit voltage (I=),

V-I equation normal form for maximum power as below:

Table 2: Related values to collector under analysis

Figure 5: Thermal-electrical efficiency comparison from manufacturer and simulation data

Default system properties used in the analysis.

analyzed and ranges of variation

Result and discussion

(www.tessolarwater.com). Average collector effectivity at consistent state is compared with

Figure 6: In genetic algorithm evolution process (Mostafa 2012)

By repeating the decision of the operator on the population of every generation, a

Figure 7: Diagram schematic of collector under study

 Electrical efficiency of absorber plate is a function of temperature. Higher temperature

Consequently, the assumption is that a vary of parameters can be located at one or

Figure 8: Solution algorithm flowchart

Table 3: Geographical conditions of Tehran

Table 4: Collector specifications

Figure 9: During year solar radiation

Quantity of electricity and heat generated and absorbed by collector in 15 th of February,

Figure 16: Parameters of optimal values

Figure 17: Parameter selection for evolution mechanism

Figure 18: Objective function value in various generations

Table 6: Total efficiencies, thermal and electrical in specific year days

Table 7: Efficiency enhancement percentages in specific years days

[0.474084507042255 0.7513476657742 0.110939907550077

%% Solar electrical model based on Shockley diode equation

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